cause and effect essay about addiction

Cause and Effect of Drug Addiction

Dealing with substance abuse is usually linked to additional challenges not only because of the lack of motivation in patients but also because of the stigma associated with the specified disorder. To build empathy toward people suffering from drug misuse, an insight into the causes and effects of drug dependency is strongly needed. The urgency of addressing the drug misuse concern is also justified by the high rates of people with drug addiction. In 2020, in the U.S. alone, the instances of marijuana vaping have grown from 19.1% to 22.1% in 2019-2020 (National Institute of Drug Abuse “Monitoring”). Remarkably, the victims of substance addiction, particularly, drug misuse, have also become significantly younger (National Institute of Drug Abuse “Monitoring”). Due to the changes in the functioning of neurological pathways in the human brain as a result of drug misuse, with the associated physical; and mental health deterioration, drug misuse must be prevented, which can be achieved by educating groups at risk.

To consider the causes of drug misuse, one must draw a distinct line between biological and social factors. The latter may include social influence and peer pressure, whereas the latter is restricted to the genetic predisposition to developing a drug dependency (National Institute of Drug Abuse “Introducing the Human Brain”). As a rule, social factors contribute to most cases of drug misuse (Rioux et al. 458). Therefore, it is crucial to develop critical thinking in young people belonging to groups at risk so that they could avoid the development of drug addiction. However, genetics and especially the propensity toward drug misuse among parents are likely to play an important role in the development of drug addiction as well.

In turn, the physical and mental health effects of drug misuse may vary to a certain extent depending on the type of drug, yet the changes in the functioning of the human body, particularly, the nervous system, are usually homogenous across all cases. Specifically, the disruption in the neurological pathways, specifically, in the transmission of neurons within the human brain, is observed in the instances of drug misuse (National Institute of Drug Abuse “Health Consequences”). As a result, the brain is incapable of processing information adequately, which leads to hallucinations, impairments of cognitive function, memory loss, development of early-onset dementia, and even the cases of schizophrenia and similar mental health disorders (Ham et al. 11). Similarly, drug misuse causes the rest of the systems within the human body to deteriorate rapidly, although they are not affected as quickly as the mental functions. Specifically, due to the changes to the brain, the threats of a stroke and seizures emerge (National Institute of Drug Abuse “Health Consequences”). Additionally, cardiovascular and respiratory issues may emerge due to the changes in blood pressure caused by the disruptions in the neurological processes within the brain. Lastly, the threat of HIV/AIDS remains very prominent in people with drug misuse issues (Jayant et al. 608). Therefore, the specified health issue entails a plethora of associated health problems.

Since drugs have a tremendously detrimental effect on the functioning of neurotransmitters in the human brain, causing inadequate responses and the resulting deterioration of physical and mental functioning, illegal drug consumption must be prevented at all costs. Possible measures may include educating vulnerable groups and populations at risk, as well as offering free counseling and support for the specified demographic. Additionally, legal repercussions for drug misuse should be reduced so that people could seek help more actively, and that the stigma of drug addiction could be removed. Thus, a healthier community without the threat of drug misuse can be built.

Works Cited

Ham, Suji, et al. “Drug Abuse and Psychosis: New Insights into Drug-Induced Psychosis.” Experimental Neurobiology , vol. 26, no. 1, 2017, p. 11. doi:10.5607/en.2017.26.1.11

Jayant, Rahul Dev, et al. “Novel Nanoformulation to Mitigate Co-Effects of Drugs of Abuse and HIV-1 Infection: Towards the Treatment of NeuroAIDS.” Journal of Neurovirology , vol. 23, no. 4, 2017, pp. 603-614. doi:10.1007/s13365-017-0538-8

National Institute of Drug Abuse. “Monitoring the Future 2020 Survey Results.” DrugAbuse.gov . Web.

National Institute of Drug Abuse “Health Consequences of Drug Misuse.” DrugAbuse.gov .

National Institute of Drug Abuse. “Introducing the Human Brain.” DrugAbuse.gov .

Rioux, Charlie, et al. “Age of Cannabis Use Onset and Adult Drug Abuse Symptoms: A Prospective Study of Common Risk Factors and Indirect Effects.” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , vol. 63, no. 7, 2018, pp. 457-464. doi:10.1177/0706743718760289

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Causes of Addiction

Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff

There are many theories about the causes of addiction, the use and abuse of legal and illegal psychoactive substances. Biology, psychology, and social and cultural elements all play a role in the enormously complex causal bouquet that results in addiction , and different theories weight the elements differently. Together they reflect the fact that there is no one path to addiction, and no one factor makes addiction an inevitable outcome. Addiction can’t happen without exposure to agents, but that is hardly the determining factor. Addiction is not a property of the substance ingested or activity engaged in.

Instead, research indicates that it is more related to what else is, or isn’t, going on in a person’s life that makes the sensation a substance induces so attractive. Among the many factors that have been shown to influence the development of an addiction are feelings about oneself, emotional state, quality of family relationships, social ties, community attributes, employment status, stress reactivity and coping skills, physical or emotional pain, personality traits, educational opportunities, compelling goals and progress toward them, opportunities for and access to rewards in life, as well as physiological responses. While no factor predominates, each exerts some degree of influence.

On This Page

• What are the most common causes of addiction?
• What are the most common substances of abuse?
• Are some substances more addictive than others?
• Are there risk factors for addiction?
• Do genes play a role in addiction?
• What biological factors influence addiction?
• What environmental factors influence addiction?
• Does stress play a role in addiction?
• What role does childhood trauma play in addiction?
• Is there a brain malfunction that causes addiction?
• If a family member was addicted, will I become addicted?
• Is there an addictive personality?
• Why do some people become addicted while others do not?
• Can someone get addicted by using a substance once?
• Can drug addiction be prevented?

There are no substances (or activities) that universally or uniformly cause people to become addicted. And the vast majority of people exposed to most substances (or activities) considered addictive do not in fact develop addiction to them. Rather, a very complex array of cultural factors, social factors, and situational factors mingle with psychological factors, biological factors, and even personal values to influence the possibility of addiction.

Many different theories of addiction exist because they weight the role of contributing factors differently. Some current models of addiction emphasize the causative role of individual variations in biology or genes that make a substance or experience feel more or less pleasurable. Many models of addiction highlight the causative role of individual psychological factors, whether personality factors such as impulsiveness or sensation-seeking, or psychopathology such as the negative effects of early trauma. Other models of addiction emphasize the role that social and economic factors play in shaping behavior, such as the strength of family and peer relationships and the presence of absence of educational and employment opportunities.

Around the world and in the U.S., nicotine is the most widely used addictive substance; tobacco causes a reported 40 million deaths worldwide. According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse, smoking kills more than 1,000 Americans every day, and although tobacco use is generally declining in the U.S. its use is increasing among some groups of young people, especially in the form of vaping, or inhaling nicotine vapors .

Alcohol in some form is widely used for pleasurable purposes and is an important part of the social fabric worldwide, today as in ancient times. Nevertheless, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 14.6 million U.S. adults over the age of 18 have alcohol use disorder, marked by uncontrolled drinking. Around the world, 240 million people are reportedly dependent on alcohol; alcohol abuse is most prevalent in Eastern Europe and least prevalent among Asians.

Painkillers including prescription opiates such as oxycodone and fentanyl and the illegal drug heroin account for more than 10 percent of all addictions in the U.S, affecting more than 2.5 million people, according to the American Society of Addiction Medicine.

Cocaine is a stimulant that is often taken intranasally (snorted) or injected intravenously but is considered to have the most potential for addiction because of the fast, intense high when smoked in the form of “crack.” Other stimulants that are subject to abuse are amphetamines, widely prescribed to combat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and to foster alertness and energy.

Depressive agents such as sedatives and tranquilizers are widely used medically to combat stress, anxiety, and sleep disorders , but NIDA reports that 3.5 to 5 percent of the population uses tranquilizers and sleeping pills nonmedically.

