sample research title in physical education

Physical Education Research Paper Topics

In this guide on physical education research paper topics , we explore a wide range of subjects that delve into the field of physical education. Whether you’re a student studying education or a researcher in the field, this comprehensive list of topics is designed to inspire and guide you in your research endeavors. From examining the impact of physical activity on academic performance to analyzing the effectiveness of different teaching methods in physical education, these research paper topics offer a diverse range of areas to explore.

100 Physical Education Research Paper Topics

Exploring the diverse facets of physical education through research papers offers a unique opportunity to delve deeper into the field and contribute to the growing body of knowledge. To assist you in this endeavor, we have compiled a comprehensive list of physical education research paper topics. These topics span various areas of interest, from the impact of physical education on mental health to the integration of technology in physical education curricula. Each category contains 10 stimulating and thought-provoking physical education research paper topics, providing you with a wide range of options to explore and develop your research.

Academic Writing, Editing, Proofreading, And Problem Solving Services

Get 10% off with 24start discount code.

Physical Education Curriculum and Instruction

The integration of technology in physical education curricula.
The impact of standardized testing on physical education programs.
Strategies for promoting inclusivity and diversity in physical education classes.
The role of assessment and feedback in enhancing student learning in physical education.
The effectiveness of different teaching methods in physical education.
Examining the relationship between physical education and academic performance.
Addressing gender disparities in physical education participation and achievement.
Incorporating cultural competency in physical education curricula.
The influence of teacher-student relationships on student engagement in physical education.
Exploring the role of outdoor education in physical education programs.

Physical Activity and Health

Investigating the effects of physical activity on mental health and well-being.
The relationship between physical activity and obesity rates among children and adolescents.
Analyzing the impact of physical activity on cardiovascular health.
Exploring the role of physical activity in reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
Investigating the psychological benefits of regular physical activity.
The impact of physical activity interventions on sedentary behavior.
Examining the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function.
Analyzing the influence of physical activity on sleep patterns.
Exploring the role of physical activity in promoting healthy aging.
Investigating the socio-economic factors influencing physical activity participation.

Sports Psychology and Performance

Understanding the psychological factors influencing sports performance.
Examining the role of motivation in sports participation and performance.
Analyzing the impact of imagery and visualization techniques on athletic performance.
Investigating the effects of stress and anxiety on sports performance.
Exploring the psychological benefits of team sports participation.
The influence of leadership styles on team cohesion and performance.
Analyzing the role of self-confidence in sports performance.
Understanding the psychological challenges faced by athletes with disabilities.
Investigating the relationship between personality traits and sports performance.
Exploring the effects of psychological interventions on sports performance enhancement.

Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics

Investigating the physiological adaptations to different types of exercise.
Analyzing the biomechanics of specific movements in sports and exercise.
Exploring the effects of different training modalities on muscle strength and endurance.
The role of nutrition in exercise performance and recovery.
Investigating the effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiovascular fitness.
Analyzing the biomechanical factors influencing running gait and performance.
Exploring the physiological responses to altitude training.
Investigating the effects of aging on exercise capacity and performance.
Analyzing the impact of environmental factors on exercise performance.
Understanding the role of genetics in exercise physiology and performance.

Adapted Physical Education

Examining the benefits and challenges of inclusive physical education programs.
The role of assistive technology in facilitating physical education for individuals with disabilities.
Investigating the effectiveness of adapted physical education interventions.
Exploring strategies for promoting social inclusion in adapted physical education.
Analyzing the impact of inclusive physical education on self-esteem and self-efficacy.
Understanding the experiences and perceptions of individuals with disabilities in physical education.
Investigating the role of community partnerships in supporting adapted physical education.
Examining the professional development needs of physical education teachers in inclusive settings.
Analyzing the influence of policy and legislation on the provision of adapted physical education.
Exploring the role of peer support in enhancing the participation of individuals with disabilities in physical education.

Physical Education Pedagogy and Teacher Training

Investigating the impact of professional development programs on physical education teacher effectiveness.
Exploring the use of technology in enhancing physical education pedagogy.
Analyzing the role of reflection and self-assessment in physical education teacher development.
Investigating the factors influencing physical education teacher job satisfaction.
Understanding the challenges faced by physical education teachers in multicultural classrooms.
Examining the relationship between teacher-student interaction and student engagement in physical education.
Exploring effective strategies for managing behavior in physical education classes.
Analyzing the impact of mentoring and coaching on physical education teacher development.
Investigating the influence of school climate on physical education teacher motivation and performance.
Exploring the integration of social-emotional learning in physical education curricula.

Physical Education Policy and Advocacy

Analyzing the impact of policy on the provision of physical education in schools.
Investigating the role of advocacy organizations in promoting quality physical education programs.
Understanding the factors influencing physical education policy adoption and implementation.
Examining the relationship between physical education policies and student health outcomes.
Analyzing the impact of budgetary constraints on the quality of physical education programs.
Investigating the role of community partnerships in supporting physical education initiatives.
Exploring strategies for promoting physical education policy reform.
Understanding the influence of parental involvement on physical education policy and practice.
Analyzing the effects of policy changes on physical education teacher preparation programs.
Investigating the perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders towards physical education policies.

Assessment and Evaluation in Physical Education

Analyzing the effectiveness of different assessment methods in physical education.
Investigating the use of technology in assessing physical education outcomes.
Exploring the role of self-assessment and peer assessment in physical education.
Understanding the challenges and opportunities of authentic assessment in physical education.
Analyzing the impact of assessment practices on student motivation and engagement in physical education.
Investigating the alignment between physical education curriculum, instruction, and assessment.
Exploring the role of formative assessment in enhancing student learning in physical education.
Understanding the influence of standardized testing on physical education assessment practices.
Investigating the relationship between assessment practices and equity in physical education.
Analyzing the use of data-driven decision-making in improving physical education programs.

Physical Education and Technology

Investigating the use of wearable devices in monitoring physical activity and fitness levels.
Exploring the impact of virtual reality and augmented reality in physical education.
Analyzing the role of mobile applications in promoting physical activity and health.
Understanding the benefits and challenges of online physical education courses.
Investigating the use of gamification in enhancing student engagement in physical education.
Exploring the influence of exergaming on physical activity participation.
Analyzing the effectiveness of technology-mediated feedback in physical education.
Investigating the role of social media in promoting physical activity and healthy lifestyles.
Understanding the integration of technology in physical education teacher preparation programs.
Exploring the ethical considerations of using technology in physical education.

Physical Education and Social Justice

Analyzing the relationship between physical education and social inequality.
Investigating the experiences and perceptions of marginalized groups in physical education.
Exploring strategies for promoting social justice in physical education curricula.
Understanding the role of physical education in fostering cultural competence and inclusion.
Investigating the impact of gender norms on physical education experiences.
Analyzing the influence of socioeconomic status on access to quality physical education.
Exploring the intersectionality of race, gender, and physical education experiences.
Investigating the role of physical education in promoting social-emotional well-being and resilience.
Analyzing the impact of inclusive policies and practices on social justice in physical education.
Understanding the challenges and opportunities of integrating social justice in physical education pedagogy.

sample research title in physical education

The comprehensive list of physical education research paper topics presented here is just the beginning of your research journey. Delve into the categories, choose a topic that resonates with your interests, and embark on a fascinating exploration of the subject matter. Remember to consider the relevance, significance, and feasibility of your chosen topic, and conduct thorough research to develop a well-informed and insightful research paper. Whether you seek to uncover the benefits of physical activity or analyze the effectiveness of different teaching methods, these topics will inspire you to expand your understanding of physical education and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

Physical Education Research Guide

Welcome to the world of physical education research! This page serves as a valuable resource for students and researchers in the field of education who are eager to explore the realm of physical education through the lens of research papers. Physical education plays a vital role in promoting health, wellness, and overall development among individuals of all ages. It encompasses a wide range of physical education research paper topics, from the impact of physical activity on academic performance to the effectiveness of various teaching approaches in physical education.

The primary objective of this page is to provide you with a comprehensive overview of physical education research paper topics. By delving into these topics, you will gain a deeper understanding of the key issues, theories, and practices within the field. The list of topics is categorized into 10 distinct categories, each offering 10 diverse and thought-provoking research paper ideas. Whether you’re interested in exploring the role of technology in physical education or investigating the social and cultural aspects of sports, you’ll find a wealth of ideas to spark your curiosity and fuel your research journey.

In addition to the extensive list of research paper topics, this page also offers expert advice on how to choose the most appropriate topic for your research project. Selecting a compelling and relevant research topic is essential to ensure the success of your study. Our expert guidance will provide you with valuable insights and practical tips to help you navigate through the multitude of options and select a topic that aligns with your interests, research goals, and academic requirements.

Furthermore, we understand that crafting a research paper can be a challenging task. To support your academic journey, we offer custom writing services that allow you to order a personalized research paper on any physical education topic of your choice. Our team of expert degree-holding writers possesses the knowledge and expertise to deliver high-quality, well-researched papers that meet your specific needs. With our commitment to in-depth research, customized solutions, and adherence to formatting styles such as APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard, we strive to provide you with a seamless and professional writing experience.

So, whether you’re a student embarking on a research project or a researcher seeking new avenues of exploration, this page is designed to inspire, inform, and empower you in your quest for knowledge in the field of physical education. Let us embark on this exciting journey together as we delve into the fascinating world of physical education research paper topics.

