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Home > TMC > DISSERTATIONS > An Overview of Costs, Utilization, Geographical Distribution & Influence of Mobile Clinics in Rural Healthcare Delivery in the United States

An Overview of Costs, Utilization, Geographical Distribution & Influence of Mobile Clinics in Rural Healthcare Delivery in the United States

Sharon Attipoe-Dorcoo , The University of Texas School of Public Health

The issue of access in rural areas, defined as the ability to afford healthcare services and have availability, is a concern amidst efforts to reduce the number of uninsured individuals in the United States. Mobile clinics can be used to provide efficient healthcare services in rural areas in states facing rural hospital closures and in those which have a large percentage of uninsured individuals who could be insured if the states expanded Medicaid. However, the use of mobile clinics in healthcare services delivery has not been studied well enough to warrant the implementation of policies to encourage their wider adoption. The study goals are to understand the costs, utilizations and geographic distributions of preventative, primary, mammography and dental mobile clinics and to determine whether they were being utilized in rural areas. A descriptive analysis of the utilization and costs of a sample of mobile clinics identified in Texas, North Carolina, Georgia and Florida was conducted. The states identified in the study have not expanded Medicaid and have a large proportion of individuals that are uninsured. In addition they currently have 26 rural hospital closures. A graphical distribution of the rural or urban locations of the mobile clinics was also described in the study. Finally, a geographic measure of the influence of mobile clinics in primary healthcare delivery in rural areas was ascertained via a rural primary care provider mobile clinic index and stakeholder interview. Most of the clinics were owned by for-profit organizations (37%) and 39% were privately funded. Demographic data showed clinics saw an equal distribution of males and females and African Americans, Caucasians, and Hispanics were the highest percent of race and ethnicities reported by clinics in the study (53%). Most individuals were reported by the clinics as having some type of insurance, with only 2% of the clinics having a population of patients that were solely uninsured. Dental healthcare delivery had the lowest median cost per patient, had the highest annual number of patients in the study sample, and was mostly in urban areas. The overall costs of all delivery types for a population with various insurance types in the mobile clinics in Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Texas were lower than the costs of providing care to Medicare beneficiaries in federally funded health centers. Most of the mobile clinics were located in urban areas although both the rural primary care mobile clinic index and narrative findings support the important role of mobile clinics in rural areas in the delivery of healthcare.

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Attipoe-Dorcoo, Sharon, "An Overview of Costs, Utilization, Geographical Distribution & Influence of Mobile Clinics in Rural Healthcare Delivery in the United States" (2018). Texas Medical Center Dissertations (via ProQuest) . AAI10928004. https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/dissertations/AAI10928004

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Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions

A. Townsend Peterson , Jorge Soberón , Richard G. Pearson , Robert P. Anderson , Enrique Martínez-Meyer , Miguel Nakamura and Miguel B. Araújo
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Language: English
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Copyright year: 2012
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Audience: College/higher education;Professional and scholarly;
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Keywords: Ecological niche ; Prediction ; Subset ; Biodiversity ; Probability ; Ecology ; Estimation ; Result ; Requirement ; Biological interaction ; Biogeography ; Diagram ; Environment variable ; Algorithm ; Spatial distribution ; Organism ; Overfitting ; Calibration ; Evolution ; Climate change ; Parameter ; Loss function ; Quantity ; Conditional probability ; Environmental factor ; Uncertainty ; Invasive species ; Variable (mathematics) ; Species distribution ; Grid cell ; Receiver operating characteristic ; Cross-validation (statistics) ; Diagram (category theory) ; Sampling bias ; Implementation ; Extrapolation ; Population dynamics ; Conceptual framework ; Illustration ; Statistic ; Spatial analysis ; Interactor ; Species ; Bastian ; Disease ; Calculation ; Statistical significance ; Taxon ; American Museum of Natural History ; Processing (programming language) ; Inference ; Likelihood function ; Spatial scale ; Competition ; Disperser ; Statistical hypothesis testing ; Conservation biology ; Parametrization ; Confusion matrix ; Speciation ; Proportionality (mathematics) ; Measurement ; Sensitivity and specificity ; Principal component analysis ; Covariate ; Factor analysis ; Error ; Evaluation strategy ; Pathogen ; Decision tree
Published: October 31, 2011
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Published: 15 April 2021

The genomic basis of geographic differentiation and fiber improvement in cultivated cotton

Shoupu He 1 na1 ,
Gaofei Sun ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4975-9846 2 na1 ,
Xiaoli Geng 1 na1 ,
Wenfang Gong ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5895-3360 1 na1 ,
Panhong Dai 1 ,
Yinhua Jia 1 ,
Weijun Shi 3 ,
Zhaoe Pan 1 ,
Junduo Wang 3 ,
Liyuan Wang 1 ,
Songhua Xiao 4 ,
Baojun Chen 1 ,
Shufang Cui 5 ,
Chunyuan You 6 ,
Zongming Xie 7 ,
Feng Wang 8 ,
Jie Sun 9 ,
Guoyong Fu 1 ,
Zhen Peng ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6723-3819 1 ,
Daowu Hu 1 ,
Liru Wang 1 ,
Baoyin Pang 1 &
Xiongming Du ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-5592 1

Nature Genetics volume 53 , pages 916–924 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Genome-wide association studies
Plant breeding
Plant genetics

Large-scale genomic surveys of crop germplasm are important for understanding the genetic architecture of favorable traits. The genomic basis of geographic differentiation and fiber improvement in cultivated cotton is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed 3,248 tetraploid cotton genomes and confirmed that the extensive chromosome inversions on chromosomes A06 and A08 underlies the geographic differentiation in cultivated Gossypium hirsutum . We further revealed that the haplotypic diversity originated from landraces, which might be essential for understanding adaptative evolution in cultivated cotton. Introgression and association analyses identified new fiber quality-related loci and demonstrated that the introgressed alleles from two diploid cottons had a large effect on fiber quality improvement. These loci provided the potential power to overcome the bottleneck in fiber quality improvement. Our study uncovered several critical genomic signatures generated by historical breeding effects in cotton and a wealth of data that enrich genomic resources for the research community.

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Genomic interrogation of a MAGIC population highlights genetic factors controlling fiber quality traits in cotton

Genomic variation in weedy and cultivated broomcorn millet accessions uncovers the genetic architecture of agronomic traits

Genome resources for three modern cotton lines guide future breeding efforts

Data availability.

All raw transcriptome data ( PRJNA634606 ) and raw resequencing data ( PRJNA605345 ) have been deposited at in the NCBI BioProject database. All supporting data (assembled genome sequence of G. hirsutum ‘Xinluzao 7’ (ICR_XLZ 7), genotype files for genetic diversity and population structure analysis and phenotype data for GWAS) are available in the cotton genomic variation database (CottonGVD) ( http://120.78.174.209:30081/ftp ).

Code availability

Introgression analysis pipeline can be accessed through https://github.com/sungaofei/3K-TCG .

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the National Key Technology R&D Program, the Ministry of Science and Technology (grant nos. 2016YFD0100203 to X.D. and S.H. and 2016YFD0100306 to S.H.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 31871677 to S.H. and 31671746 to X.D.), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the National Crop Germplasm Resources Center (grant no. NICGR2019-12 to Y.J.). We thank the National Mid-term Gene Bank for Cotton at the Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, for providing the seeds; J. A. Udall of Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture for sharing the sequencing data in NCBI ( PRJNA414461 ); K. Wang and F. Liu of the Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences for providing the DNA samples of wild species and landraces; and J. Ma and X. Li (Research Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Y. Li and C. Ye (Biotechnology Research Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences), Y. Qian and W. Jin (Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), J. Liu and J. Zhao (Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences) and Z. Zhou (Hunan Agricultural University) for assisting in planting cottons and investigating phenotypes.

Author information

These authors contributed equally: Shoupu He, Gaofei Sun, Xiaoli Geng, Wenfang Gong.

Authors and Affiliations

State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China

Shoupu He, Xiaoli Geng, Wenfang Gong, Panhong Dai, Yinhua Jia, Zhaoe Pan, Liyuan Wang, Baojun Chen, Guoyong Fu, Zhen Peng, Daowu Hu, Liru Wang, Baoyin Pang & Xiongming Du

School of Computer Science & Information Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China

Research Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumchi, China

Weijun Shi & Junduo Wang

Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China

Songhua Xiao

Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China

Shufang Cui

Cotton Research Institute, Shihezi Academy of Agriculture Science, Shihezi, China

Chunyuan You

Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, China

Zongming Xie

College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China

Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China

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Contributions

X.D. and S.H. conceived and designed the research. G.S., S.H., P.D. and Liyuan Wang performed the bioinformatics and data analysis. X.G., W.G., Y.J. and Z. Pan prepared the leaf tissues and extracted DNA samples. W.S., J.W., S.X., S.C., C.Y., Z.X., F.W., J.S., G.F., Liyuan Wang, Z. Peng, D.H., Liru Wang and B.P. participated in the phenotype data investigation. B.C. performed the qRT–PCR and overexpression experiment. S.H. wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiongming Du .

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Competing interests.

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Peer review information Nature Genetics thanks Michael Bevan and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Extended data

Extended data fig. 1 extensive chromosomal inversions led to haplotype polymorphism on chromosomes a06 (a) and a08 (b) in g. hirsutum ..

For confirming chromosome inversions cause haplotype polymorphism on two chromosomes, we de novo assembled the genome of G. hirsutum ‘Xinluzao 7’ (ICR_XLZ 7) which carried the haplotype (Hap-A06-3 and Hap-A08-4) contrasting with the reference genome (ICR_TM-1, Hap-A06-1 and Hap-A08-3). Two and three major inversions are found on chromosomes A06 ( a ) and A08 ( b ), respectively (marked by red boxes).

Extended Data Fig. 2 Two fiber quality-related loci derived from introgressions of diploid cottons.

a , Local clustering of 3,278 accessions based on the SNPs of G. arboreum introgressed region on chromosome A09 (GaIR_A09, ranged from ~61.8M to ~62.1 Mb) ( FL3/FS2 ). A zoom-in view of the GaIR_A09 clade (right). G. arboreum (red branch) is clustered closely with G. hirsutum introgression lines. b , Local clustering of 3,278 accessions based on the SNPs of G. thurberi introgressed region on chromosome D08 (GthIR_D08, ranged from ~7.8Mb to ~60.4 Mb) ( FS3 ). A zoom-in view of the GthIR_D08 clade (right). G. thurberi (purple branch) is clustered closely with all the introgression lines. c , The possible origination of FL3/FS2 and FS3 in Chinese elite cotton lines with superior fiber quality.