The synthetic stimulant methamphetamine is widely considered one of the most addictive agents. Often inhaled, it directly affects the dopamine and other neurotransmitter systems system to produce an extremely fast and intense—but short-lived—high, with an altered sense of energy and power. Further, by changing the responsiveness of dopamine receptors, methamphetamine blunts the experience of reward from normal sources of pleasure.

Crack cocaine is also considered highly addictive. Cocaine processed so that it can be smoked, it enters the blood stream rapidly and produces a rapid “rush” of a high; the immediate response becomes powerfully reinforcing, driving the motivation to repeat the experience.

There are many risk factors for addiction, from individual factors such as stress tolerance and personality makeup to social factors such as friendships and educational and job opportunities. They interact in dynamic ways unique to each person. But what addiction may come down to for everyone is the emotional and physical appeal of a substance at a particular moment in a person’s life. The effects of drugs are pleasurable and rewarding only in relation to how a person feels emotionally and physically in the context of his or her relationships and social life and other opportunities for development and reward.

Some studies show that genes can account for as much as 50 percent of a person’s risk for addiction, although the degree of genetic influence shifts in importance over time. For example, environmental factors such as family and social relationships are more strongly tied to use of alcohol and nicotine in adolescence than later in life. Nevertheless, there is no single gene for addiction nor even a group of genes.

However, there are a number of personality traits, each of which is partly genetically influenced, that contribute to the risk of addiction. These include impulsiveness, frustration tolerance, and sensitivity to rejection. Impulsivity is thought to play its strongest role in the early stages of addiction, driving the motivation for seeking drugs.

Biology contributes to addiction in ways beyond genes. How the body metabolizes, or breaks down and eliminates, foreign substances such as drugs or alcohol is heavily dependent on the presence of various enzymes, and they may vary significantly between individuals and even between ethnic groups.

For example, research shows that the Japanese have unique variations of certain alcohol-metabolizing enzymes that are not present in other populations, deterring alcohol consumption— and alcoholism—because it quickly gives rise to uncomfortable body sensations. Biological factors such as enzyme profile can influence the amount of alcohol people ingest, the pleasantness of the experience, harmful effects on the body, and the development of disease.

There are many factors that influence addiction beyond genes and biology. One of the most significant is t he family milieu and early life experiences . Family interactions, parenting style, and levels of supervision all play a role in development of coping skills and susceptibility to mental health problems. Studies have linked authoritarian or neglectful parenting, family violence, and divorce to increased likelihood of substance use problems later in life. Growing up with strong ties to and a sense of belonging—to a family, to a belief tradition, to a culture—are known to be protective against addiction.

Peers play an enormous role in addiction susceptibility, especially among teens and young adults; most people use drugs for the first time as teenagers. Misuse of prescription drugs, for example, is highest among young adults aged 18 to 25, according to the National Institute of Drug Abuse. Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug among adolescents in the United States. The behavior patterns of friends influence everyone in the group. Further, psychological distress, especially depression and anxiety , has been shown to play an important role in such substance use.

Stress is a risk factor for many kinds of nonadaptive behavior, and addiction is one. Researchers have long linked the effects of chronic stress to alcohol use. Stress relief may enhance the pleasurable effect of any substance. There is some research to support the view that adverse events in childhood and in adulthood change the responsiveness of brain systems. Adverse early life events and cumulative negative events in adulthood—especially those that are both unpredictable and emotionally distressing—alter reactivity of brain structures that govern learning, motivation, the control of distress and control of impulsiveness to increase susceptibility to addiction and to influence the risk of relapse. Stress also increases the risk of mood and anxiety disorders, which are linked to addiction.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as trauma, especially combined with an unpredictable and chaotic childhood, pose a risk factor for many kinds of maladaptive behaviors and poor health outcomes . Studies show that having multiple ACEs puts children at risk of poor school performance, unemployment, and high-risk health behaviors including smoking and drug use.

Prolonged stress during childhood dysregulates the normal stress response and, through overproduction of cortisol, is especially harmful to the brain’s hippocampus, impairing memory and learning. Severe or sustained early life adversity shifts the course of brain development and can lastingly impair emotion regulation and cognitive development. What is more, it can sensitize the stress response system so that it overresponds to minimal levels of threat, making people feel easily overwhelmed by life’s normal difficulties. Research shows a strong link between ACEs and opioid drug abuse as well as alcoholism.

The common but mistaken view of addiction as a brain disease suggests that there is some malfunction in the brain that leads to addiction. But that is not the case. Studies show that repeated use of a substance (or an activity), encouraged by a surge in dopamine, creates changes in the wiring of the brain—and those changes are reversible after drug use stops.

Neuroscience research supports the idea that addiction is a habit that becomes deeply entrenched and self-perpetuating , rewiring the circuitry of the brain as it is repeated. The repetition of a highly pleasurable experience—drugs, gambling—alters neurons; they adjust their wiring to become increasingly efficient at the experience. They prune away their capacity to respond to other inputs. It is a form of deeply engraved learning. As drug use stops, engaging in other rewarding activities rewires the brain to find interest and pleasure in non-drug pursuits.

The vast majority of children whose parents abuse alcohol or drugs do not grow up to do the same. However, they are at some increased risk for doing so, and there are a number of reasons why. For one, they are exposed to those substances, and exposure during early adolescence may especially influence substance use.

For another, they may inherit whatever genetic or biological vulnerabilities laid the groundwork for a parental addiction. But they may also be more prone to addiction because they suffer from cognitive, emotional, or behavioral problems known to arise in children as a consequence of growing up in a home marked by substance use; for example, as children they are at increased risk of neglect, abuse, or a poor quality parent-child relationship .

It is a myth that there is some personality factor that is specific for the development of addiction and makes addiction likely. There are a number of personality traits widely shared in the population that contribute to the risk of developing an addiction, usually in indirect ways. For example, people prone to thrill-seeking may be more likely than others to find themselves in situations where drugs are used or to experiment with any number of activities—think: bungee jumping, base-jumping—or substances that provide outsize rewards.

Studies show that those who are high in the trait of neuroticism—they are prone to experiencing negative emotions—are overwhelmed by minor frustrations and interpret ordinary situations as stressful. Neuroticism is linked to a wide array of mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, and eating disorders as well as substance abuse. Neuroticism is also linked to a diminished quality of life, another factor that could increase the allure of substance use.

There is some evidence that natural variation in genetic makeup of the dopamine system may influence who gets addicted. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter activated by rewarding activities as a way of increasing the likelihood of engaging in such activities in the future. Having a relationship, getting a promotion, doing something creative—those are normal ways of stimulating the reward system. Illicit drug use short-circuits that process and directly boosts dopamine levels.

Some people may be more prone to addiction because they feel less pleasure through natural routes, such as from work, friendships, and romance. Their genetic makeup inclines them to develop such personality traits as thrill-seeking. Their craving for risk and novelty takes the fear out of drug use and the huge dopamine boost powerfully reinforces the motivation to seek the reward over and over again.

A person cannot get addicted to a substance without exposure to the substance, but exposure alone does not lead to addiction. Addiction develops only after repeated use of a substance. One use of a substance can produce a pleasurable effect that motivates interest in repeating the experience. But the experience of pleasure is relative; it hinges in part on biology and very much on what else there is going on in a persons life that is meaningful or rewarding.

In its simplest form, drug addiction can be seen as a way of hacking the brain —of finding a shortcut to feelings of emotional reward by bypassing the normal activities that stimulate such sensations and directly manipulating the neurochemicals responsible for them. To a very large degree, brain hacks become appealing when there are restricted opportunities for meaning and for pleasure other than the response to drugs.

Just as recovery from addiction requires focusing on rewarding activities other than drug use , so does prevention. The definition of a meaningful life varies from person to person, but psychology has long identified its components—feelings of self-respect; meaningful relationships that create a sense of belonging; opportunities for growth and development; work that is engaging or rewarding; opportunities for enjoyment and pleasure.

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Drug and Substance Abuse Essay

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Introduction

Physiology and psychology of addiction, prescription drug abuse, depressants, hallucinogens.