Choosing a Physical Education Topic

When it comes to choosing a research paper topic in the field of physical education, it is crucial to select a subject that aligns with your interests, addresses a relevant issue, and allows for meaningful exploration. To help you make an informed decision, here are ten expert tips on selecting the right physical education research paper topic:

Identify your passion : Consider the aspects of physical education that you find most fascinating and meaningful. Are you interested in exploring the impact of technology on physical education, the role of physical education in promoting mental health, or the relationship between physical activity and academic performance? By selecting a topic that aligns with your passion, you will be more motivated to dive deep into the research and produce an exceptional paper.
Stay updated with current literature : Regularly review the latest research articles, books, and journals in the field of physical education. This will help you identify emerging trends, controversial topics, and gaps in existing knowledge, enabling you to choose a research topic that is current and relevant.
Consider the target population : Physical education encompasses various age groups and populations, including children, adolescents, adults, and individuals with special needs. Reflect on which population interests you the most and tailor your research topic accordingly. For example, you may explore the effectiveness of physical education programs for children with disabilities or the impact of physical activity interventions on older adults’ well-being.
Delve into emerging areas : Explore emerging areas within physical education that are gaining attention, such as inclusive education, adaptive physical education, or the integration of technology in teaching and learning. By choosing a topic in these emerging areas, you can contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.
Address local or global issues : Consider researching topics that address local or global issues in physical education. For instance, you may examine the impact of socio-cultural factors on physical education participation rates in a specific community or analyze the effects of globalization on physical education curriculum development.
Consult with experts : Seek guidance from professors, academic advisors, or professionals in the field of physical education. They can provide valuable insights, suggest potential research topics, and help you narrow down your focus based on their expertise and experience.
Conduct a literature review : Before finalizing your research topic, conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify existing studies, theories, and gaps in knowledge. This will help you refine your research question and ensure that your topic contributes to the existing body of literature.
Consider research feasibility : Assess the availability of data sources, research methods, and potential challenges associated with your chosen topic. Ensure that you have access to relevant data, research participants (if applicable), and the necessary resources to carry out your study successfully.
Balance novelty and significance : Strive to find a balance between selecting a novel and unique topic while ensuring its significance within the field of physical education. Aim to choose a topic that adds value to the existing knowledge and has the potential to influence practice or policy in a meaningful way.
Reflect on personal and professional goals : Consider how your chosen research topic aligns with your personal and professional goals. Will it contribute to your academic and career development? Does it align with your long-term aspirations within the field of physical education? Selecting a topic that resonates with your goals will enhance your motivation and dedication throughout the research process.

Remember, the process of choosing a research paper topic in physical education is iterative. Be open to exploring different ideas, seeking feedback from experts, and refining your topic based on the available resources and research feasibility. By selecting a topic that aligns with your passion, addresses a relevant issue, and has the potential for significant impact, you will be well-equipped to embark on a successful research journey in the field of physical education.

How to Write a Physical Education Research Paper

Writing a research paper in the field of physical education requires careful planning, thorough research, and effective organization of ideas. Here are some essential steps to guide you through the process of writing a compelling and well-structured physical education research paper:

Understand the assignment : Familiarize yourself with the requirements and guidelines provided by your instructor or educational institution. Pay attention to the research question, formatting style, word count, and any specific instructions or expectations.
Conduct thorough research : Begin by conducting extensive research on your chosen topic. Utilize various sources such as academic journals, books, reputable websites, and databases to gather relevant and reliable information. Take detailed notes and ensure that you cite your sources accurately.
Develop a strong thesis statement : Formulate a clear and concise thesis statement that captures the main objective or argument of your research paper. The thesis statement should guide your research and provide a roadmap for the rest of your paper.
Outline your paper : Create a well-organized outline to structure your research paper. Divide it into sections such as introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, analysis, and conclusion. Outline the main points and supporting evidence you will include in each section.
Write a compelling introduction : Begin your paper with an engaging introduction that grabs the reader’s attention and provides background information on the topic. Clearly state the purpose of your research, introduce the key concepts, and present your thesis statement.
Conduct a comprehensive literature review : Dedicate a section of your paper to reviewing relevant literature on the topic. Summarize and analyze existing studies, theories, and perspectives related to your research question. Identify gaps in the literature that your research aims to address.
Describe your research methodology : Explain the research design, methods, and procedures you used to collect and analyze data. Provide a clear description of the participants, materials, and instruments used. Justify the appropriateness of your chosen methods for addressing your research question.
Present your findings : Share the results of your research in a clear and organized manner. Use tables, graphs, or charts to present quantitative data and provide detailed descriptions for qualitative data. Analyze and interpret the findings in relation to your research question.
Discuss the implications and significance : Analyze the implications of your findings and their significance in the field of physical education. Discuss how your research contributes to the existing knowledge, addresses the research question, and impacts practice or policy.
Conclude your paper effectively : Summarize the main points of your research paper in the conclusion section. Restate your thesis statement and highlight the key findings and implications. Discuss the limitations of your study and suggest areas for further research.
Revise and edit : Review your research paper thoroughly for clarity, coherence, and logical flow. Check for grammatical and spelling errors, and ensure proper citation of sources using the required formatting style.
Seek feedback : Before submitting your final paper, seek feedback from peers, professors, or mentors. Incorporate their suggestions and revisions to improve the overall quality of your research paper.

By following these steps and dedicating sufficient time to each stage of the writing process, you can produce a well-researched and well-structured physical education research paper that effectively contributes to the field.

Order a Custom Research Paper

When it comes to writing a research paper in the field of physical education, it is understandable that you may encounter challenges or time constraints. In such cases, you may consider utilizing professional writing services to order a custom education research paper tailored to your specific needs. Our company offers a range of writing services to assist students like you in achieving their academic goals. Here are the key benefits of ordering a custom education research paper from our services:

Expert degree-holding writers : Our team of writers consists of highly qualified professionals with advanced degrees in the field of education. They have extensive knowledge and experience in conducting research and writing academic papers, ensuring the highest quality of work.
Custom written works : We understand the importance of originality in academic writing. Each research paper we deliver is custom-written from scratch, tailored to your specific requirements and guidelines. Our writers conduct thorough research and utilize credible sources to ensure the uniqueness and authenticity of your paper.
In-depth research : Our writers have access to a wide range of academic resources and databases, enabling them to conduct in-depth research on your chosen topic. They will gather relevant and up-to-date information to support the arguments and claims in your research paper.
Custom formatting : Our writers are well-versed in various formatting styles commonly used in academic writing, including APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard. They will ensure that your research paper adheres to the required formatting guidelines.
Top quality and customized solutions : We prioritize quality and strive to deliver research papers that meet the highest standards. Our writers pay attention to every detail of your requirements and instructions, ensuring a customized solution that reflects your unique perspective and academic level.
Flexible pricing : We understand that as a student, you may have budget constraints. That’s why we offer flexible pricing options to accommodate your financial needs. Our pricing structure is transparent and competitive, ensuring that you receive excellent value for your investment.
Short deadlines : If you are facing a tight deadline, our writing services can assist you. We offer short turnaround times, allowing you to place an order with a deadline as short as 3 hours. Our efficient and dedicated team will ensure that your research paper is delivered to you promptly, without compromising on quality.
Timely delivery : We understand the importance of meeting deadlines. Our writing services prioritize timely delivery, ensuring that you receive your completed research paper within the agreed-upon timeframe.
Absolute privacy : We prioritize the privacy and confidentiality of our clients. Your personal information and the details of your order will be handled with the utmost confidentiality and will not be shared with any third parties.
Easy order tracking : Our user-friendly platform allows you to easily track the progress of your order. You can communicate directly with your assigned writer, providing clarifications or additional instructions as needed.
24/7 support : Our customer support team is available 24/7 to address any questions or concerns you may have throughout the process. We are here to provide prompt and reliable assistance whenever you need it.
Money-back guarantee : We are committed to your satisfaction. If, for any reason, you are not satisfied with the quality of the delivered research paper, we offer a money-back guarantee, ensuring that you have a risk-free experience.

Ordering a custom education research paper from our writing services can provide you with the support and expertise you need to excel in your academic endeavors. Our professional writers will work closely with you to ensure that your research paper meets your expectations and fulfills the requirements of your assignment. Take advantage of our services and experience the benefits of a well-crafted and meticulously researched education research paper.

Take Your Physical Education Research Paper to the Next Level

At iResearchNet, we are dedicated to helping students like you excel in your academic pursuits. If you are in need of a high-quality and custom physical education research paper, look no further. Our experienced team of writers is ready to assist you in creating a research paper that meets your specific requirements and exceeds your expectations.

To take advantage of our writing services, simply visit our website and place an order. Our user-friendly platform makes it easy to submit your paper details and provide any specific instructions or guidelines. You will have the opportunity to select a writer who specializes in physical education or related fields, ensuring that your research paper is in capable hands.

By choosing iResearchNet, you can benefit from our expert degree-holding writers, customized solutions, and in-depth research. We guarantee top-quality work that is formatted according to your preferred style, whether it’s APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, or Harvard.

Additionally, we offer flexible pricing options to suit your budget and accommodate short deadlines, including turnaround times as short as 3 hours. We prioritize timely delivery to ensure that you have sufficient time to review the paper and request any necessary revisions.

Rest assured, your privacy is our utmost concern. We maintain absolute privacy and confidentiality throughout the entire process. You can track your order easily and enjoy 24/7 support from our responsive customer service team.

To experience the benefits of our custom education research paper writing services, place your order today. Take the first step toward a well-researched, well-written, and successful research paper in the field of physical education.

Achieve academic excellence with iResearchNet. Place your order now and let us help you succeed!

ORDER HIGH QUALITY CUSTOM PAPER

How it works

Useful Links

How much will your dissertation cost?

Have an expert academic write your dissertation paper!

Dissertation Services

Get unlimited topic ideas and a dissertation plan for just £45.00

Order topics and plan

Get 1 free topic in your area of study with aim and justification

Yes I want the free topic

Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Published by Grace Graffin at January 5th, 2023 , Revised On July 9, 2024

Due to the growing importance of physical education, a majority of educational institutions have introduced it as a subject that students can choose as their major for their graduation. However, what comes with it is submitting a dissertation to complete your degree.