Extended Data Fig. 3 The genetic architecture of FL2 .

a , Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber length in the GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FL2 locus on chromosome D11. Blue dot line indicates the significant threshold of -log 10 ( P ) value (7.35). b , Gene models (top), local Manhattan plot (middle) and local LD heatmap (bottom) in the FL2 region. c , Haplotypes of FL2 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into three haplotypes (Hap_FL2_1, Hap_FL2_2 and Hap_FL2_3). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS ( n = 1,245). d , Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FL2 . Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype ( FL2 and fl2 ). DPA, day postanthesis. e , Comparison of fiber length among different haplotypes of locus FL2 . In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t -test. f , Allelic frequency of locus FL2 in G. hirsutum subgroups.

Extended Data Fig. 4 The genetic architecture of FL3/FS2 .

a , Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber length (top) and fiber strength (bottom) in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FL3 / FS2 locus on chromosome A09. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log 10 ( P ) value (7.35). b , Gene models (top), local Manhattan plots (middle) and LD heatmap (bottom) in the FL3 / FS2 region. c , Haplotypes of FL3 / FS2 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into two haplotypes (Hap_FL3/FS2_1 and Hap_FL3/FS2_2). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification, and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS ( n = 1,245). d , Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FL3/FS2 . Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype ( FL3/FS2 and fl3/fs2 ). DPA, day postanthesis. e , Comparison of fiber length and fiber strength among different haplotypes of locus FL3/FS2 . In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t -test. f , Allelic frequency of locus FL3/FS2 in G. hirsutum subgroups.

Extended Data Fig. 5 The genetic architecture of FL4 .

a , Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber length (top) and fiber strength (bottom) in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FL4 locus on chromosome A10. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log 10 ( P ) value (7.35). b , Gene model (top) and local Manhattan plots (bottom) in the FL4 region. c , The expression of Gh_A10G233100 in various tissues between alternative haplotype ( FL4 and fl4 ). DPA, day postanthesis. d , Comparison of fiber length among different haplotypes of locus FL4 . In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t -test. e , Allelic frequency of locus FL4 in G. hirsutum subgroups.

Extended Data Fig. 6 The genetic architecture of FL5/FS1 .

a , Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber length (top) and fiber strength (bottom) in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FL5 / FS1 locus on chromosome A07. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log 10 ( P ) value (7.35). b , Gene models (top), local Manhattan plots (middle), and LD heatmap (bottom) in the FL5 / FS1 region. c , Haplotypes of FL5 / FS1 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into four haplotypes (Hap_FL5/FS1_1, Hap_FL5/FS1_2, Hap_FL5/FS1_3 and Hap_FL5/FS1_4). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification, and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS ( n = 1,245). d , Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FL5/FS1 . Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype ( FL5/FS1 and fl5/fs1 ). DPA, day postanthesis. e , Comparison of fiber length and fiber strength among different haplotypes of locus FL5/FS1 . In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t -test. f , Allelic frequency of locus FL5/FS1 in G. hirsutum subgroups.

Extended Data Fig. 7 The genetic architecture of FE1 .

a , Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber elongation rate in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FE1 locus on chromosome D04. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log 10 ( P ) value (7.35). b , Gene models (top), local Manhattan plots (middle), and LD heatmap (bottom) in the FE1 region. c , Haplotypes of FE1 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into two haplotypes (Hap_FE1_1 and Hap_FE1_2). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification, and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS ( n = 1,245). d , Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FE1 . Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype ( FE1 and fe1 ). DPA, day postanthesis. e , qRT–PCR analysis of Gh_D04G181300 ( GhTUA2 ) expression between accessions carrying alternative haplotype (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). f , The root phenotype in GhTUA2 -overexpressed Arabidopsis . g , Comparison of fiber elongation rate among different haplotypes of locus FE1 . In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t -test. h , Allelic frequency of locus FE1 in G. hirsutum subgroups.

Extended Data Fig. 8 The genetic architecture of FE2 .

a , Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber elongation rate in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FE2 locus on chromosome D01. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log 10 ( P ) value (7.35). b , Gene models (top), local Manhattan plots (middle), and LD heatmap (bottom) in the FE2 region. c , Haplotypes of FE2 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into two haplotypes (Hap_FE2_1 and Hap_FE2_2). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification, and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS ( n = 1,245). d , Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FE2 . Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype ( FE2 and fe2 ). DPA, day postanthesis. e , qRT–PCR analysis of Gh_D01G220400 expression between accessions carrying alternative haplotype (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). f , Comparison of fiber elongation rate among different haplotypes of locus FE2 . In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t -test. g , Allelic frequency of locus FE1 in G. hirsutum subgroups.

Extended Data Fig. 9 The genetic architecture of FE3 .

a , Manhattan plots of GWAS for fiber elongation rate in GWAS panel. Red circle denotes the genomic location of FE3 locus on chromosome A05. Blue dot lines indicate the significant threshold of -log 10 ( P ) value (7.35). b , Gene models (top), local Manhattan plots (middle), and LD heatmap (bottom) in the FE3 region. c , Haplotypes of FE3 locus in the 3K-TCG panel. Accessions (vertical) are re-ordered according to the clustering based on regional SNPs (horizontal). The genotype of accessions is categorized into two haplotypes (Hap_FE3_1 and Hap_FE3_2). Colored lines (left) indicate the subgroup classification, and the red lines (right) indicate the accessions selected for GWAS ( n = 1,245). d , Gene expression profiles in the genomic region of FE3 . Comparison of gene expression in various tissues between alternative haplotype ( FE3 and fe3 ). DPA, day postanthesis. e , qRT–PCR analysis of Gh_A05G094100 expression between accessions carrying alternative haplotype (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). f , Comparison of fiber elongation rate among different haplotypes of locus FE3 . In scatter dot plot, horizontal lines and whiskers indicate the medians and interquartile ranges. Significances are tested by the two-tailed Student’s t -test. g , Allelic frequency of locus FE3 in G. hirsutum subgroups.

Extended Data Fig. 10 Correlation of favorable allelic combinations for fiber elongation rate ( a ), fiber length ( b ), and fiber strength ( c ) in GWAS panel.

Colored dots represent accessions carrying different allelic combinations. All accessions with superior fiber quality (fiber length > 32mm, fiber strength > 32cN/tex) are marked by blue rectangles.

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Supplementary Figs. 1–8 and Tables 2, 3, 5, 6 and 14.

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Supplementary Tables 1, 4 and 7–13

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He, S., Sun, G., Geng, X. et al. The genomic basis of geographic differentiation and fiber improvement in cultivated cotton. Nat Genet 53 , 916–924 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00844-9

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Issue Date : June 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00844-9

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Active funding opportunity

Nsf 21-621: human-environment and geographical sciences program - doctoral dissertation research improvement awards (hegs-ddri), program solicitation, document information, document history.

Posted: September 16, 2021
Replaces: NSF 20-583

Program Solicitation NSF 21-621

Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences
Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences

Full Proposal Deadline(s) : Proposals Accepted Anytime

Important Information And Revision Notes

Innovating and migrating proposal preparation and submission capabilities from FastLane to Research.gov is part of the ongoing NSF information technology modernization efforts, as described in Important Notice No. 147 . In support of these efforts, proposals submitted in response to this program solicitation must be prepared and submitted via Research.gov or via Grants.gov and may not be prepared or submitted via FastLane.

Any proposal submitted in response to this solicitation should be submitted in accordance with the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide (PAPPG) that is in effect for the relevant due date to which the proposal is being submitted. The NSF PAPPG is regularly revised and it is the responsibility of the proposer to ensure that the proposal meets the requirements specified in this solicitation and the applicable version of the PAPPG. Submitting a proposal prior to a specified deadline does not negate this requirement.

Summary Of Program Requirements

General information.

Program Title:

Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences Program - Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Awards (HEGS-DDRI)

The objective of the Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences Program is to support basic scientific research about the nature, causes and/or consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity and/or environmental processes across a range of scales. Contemporary geographical research is an arena in which diverse research traditions and methodologies are valid. Recognizing the breadth of the field's contributions to science, the HEGS Program welcomes proposals for empirically grounded, theoretically engaged, and methodologically sophisticated, generalizable research in all sub-fields of geographical and spatial sciences. Because the National Science Foundation's mandate is to support basic scientific research, the NSF Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences program does not fund research that takes as its primary goal humanistic understanding or applied research. HEGS welcomes proposals that creatively integrate scientific and critical approaches, and that engage rigorous quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods in novel ways. However, a proposal that applies geographical/spatial methods to a social problem but does not propose how that problem provides an opportunity to make a theory-testing and/or theory expanding contributions to geographical science will be returned without review . HEGS supported projects are expected to yield results that will enhance, expand, and transform fundamental geographical theory and methods, and that will have positive broader impacts that benefit society. A proposal to the HEGS Program must also articulate how the results are generalizable beyond the case study. It should be noted that HEGS is situated in the Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences Division of the Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Directorate at NSF. Therefore, it is critical that research projects submitted to the Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences Program illustrate how the proposed research questions engage human dimensions relevant and important to people and societies . A proposal that fails to be responsive to these program expectations will be returned without review.

Cognizant Program Officer(s):

Please note that the following information is current at the time of publishing. See program website for any updates to the points of contact.

Jeremy Koster, Program Director, 13186, telephone: (703) 292-9068, email: [email protected]
Tom Evans, Program Director, 13152, telephone: (703) 292-9068, email: [email protected]
May Yuan, Program Director, telephone: (703) 292-2206, email: [email protected]
Cori J. Jacildone, Program Specialist, telephone: (703) 292-7388, email: [email protected]
47.075 --- Social Behavioral and Economic Sciences

Award Information

Anticipated Type of Award: Standard Grant

Estimated Number of Awards: 10 to 15

During a fiscal year, HEGS expects to recommend (either on its own or through co-funding with one or more other NSF programs) a total of 10 to 15 doctoral dissertation research improvement (DDRI) awards.