Drug and substance abuse is an issue that affects entirely all societies in the world. It has both social and economic consequences, which affect directly and indirectly our everyday live. Drug addiction is “a complex disorder characterized by compulsive drug use” (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010).

It sets in as one form a habit of taking a certain drug. Full-blown drug abuse comes with social problems such as violence, child abuse, homelessness and destruction of families (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010). To understand to the impact of drug abuse, one needs to explore the reasons why many get addicted and seem unable pull themselves out of this nightmare.

Many experts consider addiction as a disease as it affects a specific part of the brain; the limbic system commonly referred to as the pleasure center. This area, which experts argue to be primitive, is affected by various drug substances, which it gives a higher priority to other things. Peele (1998) argues that alcoholism is a disease that can only be cured from such a perspective (p. 60). Genetics are also seen as a factor in drug addiction even though it has never been exclusively proven.

Other experts view addiction as a state of mind rather than a physiological problem. The environment plays a major role in early stages of addiction. It introduces the agent, in this case the drug, to the abuser who knowingly or otherwise develops dependence to the substance. Environmental factors range from violence, stress to peer pressure.

Moreover, as an individual becomes completely dependent on a substance, any slight withdrawal is bound to be accompanied by symptoms such as pain, which is purely psychological. This is because the victim is under self-deception that survival without the substance in question is almost if not impossible. From his psychological vantage point, Isralowitz (2004) argues that freedom from addiction is achievable provided there is the “right type of guidance and counseling” (p.22).

A doctor as regulated by law usually administers prescription drugs. It may not be certain why many people abuse prescription drugs but the trend is ever increasing. Many people use prescription drugs as directed by a physician but others use purely for leisure. This kind of abuse eventually leads to addiction.

This problem is compounded by the ease of which one can access the drugs from pharmacies and even online. Many people with conditions requiring painkillers, especially the elderly, have a higher risk of getting addicted as their bodies become tolerant to the drugs. Adolescents usually use some prescription drugs and especially painkillers since they induce anxiety among other feelings as will be discussed below.

Stimulants are generally psychoactive drugs used medically to improve alertness, increase physical activity, and elevate blood pressure among other functions. This class of drugs acts by temporarily increasing mental activity resulting to increased awareness, changes in mood and apparently cause the user to have a relaxed feeling. Although their use is closely monitored, they still find their way on the streets and are usually abused.

Getting deeper into the biochemistry of different stimulants, each has a different metabolism in the body affecting different body organs in a specific way. One common thing about stimulants is that they affect the central nervous system in their mechanism. Examples of commonly used stimulants include; cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines and cannabis. Cocaine, which has a tremendously high addictive potential, was in the past used as anesthetic and in treatment of depression before its profound effects were later discovered.

On the streets, cocaine is either injected intravenously or smoked. Within a few minutes of use, it stimulates the brain making the user feel euphoric, energetic and increases alertness. It has long-term effects such as seizures, heart attacks and stroke. Cocaine’s withdrawal symptoms range from anxiety, irritability to a strong craving for more cocaine.

Cannabis, also known as marijuana , is the most often abused drug familiar in almost every corner of the world, from the streets of New York to the most remote village in Africa. Although its addiction potential is lower as compared to that of cocaine, prolonged use of cannabis results to an immense craving for more.

It produces hallucinogenic effects, lack of body coordination, and causes a feeling of ecstasy. Long-term use is closely associated with schizophrenia, and other psychological conditions. From a medical perspective, cannabis is used as an analgesic, to stimulate hunger in patients, nausea ameliorator, and intraocular eye pressure reducer. Insomnia, lack of appetite, migraines, restlessness and irritability characterize withdrawal symptoms of cannabis.

Unlike stimulants, depressants reduce anxiety and the central nervous system activity. The most common depressants include barbiturates, benzodiazepines and ethyl alcohol. They are of great therapeutically value especially as tranquilizers or sedatives in reducing anxiety.

Depressants can be highly addictive since they seem to ease tension and bring relaxation. After using depressants for a long time, the body develops tolerance to the drugs. Moreover, body tolerance after continual use requires one use a higher dose to get the same effect. Clumsiness, confusion and a strong craving for the drug accompany gradual withdrawal. Sudden withdrawal causes respiratory complications and can even be fatal.

Narcotics have been used for ages for various ailments and as a pain reliever pain. They are also characterized by their ability to induce sleep and euphoria. Opium, for instance was used in ancient China as a pain reliever and treatment of dysentery and insomnia. Some narcotics such as morphine and codeine are derived from natural sources.

Others are structural analogs to morphine and these include heroin, oxymorphone among others. Narcotics are highly addictive resulting to their strict regulation by a majority of governments. Narcotics act as painkillers once they enter the body.

They are used legally in combination with other drugs as analgesics and antitussives but are abused due to their ability to induce a feeling of well being. Their addiction potential is exceptionally high due to the body’s tolerance after consistent use, forcing the user to use and crave for more to get satisfaction. Increase in respiration rate, diarrhea, anxiety, nausea and lack of appetite are symptoms common to narcotic withdrawal. Others include; running nose, stomach cramps, muscle pains and a strong craving for the drugs.

Hallucinogens affect a person’s thinking capacity causing illusions and behavioral changes especially in moods. They apparently cause someone to hear sounds and see images that do not exist. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which commonly abused hallucinogen, has a low addiction potential because it does not have withdrawal effects. They also affect a person’s sexual behavior and other body functions such as body temperature. There are no outright withdrawal symptoms for hallucinogens.

Isralowitz, R. (2004). Drug use: a reference handbook . Santa Barbara, Clif.: ABC-CLIO. Print.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2010). NIDA INfoFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction . Web.

Peele, S. (1998). The meaning of Addiction : Compulsive Experience and its Interpretation . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

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Sample Essay On Cause And Effects Of Drug Abuse

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Topic: Law , Addiction , Human , Drug Abuse , Brain , Criminal Justice , Crime , Drugs

Published: 03/29/2020

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Many causes and effects of drug addiction are both related as to why a person is using illegal drugs and the outcome of becoming a drug addict. Being a drug addict creates a negative cycle, which undeniably precipitates some anomalies in the human brain. The process will result in strong cravings as well as involuntary inclination that prompt to use drugs. Drug addiction is a very serious threat to public safety and public health, not only in the United States, but also all over the world. Drug addiction develops in many ways. To better understand the causes of addiction, it would be essential to know how the use of illegal drugs is affecting the human brain. The human brain has its natural capability to reinforce and identify positive experiences. As an example, if a human eats his or her favorite food or puts a warm blanket during the cold winter nights, the brain will naturally release feel-good chemicals such as dopamine. By repeatedly experiencing these events, drugs will reinforce the human behavior through a process that teaches the brain to expect the positive experiences or pleasant sensations. However, none of these addiction causes will happen if there are no supporting factors that provoke people in getting addicted to drugs. Some people may not understand why other individuals are becoming addicted to drugs and how it changes the human brain’s activity to promote compulsive abuse of drugs. Sometimes, some people mistakenly observe drug addiction and abuse as one of the social problems. One of the causes of a person’s drug addiction is the surroundings. A person who lives in a community, where drug temptations are present, it is more likely that he or she may be with a group of people who use drugs. Therefore, the possibility of being in a group of drug users can be one of the causes of a person’s drug addiction. Another that factor that causes drug addiction is the person’s behavior. This normally happens to a person who normally gets along with a group of people who have similar behavior just like him. He will easily be convinced to use illegal drugs initially until he falls into addiction eventually. In some points, causes of drug abuse can be a personal or family matter. There may have a time that parents and guardian of a potential drug user may lack family openness, in which communication between family members is less. Therefore, there could be an attention deficiency, which they normally found from their peers. Experimentation many things including drug abuse could happen during the teenage years, which can worsen a person’s drug addiction in the long run. There could be hundreds of causes why a person becomes a drug addict. Along with this, there are also numerous effects that being a drug addict could provide. One of the effects of drug addiction could be a person’s attitude. A person who is addicted to drugs could turn his attitude to be a hot-tempered one. He or she tends to become irate as a response even on simple things. As a result, his or her relationship with her family and friends could become worse as his attitude becomes worse. In addition, drug addiction changes the human brain’s function. A drug addict will lose his self-control and his ability to recognize sounds. These effects could appear overtime as the person continues to use illegal drugs. The effects of being a drug user may depend on the length of time a person being into it. The longer a person uses illegal drugs, the more likely that he or she may have worse effects eventually. Besides emotional and social reasons, a person’s willingness to stop or continue using illegal drugs also contributes to being whether or not he is a drug abuser.