As a student of physical education, you might be in limbo as to which topic you should choose for your dissertation that is unique and relevant. After all, your future is dependent on it. Choosing the right dissertation topic is the first step toward writing a powerful dissertation that is accepted by your professors.

When choosing a physical education dissertation topic, you need to keep in mind that the topic is current, unique and adds value to what you have learned. To help you with the process of choosing the right topic, this blog contains a list of physical education dissertation topics.

You may also want to start your dissertation by requesting a brief research proposal from our writers on any of these topics, which includes an introduction to the problem, research question, aim and objectives, literature review, and the proposed methodology of research to be conducted. Let us know if you need any help in getting started.

Check our example dissertation to get an idea of how to structure your dissertation .

You can review step by step guide on how to write your dissertation here .

Also read: Education dissertation topics , healthcare dissertation topics , and nursing dissertation topics .

Latest Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Topic 1: investigating the impacts of improving physical education in schools on the development of children’s confidence, endurance and quick integration capability..

Research Aim: The present study aims to investigate the impacts of improving physical education in schools for developing children’s confidence, endurance, and quick integration capability.

Objectives:

To analyse the importance of physical education in schools for proper growth of children.
To examine how advanced physical education in schools helps children to develop their confidence, endurance, and quick integration capacity.
To recommend what can be involved in physical education for improvement that may help develop confidence, endurance, and quick integration capacity of children.

Topic 2: Analysing different types of fine motor activities to help myriad health issues – a study on autistic children in the UK.

Research Aim: The present study aims to explain different types of fine motor activities that help address various health issues, as this study will specifically focus on autistic children in the UK.

To share comprehensive knowledge about different types of fine motor activities.
To explain the benefits of practising fine motor activities in addressing different health issues referring to the problem of autism in children in the UK.
To provide a set of recommendations for the advancement of fine motor activities to address the health problem of autistic children in the UK.

Topic 3: Examining the significance of integrating physical education in the Montessori curriculum in the UK.

Research Aim: The present study aims to explicate the significance of integrating physical education into the Montessori curriculum in the UK.

To explain the benefits of physical education in school for the growth of students.
To comprehend the importance of integrating physical education in the Montessori curriculum in the UK.
To share ideas about how physical education can be integrated and practised in the Montessori curriculum in the UK.

Topic 4: A study on the use of health rate monitors and health tracking to support the practices of advanced physical education.

Research Aim: The present study aims to explicate the usefulness of heath rate monitors and health tracking that support the practices of advanced physical education.

To describe the usefulness of health rate monitors and health tracking equipment.
To interpret the role of health monitors and health tracking to support improved practices in physical education.
To recommend strategies for how health rate monitors and health tracking can be used to get the best possible results in physical education.

Topic 5: Exploring the increasing trend of computer-based fitness programs in the UK – a study on people’s changing behaviour during lockdown.

Research Aim: The present study aims to explore the increasing trend of computer-based fitness programs in the UK and will focus on people’s changing behaviour during the lockdown.

To explain the effectiveness of computer-based fitness programs and their health benefits.
To examine how computer-based fitness programs are becoming an increasing trend and popular during the lockdown.
To suggest strategies for advanced computer-based fitness programs that can help address the changing behaviour of people during the lockdown.

Topic 2: Assessing the Impact of Physical Education on Mental Health

Research Aim: This research will aim to explore the impact of physical education on mental health. There is a lot of evidence that physical education has a positive impact on the mental health of individuals, and this research will aim to assess the impact of the same. Existing research will be analysed in order to do an in-depth study into the impact of physical education on mental health.

Topic 3: Analysing Student Behavior and Engagement in Physical Education Classes

Research Aim: Physical Education classes have been a part of the academic system for years now; however, the understanding and concept of this education are changing. More and more institutions are now emphasising these classes and promoting physical education among students. This research will explore student behaviour and engagement in physical education classes and will suggest effective ways to enhance and increase engagement.

Topic 4: Planning Physical Education Programs to Produce Effective Results

Research Aim: The main aim of this research will be to understand how physical education programs should be planned in order to produce results that are effective for students. The study will assess currently planned programs in order to evaluate how these should be changed for the better and how they can help produce effective results.

Topic 5: Role of Teachers in Enhancing Students’ Engagement in Physical Education Lessons

Research Aim : Teachers always play an important role in academics. This research will explore how important teachers are in physical education in enhancing students’ engagement towards exercise. Given the benefits of physical education, it is essential for teachers to make sure that the right strategies are devised to drive students’ engagement, and the same will be assessed and analysed in this research. The study will also provide effective strategies that teachers should implement in order to produce effective results from student engagement.

Topic 6: Should Physical Education Lessons Differ for Males and Females?

Research Aim: A lot is argued about the physical education curriculum and that lessons should differ for males and females. This research will deep dive into the different lessons that are offered, and based on the analysis, the research will conclude if lessons should differ for males and females. The study will be based on secondary data.

Topic 7: Do Physical Education Classes Promote the Importance of a Healthy Lifestyle?

Research Aim: It is believed that physical education classes promote a healthy lifestyle; however, there is no authentic evidence. This research will aim to prove whether physical education promotes a healthy lifestyle or not. In either case, the research will analyse the impact of physical education on individuals’ lifestyles and how it helps them improve their way of living.

Topic 8: Physical Education and Technology – How Well do the Two Integrate?

Research Aim: Just like other forms of education, physical education and technology integrate well together. With the help of technology, physical education is offered using various aids, for example, visual aids, online classes, examples videos available online and much more. This research will assess how well physical education is offered with the help of technology and how it helps individuals gain access to effective lessons.

Topic 9: Assessing the Effectiveness of Virtual Physical Education Classes

Research Aim: Online physical education classes have emerged popular in the past year. With the pandemic’s major reason, virtual classes have opened a new avenue for physical education classes. This research will aim to assess how effective virtual physical education classes have been and how they have helped in enhancing students’ engagement and interest in these classes.

Topic 10: Accountability in Physical Education Lessons – How do Students Respond?

Research Aim: Just like all other classes hold students responsible and accountable for their learning, physical education should also follow the same pattern. While a lot of people argue against this, this research will weigh both sides. It will discuss and assess the pros and cons of holding students accountable for their physical education and will also talk about how students respond to accountability in these classes.

How Can ResearchProspect Help?

ResearchProspect writers can send several custom topic ideas to your email address. Once you have chosen a topic that suits your needs and interests, you can order for our dissertation outline service which will include a brief introduction to the topic, research questions , literature review , methodology , expected results and conclusion . The dissertation outline will enable you to review the quality of our work before placing the order for our full dissertation writing service !

Topic 11: Devising Strategies for Different Levels of Physical Education

Research Aim: This research will discuss the various strategies that are needed for devising physical education lessons for different classes. The study will talk about how different grades require a different level of physical education and will then present useful strategies that teachers can devise according to the grade and students’ age.

Topic 12: Should Universities Include Physical Education Lessons in their Curriculum?

Research Aim: Usually, physical education is not a part of universities’ curriculum. It is found in schools’ curricula or colleges, at best. This research will argue whether physical education should be introduced in all universities or not. It will present arguments for both sides, and based on the debate, the study will conclude as to whether introducing physical education in all universities’ curriculum is feasible or not.

Topic 13: Assessing Different Physical Education Teaching Styles and their Impact on Students

Research Aim: Just like the regular subject teachers, physical education teachers also have their own style, and each teacher is different from the other. This research will talk about the set of characteristics and traits that a physical education teacher should possess in order to produce results. The study will also assess the impact of different teaching styles on students to give an in-depth idea as to which style is effective and should be adopted.

Topic 14: Exploring the Challenges in Physical Education Lessons

Research Aim: Physical education comes with its own set of challenges. Not all students are interested in taking these classes; some of them are irregular, some do not respond well, and others do not take instructions seriously. On the flip side, there are challenges related to the instructors as well. This research will discuss challenges on both sides of the coin and will suggest how these challenges can be handled effectively.

Topic 15: Understanding the association between Counseling and Physical Education Lessons

Research Aim: Physical education is often linked to mental health. A lot of people argue that physical education is essential for people seeking help for their mental health. Thus, this research will go a step ahead and will aim to understand the relationship between counselling and physical education. It will aim to conduct interviews with people who are attending counselling sessions as well as physical education lessons to improve their mental health.

Topic 16: Diet, Physical Education, and Health – How are the three interlinked?

Research Aim: A common misconception is that physical education is all about exercise and sports. This research will aim to bust this myth and show how diet and overall health (mental and physical) are linked to physical education. The study will discuss how the three go hand-in-hand and how one leads to another.

Topic 17: Does Physical Education Enhance Students’ Academic Career?

Research Aim: While physical education does improve an individual’s well-being, does it enhance a student’s academic career as well? This research will aim to understand the same. This thesis will explore how physical education can or cannot help a student achieve his/her academic goals.

Topic 18: Impact of Physical Education on Personality Development – An Analysis

Research Aim: Physical education builds character and develops an individual’s personality, as well. This research will analyse the same and understand how physical education helps in personality development and why educational institutions emphasise and include physical education in their curriculum. The study will assess students who are a part of physical education lessons versus students who are only involved in academics and will then compare the results.

Topic 19: Studying the Impact of Introducing Physical Education in Students’ Early Years

Research Aim: Physical education should be introduced early in a student’s academic life. This is argued by a lot of physical education proponents. This research will study this claim and find out how effective it is for students to be introduced to physical education early in their academic life.

Topic 20: Comparing the Benefits and Challenges of Physical Education

Research Aim: Not many people favour physical education as a subject in schools and colleges. This research will aim to compare the benefits and challenges of physical education lessons by discussing the pros and cons. It will then conclude whether physical education is beneficial for students or not.

Topic 21: The Role of Gender in Employing Physical Education

Research Aim: This research investigates the influence of gender on employment patterns, opportunities, and challenges within the field of physical education. The study focuses on understanding disparities and potential strategies for achieving greater gender equity in employment.