Anticipated Funding Amount: $250,000 to $375,000

Pending availability of funds. Project budgets should be developed at scales appropriate for the work to be conducted. DDRI awards supported by HEGS may not exceed $20,000 in direct costs; indirect costs are in addition to this maximum direct cost limitation and are subject to the awardee's current Federally negotiated indirect cost rate.

Eligibility Information

Who May Submit Proposals:

Proposals may only be submitted by the following: Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs) - Two- and four-year IHEs (including community colleges) accredited in, and having a campus located in the US, acting on behalf of their faculty members. Special Instructions for International Branch Campuses of US IHEs: If the proposal includes funding to be provided to an international branch campus of a US institution of higher education (including through use of subawards and consultant arrangements), the proposer must explain the benefit(s) to the project of performance at the international branch campus, and justify why the project activities cannot be performed at the US campus.

Who May Serve as PI:

DDRI proposals must be submitted with a principal investigator (PI) and a co-principal investigator (co-PI). The PI must be the advisor of the doctoral student or another faculty member at the U.S. university where the doctoral student is enrolled. There is no limitation on the number of times that an individual may be the principal investigator on a DDRI proposal submitted to HEGS, either during a specific competition or over the course of her/his career. A doctoral student may submit a DDRI proposal to HEGS to support her/his dissertation research only twice during her/his lifetime. A student and her/his advisor therefore should carefully consider what times during the student's graduate program are most appropriate for submission of a DDRI proposal.

Limit on Number of Proposals per Organization:

There are no restrictions or limits.

Limit on Number of Proposals per PI or co-PI:

As noted above, there are no limitations on the number of DDRI proposals submitted to HEGS by an advisor or other faculty member functioning as the PI during a specific competition or over the course of her/his career. Also as noted above, A doctoral student may submit a DDRI proposal to HEGS to support her/his dissertation research only twice during her/his lifetime. A student and her/his advisor therefore should carefully consider what times during the student's graduate program are most appropriate for submission of a DDRI proposal.

Proposal Preparation and Submission Instructions

A. proposal preparation instructions.

Letters of Intent: Not required
Preliminary Proposal Submission: Not required
Full Proposals submitted via Research.gov: NSF Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG) guidelines apply. The complete text of the PAPPG is available electronically on the NSF website at: https://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=pappg .
Full Proposals submitted via Grants.gov: NSF Grants.gov Application Guide: A Guide for the Preparation and Submission of NSF Applications via Grants.gov guidelines apply (Note: The NSF Grants.gov Application Guide is available on the Grants.gov website and on the NSF website at: https://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=grantsgovguide ).

B. Budgetary Information

C. due dates, proposal review information criteria.

Merit Review Criteria:

National Science Board approved criteria. Additional merit review criteria apply. Please see the full text of this solicitation for further information.

Award Administration Information

Award Conditions:

Standard NSF award conditions apply.

Reporting Requirements:

Standard NSF reporting requirements apply.

I. Introduction

The objective of the Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences (HEGS) Program is to support basic scientific research about the nature, causes, and/or consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity and/or environmental processes across a range of scales. Projects about a broad range of topics may be appropriate for support if they enhance fundamental geographical knowledge, concepts, theories, methods, and their application to societal problems and concerns.

II. Program Description

The objective of the Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences Program is to support basic scientific research about the nature, causes and/or consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity and/or environmental processes across a range of scales. Contemporary geographical research is an arena in which diverse research traditions and methodologies are valid. Recognizing the breadth of the field's contributions to science, the HEGS Program welcomes proposals for empirically grounded, theoretically engaged, and methodologically sophisticated, generalizable research in all sub-fields of geographical and spatial sciences.

Because the National Science Foundation's mandate is to support basic scientific research, the NSF Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences program does not fund research that takes as its primary goal humanistic or applied research. HEGS welcomes proposals that creatively integrate scientific and critical approaches, and that engage rigorous quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods in novel ways. However, a proposal that applies geographical/spatial methods to a social problem but does not propose how that problem provides an opportunity to make a theory-testing and/or theory expanding contributions to geographical science will be returned without review. HEGS supported projects are expected to yield results that will enhance, expand, and transform fundamental geographical theory and methods, and that will have positive broader impacts that benefit society. A proposal to the HEGS Program must also articulate how the results are generalizable beyond the case study.

It should be noted that HEGS is situated in the Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences Division of the Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Directorate at NSF. Therefore, it is critical that research projects submitted to the Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences Program illustrate how the proposed research questions engage human dimensions relevant and important to people and societies.

A proposal that fails to be responsive to these program expectations will be returned without review.

III. Award Information

Anticipated Funding Amount: $250,000 to $375,000 pending availability of funds. Project budgets should be developed at scales appropriate for the work to be conducted. DDRI awards supported by HEGS may not exceed $20,000 in direct costs; indirect costs are in addition to this maximum direct cost limitation and are subject to the awardee's current Federally negotiated indirect cost rate.

IV. Eligibility Information

V. proposal preparation and submission instructions.

Full Proposal Preparation Instructions : Proposers may opt to submit proposals in response to this Program Solicitation via Research.gov or Grants.gov.

Full Proposals submitted via Research.gov: Proposals submitted in response to this program solicitation should be prepared and submitted in accordance with the general guidelines contained in the NSF Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG). The complete text of the PAPPG is available electronically on the NSF website at: https://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=pappg . Paper copies of the PAPPG may be obtained from the NSF Publications Clearinghouse, telephone (703) 292-8134 or by e-mail from [email protected] . The Prepare New Proposal setup will prompt you for the program solicitation number.
Full proposals submitted via Grants.gov: Proposals submitted in response to this program solicitation via Grants.gov should be prepared and submitted in accordance with the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide: A Guide for the Preparation and Submission of NSF Applications via Grants.gov . The complete text of the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide is available on the Grants.gov website and on the NSF website at: ( https://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=grantsgovguide ). To obtain copies of the Application Guide and Application Forms Package, click on the Apply tab on the Grants.gov site, then click on the Apply Step 1: Download a Grant Application Package and Application Instructions link and enter the funding opportunity number, (the program solicitation number without the NSF prefix) and press the Download Package button. Paper copies of the Grants.gov Application Guide also may be obtained from the NSF Publications Clearinghouse, telephone (703) 292-8134 or by e-mail from [email protected] .

See PAPPG Chapter II.D.2 for guidance on the required sections of a full research proposal submitted to NSF. Please note that the proposal preparation instructions provided in this program solicitation may deviate from the PAPPG instructions.

Proposal Format

With the exception of 11 page limit for Project Descriptions for HEGS DDRIs, proposals not in conformance with the proposal-preparation requirements of the NSF Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG) or the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide may be returned without review.

Proposers should be sure to note explicit formatting requirements regarding proposal pagination, fonts, margins, line spacing, and page formatting. Proposers must adhere to these requirements in order to ensure the readability of proposals and to ensure that the proposers are not seen as trying to gain an unfair advantage over other proposers in the same competition.

For some sections of the HEGS DDRI proposal, guidance provided below takes precedent over the requirements specified in the PAPPG and NSF Grants.gov Application Guide . Proposers should carefully review this section to ensure that their DDRI proposal is prepared properly before the proposal is submitted to HEGS. Failure to comply with HEGS DDRI solicitation-specific instructions may also result in a proposal being returned without review.

Proposal Sections to Be Prepared as Directed in the PAPPG or the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide

The following sections of the proposal are mandatory and should be prepared in accordance with instructions regarding those sections in the PAPPG or the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide :

Project Summary (Note the requirements regarding explicit discussion of the project overview, intellectual merit, and broader impacts in separate subsections.)
References Cited (Note that this is a separate section of the proposal and that it immediately follows the Project Description.)
Biographical Sketches (Note that biographical sketches for the PI, co-PIs, and other senior personnel should include all required sections and that there are a maximum number of items that may be listed for some categories. Note that lists of collaborators and other affiliations must not be included in biographical sketches.)
Budgets (Note that a narrative with budget justification should follow the budget forms, with explanations for all costs being as detailed as possible.)
Current and Pending Support (Note that this proposal is considered a pending activity and should be listed on the form for the advisor, doctoral student, and any other PIs.)
Facilities, Equipment, and Other Resources (Note that descriptions of other resources that may assist in the conduct of the project may be identified, but these descriptions should be narrative in nature and must not include any quantifiable financial information. Note also that if there are no facilities, equipment, or other resources to describe, a statement to that effect must be included in the proposal.)

Collaborators and Other Affiliations Information (Note that a single-copy document that accompanies the proposal but technically is not part of the proposal must be submitted for the advisor (PI), the doctoral student (co-PI), and all other senior personnel. This information should be prepared in accordance with PAPPG Chapter II.C.1. For additional information about the submission of information about collaborators and other affiliations, refer to https://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/coa.jsp .)

Proposal Sections with Special Instructions for Proposals Submitted in Response to This Solicitation

The following sections of the proposal are mandatory and should be prepared in accordance to the following supplementary instructions as well as to guidance in the PAPPG or the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide .

Proposal Cover Sheet

The solicitation number for this solicitation should be specified as the program solicitation number. Proposers should not use the number for the solicitation for other kinds of awards made by the HEGS Program or the number of the NSF Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide .

For the NSF organizational unit to consider the proposal, select BCS - Human-Env and Geographical Sci-DDRI. You may select additional programs if you would like those programs to consider co-review of your proposal with HEGS. (Note that HEGS normally does not engage in co-review of DDRI proposals with other programs because of the extra work involved relative to the size of the awards, so a request for co-review should be made only when PIs believe the proposed work makes a strong case for advancing theory and basic knowledge in multiple communities served by multiple programs.)

"Doctoral Dissertation Research:" should be the prefix before the substantive title of the DDRI proposal . The substantive title of the proposal should follow. This substantive portion of the title should describe the project in concise, informative language so that a scientifically or technically literate reader could understand what the project is about. The title should emphasize the scientific work to be undertaken. Proposers should not use "cute" or "attention-grabbing" subtitles, but instead focus on the intellectual contribution question of the project.

Start date of project. PIs should indicate a start date for their project that is at least six (6) months after the date on which their proposal is submitted to NSF.

Personnel Listed on the Cover Sheet. DDRI awards focus on providing support for the dissertation research of a doctoral student, but the doctoral student's advisor or another faculty member at the university where the student is enrolled must serve as the principal investigator (PI) of the proposal, and the advisor is expected to play an active role in helping the student develop a strong and compelling proposal. The doctoral student must be listed as a co-principal investigator (co-PI). In cases when a student is working closely with multiple faculty members, an additional faculty member may be added as another co-PI. (Note that identification of an individual as a PI or co-PI means that they will have administrative responsibility for an award based on the proposal.)