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The Effects of Drug Addiction on the Brain and Body

Signs of drug addiction, effects of drug addiction.

Drug addiction is a treatable, chronic medical disease that involves complex interactions between a person’s environment, brain circuits, genetics, and life experiences.

People with drug addictions continue to use drugs compulsively, despite the negative effects.

Substance abuse has many potential consequences, including overdose and death. Learn about the effects of drug addiction on the mind and body and treatment options that can help.

Verywell / Theresa Chiechi

Drug Abuse vs. Drug Addiction

While the terms “drug abuse” and “drug addiction” are often used interchangeably, they're different. Someone who abuses drugs uses a substance too much, too frequently, or in otherwise unhealthy ways. However, they ultimately have control over their substance use.

Someone with a drug addiction uses drugs in a way that affects many parts of their life and causes major disruptions. They can't stop using drugs, even if they want to.

The signs of drug abuse and addiction include changes in behavior, personality, and physical appearance. If you’re concerned about a loved one’s substance use, here are some of the red flags to watch out for:

• Changes in school or work performance
• Secretiveness 
• Relationship problems
• Risk-taking behavior
• Legal problems
• Aggression 
• Mood swings
• Changes in hobbies or friends
• Sudden weight loss or gain
• Unexplained odors on the body or clothing

Drug Addiction in Men and Women

Men and women are equally likely to develop drug addictions. However, men are more likely than women to use illicit drugs, die from a drug overdose, and visit an emergency room for addiction-related health reasons. Women are more susceptible to intense cravings and repeated relapses.

People can become addicted to any psychoactive ("mind-altering") substance. Common addictive substances include alcohol , tobacco ( nicotine ), stimulants, hallucinogens, and opioids .

Many of the effects of drug addiction are similar, no matter what substance someone uses. The following are some of the most common effects of drug addiction.

Effects of Drug Addiction on the Body

Drug addiction can lead to a variety of physical consequences ranging in seriousness from drowsiness to organ damage and death:

• Shallow breathing
• Elevated body temperature
• Rapid heart rate
• Increased blood pressure
• Impaired coordination and slurred speech
• Decreased or increased appetite
• Tooth decay
• Skin damage
• Sexual dysfunction
• Infertility
• Kidney damage
• Liver damage and cirrhosis
• Various forms of cancer
• Cardiovascular problems
• Lung problems
• Overdose and death

If left untreated drug addiction can lead to serious, life-altering effects on the body.

Dependence and withdrawal also affect the body:

• Physical dependence : Refers to the reliance on a substance to function day to day. People can become physically dependent on a substance fairly quickly. Dependence does not always mean someone is addicted, but the longer someone uses drugs, the more likely their dependency is to become an addiction.
• Withdrawal : When someone with a dependence stops using a drug, they can experience withdrawal symptoms like excessive sweating, tremors, panic, difficulty breathing, fatigue , irritability, and flu-like symptoms.

Overdose Deaths in the United States

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 100,000 people in the U.S. died from a drug overdose in 2021.

Effects of Drug Addiction on the Brain

All basic functions in the body are regulated by the brain. But, more than that, your brain is who you are. It controls how you interpret and respond to life experiences and the ways you behave as a result of undergoing those experiences.

Drugs alter important areas of the brain. When someone continues to use drugs, their health can deteriorate both psychologically and neurologically.

Some of the most common mental effects of drug addiction are:

• Cognitive decline
• Memory loss
• Mood changes and paranoia
• Poor self/impulse control
• Disruption to areas of the brain controlling basic functions (heart rate, breathing, sleep, etc.)

Effects of Drug Addiction on Behavior

Psychoactive substances affect the parts of the brain that involve reward, pleasure, and risk. They produce a sense of euphoria and well-being by flooding the brain with dopamine .

This leads people to compulsively use drugs in search of another euphoric “high.” The consequences of these neurological changes can be either temporary or permanent. 

• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability 
• Angry outbursts
• Lack of inhibition 
• Decreased pleasure/enjoyment in daily life (e.g., eating, socializing, and sex)
• Hallucinations

Help Someone With Drug Addiction

If you suspect that a loved one is experiencing drug addiction, address your concerns honestly, non-confrontationally, and without judgment. Focus on building trust and maintaining an open line of communication while setting healthy boundaries to keep yourself and others safe. If you need help, contact the SAMHSA National Helpline at 1-800-662-4357.

Effects of Drug Addiction on an Unborn Child

Drug addiction during pregnancy can cause serious negative outcomes for both mother and child, including:

• Preterm birth
• Maternal mortality

Drug addiction during pregnancy can lead to neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) . Essentially, the baby goes into withdrawal after birth. Symptoms of NAS differ depending on which drug has been used but can include:

• Excessive crying
• Sleeping and feeding issues

Children exposed to drugs before birth may go on to develop issues with behavior, attention, and thinking. It's unclear whether prenatal drug exposure continues to affect behavior and the brain beyond adolescence.  

While there is no single “cure” for drug addiction, there are ways to treat it. Treatment can help you control your addiction and stay drug-free. The primary methods of treating drug addiction include:

• Psychotherapy : Psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or family therapy , can help someone with a drug addiction develop healthier ways of thinking and behaving.
• Behavioral therapy : Common behavioral therapies for drug addiction include motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and contingency management (CM). These therapy approaches build coping skills and provide positive reinforcement.
• Medication : Certain prescribed medications help to ease withdrawal symptoms. Some examples are naltrexone (for alcohol), bupropion (for nicotine), and methadone (for opioids).
• Hospitalization : Some people with drug addiction might need to be hospitalized to detox from a substance before beginning long-term treatment.
• Support groups : Peer support and self-help groups, such as 12-step programs like Alcoholics Anonymous, can help people with drug addictions find support, resources, and accountability.

A combination of medication and behavioral therapy has been found to have the highest success rates in preventing relapse and promoting recovery. Forming an individualized treatment plan with your healthcare provider's help is likely to be the most effective approach.

Drug addiction is a complex, chronic medical disease that causes someone to compulsively use psychoactive substances despite the negative consequences.

Some effects of drug abuse and addiction include changes in appetite, mood, and sleep patterns. More serious health issues such as cognitive decline, major organ damage, overdose, and death are also risks. Addiction to drugs while pregnant can lead to serious outcomes for both mother and child.

Treatment for drug addiction may involve psychotherapy , medication, hospitalization, support groups, or a combination.

If you or someone you know is experiencing substance abuse or addiction, contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline at 1-800-662-4357.

American Society of Addiction Medicine. Definition of addiction .

HelpGuide.org. Drug Abuse and Addiction .

Tennessee Department of Mental Health & Substance Abuse Services. Warning signs of drug abuse .

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Sex and gender differences in substance use .

Cleveland Clinic. Drug addiction .

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction Drugs and the Brain .

American Heart Association. Illegal Drugs and Heart Disease .

American Addiction Centers. Get the facts on substance abuse .

Szalavitz M, Rigg KK, Wakeman SE. Drug dependence is not addiction-and it matters . Ann Med . 2021;53(1):1989-1992. doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.1995623

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drug overdose deaths in the U.S. top 100,000 annually .

American Psychological Association. Cognition is central to drug addiction .

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Understanding Drug Use and Addiction DrugFacts .

MedlinePlus. Neonatal abstinence syndrome .

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Treatment and recovery .