Topic 22: The Impact of Physical Education in Reducing Obesity in Students

Research Aim: This study examines the effectiveness of physical education programs in reducing obesity among students. The research also explores the various components of these programs, such as curriculum design, duration, intensity, and extracurricular support. It aims to identify the key factors that contribute to successful obesity reduction outcomes and to provide evidence-based recommendations for optimising physical education interventions to combat obesity effectively in school-aged children.

Topic 23: Exploring the Impact of Visual Aids in PE Teaching

Research Aim: This study investigates the impact of incorporating visual aids in physical education (PE) teaching practices. It seeks to explore how visual aids, like videos influence student engagement and the overall effectiveness of PE instruction. Additionally, the research aims to identify best practices for integrating visual aids into PE curriculum and pedagogy. It offers insights to enhance teaching methods and improve the learning experience for students in physical education settings.

Topic 24: Investigating the Impact of Virtual Physical Education Classes

Research Aim: This research investigates the impact of virtual physical education (PE) classes on student engagement and physical activity levels. It seeks to explore how virtual PE instruction affects achieving learning outcomes comparable to traditional in-person classes. The study further examines virtual PE’s potential benefits and challenges, including accessibility, technology integration, and instructor-student interactions.

Topic 25: An Analysis of the Physical and Mental Health of Students After PE

Research Aim: This study aims to conduct an analysis of the physical and mental health outcomes of students following participation in physical education (PE) classes. It explores the immediate and long-term effects of PE on physical fitness, cardiovascular health, mental well-being, and academic performance. Additionally, it explores factors influencing these outcomes, such as the intensity and duration of PE sessions and instructor effectiveness.

Topic 26: Exploring the Need for Physical Education at the College Level to Improve the Mental Health of Students

Research Aim: This research explores the importance of physical education (PE) programs at the college level in enhancing the mental health of students. It investigates the benefits of incorporating physical activity into college curricula, including its impact on stress reduction, mood regulation, and overall psychological well-being. The research also identifies barriers and facilitators to implementing PE initiatives in higher education settings and assesses student attitudes and perceptions towards such programs.

Topic 27: Investigating How Physical Activity Can Improve the Immune System in Adults

Research Aim: This study investigates the relationship between physical activity and immune system function in adults. It explores the impact of regular exercise on various aspects of immune function, including immune cell activity and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Additionally, the research examines mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of physical activity, such as changes in inflammation levels and metabolic health.

Free Dissertation Topic

Phone Number

Academic Level Select Academic Level Undergraduate Graduate PHD

Academic Subject

Area of Research

How to find physical education dissertation topics?

To find physical education dissertation topics:

Investigate recent PE trends.
Explore health or sports issues.
Consider teaching methods.
Review academic journals.
Brainstorm unique research gaps.
Opt for a topic that aligns with your passion and career aspirations.

Physical Education Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2022 2022.

Elucidating the Interdependence of Motor-Cognitive Development and Performance , Thomas Cade Abrams

Evaluation of the Throw-Catch Assessment , Bryan Terlizzi

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Develop or Diminish? An Exploration of Adolescent Athlete Flow Experiences , Hayes Mayfield Bennett

Three Studies Investigating Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program-Aligned Opportunities To Enhance Students’ Physical Education Learning , Jongho Moon

Relationship of General Athletic Performance Markers to Intra-Team Ranking Of Sport Performance , Steven Keith Scruggs II

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Elementary Physical Education Teacher Perceptions of Motor Skill Assessment , Jenna Fisher

Motor Competence and Quality of Life in Youth with Cancer and Visual Impairments , Emily N. Gilbert

Two Studies of Inclusive and Augmented Physical Education , Matthew Patey

Functional Motor Competence and Physical Military Readiness , Kyle Silvey

The Tripartite Model of Efficacy Beliefs for Youth With Visual Impairments , Alexandra Stribing

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

United States Principals’ Involvement in Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs: A Social-Ecological Perspective , Karie Lee Orendorff

Multidimenstional Balance in Youth with Visual Impairments , Adam Pennell

Two Studies Conceptualizing Physical Literacy for Assessment of High School Students in the United States , Chelsee Shortt

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

New Insight For Activity Intensity Relativity: Metabolic Expenditure During Object Projection Skill Performance , Ryan S. Sacko

Three Studies Concerning Movement Integration In Low Socioeconomic Elementary School Classrooms , Gregory L. Stewart

The Effects of an Integrative Universally Designed Motor Skill Intervention across General, Inclusion, and Self-Contained Early Childhood Center Classrooms , Sally A. Taunton

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Two Studies of Partnership Approaches to Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programming: A Process Evaluation and a Case Study , Catherine A. Egan

Three Studies Of Service-Learning As An Approach To Movement Integration In Elementary Classrooms , Robert D. Michael, Jr.

Functional Motor Competence, Health-Related Fitness, and Injury in Youth Sport , Craig Elliott Pfeifer

Branded for Success: A Longitudinal Examination of Brand Associations as Drivers of Team Identification for a New Sport Brand , Henry Wear

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Examing Supine-To-Stand As A Measure Of Functional Motor Competence And Health Across The Lifespan , Danielle Rene Nesbitt

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Hypertension Health Behavior Change and Older Adults: the effect of an Appreciative Education Approach , Mary Katherine Benya

Preservice Physical Education Teacher’s Value Orientations across the Student Teaching Semester , Heesu Lee

The Subjective Warrant for Teaching Physical Education in South Carolina , Matthew Blake Lineberger

Integration of Impulse-Variability Theory and the Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off in Children's Multijoint Ballistic Skill Performance , Sergio Lupe Molina

Two Studies To Inform Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programming: A Systematic Review of Program Effectiveness and the Development of an Observational Measure for Classroom-Based Physical Activity Promotion , Laura B. Russ

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Impact of an Educational Gymnastics Course on the Motor Skills and Health-Related Fitness Components of Physical Education Teacher Education Students , Liana Webster

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRACTICE HISTORIES AND KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES OF HIGH SCHOOL BASEBALL PLAYERS , Benjamin Joseph Wellborn

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

A Case Study Seeking Indicators of Coherence in a PETE Program , Robert John Doan

The Effects of Attentional Focus Cues and Feedback On Motor Skill Learning In Children , Melanie Elizabeth Perreault

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Retrospective Practice Histories of Division I and Division II Female Basketball Players in the Carolinas , Anthony Steven Smith

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

A Comparison of Selected Supervisory Skills of Content Specialist and Non-content Specialist University Supervisors , Kevin Paul Hunt

Developmental Trends In the Dance Performance of Children Age Six to Nine , Stephanie L. Little

Time to Sodium Absorption At Rest Between Three Different Beverages , Rachel Leanne Sharpe

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Retrospective Practice Histories of Expert and Novice Baseball Pitchers , Robert M. Cathey

An Examination of Student Situational Interest and Contextual Variable Preference in Physical Education , Rachel Lynn Harvey

Teaching Behaviors, Student Motivation and Achievement In the Learning Domains of Physical Education , Jody Leigh Langdon

Comparison of Instruments to Assess Clinical Behavior In Athletic Training Education , Joseph M. Murphy

The Coach-Athlete Dyad and the Basic Psychological Needs In American Collegiate Athletics , Raylene Ross

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

The Effect of Uncompensable Heat Stress On Fatigue, Physiological, and Perceptual Measures , Charles C. Emerson

The Relationship Between Sodium Concentrations and Common Clinical Hydration Measures During Exercise , Dawn Marie Minton

Advanced Search

Notify me via email or RSS
Collections
Disciplines

Submissions

University Libraries

Home | About | FAQ | My Account | Accessibility Statement

Privacy Copyright

71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best physical education topic ideas & essay examples, 🔎 interesting topics to write about physical education, 📑 good research topics about physical education.