Project Description

As specified in Chapter II.C.2.d of the PAPPG and in the comparable section of the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide, the project description should be a clear statement of the work to be undertaken. Proposers should note that the project description must contain a separate section within the narrative labeled "Broader Impacts" that discusses the broader impacts of the proposed activities.

To be competitive for HEGS funding, the project description should provide clear descriptions of relevant literature and theoretical frameworks within which the project is set, a complete description of the research methods that will be used, and discussion of the expected intellectual merit and broader impacts that may result from the project.

Proposers should note the HEGS-specific review criteria that are used to complement consideration of the standard NSF merit review criteria and should consider explicitly identifying the expected larger-scope, longer-term significance of their project as well as its likelihood of success.

Letters of support from other individuals and/or organizations that are not permitted as supplementary documents may be included in the project description.

A section describing Results from Prior NSF Support is NOT required in a DDRI proposal submitted to HEGS.

The project description of a HEGS -DDRI proposal may not exceed eleven (11) pages in length. No additional pages are permitted. The HEGS program directors strongly urge proposers to consider the use of non-narrative visualizations to complement text in their project descriptions, but all tables, figures, and accompanying captions must be included in the eleven pages.

Special Information and Supplementary Documentation

Following are supplementary documents for which special instructions are provided for proposals submitted in response to this solicitation that supplement guidance in the PAPPG and the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide :

Data-Management Plan

All proposals must include a plan for data management and for sharing the products of research. The Data-Management Plan to be submitted with a proposal must be no longer than two (2) pages in length and must be included as a Supplementary Document.

When preparing their Data-Management Plans, proposers should address all five of the points specified in Chapter II.C.2.j of the PAPPG and the comparable section of the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide . Proposers should specify how they intend to make data, software, and other products of the research readily available to potential users through institutionally maintained archives, repositories, and/or distribution networks so that the products may be easily accessed by others over long time periods.

Signed Statement from the Principal Investigator

The advisor or other faculty member serving as the principal investigator (PI) of the proposal is required to submit a signed statement affirming that the student will be able to undertake the proposed research soon after a DDRI award is made. In addition, the PI must affirm that she/he has read the proposal and believes that it makes a strong case for support of the dissertation research project.

The following template must be used to prepare this statement, with changes permitted only to provide information where there are blank lines in the template. Additional text is not permitted. The statement must display a real signature of the PI. Any alternatives, such as an electronic signature from the PI or a real signature from another faculty member, will be permitted only with prior written approval from a HEGS program director.

Required template for a statement signed by the PI:

To: NSF Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences Program (HEGS) From: ___________________________________________ [ Insert name of the PI ] By signing below, I affirm that, to the best of my knowledge, the proposal titled "___________________________________" [ Insert title of proposal ] represents the first/second submission [ Remove the inappropriate word and the slash ] of a doctoral dissertation research improvement (DDRI) proposal to the NSF Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences (HEGS) Program by _______________________ [ Insert name of doctoral student ]. I affirm that the doctoral student is at a stage in her/his graduate program that makes it very likely that the student will be able to undertake the dissertation research described in this proposal soon after a DDRI award is made. I affirm that I have read this proposal, and I believe that this proposal makes a strong case for NSF support for this project. [ Print this paragraph in bold text ] Signed: ___________________________ [ Insert PI's signature ] University: _____________________________ [ Insert university name ] Date: __________________ [ Insert date that the statement is signed by the PI ]

This letter must be included in the proposal as a supplementary document. It should not be submitted as a single-copy document that accompanies the proposal but is not part of the proposal.

Letters of Collaboration

Letters of Collaboration are allowed as per the PAPPG. Projects that collaborate with local institutions should include relevant Statements of Collaboration following the template found in the current PAPPG.

IRB and/or IACUC Certifications

If the submitting organization's Institutional Review Board (IRB) has approved plans for research involving human subjects or the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) has approved research involving vertebrate animals, certification of IRB and/or IACUC approval may be included in appropriate sections of the cover sheet. Documentation of the certification may be included as a supplementary document, but that is not required if sufficient information is provided by the sponsored research office on the cover sheet of the proposal.

If the IRB and/or IACUC have not approved the research plans when the proposal is submitted, the appropriate box(es) should be checked on the cover sheet and "Pending" should be listed on the line that follows. If IRB or IACUC approval is granted while the proposal is under review at NSF, certification of the approval should be sent to the HEGS program directors. If the IRB or IACUC asks that plans be forwarded to it only when the investigators have received word that their project may be supported, the investigators should have the application ready for prompt submission, because notification from the NSF program directors that they would like to recommend the proposal for an award may come with a very brief time period during which necessary materials (including the IRB or IACUC certification) must be obtained. If the required certifications cannot be supplied quickly, HEGS program directors may have to turn their attention to other meritorious projects that can be funded right away.

Most IRB or IACUC approvals are valid for specific time periods. If the expiration of the current approval will occur before or soon after the possible start date for an award, investigators should seek renewal of the approval so that they have an active certification if they are informed the proposal will be recommended for funding. Once the investigators receive written certification that the renewal has been approved, the institutions IRB should send the approval to the managing HEGS program officer. Program officers cannot accept IRB approval documents from the PI or co-PI - these documents must come directly from the IRB representative.

D. Research.gov/Grants.gov Requirements

For Proposals Submitted Via Research.gov:

To prepare and submit a proposal via Research.gov, see detailed technical instructions available at: https://www.research.gov/research-portal/appmanager/base/desktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=research_node_display&_nodePath=/researchGov/Service/Desktop/ProposalPreparationandSubmission.html . For Research.gov user support, call the Research.gov Help Desk at 1-800-673-6188 or e-mail [email protected] . The Research.gov Help Desk answers general technical questions related to the use of the Research.gov system. Specific questions related to this program solicitation should be referred to the NSF program staff contact(s) listed in Section VIII of this funding opportunity.

For Proposals Submitted Via Grants.gov:

Before using Grants.gov for the first time, each organization must register to create an institutional profile. Once registered, the applicant's organization can then apply for any federal grant on the Grants.gov website. Comprehensive information about using Grants.gov is available on the Grants.gov Applicant Resources webpage: https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/applicants.html . In addition, the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide (see link in Section V.A) provides instructions regarding the technical preparation of proposals via Grants.gov. For Grants.gov user support, contact the Grants.gov Contact Center at 1-800-518-4726 or by email: [email protected] . The Grants.gov Contact Center answers general technical questions related to the use of Grants.gov. Specific questions related to this program solicitation should be referred to the NSF program staff contact(s) listed in Section VIII of this solicitation. Submitting the Proposal: Once all documents have been completed, the Authorized Organizational Representative (AOR) must submit the application to Grants.gov and verify the desired funding opportunity and agency to which the application is submitted. The AOR must then sign and submit the application to Grants.gov. The completed application will be transferred to Research.gov for further processing.

Proposers that submitted via Research.gov may use Research.gov to verify the status of their submission to NSF. For proposers that submitted via Grants.gov, until an application has been received and validated by NSF, the Authorized Organizational Representative may check the status of an application on Grants.gov. After proposers have received an e-mail notification from NSF, Research.gov should be used to check the status of an application.

VI. NSF Proposal Processing And Review Procedures

Proposals received by NSF are assigned to the appropriate NSF program for acknowledgement and, if they meet NSF requirements, for review. All proposals are carefully reviewed by a scientist, engineer, or educator serving as an NSF Program Officer, and usually by three to ten other persons outside NSF either as ad hoc reviewers, panelists, or both, who are experts in the particular fields represented by the proposal. These reviewers are selected by Program Officers charged with oversight of the review process. Proposers are invited to suggest names of persons they believe are especially well qualified to review the proposal and/or persons they would prefer not review the proposal. These suggestions may serve as one source in the reviewer selection process at the Program Officer's discretion. Submission of such names, however, is optional. Care is taken to ensure that reviewers have no conflicts of interest with the proposal. In addition, Program Officers may obtain comments from site visits before recommending final action on proposals. Senior NSF staff further review recommendations for awards. A flowchart that depicts the entire NSF proposal and award process (and associated timeline) is included in PAPPG Exhibit III-1.

A comprehensive description of the Foundation's merit review process is available on the NSF website at: https://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/merit_review/ .

Proposers should also be aware of core strategies that are essential to the fulfillment of NSF's mission, as articulated in Leading the World in Discovery and Innovation, STEM Talent Development and the Delivery of Benefits from Research - NSF Strategic Plan for Fiscal Years (FY) 2022 - 2026 . These strategies are integrated in the program planning and implementation process, of which proposal review is one part. NSF's mission is particularly well-implemented through the integration of research and education and broadening participation in NSF programs, projects, and activities.

One of the strategic objectives in support of NSF's mission is to foster integration of research and education through the programs, projects, and activities it supports at academic and research institutions. These institutions must recruit, train, and prepare a diverse STEM workforce to advance the frontiers of science and participate in the U.S. technology-based economy. NSF's contribution to the national innovation ecosystem is to provide cutting-edge research under the guidance of the Nation's most creative scientists and engineers. NSF also supports development of a strong science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce by investing in building the knowledge that informs improvements in STEM teaching and learning.

NSF's mission calls for the broadening of opportunities and expanding participation of groups, institutions, and geographic regions that are underrepresented in STEM disciplines, which is essential to the health and vitality of science and engineering. NSF is committed to this principle of diversity and deems it central to the programs, projects, and activities it considers and supports.

A. Merit Review Principles and Criteria

The National Science Foundation strives to invest in a robust and diverse portfolio of projects that creates new knowledge and enables breakthroughs in understanding across all areas of science and engineering research and education. To identify which projects to support, NSF relies on a merit review process that incorporates consideration of both the technical aspects of a proposed project and its potential to contribute more broadly to advancing NSF's mission "to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense; and for other purposes." NSF makes every effort to conduct a fair, competitive, transparent merit review process for the selection of projects.