Grella CE, Stein JA.  Remission from substance dependence: differences between individuals in a general population longitudinal survey who do and do not seek help . Drug and Alcohol Dependence.  2013;133(1):146-153. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.019

By Laura Dorwart Dr. Dorwart has a Ph.D. from UC San Diego and is a health journalist interested in mental health, pregnancy, and disability rights.

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Cause And Effect Essay Guide

Cause And Effect Essay Examples

Best Cause and Effect Essay Examples To Get Inspiration + Simple Tips

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How To Write A Cause and Effect Essay - Outline & Examples

230+ Cause and Effect Essay Topics to Boost Your Academic Writing

How to Create a Cause and Effect Outline - An Easy Guide

You need to write a cause and effect essay for your assignment. Well, where should you start?

Establishing a relationship between causes and effects is no simple task. You need to ensure logical connections between variables with credible evidence.

However, don't get overwhelmed by the sound of it. You can start by reading some great cause and effect essay examples. 

In this blog, you can read cause and effect essays to get inspiration and learn how to write them. With these resources, you'll be able to start writing an awesome cause and effect paper.

Let’s dive in!

• 1. What is a Cause and Effect Essay?
• 2. Cause and Effect Essay Examples for Students
• 3. Free Cause and Effect Essay Samples
• 4. Cause and Effect Essay Topics
• 5. Tips For Writing a Good Cause and Effect Essay

What is a Cause and Effect Essay?

A cause and effect essay explores why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). This type of essay aims to uncover the connections between events, actions, or phenomena. It helps readers understand the reasons behind certain outcomes.

In a cause and effect essay, you typically:

• Identify the Cause: Explain the event or action that initiates a chain of events. This is the "cause."
• Discuss the Effect: Describe the consequences or outcomes resulting from the cause.
• Analyze the Relationship: Clarify how the cause leads to the effect, showing the cause-and-effect link.

Cause and effect essays are common in various academic disciplines. For instance, studies in sciences, history, and the social sciences rely on essential cause and effect questions. For instance, "what are the effects of climate change?", or "what are the causes of poverty?"

Now that you know what a cause and effect is, let’s read some examples.

Cause and Effect Essay Examples for Students

Here is an example of a well-written cause and effect essay on social media. Let’s analyze it in parts to learn why it is good and how you can write an effective essay yourself. 

The essay begins with a compelling hook that grabs the reader's attention. It presents a brief overview of the topic clearly and concisely. The introduction covers the issue and ends with a strong thesis statement , stating the essay's main argument – that excessive use of social media can negatively impact mental health.

The first body paragraph sets the stage by discussing the first cause - excessive social media use. It provides data and statistics to support the claim, which makes the argument more compelling. The analysis highlights the addictive nature of social media and its impact on users. This clear and evidence-based explanation prepares the reader for the cause-and-effect relationship to be discussed.

The second body paragraph effectively explores the effect of excessive social media use, which is increased anxiety and depression. It provides a clear cause-and-effect relationship, with studies backing the claims. The paragraph is well-structured and uses relatable examples, making the argument more persuasive. 

The third body paragraph effectively introduces the second cause, which is social comparison and FOMO. It explains the concept clearly and provides relatable examples. It points out the relevance of this cause in the context of social media's impact on mental health, preparing the reader for the subsequent effect to be discussed.

The fourth body paragraph effectively explores the second effect of social comparison and FOMO, which is isolation and decreased self-esteem. It provides real-world consequences and uses relatable examples. 

The conclusion effectively summarizes the key points discussed in the essay. It restates the thesis statement and offers practical solutions, demonstrating a well-rounded understanding of the topic. The analysis emphasizes the significance of the conclusion in leaving the reader with a call to action or reflection on the essay's central theme.

This essay follows this clear cause and effect essay structure to convey the message effectively:

Read our cause and effect essay outline blog to learn more about how to structure your cause and effect essay effectively.

Free Cause and Effect Essay Samples

The analysis of the essay above is a good start to understanding how the paragraphs in a cause and effect essay are structured. You can read and analyze more examples below to improve your understanding.

Cause and Effect Essay Elementary School

Cause and Effect Essay For College Students

Short Cause and Effect Essay Sample

Cause and Effect Essay Example for High School

Cause And Effect Essay IELTS

Bullying Cause and Effect Essay Example

Cause and Effect Essay Smoking

Cause and Effect Essay Topics

Wondering which topic to write your essay on? Here is a list of cause and effect essay topic ideas to help you out.

• The Effects of Social Media on Real Social Networks
• The Causes And Effects of Cyberbullying
• The Causes And Effects of Global Warming
• The Causes And Effects of WW2
• The Causes And Effects of Racism
• The Causes And Effects of Homelessness
• The Causes and Effects of Parental Divorce on Children.
• The Causes and Effects of Drug Addiction
• The Impact of Technology on Education
• The Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality

Need more topics? Check out our list of 150+ cause and effect essay topics to get more interesting ideas.

Tips For Writing a Good Cause and Effect Essay

Reading and following the examples above can help you write a good essay. However, you can make your essay even better by following these tips.

• Choose a Clear and Manageable Topic: Select a topic that you can explore thoroughly within the essay's word limit. A narrowly defined topic will make it easier to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Research and Gather Evidence: Gather relevant data, statistics, examples, and expert opinions to support your arguments. Strong evidence enhances the credibility of your essay.
• Outline Your Essay: Create a structured outline that outlines the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. This will provide a clear roadmap for your essay and help you present causes and effects clearly and coherently.
• Transitional Phrases: Use transitional words and phrases like "because," "due to," "as a result," "consequently," and "therefore" to connect causes and effects within your sentences and paragraphs.
• Support Each Point: Dedicate a separate paragraph to each cause and effect. Provide in-depth explanations, examples, and evidence for each point.
• Proofread and Edit: After completing the initial draft, carefully proofread your essay for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. Additionally, review the content for clarity, coherence, and flow.
• Peer Review: Seek feedback from a peer or someone familiar with the topic to gain an outside perspective. They can help identify any areas that need improvement.
• Stay Focused: Avoid going off-topic or including irrelevant information. Stick to the causes and effects you've outlined in your thesis statement.
• Revise as Needed: Don't hesitate to make revisions and improvements as needed. The process of revising and refining your essay is essential for producing a high-quality final product. 

To Sum Up , 

Cause and effect essays are important for comprehending the intricate relationships that shape our world. With the help of the examples and tips above, you can confidently get started on your essay. 

If you still need further help, you can hire a professional writer to help you out. At MyPerfectWords.com , we’ve got experienced and qualified essay writers who can help you write an excellent essay on any topic and for all academic levels.

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15.9 Cause-and-Effect Essay

Learning objective.

• Read an example of the cause-and-effect rhetorical mode.

Effects of Video Game Addiction

Video game addition is a serious problem in many parts of the world today and deserves more attention. It is no secret that children and adults in many countries throughout the world, including Japan, China, and the United States, play video games every day. Most players are able to limit their usage in ways that do not interfere with their daily lives, but many others have developed an addiction to playing video games and suffer detrimental effects.

An addiction can be described in several ways, but generally speaking, addictions involve unhealthy attractions to substances or activities that ultimately disrupt the ability of a person to keep up with regular daily responsibilities. Video game addiction typically involves playing games uncontrollably for many hours at a time—some people will play only four hours at a time while others cannot stop for over twenty-four hours. Regardless of the severity of the addiction, many of the same effects will be experienced by all.

One common effect of video game addiction is isolation and withdrawal from social experiences. Video game players often hide in their homes or in Internet cafés for days at a time—only reemerging for the most pressing tasks and necessities. The effect of this isolation can lead to a breakdown of communication skills and often a loss in socialization. While it is true that many games, especially massive multiplayer online games, involve a very real form of e-based communication and coordination with others, and these virtual interactions often result in real communities that can be healthy for the players, these communities and forms of communication rarely translate to the types of valuable social interaction that humans need to maintain typical social functioning. As a result, the social networking in these online games often gives the users the impression that they are interacting socially, while their true social lives and personal relations may suffer.