Role of Parents in Physical Education and Sport The involvement of parents in physical education and sports is viewed differently in regard to how it affects the child’s participation in sports even later in life.
Adaptive Physical Education The value of the brochure developed for the informational purpose is attributed to the need to communicate the importance of APE and point out the value that it could bring to children with special needs.
Physical Education and Its Benefits Schools in particular know the benefits of physical education in a student’s life and should be able to fight for the children’s rights.
The Usefulness of Physical Education in Modern Education Varied criticism adds to the debate on the usefulness of PE in modern education and the need to change current approaches. This indicates the need to focus the debate on the meaning of PE to […]
Physical Education within Elementary Schools One of the benefits of the physical education is the level of physical fitness that it induces to the students. The manner in which these students are introduced to physical education and the way that […]
Effects of Physical Education on Brain These neurons are usually created in a place called the hippocampus, which happens to be the section of the brain involved in learning and storage of memory.
Effectiveness of Physical Education Provisions in the UK School The vital need for health promotion, especially in terms of secondary education has been highlighted by the science of epidemiology the study of factors that influence the health and illnesses of people.
British Development of Sport and Physical Education in the Last 25 Years Sport England wishes to increase participation in sports through community sports activities, sporting completions providing and training coaches and officiators, and closely working with the Youth Sport Trust and UK Sports formed in 1996 to […]
Race and Gender in Physical Education and Sports These factors create the diversity of cultures and nations, and inclusiveness, giving access to the best talents and disclosing the individual’s potential, abilities, and strengths.
Physical Education: Effect of Phototherapy Therefore, it is evident that the intensity of an exercise directly influences one’s heart rate, breathing rate, skin coloration, sweating, and recovery.
Bodies in Physical Education The purpose of this study is to investigate how students view the construction of their bodies in relation to physical education and how students’ meanings of their bodies affect their participation or resistance to physical […]
Physical Education: Personal Physical Exercise Plan Given the necessity of taking fluids, it is good to identify and avail the same before starting a physical exercise session.
Health Teaching and Physical Education Lesson Plan Students will be able to dribble a ball with a hand paying attention to such principles as dribbling on the side, waist-high, pushing the ball down, and eyes lookup.
Increase of Physical Education Classes Children are the future of any nation, and their health and well-being are the essential preconditions for the successful development of the United States.
Physical Educators Attitude to Special Needs Children Sue Combs, together with her colleagues from the University of North Carolina, investigated the attitudes of the physical education teachers towards the inclusion of children with special needs in their lessons.
Physical Education Curriculum Physical education has significantly contributed towards the realization of the school philosophy as it helps in the development of the physical aspects of the students.
The Nature and Values of Physical Education In the past, physical education was considered to consist of only physical and practical activities, however, the recent research has justified that physical education can be included in the curriculum on the basis of scientific […]
Should Public Schools Be Required to Restore Physical Education Classes to the Curriculum? The occurrence of obesity prevalence in children, in the U S, can be associated with the removal of physical education courses in public school curriculum.
Elementary School Curriculum and Physical Education
Should Physical Education Be a Required Class in College?
Physical Education Class: The Perfect Place to Be Bullied
Pros and Cons of Physical Education
How Physical Education Should Be Taught
Physical Education for Elementary School Students
Weight-Related Barriers for Overweight Students in an Elementary Physical Education Classroom
Physical Education Lesson Plan and Activity Ideas
Motivation, Discipline, and Academic Performance in Physical Education
Adaptive Physical Education for Students With Special Needs
Physical Education Should Not Be Mandated
How Technology Enhances the Physical Education Curriculum
Physical Education: Standards, Cooperative Skills, and Learning Theories
Physical Education’s Contribution to Public Health
Physical Education Importance for Child Development
Reasons to Keep Physical Education in the National Curriculum
Ethical Relativism and Its Impact on Physical Education
Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity
History and Benefits of Physical Education: Why I Want to Be a P.E. Teacher
Physical Education Beyond the Middle School
The Importance of Physical Education in Childhood Obesity
Physical Activity Promotion and School Physical Education
Implementing the TARGET Model in Physical Education: Effects on Perceived Psychobiosocial and Motivational States in Girls
Teaching the Nuts and Bolts of Physical Education
Health-Related Intensity Profiles for Physical Education Classes
Anticipated Benefits From a Basic College Physical Education Activity Course
Physical Education Should Be Graded on Effort, Not Ability
Motivation and Intention to Be Physically Active in Physical Education Students
Personal Development, Health, and Physical Education
Why Physical Education Should Be Included in the School Curriculum
Attitude and Teacher’s Qualification as Factors Affecting Students’ Participation in Physical Education Activities
Burnout in Physical Education Teachers
What Benefits Physical Activity Has on Academic Performance
SPARK Physical Education Curriculum Program
Changing the National Curriculum for Physical Education
Physical Education: Official School Policy
How Physical Education Helps to Develop Your Personality
Early Childhood Development: Physical Education Program Effects
Fun Physical Education Games for High School Students
How Extracurricular Sports Should Satisfy State Physical Education Requirements
One’s Readiness to Self-Development Through Physical Education
Would More Physical Education Reduce Obesity in the Youths?
Goal-Directed Physical Education for Learners With Disabilities
Health and Physical Education: Volleyball
Managing the Physical Education Classroom
Strategies to Accommodate Autism Spectrum Disorder Students in General Physical Education
Physical Education vs. School Sports: What’s the Difference?
The Impact of School Budgetary Cuts on Physical Education
Teaching Health and Physical Education in Australian Schools
Positive Reinforcement Techniques in Physical Education
Child Development Research Ideas
Academic Performance Topics
Football Topics
Asthma Paper Topics
Lifespan Development Essay Titles
Obesity Ideas
Soccer Research Topics
Adolescence Questions
Chicago (A-D)
Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2023, November 9). 71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/physical-education-essay-topics/

"71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." IvyPanda , 9 Nov. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/physical-education-essay-topics/.

IvyPanda . (2023) '71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples'. 9 November.

IvyPanda . 2023. "71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." November 9, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/physical-education-essay-topics/.

1. IvyPanda . "71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." November 9, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/physical-education-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." November 9, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/physical-education-essay-topics/.

Digital Commons @ University of South Florida

USF Research
USF Libraries

Digital Commons @ USF > Theses and Dissertations

Physical Education and Exercise Science Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2021 2021.

Warming Up and Cooling Down: Perceptions and Behaviors Associated with Aerobic Exercise , Balea J. Schumacher

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

An Examination of Changes in Muscle Thickness, Isometric Strength, and Body Water Throughout the Menstrual Cycle , Tayla E. Kuehne

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Psychological Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training Exercise: A Comparison of Ungraded Running and Graded Walking , Abby Fleming

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

The Effects of Music Choice on Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Treadmill Exercise , Taylor A. Shimshock

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

The Effect of Exercise Order on Body Fat Loss During Concurrent Training , Tonya Lee Davis-Miller

Anti-Fat Attitudes and Weight Bias Internalization: An Investigation of How BMI Impacts Perceptions, Opinions and Attitudes , Laurie Schrider

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

The Effect of Music Cadence on Step Frequency in the Recreational Runner , Micaela A. Galosky

The Hypertrophic Effects of Practical Vascular Blood Flow Restriction Training , John Francis O'halloran

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

The Effects of Exercise Modality on State Body Image , Elizabeth Anne Hubbard

Perceptual Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training in Overweight and Sedentary Individuals , Nicholas Martinez

Comparisons of acute neuromuscular fatigue and recovery after maximal effort strength training using powerlifts , Nicholas Todd Theilen

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

The Impact of Continuous and Discontinuous Cycle Exercise on Affect: An Examination of the Dual-Mode Model , Sam Greeley

Systematic review of core muscle electromyographic activity during physical fitness exercises , Jason Martuscello

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

The Effect of Unexpected Exercise Duration on Rating of Perceived Exertion in an Untrained, Sedentary Population , Lisa M. Giblin

The Effect of Various Carbohydrate Supplements on Postprandial Blood Glucose Response in Female Soccer Players , Nina Pannoni

Middle School Physical Education Programs: A Comparison of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in Sports Game Play , Marcia Ann Patience

The Effects of Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate Supplementation on Resistance Training Performance During an Acute Resistance Training Session , Kelly Raposo

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Effects of Fat-Free and 2% Chocolate Milk on Strength and Body Composition Following Resistance Training , Ashley T. Forsyth

Relationship Between Muscular Strength Testing to Dynamic Muscular Performance in Division One American Football Players , Johnathan Fuentes

Effects of Ingesting Fat Free and Low Fat Chocolate Milk After Resistance Training on Exercise Performance , Breanna Myers

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Effects of a Commercially Available Energy Drink on Anaerobic Performance , Jason J. Downing

The Impact of Wearable Weights on the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses to Treadmill Walking , Kristine M. Fallon

Six Fifth Grade Students Experiences Participating in Active Gaming during Physical Eduction Classes , Lisa Witherspoon Hansen

The impact of wearable weights on perceptual responses to treadmill walking , Ashley T. Kuczynski

The Preference of Protein Powders Among Adult Males and Females: A Protein Powder Taste Study , Joshua Manter

Caloric Expenditure and Substrate Utilization in Underwater Treadmill Running Versus Land-Based Treadmill Running , Courtney Schaal

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

A Survey of NCAA Division 1 Strength and Conditioning Coaches- Characteristics and Opinions , Jeremy Powers

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Perceptions of group exercise participants based on body type, appearance and attractiveness of the instructor , Jennifer Mears

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

Be active! An examination of social support's role in individual vs. team competition in worksite health promotion , Lauren Kriz

Advanced Search

Email Notifications and RSS
All Collections
USF Faculty Publications
Open Access Journals
Conferences and Events
Theses and Dissertations
Textbooks Collection

Useful Links

Rights Information
SelectedWorks
Submit Research

Privacy Copyright

Search this journal
Search all journals
View access options
View profile
Create profile

Add email alerts

You are adding the following journal to your email alerts

	New content
European Physical Education Review

Resilience in physical education: A qualitative exploration of protective factors

Biographies, cite article, share options, information, rights and permissions, metrics and citations, get full access to this article.

View all access and purchase options for this article.

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share this article

Share with email, share on social media, share access to this article.

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information

Published in.

Secondary school
daily hassles
everyday stressors

Rights and permissions

Affiliations, journals metrics.

This article was published in European Physical Education Review .

Article usage *

Total views and downloads: 6760

* Article usage tracking started in December 2016

Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 10 view articles Opens in new tab

Crossref: 0

대학 체육수업 교수자의 상호소통방식과 학습자의 회복탄력성 간의 관계: 정서조절의 매개효과 Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Identifying key features of resilient students in digital reading: Ins... Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Unlocking Resilience: How Physical Literacy Impacts Psychological Well... Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Self-Esteem, Meaningful Experiences and the Rocky Road—Contexts of Phy... Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Adaptation and Testing of the Factorial Structure of the Physical Educ... Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Students’ perceptions of visibility in physical education Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Parental Perspectives on Their Sons’ Motivation to Dance Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Academic stress - review study Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Does resilience in physical education promote protective factors to al... Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Everyone Matters: Eliminating Dehumanizing Practices in Physical Educa... Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Multidimensional Self-Concept Depending on Levels of Resilience and th... Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & media, view options, access options.

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:

I am signed in as:

I can access personal subscriptions, purchases, paired institutional access and free tools such as favourite journals, email alerts and saved searches.

Access personal subscriptions, purchases, paired institutional or society access and free tools such as email alerts and saved searches.

loading institutional access options

Click the button below for the full-text content

Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

View options

You currently have no access to this content. Visit the access options page to authenticate.