1. Merit Review Principles

These principles are to be given due diligence by PIs and organizations when preparing proposals and managing projects, by reviewers when reading and evaluating proposals, and by NSF program staff when determining whether or not to recommend proposals for funding and while overseeing awards. Given that NSF is the primary federal agency charged with nurturing and supporting excellence in basic research and education, the following three principles apply:

All NSF projects should be of the highest quality and have the potential to advance, if not transform, the frontiers of knowledge.
NSF projects, in the aggregate, should contribute more broadly to achieving societal goals. These "Broader Impacts" may be accomplished through the research itself, through activities that are directly related to specific research projects, or through activities that are supported by, but are complementary to, the project. The project activities may be based on previously established and/or innovative methods and approaches, but in either case must be well justified.
Meaningful assessment and evaluation of NSF funded projects should be based on appropriate metrics, keeping in mind the likely correlation between the effect of broader impacts and the resources provided to implement projects. If the size of the activity is limited, evaluation of that activity in isolation is not likely to be meaningful. Thus, assessing the effectiveness of these activities may best be done at a higher, more aggregated, level than the individual project.

With respect to the third principle, even if assessment of Broader Impacts outcomes for particular projects is done at an aggregated level, PIs are expected to be accountable for carrying out the activities described in the funded project. Thus, individual projects should include clearly stated goals, specific descriptions of the activities that the PI intends to do, and a plan in place to document the outputs of those activities.

These three merit review principles provide the basis for the merit review criteria, as well as a context within which the users of the criteria can better understand their intent.

2. Merit Review Criteria

All NSF proposals are evaluated through use of the two National Science Board approved merit review criteria. In some instances, however, NSF will employ additional criteria as required to highlight the specific objectives of certain programs and activities.

The two merit review criteria are listed below. Both criteria are to be given full consideration during the review and decision-making processes; each criterion is necessary but neither, by itself, is sufficient. Therefore, proposers must fully address both criteria. (PAPPG Chapter II.D.2.d(i). contains additional information for use by proposers in development of the Project Description section of the proposal). Reviewers are strongly encouraged to review the criteria, including PAPPG Chapter II.D.2.d(i), prior to the review of a proposal.

When evaluating NSF proposals, reviewers will be asked to consider what the proposers want to do, why they want to do it, how they plan to do it, how they will know if they succeed, and what benefits could accrue if the project is successful. These issues apply both to the technical aspects of the proposal and the way in which the project may make broader contributions. To that end, reviewers will be asked to evaluate all proposals against two criteria:

Intellectual Merit: The Intellectual Merit criterion encompasses the potential to advance knowledge; and
Broader Impacts: The Broader Impacts criterion encompasses the potential to benefit society and contribute to the achievement of specific, desired societal outcomes.

The following elements should be considered in the review for both criteria:

Advance knowledge and understanding within its own field or across different fields (Intellectual Merit); and
Benefit society or advance desired societal outcomes (Broader Impacts)?
To what extent do the proposed activities suggest and explore creative, original, or potentially transformative concepts?
Is the plan for carrying out the proposed activities well-reasoned, well-organized, and based on a sound rationale? Does the plan incorporate a mechanism to assess success?
How well qualified is the individual, team, or organization to conduct the proposed activities?
Are there adequate resources available to the PI (either at the home organization or through collaborations) to carry out the proposed activities?

Broader impacts may be accomplished through the research itself, through the activities that are directly related to specific research projects, or through activities that are supported by, but are complementary to, the project. NSF values the advancement of scientific knowledge and activities that contribute to achievement of societally relevant outcomes. Such outcomes include, but are not limited to: full participation of women, persons with disabilities, and other underrepresented groups in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); improved STEM education and educator development at any level; increased public scientific literacy and public engagement with science and technology; improved well-being of individuals in society; development of a diverse, globally competitive STEM workforce; increased partnerships between academia, industry, and others; improved national security; increased economic competitiveness of the United States; and enhanced infrastructure for research and education.

Proposers are reminded that reviewers will also be asked to review the Data Management Plan and the Postdoctoral Researcher Mentoring Plan, as appropriate.

Additional Solicitation Specific Review Criteria

HEGS seeks to assess the potential longer-term significance of research projects. As a complement to assessing the intellectual merit and the broader impacts of a proposed project, reviewers are asked to provide responses and scores to the following two questions:

1. As described in the proposal, what is the expected larger-scope, longer-term significance of the project if the project is conducted successfully?

Score of 5 - Extremely Significant

Score of 4 - Very Significant

Score of 3 - Moderately Significant

Score of 2 - Mildly Significant

Score of 1 - Not Significant

2. As described in the proposal, what is the likelihood that the project will be conducted successfully?

Score of 5 - Extremely Likely to succeed

Score of 4 - Very Likely to succeed

Score of 3 - Moderate chances of success

Score of 2 - Minimal changes of success

Score of 1 - Unlikely to succeed

Proposals generally will be most competitive if both scores assessing potential significance and likelihood of success are high.

B. Review and Selection Process

Proposals submitted in response to this program solicitation will be reviewed by Ad hoc Review and/or Panel Review.

Reviewers will be asked to evaluate proposals using two National Science Board approved merit review criteria and, if applicable, additional program specific criteria. A summary rating and accompanying narrative will generally be completed and submitted by each reviewer and/or panel. The Program Officer assigned to manage the proposal's review will consider the advice of reviewers and will formulate a recommendation.

After scientific, technical and programmatic review and consideration of appropriate factors, the NSF Program Officer recommends to the cognizant Division Director whether the proposal should be declined or recommended for award. NSF strives to be able to tell applicants whether their proposals have been declined or recommended for funding within six months. Large or particularly complex proposals or proposals from new awardees may require additional review and processing time. The time interval begins on the deadline or target date, or receipt date, whichever is later. The interval ends when the Division Director acts upon the Program Officer's recommendation.

After programmatic approval has been obtained, the proposals recommended for funding will be forwarded to the Division of Grants and Agreements or the Division of Acquisition and Cooperative Support for review of business, financial, and policy implications. After an administrative review has occurred, Grants and Agreements Officers perform the processing and issuance of a grant or other agreement. Proposers are cautioned that only a Grants and Agreements Officer may make commitments, obligations or awards on behalf of NSF or authorize the expenditure of funds. No commitment on the part of NSF should be inferred from technical or budgetary discussions with a NSF Program Officer. A Principal Investigator or organization that makes financial or personnel commitments in the absence of a grant or cooperative agreement signed by the NSF Grants and Agreements Officer does so at their own risk.

Once an award or declination decision has been made, Principal Investigators are provided feedback about their proposals. In all cases, reviews are treated as confidential documents. Verbatim copies of reviews, excluding the names of the reviewers or any reviewer-identifying information, are sent to the Principal Investigator/Project Director by the Program Officer. In addition, the proposer will receive an explanation of the decision to award or decline funding.

VII. Award Administration Information

A. notification of the award.

Notification of the award is made to the submitting organization by an NSF Grants and Agreements Officer. Organizations whose proposals are declined will be advised as promptly as possible by the cognizant NSF Program administering the program. Verbatim copies of reviews, not including the identity of the reviewer, will be provided automatically to the Principal Investigator. (See Section VI.B. for additional information on the review process.)

B. Award Conditions

An NSF award consists of: (1) the award notice, which includes any special provisions applicable to the award and any numbered amendments thereto; (2) the budget, which indicates the amounts, by categories of expense, on which NSF has based its support (or otherwise communicates any specific approvals or disapprovals of proposed expenditures); (3) the proposal referenced in the award notice; (4) the applicable award conditions, such as Grant General Conditions (GC-1)*; or Research Terms and Conditions* and (5) any announcement or other NSF issuance that may be incorporated by reference in the award notice. Cooperative agreements also are administered in accordance with NSF Cooperative Agreement Financial and Administrative Terms and Conditions (CA-FATC) and the applicable Programmatic Terms and Conditions. NSF awards are electronically signed by an NSF Grants and Agreements Officer and transmitted electronically to the organization via e-mail.

*These documents may be accessed electronically on NSF's Website at https://www.nsf.gov/awards/managing/award_conditions.jsp?org=NSF . Paper copies may be obtained from the NSF Publications Clearinghouse, telephone (703) 292-8134 or by e-mail from [email protected] .

More comprehensive information on NSF Award Conditions and other important information on the administration of NSF awards is contained in the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide (PAPPG) Chapter VII, available electronically on the NSF Website at https://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=pappg .

Administrative and National Policy Requirements

Build America, Buy America

As expressed in Executive Order 14005, Ensuring the Future is Made in All of America by All of America's Workers (86 FR 7475), it is the policy of the executive branch to use terms and conditions of Federal financial assistance awards to maximize, consistent with law, the use of goods, products, and materials produced in, and services offered in, the United States.

Consistent with the requirements of the Build America, Buy America Act (Pub. L. 117-58, Division G, Title IX, Subtitle A, November 15, 2021), no funding made available through this funding opportunity may be obligated for an award unless all iron, steel, manufactured products, and construction materials used in the project are produced in the United States. For additional information, visit NSF's Build America, Buy America webpage.

C. Reporting Requirements

For all multi-year grants (including both standard and continuing grants), the Principal Investigator must submit an annual project report to the cognizant Program Officer no later than 90 days prior to the end of the current budget period. (Some programs or awards require submission of more frequent project reports). No later than 120 days following expiration of a grant, the PI also is required to submit a final project report, and a project outcomes report for the general public.

Failure to provide the required annual or final project reports, or the project outcomes report, will delay NSF review and processing of any future funding increments as well as any pending proposals for all identified PIs and co-PIs on a given award. PIs should examine the formats of the required reports in advance to assure availability of required data.

PIs are required to use NSF's electronic project-reporting system, available through Research.gov, for preparation and submission of annual and final project reports. Such reports provide information on accomplishments, project participants (individual and organizational), publications, and other specific products and impacts of the project. Submission of the report via Research.gov constitutes certification by the PI that the contents of the report are accurate and complete. The project outcomes report also must be prepared and submitted using Research.gov. This report serves as a brief summary, prepared specifically for the public, of the nature and outcomes of the project. This report will be posted on the NSF website exactly as it is submitted by the PI.

More comprehensive information on NSF Reporting Requirements and other important information on the administration of NSF awards is contained in the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide (PAPPG) Chapter VII, available electronically on the NSF Website at https://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=pappg .

VIII. Agency Contacts

Please note that the program contact information is current at the time of publishing. See program website for any updates to the points of contact.