Another unfortunate product of the isolation that often accompanies video game addiction is the disruption of the user’s career. While many players manage to enjoy video games and still hold their jobs without problems, others experience challenges at their workplace. Some may only experience warnings or demerits as a result of poorer performance, or others may end up losing their jobs altogether. Playing video games for extended periods of time often involves sleep deprivation, and this tends to carry over to the workplace, reducing production and causing habitual tardiness.

Video game addiction may result in a decline in overall health and hygiene. Players who interact with video games for such significant amounts of time can go an entire day without eating and even longer without basic hygiene tasks, such as using the restroom or bathing. The effects of this behavior pose significant danger to their overall health.

The causes of video game addiction are complex and can vary greatly, but the effects have the potential to be severe. Playing video games can and should be a fun activity for all to enjoy. But just like everything else, the amount of time one spends playing video games needs to be balanced with personal and social responsibilities.

Online Cause-and-Effective Essay Alternatives

Lawrence Otis Graham examines racism, and whether it has changed since the 1970s, in The “Black Table” Is Still There :

• http://scremeens.googlepages.com/TheBlackTableessay.rtf

Robin Tolmach Lakoff discusses the power of language to dehumanize in From Ancient Greece to Iraq: The Power of Words in Wartime :

• http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/18/science/essay-from-ancient-greece-to-iraq-the-power-of-words-in-wartime.html

Alan Weisman examines the human impact on the planet and its effects in Earth without People :

• http://discovermagazine.com/2005/feb/earth-without-people

Writing for Success Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

How to Write a Discursive Essay: Awesome Guide and Template

The term "discursive" comes from the Latin word "discursus," meaning to move around or traverse. A discursive essay reflects this by exploring multiple viewpoints and offering a thorough discussion on a specific topic.

In this article, our term paper writing service will define what a discursive essay is, distinguish it from an argumentative essay, provide practical tips on how to write one effectively, and examine essay examples to illustrate its structure and approach.

What Is a Discursive Essay

A discursive essay is a type of essay where you discuss a topic from various viewpoints. The goal is to provide a balanced analysis by exploring different perspectives. Your essay should present arguments on the topic, showing both sides to give a comprehensive view.

Features of discursive essays typically include:

• Thesis Statement: Clearly states your position or argument on the topic.
• Discussion of Perspectives: Examines different viewpoints or aspects of the issue.
• Evidence and Examples: Supports arguments with relevant evidence and examples.
• Counterarguments: Addresses opposing viewpoints to strengthen your position.
• Logical Organization: Structured to present arguments coherently and persuasively.

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How to Write a Discursive Essay

Writing a discursive essay involves examining a topic from different angles and presenting balanced viewpoints. Whether you're tackling a controversial issue or analyzing a complex subject, following these steps will help you craft a well-structured discursive essay.

1. Understand the Topic

Before you start writing, make sure you grasp the topic thoroughly. Identify key terms and concepts to clarify what you need to discuss. Consider the different aspects and perspectives related to the topic that you will explore in your essay.

2. Research and Gather Evidence

Research is crucial for a discursive essay. Gather information from reliable sources such as books, academic journals, and reputable websites. Collect evidence that supports various viewpoints on the topic. Note down quotes, statistics, and examples that you can use to strengthen your arguments.

3. Plan Your Structure

Organize your essay effectively to ensure clarity and coherence. Start with an introduction that states your thesis or main argument. Outline the main points or perspectives you will discuss in the body paragraphs. Each paragraph should focus on a different aspect or viewpoint, supported by evidence. Consider including a paragraph that addresses counterarguments to strengthen your position.

4. Write the Introduction

Begin your essay with a compelling introduction that grabs the reader's attention. Start with a hook or an intriguing fact related to the topic. Clearly state your thesis statement, which outlines your position on the issue and previews the main points you will discuss. The introduction sets the tone for your essay and provides a roadmap for what follows.

5. Develop the Body Paragraphs

The body of your essay should present a balanced discussion of the topic. Each paragraph should focus on a different perspective or argument. Start each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main idea. Support your points with evidence, examples, and quotes from your research. Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs to maintain the flow of your argument.

6. Conclude Effectively

Wrap up your essay with a strong conclusion that summarizes the main points and reinforces your thesis statement. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion. Instead, reflect on the significance of your arguments and how they contribute to the broader understanding of the topic. End with a thought-provoking statement or a call to action, encouraging readers to consider the complexities of the issue.

If you find this kind of writing challenging, simply say ' write my paper ', and professional writers will handle it for you.

Discursive Guide Checklist

Discursive Essay Examples

Here, let’s take a look at our samples and see how different topics are discussed from different viewpoints in real discursive essays.

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Discursive Essay Topics

Here are a range of topics that encourage exploration of different perspectives and critical analysis. Choose a topic that interests you and allows for a balanced analysis of arguments and evidence.

• Should governments impose higher taxes on sugary drinks to combat obesity?
• Is homeschooling beneficial for children's education?
• Should the use of drones for military purposes be restricted?
• Should the legal drinking age be lowered or raised?
• Is online education as effective as traditional classroom learning?
• Should parents be held legally responsible for their children's actions?
• Is artificial intelligence a threat to human employment?
• Are video games a positive or negative influence on young people?
• Should the voting age be lowered to 16?
• Should schools teach mindfulness and meditation techniques?
• Is cultural diversity in the workplace beneficial for companies?
• Should prisoners have the right to vote?
• Is social media addiction a real problem?
• Should plastic packaging be replaced with eco-friendly alternatives?
• Is it ethical to clone animals for agricultural purposes?
• Should the government provide subsidies for electric vehicles?
• Is privacy more important than national security?
• Should school uniforms be mandatory?
• Is renewable energy the future of our planet?
• Should parents have access to their children's social media accounts?

By the way, we also have a great collection of narrative essay topics to inspire your creativity.

What is the Difference Between a Discursive and Argumentative Essay

Discursive essays and argumentative essays share similarities but have distinct differences in their approach and purpose. While both essay types involve critical thinking and analysis, the main difference lies in the writer's approach to the topic and the overall goal of the essay—whether it aims to explore and discuss multiple perspectives (discursive) or to argue for a specific viewpoint (argumentative). Here’s a more detailed look at how they differ:

Types of Discursive Essay

Before writing a discursive essay, keep in mind that they can be categorized into different types based on their specific purposes and structures. Here are some common types of discursive essays:

Opinion Essays:

• Purpose: Expressing and supporting personal opinions on a given topic.
• Structure: The essay presents the writer's viewpoint and provides supporting evidence, examples, and arguments. It may also address counterarguments to strengthen the overall discussion.

Problem-Solution Essays:

• Purpose: Identifying a specific problem and proposing effective solutions.
• Structure: The essay introduces the problem, discusses its causes and effects, and presents possible solutions. It often concludes with a recommendation or call to action.

Compare and Contrast Essays:

• Purpose: Analyzing similarities and differences between two or more perspectives, ideas, or approaches.
• Structure: The essay outlines the key points of each perspective, highlighting similarities and differences. A balanced analysis is provided to give the reader a comprehensive understanding.

Cause and Effect Essays:

• Purpose: Exploring the causes and effects of a particular phenomenon or issue.
• Structure: The essay identifies the primary causes and examines their effects or vice versa. It may delve into the chain of events and their implications.

Argumentative Essays:

• Purpose: Presenting a strong argument in favor of a specific viewpoint.
• Structure: The essay establishes a clear thesis statement, provides evidence and reasoning to support the argument, and addresses opposing views. It aims to persuade the reader to adopt the writer's perspective.

Pro-Con Essays:

• Purpose: Evaluating the pros and cons of a given issue.
• Structure: The essay presents the positive aspects (pros) and negative aspects (cons) of the topic. It aims to provide a balanced assessment and may conclude with a recommendation or a summary of the most compelling points.

Exploratory Essays:

• Purpose: Investigating and discussing a topic without necessarily advocating for a specific position.
• Structure: The essay explores various aspects of the topic, presenting different perspectives and allowing the reader to form their own conclusions. It often reflects a process of inquiry and discovery.