Also from Sage

CQ Library Elevating debate opens in new tab
Sage Data Uncovering insight opens in new tab
Sage Business Cases Shaping futures opens in new tab
Sage Campus Unleashing potential opens in new tab
Sage Knowledge Multimedia learning resources opens in new tab
Sage Research Methods Supercharging research opens in new tab
Sage Video Streaming knowledge opens in new tab
Technology from Sage Library digital services opens in new tab

EWU Digital Commons

Home > College, Department, or Program > CALE > PEHR > Theses

Physical Education, Health and Recreation Masters Thesis Collection

The Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation (PEHR) was renamed the Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences (WAMS) in fall 2019. See Wellness and Movement Sciences Theses for materials created from fall 2019 to the present.

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Turnover of outdoor adventure education field staff , Justin M. Hall

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Relationships between throwing velocity and selected kinematics in youth baseball players , Nick Hedgecock

Comparing acute bouts of exercise on total mood disturbance and affect in females with substance use disorder , Victoria Ashley Torok

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

THE ACUTE EFFECT VIBRATING FOAM ROLLERS HAVE ON THE LOWER EXTREMITIES’ ABILITY TO PRODUCE POWER , Jared L. Klingenberg

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Comparing energy expenditures between a circuit weight training protocol and a steady state aerobic activity , Breann M. Booher

Investigating the relationship between personality traits and athletic performance among elite hockey players , Brittney H. Conway

Effects of a 10-week mental skills training intervention infused into a pre-existing English composition course , Courtney A. Flynn

Online learning and the effects on functional health: a pilot study , Jessica Mangis

Determining the relationship between waist circumference, BIA, and ultrasound , Austin Nelson

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERVANT LEADER COACH BEHAVIORS AND ACHIEVEMENT GOALS IN COLLEGIATE TENNIS PLAYERS: THE MEDIATINGEFFECT OF MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE , Leah Broker-Newell Parton

Upper extremity strength and power field tests as predictors of pole vault performance in female collegiate athletes , Carmen Schluter

Identifying risk factors for metabolic syndrome in Division I FCS football players , Julie Woolf

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Acute effects of dynamic stretching on flexibility and agonist-antagonist muscle activity , Lance T. Beisley

Effects of a nutritional intervention on dietary intake in female collegiate athletes , Megan Chavez

Effects of upper body HIIT training on recreationally trained wheelchair athletes , Tayler Elizondo

Different warm up protocols on immediate golf drive performance in recreational golfers , Emily Travis

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Effect of Vibration Foam Rolling and Non-Vibration Foam Rolling in the Lower Extremities on Jump Height , Undray Bailey

Comparing the acute effects of elastic resistance bands on kinetics and kinematics during the bench press exercise , Blake Baxter

The Relationship between Dorsiflexion Range of Motion and Knee Kinematics in a Land-and-Jump Task , Nate Brookreson

Effectiveness of Spinal Unloading Positions in Recovering From Spinal Shrinkage Incurred While Running , Jennifer Kumanchik

Comparing Calorie Expenditure and Rating of Perceived Exertion between the Curve and a Motorized Treadmill , Nicholas Robertson

COMPARISON OF SHOD VS NONSHOD ON BALANCE AND POSTURAL SWAY IN OLDER ADULTS , Annika Vyakhk

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

A study on the role of sports in international peace and development using the Delphi method , Ahmed Abdirizak

Mechanical ankle instability: relationship with active joint position sense , Kristin K. Barnett

Comparison of energy expenditure in Your Shape [trademark] Fitness Evolved 2012 calorie counter and indirect calorimetry , Robert D. Cimball

Determining the relationship between C-reactive protein, visceral fat, and the metabolic syndrome risk factors , Evan Hilberg

Credibility of female sportscasters: college students' perceptions of women in the field , Leslie L. Jones

The Trail Map©: a goal organizational tool for first generation college students , Caitlyn A. Jordan

Examining administrative attitudes regarding the determinants for the expansion and eliminations of intercollegiate athletic programs , Matthew A. Martin

Recreation specialization and the effects on leave no trace attitudes among the climbers of Mount St. Helens , Luke W. Parsons

Extracurricular adventure programming in higher education: student motivations at a university climbing wall , Lance A. Plank

Comparing aerobic adaptations with a running based high intensity interval training (HIIT) and a continuous endurance training (CET) protocol in relatively healthy adults , Efrain James Sanchez

Assessing servant leadership in athletic training clinical education , Cheree N. Sauer

The association between the Framingham CVD risk profile, SCAT, VAT, and physical activity in older adults , Kristine B. Siler

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

An investigation of the relationship between symmetry index in isometric strength and vertical ground reaction forces in drop-landings , Lemuel A. Brown

Effect of game activities on manual dexterity in older adults , Jael J. Hagerott

Mental toughness, servant leadership, and the collegiate distance runner , Christopher S. Hammer

Comparison of RPE between ATM and SWW at 50%, 60%, and 70% HRR , Natalie J. Hughs

Recreational specialization: motives and constraints to engage in fishing in Spokane County , Roy W. Scott

Effects of acute fatigue on bilateral symmetry of muscle activation onset during a landing task , Jessica Stimmel

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Graduation rates of academic non-qualifier, junior college transfers within NCAA division I men's basketball , Michael W. Score

Theses/Dissertations from 1997 1997

An historical review of the experiences of Eastern Washington University African-American male athletes from the 1960's to the 1970's , T. J. Ewing

Advanced Search

Notify me via email or RSS
Colleges, Departments, and Programs
Disciplines

Author Corner

EWU Libraries
Contact EWU Libraries

509.359.7888 | Email

Privacy Copyright

+44 7897 053596
[email protected]

Get an experienced writer start working

Review our examples before placing an order, learn how to draft academic papers, physical education dissertation topics | 15 interesting title examples.

15 Top Forensic Science Dissertation Topics with Research Aims

15 Interesting Music Dissertation Topics

Dissertation Topics

Physical education (PE) is an educational discipline that focuses on physical activities, mental growth and the overall well-being of the students. Western schools offer physical education from an early age to make students' minds and bodies fit. Students may need understandable and informative physical education dissertation topics for their assignments.

Review Our Quality Education Dissertation Examples

Our writers have prepared a list of the latest research topics in physical education for students.

If you would like to choose any topic from the given list, simply drop us a WhatsApp or an Email .

3-Step Dissertation Process!

Get 3+ Topics

Dissertation Proposal

Get Final Dissertation

Latest pe research topics 2024, how does it work .

Fill the Form

Writer Starts Working

3+ Topics Emailed!

Top trending dissertation topics in physical education.

Testimonials

Very satisfied students

This is our reason for working. We want to make all students happy, every day. Review us on Sitejabber

Prime Physical Education Thesis Topics

Importance of finding a physical education dissertation topic that matches your research interests.

Choose a dissertation topic in physical education that aligns with your interests and expertise. This will make your academic journey more rewarding and impactful. Find topics for research in physical education that captivate your curiosity to enhance the quality of your work and keep your enthusiasm high throughout the research process.

Review Our Full List of Latest Dissertation Topics

For more research topics on physical education , please keep visiting our website as we keep updating our existing list of topics.

Get an Immediate Response

Discuss your requirements with our writers

WhatsApp Us Email Us Chat with Us

Get 3+ Free Physical Education Dissertation Topics within 24 hours?

Your Number

Academic Level Select Academic Level Undergraduate Masters PhD

Area of Research

Discover More:

admin farhan

110 Best GIS Project Ideas for Developers in 2024

140 Creative DNA Model Project Ideas for Students

150 SAE Project Ideas for Students

Comments are closed.

IMPACT FACTOR : 0.519
INFOBASE IMPACT FACTOR : 4.29
Global Impact Factor 2015 : 0.765
Global Impact Factor 2014 : 0.654

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL

Education research, issn online : 2394-4056, issn print : 2394-4048, issn online : 2394-4056, issn print : 2394-4048, bring out the latest developments in the field of physical education, plant, animal and environmental sciences.

Editorial Board
Authors Guidlines
Publication Ethics
Submit Manuscript
Current Issue
Processing Fee

Journal of Physical Education Research (JOPER) is a scientific publication. It is a peer reviewed and referred journal, officially publishes original research articles on Physical Education and its allied sciences. The JOPER is an open access international journal has four annual issues (March, June, September and December), with its own issue number and supplements if necessary for each issue. JOPER publishes in both printed and online version. It is devoted to the promotion of physical education and allied sciences. The experiences of different countries are very important to share on a platform like this. Therefore, this international journal serves to bring scholars from diver's background interns of their domain of specialization and scholarships and will enrich our understanding of various issues related to the physical education and sports. It also provides an International forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and findings in physical education and allied sciences. Based on the international character of the Journal, the articles/research papers can be published by authors from all over the world. The journal is under the indexing phase in several international bodies and organizations. The journal publishes scientific publications according to the criteria listed in the Guidelines for the Authors. Everyone who has met the requirements of the journal and who takes full responsibility for all that is written in the publication has the right to publish their article with us. The review and the corrections made by the editorial board and its associates do not dismiss the author (the co-authors) from the responsibility for his/her publication, and they also do not change its originality.

JOPER welcomes research articles from physical educators, sports scientists, health educators, coaches, athlete trainers and research scholars profoundly involved in physical education researches from all over the world to report their research findings and experiences with us. Applications of the publications are open throughout the year.

Journal Overview

Copyright form
Sample paper
Individual Subscription Form
Institutional Subscription Form

Research Topics & Ideas: Education

170+ Research Ideas To Fast-Track Your Project

Topic Kickstarter: Research topics in education

If you’re just starting out exploring education-related topics for your dissertation, thesis or research project, you’ve come to the right place. In this post, we’ll help kickstart your research topic ideation process by providing a hearty list of research topics and ideas , including examples from actual dissertations and theses..

PS – This is just the start…

We know it’s exciting to run through a list of research topics, but please keep in mind that this list is just a starting point . To develop a suitable education-related research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , and a viable plan of action to fill that gap.

If this sounds foreign to you, check out our free research topic webinar that explores how to find and refine a high-quality research topic, from scratch. Alternatively, if you’d like hands-on help, consider our 1-on-1 coaching service .