General inquiries regarding this program should be made to:

For questions related to the use of NSF systems contact:

NSF Help Desk: 1-800-673-6188
Research.gov Help Desk e-mail: [email protected]

For questions relating to Grants.gov contact:

Grants.gov Contact Center: If the Authorized Organizational Representatives (AOR) has not received a confirmation message from Grants.gov within 48 hours of submission of application, please contact via telephone: 1-800-518-4726; e-mail: [email protected] .

For all general inquiries to the HEGS program, please email [email protected] . This email will reach all current HEGS program officers and one of them will reply to you.

IX. Other Information

The NSF website provides the most comprehensive source of information on NSF Directorates (including contact information), programs and funding opportunities. Use of this website by potential proposers is strongly encouraged. In addition, "NSF Update" is an information-delivery system designed to keep potential proposers and other interested parties apprised of new NSF funding opportunities and publications, important changes in proposal and award policies and procedures, and upcoming NSF Grants Conferences . Subscribers are informed through e-mail or the user's Web browser each time new publications are issued that match their identified interests. "NSF Update" also is available on NSF's website .

Grants.gov provides an additional electronic capability to search for Federal government-wide grant opportunities. NSF funding opportunities may be accessed via this mechanism. Further information on Grants.gov may be obtained at https://www.grants.gov .

About The National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent Federal agency created by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended (42 USC 1861-75). The Act states the purpose of the NSF is "to promote the progress of science; [and] to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare by supporting research and education in all fields of science and engineering."

NSF funds research and education in most fields of science and engineering. It does this through grants and cooperative agreements to more than 2,000 colleges, universities, K-12 school systems, businesses, informal science organizations and other research organizations throughout the US. The Foundation accounts for about one-fourth of Federal support to academic institutions for basic research.

NSF receives approximately 55,000 proposals each year for research, education and training projects, of which approximately 11,000 are funded. In addition, the Foundation receives several thousand applications for graduate and postdoctoral fellowships. The agency operates no laboratories itself but does support National Research Centers, user facilities, certain oceanographic vessels and Arctic and Antarctic research stations. The Foundation also supports cooperative research between universities and industry, US participation in international scientific and engineering efforts, and educational activities at every academic level.

Facilitation Awards for Scientists and Engineers with Disabilities (FASED) provide funding for special assistance or equipment to enable persons with disabilities to work on NSF-supported projects. See the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide Chapter II.F.7 for instructions regarding preparation of these types of proposals.

The National Science Foundation has Telephonic Device for the Deaf (TDD) and Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) capabilities that enable individuals with hearing impairments to communicate with the Foundation about NSF programs, employment or general information. TDD may be accessed at (703) 292-5090 and (800) 281-8749, FIRS at (800) 877-8339.

The National Science Foundation Information Center may be reached at (703) 292-5111.

The National Science Foundation promotes and advances scientific progress in the United States by competitively awarding grants and cooperative agreements for research and education in the sciences, mathematics, and engineering.

To get the latest information about program deadlines, to download copies of NSF publications, and to access abstracts of awards, visit the NSF Website at

	2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22314
(NSF Information Center)	(703) 292-5111
	(703) 292-5090

Send an e-mail to:
or telephone:	(703) 292-8134
	(703) 292-5111

Privacy Act And Public Burden Statements

The information requested on proposal forms and project reports is solicited under the authority of the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended. The information on proposal forms will be used in connection with the selection of qualified proposals; and project reports submitted by awardees will be used for program evaluation and reporting within the Executive Branch and to Congress. The information requested may be disclosed to qualified reviewers and staff assistants as part of the proposal review process; to proposer institutions/grantees to provide or obtain data regarding the proposal review process, award decisions, or the administration of awards; to government contractors, experts, volunteers and researchers and educators as necessary to complete assigned work; to other government agencies or other entities needing information regarding applicants or nominees as part of a joint application review process, or in order to coordinate programs or policy; and to another Federal agency, court, or party in a court or Federal administrative proceeding if the government is a party. Information about Principal Investigators may be added to the Reviewer file and used to select potential candidates to serve as peer reviewers or advisory committee members. See System of Record Notices , NSF-50 , "Principal Investigator/Proposal File and Associated Records," and NSF-51 , "Reviewer/Proposal File and Associated Records." Submission of the information is voluntary. Failure to provide full and complete information, however, may reduce the possibility of receiving an award.

An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, an information collection unless it displays a valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number. The OMB control number for this collection is 3145-0058. Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 120 hours per response, including the time for reviewing instructions. Send comments regarding the burden estimate and any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to:

Suzanne H. Plimpton Reports Clearance Officer Policy Office, Division of Institution and Award Support Office of Budget, Finance, and Award Management National Science Foundation Alexandria, VA 22314

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(2017) LLM Thesis: "Geographical Indications & the Internal Market: The Questionable Justification as Industrial and Commercial Property"

LLM thesis, April 2017, University of Groningen, International and European Law. Supervisor Prof.Dr. L.W. Gormley. Abstract: This thesis first shows that protected 'Indications of Geographical Origin' (IGOs) are obstacles to the free movement of goods within the EU internal market, which the CJEU justifies on the basis of the protection of Industrial and Commercial Property. However, this thesis argues that this is an incorrect basis, by comparing the American and European approach to agriculture and intellectual property in general, and by arguing that in the European system of protection, IGOs cannot be treated as intellectual property, but should be regarded as public policy.

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Eleni Zafeiri

Luis Gonzalez Vaque , Mario Veneziani

Regulations on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and Geographical Indications (GIs) have a long history, leading back to two separate organizations devoted to dealing with them: the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The WTO, through its 1994 TRIPS Agreement, gives wines a high level of protection, but leaves individual countries to draw up national GIs legislation for other agri-food products. On the other hand, the WIPO implemented the Lisbon Agreement of 1958 and gives GIs a high level of protection, but involves a lower number of countries. The US approach follows the WTO and is based on existing trademarks and competition legislation, while the EU legislation is partly based on the Lisbon Agreement and has a sui generis legislation, giving a high level of protection to agri-food GIs. The two different legislative approaches on IPRs on GIs are a source of political and economic debate between the US and the EU that impact massively on agri-food supply chains, consumer relations, and environmental and cultural aspects, as well as trade.This book provides insights into the potential impacts that the future Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) agreement could have at national, European and international level, and covers areas such as policy setting, implications for trade and consumer perception, food safety, and rural and local development. As such, it will provide a reference point for researchers and academics in agricultural and rural economics and law, as well as policy makers.

Modern Law Review

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IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law

Flavia Guerrieri

This paper analyses the suitability of the extension of the EU quality schemes – Protected Designations of Origin (PDOs) and Protected Geographical Indications (PGIs) – to the protection of non-agricultural products. In particular, the work develops an original investigation on the nature of these goods and assesses whether it is compatible with the scope of protection of the EU sui generis GI system, which is determined by the different origin link that characterises the two abovementioned quality schemes. The research, by applying a mixed comparative/empirical methodology and building upon a previously unpublished dataset, develops an analysis divided into three parts, reaching the following conclusions. First, if sui generis GIs were chosen as the means to protect non-agricultural products, the French legislation on the sui generis protection of handcrafts should be considered as the best practice. Second, the empirical analysis shows that, since non-agricultural goods are charac...

Dominique Barjolle

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malcolm voyce

To achieve this purpose the article does a number of things. Firstly, I outline the history of Australian agriculture to explain the importance of the advent of neoliberal policies. I connect these policies with the deregulation of the economy and with the later role of international organisations ...

Andrea Zappalaglio

In EU GI Law, Protected Geographical Indications have become the predominant quality scheme and, in particular, the history of the product and their relationship with the area of origin has become the main origin link. This linking factor can lead to distortions, however. These notes reflect on the contribution that Traditional Specialities Guaranteed could provide to correct these issues. They lead to the conclusion that this is an idea worth exploring, although it has its drawbacks.

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Karola Schober , Tobias Chilla , Richard Balling

This study analyses the economic effects of the EU policy on the protection of origin. The focus is on three types of food products with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), whose reference areas are located in the Free State of Bavaria: Beer (Bayerisches Bier PGI), asparagus (Franken-Spargel PGI, Schrobenhausener Spargel PGI), and carp (Aischgründer Karpfen PGI, Oberpfälzer Karpfen PGI). The study is based on secondary statistical analysis and a series of expert interviews. The results show positive effects on sales mainly for beer on international markets, and positive effects on price mainly for carp on the local and regional levels. All in all, we see that protection of origin stabilizes and supports the economic trajectory of its product. This study also shows that its economic effects vary widely: Firstly, price and sales effects are not automatic and differ in intensity; and secondly, the spatial dimensions of the economic effects exhibit different patterns. The primarily...

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146 Impressive Geography Research Topics Every Student Will Like

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Exploring the impacts of urbanization on natural landscapes

Geography Thesis Topics

Are you busy planning your thesis? Engage in an in-depth exploration of geographic concepts and theories with this thought-provoking list of geography thesis topics:

Investigating the geographical aspects of sustainable development
Analyzing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities
Exploring the role of geography in disaster risk reduction
Studying the geography of migration and refugee movements
Examining the relationship between urban planning and social equity
Analyzing the spatial patterns of energy consumption and renewable solutions
Exploring the geographical dimensions of political conflicts and peacebuilding
Investigating the role of geography in land use planning and conservation
Examining the impacts of globalization on local economies

Urban Geography Thesis Topics

Are you interested in writing about urban geography? Analyze the complexities of urban landscapes and urbanization processes with this curated selection of urban geography thesis topics:

Analyzing the effects of gentrification on urban neighborhoods
Investigating the role of urban design in creating sustainable cities
Examining the spatial patterns of urban sprawl and its consequences
Studying the geography of social segregation in urban areas
Analyzing the impacts of transportation systems on urban mobility
Investigating the relationship between urbanization and public health
Exploring the geography of informal settlements and slums
Analyzing the impacts of urban green spaces on quality of life
Investigating the geography of urban food systems and food security
Examining the role of technology in shaping smart cities
Studying the spatial distribution of cultural and recreational amenities in cities

PhD Research Topics In Geography

Expand the boundaries of geographical knowledge and contribute to the field with this diverse and stimulating list of PhD research topics in geography:

Analyzing the geography of environmental justice in urban areas
Investigating the impacts of climate change on indigenous communities
Examining the role of geography in disaster risk governance
Studying the spatial patterns of land use change in rapidly urbanizing regions
Analyzing the impacts of transportation infrastructure on accessibility and equity
Investigating the geographical dimensions of health inequalities
Exploring the relationship between globalization and urbanization processes
Analyzing the geography of political conflicts and territorial disputes
Investigating the impacts of natural resource extraction on local communities
Studying the spatial dynamics of international migration and its consequences
Exploring the geography of innovation and knowledge economies in cities

Captivating Research Topics In Geography

Looking for some captivating research topics in geography? Ignite curiosity and scholarly interest with this awesome collection of research topics that delve into various aspects of geography:

Investigating the geography of mega-cities and their challenges
Analyzing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable coastal regions
Exploring the spatial patterns of cultural landscapes and heritage sites
Studying the geography of borderlands and transnational interactions
Examining the impacts of tourism on local communities and environments
The role of geography in understanding human-environment interactions
Analyzing the spatial distribution of environmental pollution and its impacts
Exploring the geography of global food systems and agricultural practices
Investigating the impacts of natural disasters on urban resilience
Examining the role of geography in understanding urban inequalities
Studying the geography of geopolitical conflicts and their implications
Exploring the impacts of technological advancements on landscapes

Interesting Geography Research Topics

Discover a wide range of interesting geography research topics that will pique your professor’s curiosity and offer new insights into the world of geography:

Analyzing the impacts of climate change on glacier retreat and water resources
Investigating the geography of renewable energy transition and its challenges
Examining the spatial patterns of urban heat islands and their mitigation strategies
Studying the impacts of land use change on biodiversity conservation
Investigating the role of geography in understanding cultural diversity
Exploring the geography of disease outbreaks and their spatial spread
Investigating the impacts of natural hazards on human vulnerability and resilience
Examining the spatial distribution of ecological corridors
Studying the geography of regional economic disparities and development strategies
Exploring the impacts of transportation infrastructure on urban accessibility
The role of geography in understanding weather patterns

Good Geography Research Topics For 2023

Looking for some current topics to write about? Choose from a list of good geography research topics for 2023 that showcase the relevance and significance of geography in today’s world:

Impacts of population growth on urban infrastructure and services in geography
Geography of water scarcity and its implications for communities
Spatial patterns of environmental conservation and protected areas in geography
Impacts of land degradation on agricultural productivity and food security
Geography of natural resource management and sustainable practices
Relationship between climate change and human migration patterns in geography
Spatial distribution of environmental justice and marginalized communities
Impacts of urbanization on water pollution and ecosystem degradation
Geography of renewable energy sources and their integration into the grid
Role of geography in understanding regional conflicts over natural resources
Impacts of deforestation on biodiversity loss and ecosystem services

Geography Topics For Research For College

Need some great geography topics for research for college? Explore a comprehensive list of geography research topics tailored for college-level studies, offering opportunities for critical analysis and exploration:

Impacts of transportation infrastructure on urban air quality in geography
Geography of urban gentrification and displacement
Spatial patterns of urban food waste and its environmental consequences
Impacts of tourism development on fragile ecosystems in geography
Geography of environmental migration and its social implications
Role of geography in understanding climate adaptation strategies
Spatial distribution of environmental inequalities and environmental racism
Impacts of land use change on water quality in agricultural regions
Geography of geopolitical conflicts and territorial disputes
Impacts of industrial pollution on urban health and well-being
Role of geography in understanding disaster preparedness

Interesting Geography Topics For High School

Get the most interesting geography topics for high school. Foster geographical curiosity and critical thinking skills with this intriguing list of essay topics designed specifically by our best dissertation service writers for high school students:

Analyzing the impacts of climate change on the polar regions
Investigating the geography of natural hazards
Examining the spatial distribution of endangered species
Studying the impacts of urbanization on wildlife habitat fragmentation
Exploring the geography of cultural diversity and multiculturalism in cities
Investigating the role of geography in understanding climate variability
Analyzing the spatial patterns of population distribution and density
Investigating the geography of international migration and refugee flows
Examining the impacts of tourism on local communities and cultures
Studying the geography of natural resources
Exploring the role of geography in understanding global inequality

Engaging Geographical Research Topics

Embark on a captivating journey of geographical exploration with this diverse collection of engaging geographical research topics, connecting people, places and the environment through insightful investigations:

Urban sprawl impacts on land use and ecosystem services in geography
Geography of renewable energy transition and its challenges
Spatial patterns of urban heat islands and impacts on residents
Impacts of climate change on coastal erosion and shoreline management
Geography of water scarcity and implications for human populations
Role of geography in understanding geopolitical conflicts and peacebuilding
Spatial distribution of environmental pollutants and health effects
Impacts of globalization on local economies and cultural landscapes
Geography of gender inequalities and spatial dimensions
Impacts of natural disasters on vulnerable communities and recovery
Role of geography in understanding migration dynamics and urbanization
Geography of political borders and their social and economic implications

Affordable Thesis Help You Can Rely On

When it comes to working on a geography research paper or a thesis for Master’s degree , our company is your trusted source for comprehensive writing help. Our team of expert writers consists of experienced professionals who specialize in geography, ensuring that you receive top marks for your school or class. We pride ourselves on delivering high quality and impressive custom written theses tailored to your specific requirements.

With our secure and fast online service, you can access thesis help that is not only affordable but available 24/7. Rest assured that your work will be handled by native English-speaking experts (ENL writers), guaranteeing exceptional quality and adherence to academic standards. Trust us for all your thesis needs and achieve academic success with ease.

Make sure to check our posts with other topics before you leave:

122 Best Ecology Topics To Sparkle Your Writing
195 Top Anthropology Topics For Great Thesis
170 Fantastic Astronomy Topics For High Scoring Tests

Why is choosing a great topic important when writing a geography essay?

Choosing a great topic ensures that your essay is engaging, relevant, and allows you to demonstrate your understanding of key geographical concepts while capturing the reader’s interest.

How can I choose a great topic for my geography essay?

To choose a great topic, consider current geographical issues, areas of personal interest and the availability of reliable sources. Additionally, ensure that the topic aligns with your essay’s objectives and requirements.

What are some strategies for narrowing down a geography essay topic?

To narrow down your topic, focus on specific geographical regions, phenomena, or concepts. Consider exploring the intersections between different aspects of geography, such as human and physical geography, to create a unique and well-rounded essay topic.

Can I get assistance in choosing a great topic for my geography essay?

Yes, you can seek guidance from your instructor, consult reputable academic resources or utilize online platforms that provide topic suggestions. Engaging in discussions with peers or experts in the field can also help generate ideas and refine your topic choice.

ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Distribution.

Distribution refers to the way something is spread out or arranged over a specific geographic area.

Engineering, Geography, Human Geography, Mathematics, Social Studies, Economics

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Distribution refers to the way something is spread out or arranged over a geographic area . The concept of distribution can be applied to nearly everything on Earth, from animal and plant species, to disease infections, weather patterns , and artificial structures. Many of the things geographers study are found in some places, but not in others. This means these patterns occur in certain distributions over Earth's surface. Geographers look for and try to explain any patterns that may occur. "Distribution" refers to the way something is spread out or arranged over an area. Recognizing distributions on a map is a starting point for many geographic studies. Geographers look for and try to explain any patterns that may occur. Some distributions can be seen visually. The number of barns in a farming community can be seen from an airplane, for example. Visual information is not always accurate or available, however. Areas may be too big to see, and some areas are not visible at all. These patterns of distribution need to be put on a map. World population is a good example of information that has to be mapped. Geographers can’t count the number of people in an area from the air. They rely on many types of information, such as census data , to determine the distribution of people in a certain area. To understand distribution patterns, it is important to understand other factors, such as climate , landforms , and vegetation . For example, the human population distribution shows very few people living in Asia’s arid Gobi Desert. The desert offers few resources important for survival. Conflict and economy can also influence distribution patterns. Thousands of Iraqi citizens left their country after the United States invaded during the Iraq War , which began in 2003. Population distribution shows many Iraqis now living in Syria and Jordan. The poor economy in rural areas of China have led millions of people to seek employment in huge urban areas such as Beijing and Shanghai. Working in factories and the service industry (hotels, restaurants) is often more profitable than farming. The distribution of rural and urban populations in China has become much more dramatic as a result. Distribution is the way something is spread out over an area—it does not tell geographers why or how it is spread out. One topic doctors and biologists study is distribution of the disease malaria . Malaria is found mainly in parts of the world that are tropical and humid. Malaria is common in these areas because the mosquitoes that carry and transmit the disease thrive in hot, humid climates. The distribution of human malarial infections shows high concentrations in tropical regions, and low concentrations in nontropical regions.

Distribution and the Economy Distribution is an important part of economics, as well as geography. In the economic sense, distribution is the process where the producer of a good or service makes it available to consumers. A farmer may grow a crop, and then distribute it to stores or supermarkets.