These types of discursive essays offer different approaches to presenting information, and the choice of type depends on the specific goals of the essay and the preferences of the writer.

Discursive Essay Format

Writing a discursive essay needs careful planning to make sure it’s clear and flows well while presenting different viewpoints on a topic. Here’s how to structure your discursive essay:

Introduction

• Start with an interesting opening sentence to catch the reader's attention. Give some background information on the topic to show why it’s important.
• Clearly state your main argument or position on the topic, and mention that you’ll be discussing different viewpoints.

"Should genetically modified foods be more strictly regulated for consumer safety? This question sparks debates among scientists, policymakers, and consumers alike. This essay explores the different perspectives on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to give a complete view of the issues."

Body Paragraphs

• Begin each paragraph with a sentence that introduces a key point or perspective about GMOs.
• Present arguments, evidence, and examples to support each perspective. Consider the benefits, risks, and ethical issues around GMOs.
• Address possible objections or opposing viewpoints to show a balanced analysis.

"Supporters of GMOs argue that genetically engineered crops can help solve global food shortages by increasing crop yields and resistance to pests. For example, studies have shown that GMOs like insect-resistant corn have reduced the need for chemical pesticides, which benefits both farmers and the environment."

Counterarguments

• Recognize the counterarguments or concerns raised by opponents of GMOs.
• Provide reasoned responses or rebuttals to these counterarguments, acknowledging the complexity of the issue.

"However, critics of GMOs worry about potential long-term health effects and environmental impacts. They argue that there isn’t enough research to ensure the safety of eating genetically modified foods over long periods."

• Summarize the main points discussed in the essay about GMOs.
• Reinforce your thesis statement while considering the different arguments presented.
• Finish with a thought-provoking statement or suggest what should be considered for future research or policy decisions related to GMOs.

"In conclusion, the debate over genetically modified foods highlights the need to balance scientific innovation with public health and environmental concerns. While GMOs offer potential benefits for global food security, ongoing research and transparent regulation are essential to address uncertainties and ensure consumer safety."

Formatting Tips

• Use clear and straightforward language throughout the essay.
• Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs to maintain the flow of ideas.
• Use headings and subheadings if they help organize different perspectives.
• Properly cite sources when referencing research findings, quotes, or statistics.

Remember, besides writing compositions, you’ll also need to do math homework , something we can assist you with right away.

Yays and Nays of Writing Discourse Essays

In learning how to write a discursive essay, certain do's and don'ts serve as guiding principles throughout the writing process. By adhering to these guidelines, writers can navigate the complexities of presenting arguments, counterarguments, and nuanced analyses, ensuring the essay resonates with clarity and persuasiveness.

Wrapping Up

Throughout this guide, you have acquired valuable insights into the art of crafting compelling arguments and presenting diverse perspectives. By delving into the nuances of topic selection, structuring, and incorporating evidence, you could hone your critical thinking skills and sharpen your ability to engage in informed discourse. 

This guide serves as a roadmap, offering not just a set of rules but a toolkit to empower students in their academic journey. As you embark on future writing endeavors, armed with the knowledge gained here, you can confidently navigate the challenges of constructing well-reasoned, balanced discursive essays that contribute meaningfully to academic discourse and foster a deeper understanding of complex issues. If you want to continue your academic learning journey right now, we suggest that you read about the IEEE format next.

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What is a Discursive Example?

What is the difference between a discursive and argumentative essay, what are the 2 types of discursive writing.

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is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

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• Updated old sections including definition, outline, writing guide.
• Added new topics, examples, checklist, FAQs.
• Discursive writing - Discursive Writing - Higher English Revision. (n.d.). BBC Bitesize. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpdwwmn/revision/1  
• Prepare for Exam Success: C1 Advanced self-access learning Writing Part 1 -the discursive essay Lesson summary. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2024, from https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/Images/583526-c1-advanced-self-access-learning-writing-part-1-discursive-essay.pdf  
• Tomeu. (n.d.). Advanced C1.1: How to write a DISCURSIVE ESSAY. Advanced C1.1. Retrieved June 28, 2024, from https://englishadvanced2.blogspot.com/2013/10/speakout-advanced-p-25-examples-of.html  

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The Adolescent Brain and Substance Use

• Adolescence is a time of important developmental and social growth. There are many interrelated factors that influence changes in a young person’s brain structure and function, and can have a long-term impact on their body, mind, and mental health.
• Adolescence is also a time of growing independence, exploration, and risk-taking. Teens may experiment with nicotine via cigarettes or vaping, alcohol, and marijuana, at a time when exposure to these substances can have a significant impact on brain development. Early use of alcohol and other substances can increase the likelihood of going on to use other drugs and of developing a substance use disorder.
• NIDA leads the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study ® ) , a long-term study of brain development and child health. The ABCD Study is researching the effects of substance use as well as environmental, social, genetic, and other biological factors on the developing adolescent brain.

Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study®)

ABCD is a landmark study supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) which will increase our understanding of environmental, social, genetic, and other biological factors that affect brain and cognitive development and that can enhance or disrupt a young person’s life trajectory.

Latest from NIDA

More than 321,000 U.S. children lost a parent to drug overdose from 2011 to 2021

Delta-8-THC use reported by 11% of 12th graders in 2023

Law enforcement seizures of psilocybin mushrooms rose dramatically between 2017-2022

Learn more about the adolescent brain and substance use.

• Find resources for parents and educators on the NIDA web site.
• See the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study SM (ABCD Study ® ) web site.
• Read about alcohol and the adolescent brain on the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism web site.
• See data on drug use in adolescents and young adults from the Monitoring the Future study.
• Learn about high-risk substance use among youth from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Catherine M. Cahill is in the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Shirley & Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.

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The illegal use of synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and its analogues has killed tens of thousands of people and wreaked devastation on families across the United States. Indeed, in 2017, the White House declared the opioid crisis to be a public-health emergency. Since then, great strides in public awareness have been made and many research dollars have been invested in identifying new treatments. However, opioids continue to claim the lives of many individuals in the United States: in 2023, an estimated 74,702 people died after overdosing on synthetic opioids, which was 70% of the total number of drug overdose deaths that year (see go.nature.com/45j6av4 ). Writing in Nature , O’Brien et al . 1 describe and characterize a compound that could offer a different strategy for saving the lives of people who have overdosed on opioids.

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Drug Addiction — The Causes, Effects, Types, and Prevention and Treatment of Drug Abuse

The Causes, Effects, Types, and Prevention and Treatment of Drug Abuse

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Causes of drug abuse, effects of drug abuse, types of drugs, prevention and treatment.

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First Opinion readers respond to psychiatry and social contracts, Medicare and weight loss meds, and more

By Patrick Skerrett July 6, 2024

F irst Opinion is STAT’s platform for interesting, illuminating, and maybe even provocative articles about the life sciences writ large, written by biotech insiders, health care workers, researchers, and others.

To encourage robust, good-faith discussion about issues raised in First Opinion essays, STAT publishes selected Letters to the Editor received in response to them. You can submit a Letter to the Editor here , or find the submission form at the end of any First Opinion essay.

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“Psychiatrists aren’t fulfilling the social contract that subsidized their training,” by Richard G. Frank

While I appreciate the sentiment, this article is incomplete at best, and oversimplifies a complex calculus. Physician training is, of course, subsidized by the Medicare and Medicaid systems; most residency positions are, and not just in psychiatry. However, are we leveling this at the other specialty physicians who are not accepting Medicare and Medicaid patients? Additionally, the reimbursement in psychiatry is not level — it is much more limited and not equitable compared to other specialties, particularly surgical/procedural specialties. This makes it harder for psychiatrists to pay the bills when accepting a lower rate of reimbursement than other physicians even though the student loan bills are still there.

I agree that the social-ethical contract is compelling for psychiatrists to accept all of these patients. However, substantial deficits and inequities in the health care systems shouldn’t be placed on psychiatrists to take sole responsibility for.