Overview: Education Research Topics

How to find a research topic (video)
List of 50+ education-related research topics/ideas
List of 120+ level-specific research topics
Examples of actual dissertation topics in education
Tips to fast-track your topic ideation (video)
Free Webinar : Topic Ideation 101
Where to get extra help

Education-Related Research Topics & Ideas

Below you’ll find a list of education-related research topics and idea kickstarters. These are fairly broad and flexible to various contexts, so keep in mind that you will need to refine them a little. Nevertheless, they should inspire some ideas for your project.

The impact of school funding on student achievement
The effects of social and emotional learning on student well-being
The effects of parental involvement on student behaviour
The impact of teacher training on student learning
The impact of classroom design on student learning
The impact of poverty on education
The use of student data to inform instruction
The role of parental involvement in education
The effects of mindfulness practices in the classroom
The use of technology in the classroom
The role of critical thinking in education
The use of formative and summative assessments in the classroom
The use of differentiated instruction in the classroom
The use of gamification in education
The effects of teacher burnout on student learning
The impact of school leadership on student achievement
The effects of teacher diversity on student outcomes
The role of teacher collaboration in improving student outcomes
The implementation of blended and online learning
The effects of teacher accountability on student achievement
The effects of standardized testing on student learning
The effects of classroom management on student behaviour
The effects of school culture on student achievement
The use of student-centred learning in the classroom
The impact of teacher-student relationships on student outcomes
The achievement gap in minority and low-income students
The use of culturally responsive teaching in the classroom
The impact of teacher professional development on student learning
The use of project-based learning in the classroom
The effects of teacher expectations on student achievement
The use of adaptive learning technology in the classroom
The impact of teacher turnover on student learning
The effects of teacher recruitment and retention on student learning
The impact of early childhood education on later academic success
The impact of parental involvement on student engagement
The use of positive reinforcement in education
The impact of school climate on student engagement
The role of STEM education in preparing students for the workforce
The effects of school choice on student achievement
The use of technology in the form of online tutoring

Level-Specific Research Topics

Looking for research topics for a specific level of education? We’ve got you covered. Below you can find research topic ideas for primary, secondary and tertiary-level education contexts. Click the relevant level to view the respective list.

Research Topics: Pick An Education Level

Primary education.

Investigating the effects of peer tutoring on academic achievement in primary school
Exploring the benefits of mindfulness practices in primary school classrooms
Examining the effects of different teaching strategies on primary school students’ problem-solving skills
The use of storytelling as a teaching strategy in primary school literacy instruction
The role of cultural diversity in promoting tolerance and understanding in primary schools
The impact of character education programs on moral development in primary school students
Investigating the use of technology in enhancing primary school mathematics education
The impact of inclusive curriculum on promoting equity and diversity in primary schools
The impact of outdoor education programs on environmental awareness in primary school students
The influence of school climate on student motivation and engagement in primary schools
Investigating the effects of early literacy interventions on reading comprehension in primary school students
The impact of parental involvement in school decision-making processes on student achievement in primary schools
Exploring the benefits of inclusive education for students with special needs in primary schools
Investigating the effects of teacher-student feedback on academic motivation in primary schools
The role of technology in developing digital literacy skills in primary school students
Effective strategies for fostering a growth mindset in primary school students
Investigating the role of parental support in reducing academic stress in primary school children
The role of arts education in fostering creativity and self-expression in primary school students
Examining the effects of early childhood education programs on primary school readiness
Examining the effects of homework on primary school students’ academic performance
The role of formative assessment in improving learning outcomes in primary school classrooms
The impact of teacher-student relationships on academic outcomes in primary school
Investigating the effects of classroom environment on student behavior and learning outcomes in primary schools
Investigating the role of creativity and imagination in primary school curriculum
The impact of nutrition and healthy eating programs on academic performance in primary schools
The impact of social-emotional learning programs on primary school students’ well-being and academic performance
The role of parental involvement in academic achievement of primary school children
Examining the effects of classroom management strategies on student behavior in primary school
The role of school leadership in creating a positive school climate Exploring the benefits of bilingual education in primary schools
The effectiveness of project-based learning in developing critical thinking skills in primary school students
The role of inquiry-based learning in fostering curiosity and critical thinking in primary school students
The effects of class size on student engagement and achievement in primary schools
Investigating the effects of recess and physical activity breaks on attention and learning in primary school
Exploring the benefits of outdoor play in developing gross motor skills in primary school children
The effects of educational field trips on knowledge retention in primary school students
Examining the effects of inclusive classroom practices on students’ attitudes towards diversity in primary schools
The impact of parental involvement in homework on primary school students’ academic achievement
Investigating the effectiveness of different assessment methods in primary school classrooms
The influence of physical activity and exercise on cognitive development in primary school children
Exploring the benefits of cooperative learning in promoting social skills in primary school students

Secondary Education

Investigating the effects of school discipline policies on student behavior and academic success in secondary education
The role of social media in enhancing communication and collaboration among secondary school students
The impact of school leadership on teacher effectiveness and student outcomes in secondary schools
Investigating the effects of technology integration on teaching and learning in secondary education
Exploring the benefits of interdisciplinary instruction in promoting critical thinking skills in secondary schools
The impact of arts education on creativity and self-expression in secondary school students
The effectiveness of flipped classrooms in promoting student learning in secondary education
The role of career guidance programs in preparing secondary school students for future employment
Investigating the effects of student-centered learning approaches on student autonomy and academic success in secondary schools
The impact of socio-economic factors on educational attainment in secondary education
Investigating the impact of project-based learning on student engagement and academic achievement in secondary schools
Investigating the effects of multicultural education on cultural understanding and tolerance in secondary schools
The influence of standardized testing on teaching practices and student learning in secondary education
Investigating the effects of classroom management strategies on student behavior and academic engagement in secondary education
The influence of teacher professional development on instructional practices and student outcomes in secondary schools
The role of extracurricular activities in promoting holistic development and well-roundedness in secondary school students
Investigating the effects of blended learning models on student engagement and achievement in secondary education
The role of physical education in promoting physical health and well-being among secondary school students
Investigating the effects of gender on academic achievement and career aspirations in secondary education
Exploring the benefits of multicultural literature in promoting cultural awareness and empathy among secondary school students
The impact of school counseling services on student mental health and well-being in secondary schools
Exploring the benefits of vocational education and training in preparing secondary school students for the workforce
The role of digital literacy in preparing secondary school students for the digital age
The influence of parental involvement on academic success and well-being of secondary school students
The impact of social-emotional learning programs on secondary school students’ well-being and academic success
The role of character education in fostering ethical and responsible behavior in secondary school students
Examining the effects of digital citizenship education on responsible and ethical technology use among secondary school students
The impact of parental involvement in school decision-making processes on student outcomes in secondary schools
The role of educational technology in promoting personalized learning experiences in secondary schools
The impact of inclusive education on the social and academic outcomes of students with disabilities in secondary schools
The influence of parental support on academic motivation and achievement in secondary education
The role of school climate in promoting positive behavior and well-being among secondary school students
Examining the effects of peer mentoring programs on academic achievement and social-emotional development in secondary schools
Examining the effects of teacher-student relationships on student motivation and achievement in secondary schools
Exploring the benefits of service-learning programs in promoting civic engagement among secondary school students
The impact of educational policies on educational equity and access in secondary education
Examining the effects of homework on academic achievement and student well-being in secondary education
Investigating the effects of different assessment methods on student performance in secondary schools
Examining the effects of single-sex education on academic performance and gender stereotypes in secondary schools
The role of mentoring programs in supporting the transition from secondary to post-secondary education

Tertiary Education

The role of student support services in promoting academic success and well-being in higher education
The impact of internationalization initiatives on students’ intercultural competence and global perspectives in tertiary education
Investigating the effects of active learning classrooms and learning spaces on student engagement and learning outcomes in tertiary education
Exploring the benefits of service-learning experiences in fostering civic engagement and social responsibility in higher education
The influence of learning communities and collaborative learning environments on student academic and social integration in higher education
Exploring the benefits of undergraduate research experiences in fostering critical thinking and scientific inquiry skills
Investigating the effects of academic advising and mentoring on student retention and degree completion in higher education
The role of student engagement and involvement in co-curricular activities on holistic student development in higher education
The impact of multicultural education on fostering cultural competence and diversity appreciation in higher education
The role of internships and work-integrated learning experiences in enhancing students’ employability and career outcomes
Examining the effects of assessment and feedback practices on student learning and academic achievement in tertiary education
The influence of faculty professional development on instructional practices and student outcomes in tertiary education
The influence of faculty-student relationships on student success and well-being in tertiary education
The impact of college transition programs on students’ academic and social adjustment to higher education
The impact of online learning platforms on student learning outcomes in higher education
The impact of financial aid and scholarships on access and persistence in higher education
The influence of student leadership and involvement in extracurricular activities on personal development and campus engagement
Exploring the benefits of competency-based education in developing job-specific skills in tertiary students
Examining the effects of flipped classroom models on student learning and retention in higher education
Exploring the benefits of online collaboration and virtual team projects in developing teamwork skills in tertiary students
Investigating the effects of diversity and inclusion initiatives on campus climate and student experiences in tertiary education
The influence of study abroad programs on intercultural competence and global perspectives of college students
Investigating the effects of peer mentoring and tutoring programs on student retention and academic performance in tertiary education
Investigating the effectiveness of active learning strategies in promoting student engagement and achievement in tertiary education
Investigating the effects of blended learning models and hybrid courses on student learning and satisfaction in higher education
The role of digital literacy and information literacy skills in supporting student success in the digital age
Investigating the effects of experiential learning opportunities on career readiness and employability of college students
The impact of e-portfolios on student reflection, self-assessment, and showcasing of learning in higher education
The role of technology in enhancing collaborative learning experiences in tertiary classrooms
The impact of research opportunities on undergraduate student engagement and pursuit of advanced degrees
Examining the effects of competency-based assessment on measuring student learning and achievement in tertiary education
Examining the effects of interdisciplinary programs and courses on critical thinking and problem-solving skills in college students
The role of inclusive education and accessibility in promoting equitable learning experiences for diverse student populations
The role of career counseling and guidance in supporting students’ career decision-making in tertiary education
The influence of faculty diversity and representation on student success and inclusive learning environments in higher education

Education-Related Dissertations & Theses

While the ideas we’ve presented above are a decent starting point for finding a research topic in education, they are fairly generic and non-specific. So, it helps to look at actual dissertations and theses in the education space to see how this all comes together in practice.