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Type: Master's thesis
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Geminivirus Branch is a class of viruses are widely distributed in the world of plant single-stranded DNA virus, the virus in the Section whitefly transmitted geminiviruses in global tropical and subtropical climates serious harm occurred, is economically important viruses. Whitefly-transmitted geminivirus species has obvious geographical characteristics, that is, different regions have different populations. Yunnan is the whitefly transmitted Geminivirus high incidence areas, but due to the isolated mountain valleys, and its distribution is intermittent rather than continuous. This paper discusses the whitefly transmitted geminiviruses population distribution characteristics in different regions, and inter-and intraspecific genetic diversity analysis, comparative analysis of different geographical, ecological characteristics and differences in the distribution of popular influence on the occurrence of disease, which initially revealed Popular damage mechanism of its occurrence. 2008-2009, through Yunnan 4 Whitefly-transmitted geminivirus centralized distribution system surveys and collecting samples, the application of Whitefly-transmitted geminivirus DNA-A whole genome amplification, cloning and sequencing analysis of genome-wide access to 42 sequence, after more than 13 kinds of analysis belonged whitefly transmitted geminiviruses. Namely China Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus, TYLCCNV), Yunnan chilli leaf curl virus (Pepper leaf curl Yunnan virus, PeLCYnV), Wild Chrysanthemum yellow vein virus (Crassocephalum yellow vein virus, CYVV), Yunnan Tobacco leaf curl virus (Tobacco leaf curl Yunnan virus, TbLCYnV), Tobacco curly shoot virus (Tobacco curly shoot virus, TbCSV), philoxeroides yellow vein virus (Alternanthera yellow vein virus, AlYVV), Malvastrum yellow vein virus (Malvastrum yellow vein virus, MYVV) and Yunnan Malvastrum yellow vein virus (Malvastrum yellow vein Yunnan virus, MYVYnV), Chinese squash leaf curl virus (Squash leaf curl China virus, SLCCNV), Sweet potato leaf curl virus (Sweet potato leaf curl virus, SPLCV), China Ageratum yellow vein virus (Ageratum yellow vein China virus, AYVCNV), Ageratum yellow vein virus (Ageratum yellow vein virus, AYVV), Thai Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus, TYLCTHV). Geminivirus first discovered new species PeLCYnV and Chinese New Records CYVV isolates. Yunnan four geminivirus species and their distribution virus isolates showed significant differences in composition, in which dry-hot valley in northern climates district offers four kinds of geminivirus, Chinese tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCCNV) is the region's strengths kind; south-central Yuanjiang - Red River drainage basin has four geminivirus, the dominant species is TYLCCNV, followed by Yunnan chilli leaf curl virus (PeLCYnV); western humid climates district offers four kinds of geminivirus dominant species of sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV); southern distribution of Lancang River Basin has four Geminivirus dominant species, Tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) and Yunnan Tobacco leaf curl virus (TLCYnV). Different species of Yunnan in geminivirus DNA-A genome sequence level vary greatly, similarity is only 21%, or 79% variation, which has obvious geographical clustering characteristics of regional differences, the same area or adjacent areas isolates closer. Compared the dominant species in Yunnan Geminivirus TYLCCNV26 isolates were DNA-A, its similarity between 83.2% -99.9%, with the earliest discovered TYLCCNV Guangxi isolate the highest similarity of 95.6%. Phylogenetic tree from the point of view, TYLCCNV distribution in Yunnan there are significant geographic differences in different regions of isolates formed an independent branch, geographical similarity also closer closer (such as Dali and Lijiang). Yunnan four different distribution of geminivirus species and populations change on the occurrence of disease has a significant impact, including dry-hot valley in northern climates zones dominant species TYLCCNV population variability is relatively small, its main tomato crop damage, host relatively narrow range; while the dominant species in central and southern populations has obvious TYLCCNV nucleotide polymorphism, more types of crop damage, with tomatoes, pepper, tobacco and so on. Lancang River Basin in southern and western areas and humid climates of Southeast Asian countries prone areas adjacent geminivirus with suitable climate and many types of pathogens and other external conditions, so the composition of the virus species reported outside of the virus are more abundant species diversity. Research shows that Yunnan four geminivirus disease were concentrated occurrence of disease on the rise, its types and species composition varies in different years, the overall increasing trend. Therefore, these areas are the focus of prevention and control of such diseases and difficult areas, these areas should be strengthened monitoring and pre geminivirus control.

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Geographical distribution of the sample
Geographical distribution of sample.
COMPARISON OF THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE FINAL SAMPLE WITH THE
Geographical Distribution of the respondents
Geographical distribution of the reviewed studies
Geographical distribution of the different studies analyzed.

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Geometric distribution and its properties
Measuring Global Disparities
The coal
Regionalisation (Spatial Clustering)
Lecture 5 b Discrete Probability Distributions (Cont...) (Urdu/Hindi)
Geometric Distribution

COMMENTS

Supply chain risks and geographical supplier distribution strategy
This study empirically examines the impact of supply chain risks on the corporate strategy of the geographical distribution of suppliers, by employing text analysis to procure firm-level supply chain risk data. The findings indicate that, as supply chain risks intensify, firms are inclined to opt for geographically closer suppliers.
An Overview of Costs, Utilization, Geographical Distribution
Attipoe-Dorcoo, Sharon, "An Overview of Costs, Utilization, Geographical Distribution & Influence of Mobile Clinics in Rural Healthcare Delivery in the United States" (2018). Texas Medical Center Dissertations (via ProQuest). AAI10928004. The issue of access in rural areas, defined as the ability to afford healthcare services and have ...
Dissertation Determinants of Geographic Distribution in Western North
DETERMINANTS OF GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN MONKEYFLOWERS The geographic range of a species represents the basic unit of biogeography. Despite ... My dissertation research also benefited from interactions with Jay Sexton, Kim Hoke, and Iván Jiménez (a co-author on the first study of my dissertation), who offered key ...
PDF Expansion of Markets and the Geographic Distribution of Economic
EXPANSION OF MARKETS AND THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: THE TRENDS IN U. S. REGIONAL MANUFACTURING STRUCTURE, 1860-1987* This paper presents evidence on the long-run trends in U. S. regional specializa- tion and localization and examines which model of regional specialization is most consistent with the data.
Factors determining distribution structure decisions in logistics: a
The literature identified originated from all geographic areas since distribution structure and DC location selection are highly international affairs. No reasons were found to exclude geographical areas. ... Location endowments, economies of agglomeration, locked-in logistics and policy implications (Doctoral Dissertation). Erasmus University ...
PDF Geographic distribution modeling of infectious disease dynamics in
The Dissertation Committee for Abdallah Mohammed Samy Esmail Gad certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Geographic distribution modeling of infectious disease dynamics in space and time _____ Chairperson A. Townsend Peterson Date approved: May 5, 2016
Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences Program
Contemporary geographical research is an arena in which diverse research traditions and methodologies are valid. Recognizing the breadth of the field's contributions to science, the HEGS Program welcomes proposals for empirically grounded, theoretically engaged, and methodologically sophisticated, generalizable research in all sub-fields of ...
PDF Geographical Distribution of Disasters Caused by Natural Hazards in
Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Hambergsalen, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Friday, 9 October 2015 at 10:00 for the degree of Doctor of ... Soto Gómez, A. J. 2015. Geographical Distribution of Disasters Caused by Natural Hazards in Data-scarce Areas. Methodological exploration on the Samala River catchment ...
Geographic distribution modeling of infectious disease dynamics in
The geographic distribution of infectious diseases has received considerable attention after several dramatic emergence events around the world. Here, I took the full advantages of several approaches available in a single toolbox to examine geographic distribution and spread of several neglected and zoonotic diseases across the world.
Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions
This book provides a first synthetic view of an emerging area of ecology and biogeography, linking individual- and population-level processes to geographic distributions and biodiversity patterns. Problems in evolutionary ecology, macroecology, and biogeography are illuminated by this integrative view. The book focuses on correlative approaches known as ecological niche modeling, species ...
Insights into the geographical distribution, bioaccumulation
1. Introduction. Owing to the tremendous loss of life, injuries, and property damage resulting from fires, flame retardants have been increasingly produced and applied on furniture, fabrics, and various commercial products since the 1960 s (Kemmlein et al., 2003, Lazar et al., 2020).Organophosphate esters (OPEs), which have been used for over 150 years, have recently drastically increased in ...
The genomic basis of geographic differentiation and fiber ...
b, Geographic distribution of all G2 accessions (SCL). The map was created by the 'maps' 42 package in R 43 . c , Comparisons of major agricultural traits among subgroups (G2-G6).
Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences Program
Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences Program - Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Awards (HEGS-DDRI) ... causes and/or consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity and/or environmental processes across a range of scales. Contemporary geographical research is an arena in which diverse research traditions and ...
(PDF) (2017) LLM Thesis: "Geographical Indications & the Internal
LLM thesis, April 2017, University of Groningen, International and European Law. Supervisor Prof.Dr. L.W. Gormley. Abstract: This thesis first shows that protected 'Indications of Geographical Origin' (IGOs) are obstacles to the free movement of goods within the EU internal market, which the CJEU justifies on the basis of the protection of Industrial and Commercial Property.
The geographical distribution and differentiation of Chinese beech
The geographical distribution and differentiation of Chinese beech forests and the association with Quercus. Ze-Hao Shen, Corresponding Author. ... The distribution of beech forests in China is primarily related to the precipitation seasonality of the monsoon climate, and differentiated on both temperature and moisture gradients. ...
Graduate Thesis Or Dissertation
Graduate Thesis Or Dissertation Prevalence, geographic distribution, and biology of a dungeness crab, Cancer magister, microsporidian parasite ... 3061 Dungeness crabs was examined from an additional seven Pacific Northwest estuaries and Puget Sound to document the geographic distribution of N. canceri and the prevalence of the parasite in ...
Predicting the potential global distribution of Ageratina adenophora
To explore the variation in the distribution of A. adenophora with altitude under climate change scenarios, we calculated the areas and area ratio of LR, MR, HR, and UR in different elevation ranges under climate change scenarios and applied the "ecospat" package in R to visualize these changes (Di Cola et al., 2017).
146 Exquisite Geography Research Topics To Write About
Foster geographical curiosity and critical thinking skills with this intriguing list of essay topics designed specifically by our best dissertation service writers for high school students: Analyzing the impacts of climate change on the polar regions; Investigating the geography of natural hazards; Examining the spatial distribution of ...
Study on the Geographical Distribution of Hydropower and Its
Related Dissertations. Research on University's Energy Saving System Facing the Construction of Green University,G647; The Research on Influence of Line Losses in the Distrebution Network with Small Rural Hydropowers,TM727.1; The Research on the Folk Pastry Mold,TS972.21; The Survey of Rhubarb Resources in Guyuan County and Its Geographical Distribution,R282
Distribution
Vocabulary. Distribution refers to the way something is spread out or arranged over a geographic area. The concept of distribution can be applied to nearly everything on Earth, from animal and plant species, to disease infections, weather patterns, and artificial structures. Many of the things geographers study are found in some places, but not ...
By geographical distribution
By geographical distribution. Edit online. There are many ways to determine the level of complexity for a project, one consideration is the geographical distribution of the team members involved. The following guidelines consider the proximity of team members to one another:
-geographical distribution of dissertations.
Download scientific diagram | -geographical distribution of dissertations. from publication: Homeopathy in brazil: Inquiry into its academic production | Background: according to the WHO, there is ...
Geographic Distribution of Geminiviruses in Yunnan and Its Effect on
This paper discusses the whitefly transmitted geminiviruses population distribution characteristics in different regions, and inter-and intraspecific genetic diversity analysis, comparative analysis of different geographical, ecological characteristics and differences in the distribution of popular influence on the occurrence of disease, which ...