At the same time that we should encourage psychiatrists to accept a wider range of patients, we should also be calling out the inequities in the payment system, mental health “parity” laws that are largely unenforced (and thus meaningless) rendering an unfair system for patients seeking care and psychiatrists seeking reimbursement for care provided.

As with most issues in health care, it’s complicated.

— Michael J. Peterson , Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health

Thanks for reminding me of my “social contract.” I need a favor: review the back door meetings of the Medicare Act of 1965 that resulted in non-procedure based care being reimbursed (and considered less important) than procedure-based care. Give us the demographics of these decision-makers (I’m assuming all cisgendered heterosexual white guys). Share with us how extrapolating this built-in financial discrimination has resulted in psychiatrists not taking insurance. In other words: do real research before throwing stones in glass houses.

— Brian Dixon

This article ignores the very obvious elephant in the room. It implies that the money paid by Medicaid/Medicare to support psychiatry residents actually translates into some kind of fair compensation for their work during residency. Residents work 60-80 hours per week during residency. In return we are paid somewhere between $40,000 and $60,000 a year at the beginning of our training, which grows to somewhere between $50,000 to $70,000 by the end. In short, we are paid about $19 per hour for some of the most highly skilled work in the country. I think that fulfills our social contract quite nicely.

— Karen Abdool

While Richard G. Frank’s recent First Opinion piece calls attention to the problem of lack of access to mental health services, it inappropriately lays blame for that problem at the feet of psychiatrists. To the contrary, psychiatrists are working within complex systems and advocating fiercely to ensure the widespread provision of quality care.

For those who are choosing not to take insurance, the simple truth is that the finances don’t add up. Psychiatrists leave training with medical school debt, are paid less per hour than primary care physicians and even physician assistants, and need to spend time or dollars on staff to help deal with administrative complexities like prior authorization. As Frank points out, insurers, in an effort to cut their own costs, have limited networks, established inadequate fee schedules, and created administrative barriers to mental health services. This leaves psychiatrists in a bind when trying to serve patients without going into the red: and still, only 7.7% of psychiatrists have opted out of Medicare. Many of our members and colleagues clearly want to take insurance, including Medicare and Medicaid, but in this reality, sometimes we can’t.

We want this situation to change and we are working hard on solutions. Advocacy for mental health parity is imperative. Parity won’t be achieved without adequate reimbursement, and we are working with the Center for Medicare and Medicaid services and public and private payors to achieve it.

Meanwhile, demand for psychiatric services has grown exponentially, and we cannot increase the number of psychiatrists fast enough to meet this need. While more graduate medical examination slots have been created in recent years and the field is more popular than ever, our physician members advocate to ensure we maintain a strong pipeline to bring in more qualified psychiatrists.

Psychiatrists are also on the forefront of advocating for transformative care delivery models and modalities that will allow for better access, including telepsychiatry, and team-based care to expand access for all individuals. Whether through integrated care options like Collaborative Care or working on teams in other models, we’re innovating to reach patients like never before.

The failure is not one of individual choices, but rather a systemic failure to fund and support access to psychiatric care. As it stands today, the field is forced to leverage its scarce resources to serve the needs of a country facing a mental health crisis.

— Marketa Wills, M.D., CEO and medical director of the American Psychiatric Association

“Medicare should wait on approving coverage for Wegovy,” by Alissa S. Chen

Although by a thoughtful doctor, this article is heavy on feelings and short on empirical arguments. You may feel like it is not a good idea, and that can be your personal belief, but that does not warrant its being used as evidence against a treatment that has been clinically demonstrated to have benefits beyond weight loss. Research on older patients is scarce but where isn’t that the case except for drugs intended to ameliorate dementia? How long do we wait before trying this apparently efficacious treatment?

— Steven Struhl , Converge Analytic

Please do not minimize semaglutide by equating it as merely affecting appetite to counteract “late night snacking.” The SELECT trial demonstrated that in persons with BMI of 27 or higher and without diabetes who had prior heart attack, stroke or peripheral artery disease, taking semaglutide versus placebo was associated with 20% reduction in subsequent heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death! (Disclosure: I co-chaired the Steering Committee for SELECT and have received compensation for consulting from Novo Nordisk and many other makers of obesity medications and devices.)

This landmark study is important knowledge for every physician, and especially those in obesity medicine. The SELECT trial studied 17,706 patients and more than 6,000 were age 65 or older. It used the most rigorous methodology and was executed with precision. The FDA gave Wegovy an indication for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease after rigorous review.

Let’s be serious about offering this medication to people who need it. It is not a lifestyle medication. Medicare made the right decision in providing reimbursement for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

— Donna Ryan, Pennington Biomedical Research Center

As a patient, I’m disappointed we have experts encouraging Medicare NOT to pay for semaglutide and tirzepatide. I am 69 years old and I go to my PCP’s office weekly to get my injection administered. The entire cost is $350 for semaglutide for four weeks, and $450 for the tirzepatide for four weeks. I have been doing this for 14 months, had no adverse side effects whatsoever and have lost 50+ pounds thus far. While this is doable for me, I realize many others are not as fortunate. I would like to see Medicare follow the lead of private insurers and start covering part or all of the cost.

— Penny Ogden

I’m 66 and started on prescription Zepbound in February of 2024. I have lost weight, blood pressure is down, not sure about cholesterol though. Not only does Medicare not pay for it but they also do not allow us to get the huge discount coupon from the manufacturer. Not really sure if I’ll be able to afford this medication much longer, which is quite sad.

— Tracey Black

As a 68-year-old female who has taken Ozempic for 17 months and had it ripped away with Medicare deciding not to cover it for those with pre-diabetes, I have to say I feel much worse now that the weight has come back, along with incessant hunger. In four months my A1C, blood pressure, and cholesterol went up. My life is again centered around what I can and should not eat and it is a constant battle that can be won short term, but not long term.

Ozempic helped my weight stay constant. I loved the once a week shot and then could forget about it. I drank lots of water and got plenty of exercise. Clothes felt good. Now it is depressing. Can’t move as well, nothing fits and just can’t get my weight to stop climbing no matter how much I exercise. Medicare should approve this treatment for older people. Let each doctor decide by patient if it should be used, not the government!

— S R Bratton

“Congress called for an ALS moonshot. The plan for it doesn’t leave Earth,” by Bernie Zipprich

This is an excerpt of my testimony to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on my plan to make ALS a livable disease in 10 years:

With veterans 60% more likely to develop ALS, it is imperative that we serve those who’ve served in the armed forces. Nonprofit organizations like Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) are uniquely staffed with national service officers who are ALS benefits experts. In partnership with the Veterans Administration, PVA’s Medical Services team conducts site visits across the country, engaging with ALS specialists.

It was on such a visit that I met Dr. Richard Reimer, medical director of the ALS Clinic at the Palo Alto VA. Collaborating with the Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Dr. Reimer is using its world-class supercomputer, investigating drugs to repurpose for ALS.

Another study, facilitated by The National ALS Registry, assesses “Military exposures and ALS in a large Veteran population.” Data from the Department of Defense and VA will capture military factors such as branch of service, occupation, deployment, demographic, and de-identified health data.

According to a Project MinE study, 15% of people with Sporadic ALS have a genetic component while regional fine-mapping has identified an additional 690 new ALS-risk genes. This supports the opinion that ALS has multifactorial causes and that genetic testing should be routinely offered as a standard of care.

In conclusion, I would like to echo the sentiments of Retired Marine Corps infantry officer, Chris Mulholland, who has been battling ALS since November 2020. In a Military Times article titled, “ALS is Killing Veterans,” Chris wrote, “If you know of a Veteran who has – or had ALS, we need you in this fight. Too often ALS exists in the shadows, and those afflicted pass so quickly they can’t speak for themselves. Be their voice!”

— Juliet Pierce, Paralyzed Veterans of America

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Patrick Skerrett is filling in as editor of First Opinion , STAT's platform for perspective and opinion on the life sciences writ large, and host of the First Opinion Podcast .

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