Below, we’ve included a selection of education-related research projects to help refine your thinking. These are actual dissertations and theses, written as part of Master’s and PhD-level programs, so they can provide some useful insight as to what a research topic looks like in practice.

From Rural to Urban: Education Conditions of Migrant Children in China (Wang, 2019)
Energy Renovation While Learning English: A Guidebook for Elementary ESL Teachers (Yang, 2019)
A Reanalyses of Intercorrelational Matrices of Visual and Verbal Learners’ Abilities, Cognitive Styles, and Learning Preferences (Fox, 2020)
A study of the elementary math program utilized by a mid-Missouri school district (Barabas, 2020)
Instructor formative assessment practices in virtual learning environments : a posthumanist sociomaterial perspective (Burcks, 2019)
Higher education students services: a qualitative study of two mid-size universities’ direct exchange programs (Kinde, 2020)
Exploring editorial leadership : a qualitative study of scholastic journalism advisers teaching leadership in Missouri secondary schools (Lewis, 2020)
Selling the virtual university: a multimodal discourse analysis of marketing for online learning (Ludwig, 2020)
Advocacy and accountability in school counselling: assessing the use of data as related to professional self-efficacy (Matthews, 2020)
The use of an application screening assessment as a predictor of teaching retention at a midwestern, K-12, public school district (Scarbrough, 2020)
Core values driving sustained elite performance cultures (Beiner, 2020)
Educative features of upper elementary Eureka math curriculum (Dwiggins, 2020)
How female principals nurture adult learning opportunities in successful high schools with challenging student demographics (Woodward, 2020)
The disproportionality of Black Males in Special Education: A Case Study Analysis of Educator Perceptions in a Southeastern Urban High School (McCrae, 2021)

As you can see, these research topics are a lot more focused than the generic topic ideas we presented earlier. So, in order for you to develop a high-quality research topic, you’ll need to get specific and laser-focused on a specific context with specific variables of interest. In the video below, we explore some other important things you’ll need to consider when crafting your research topic.

Get 1-On-1 Help

If you’re still unsure about how to find a quality research topic within education, check out our Research Topic Kickstarter service, which is the perfect starting point for developing a unique, well-justified research topic.

Research Topic Kickstarter - Need Help Finding A Research Topic?

66 Comments

This is an helpful tool 🙏

Special education

Really appreciated by this . It is the best platform for research related items

Research title related to school of students

How are you

I think this platform is actually good enough.

Research title related to students

My field is research measurement and evaluation. Need dissertation topics in the field

Assalam o Alaikum I’m a student Bs educational Resarch and evaluation I’m confused to choose My thesis title please help me in choose the thesis title

Good idea I’m going to teach my colleagues

You can find our list of nursing-related research topic ideas here: https://gradcoach.com/research-topics-nursing/

Write on action research topic, using guidance and counseling to address unwanted teenage pregnancy in school

Thanks a lot

I learned a lot from this site, thank you so much!

Thank you for the information.. I would like to request a topic based on school major in social studies

parental involvement and students academic performance

Science education topics?

plz tell me if you got some good topics, im here for finding research topic for masters degree

How about School management and supervision pls.?

Hi i am an Deputy Principal in a primary school. My wish is to srudy foe Master’s degree in Education.Please advice me on which topic can be relevant for me. Thanks.

Every topic proposed above on primary education is a starting point for me. I appreciate immensely the team that has sat down to make a detail of these selected topics just for beginners like us. Be blessed.

Kindly help me with the research questions on the topic” Effects of workplace conflict on the employees’ job performance”. The effects can be applicable in every institution,enterprise or organisation.

Greetings, I am a student majoring in Sociology and minoring in Public Administration. I’m considering any recommended research topic in the field of Sociology.

I’m a student pursuing Mphil in Basic education and I’m considering any recommended research proposal topic in my field of study

Research Defense for students in senior high

Kindly help me with a research topic in educational psychology. Ph.D level. Thank you.

Project-based learning is a teaching/learning type,if well applied in a classroom setting will yield serious positive impact. What can a teacher do to implement this in a disadvantaged zone like “North West Region of Cameroon ( hinterland) where war has brought about prolonged and untold sufferings on the indegins?

I wish to get help on topics of research on educational administration

I wish to get help on topics of research on educational administration PhD level

I am also looking for such type of title

I am a student of undergraduate, doing research on how to use guidance and counseling to address unwanted teenage pregnancy in school

the topics are very good regarding research & education .

Can i request your suggestion topic for my Thesis about Teachers as an OFW. thanx you

Would like to request for suggestions on a topic in Economics of education,PhD level

Would like to request for suggestions on a topic in Economics of education

Hi 👋 I request that you help me with a written research proposal about education the format

Am offering degree in education senior high School Accounting. I want a topic for my project work

l would like to request suggestions on a topic in managing teaching and learning, PhD level (educational leadership and management)

request suggestions on a topic in managing teaching and learning, PhD level (educational leadership and management)

I would to inquire on research topics on Educational psychology, Masters degree

I am PhD student, I am searching my Research topic, It should be innovative,my area of interest is online education,use of technology in education

request suggestion on topic in masters in medical education .

Look at British Library as they keep a copy of all PhDs in the UK Core.ac.uk to access Open University and 6 other university e-archives, pdf downloads mostly available, all free.

May I also ask for a topic based on mathematics education for college teaching, please?

Please I am a masters student of the department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Education Please I am in need of proposed project topics to help with my final year thesis

Am a PhD student in Educational Foundations would like a sociological topic. Thank

please i need a proposed thesis project regardging computer science

Greetings and Regards I am a doctoral student in the field of philosophy of education. I am looking for a new topic for my thesis. Because of my work in the elementary school, I am looking for a topic that is from the field of elementary education and is related to the philosophy of education.

Masters student in the field of curriculum, any ideas of a research topic on low achiever students

In the field of curriculum any ideas of a research topic on deconalization in contextualization of digital teaching and learning through in higher education

Amazing guidelines

I am a graduate with two masters. 1) Master of arts in religious studies and 2) Master in education in foundations of education. I intend to do a Ph.D. on my second master’s, however, I need to bring both masters together through my Ph.D. research. can I do something like, ” The contribution of Philosophy of education for a quality religion education in Kenya”? kindly, assist and be free to suggest a similar topic that will bring together the two masters. thanks in advance

Hi, I am an Early childhood trainer as well as a researcher, I need more support on this topic: The impact of early childhood education on later academic success.

I’m a student in upper level secondary school and I need your support in this research topics: “Impact of incorporating project -based learning in teaching English language skills in secondary schools”.

Although research activities and topics should stem from reflection on one’s practice, I found this site valuable as it effectively addressed many issues we have been experiencing as practitioners.

Your style is unique in comparison to other folks I’ve read stuff from. Thanks for posting when you have the opportunity, Guess I will just book mark this site.

Submit a Comment Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Print Friendly

Warning: The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function. more...

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it's official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Publications
Account settings
Browse Titles

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment; Food and Nutrition Board; Institute of Medicine; Kohl HW III, Cook HD, editors. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013 Oct 30.

Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School.

Hardcopy Version at National Academies Press

4 Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education: Effects on Academic Performance

Key messages.

Evidence suggests that increasing physical activity and physical fitness may improve academic performance and that time in the school day dedicated to recess, physical education class, and physical activity in the classroom may also facilitate academic performance.
Available evidence suggests that mathematics and reading are the academic topics that are most influenced by physical activity. These topics depend on efficient and effective executive function, which has been linked to physical activity and physical fitness.
Executive function and brain health underlie academic performance. Basic cognitive functions related to attention and memory facilitate learning, and these functions are enhanced by physical activity and higher aerobic fitness.
Single sessions of and long-term participation in physical activity improve cognitive performance and brain health. Children who participate in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity benefit the most.
Given the importance of time on task to learning, students should be provided with frequent physical activity breaks that are developmentally appropriate.
Although presently understudied, physically active lessons offered in the classroom may increase time on task and attention to task in the classroom setting.

Although academic performance stems from a complex interaction between intellect and contextual variables, health is a vital moderating factor in a child's ability to learn. The idea that healthy children learn better is empirically supported and well accepted ( Basch, 2010 ), and multiple studies have confirmed that health benefits are associated with physical activity, including cardiovascular and muscular fitness, bone health, psychosocial outcomes, and cognitive and brain health ( Strong et al., 2005 ; see Chapter 3 ). The relationship of physical activity and physical fitness to cognitive and brain health and to academic performance is the subject of this chapter.

Given that the brain is responsible for both mental processes and physical actions of the human body, brain health is important across the life span. In adults, brain health, representing absence of disease and optimal structure and function, is measured in terms of quality of life and effective functioning in activities of daily living. In children, brain health can be measured in terms of successful development of attention, on-task behavior, memory, and academic performance in an educational setting. This chapter reviews the findings of recent research regarding the contribution of engagement in physical activity and the attainment of a health-enhancing level of physical fitness to cognitive and brain health in children. Correlational research examining the relationship among academic performance, physical fitness, and physical activity also is described. Because research in older adults has served as a model for understanding the effects of physical activity and fitness on the developing brain during childhood, the adult research is briefly discussed. The short- and long-term cognitive benefits of both a single session of and regular participation in physical activity are summarized.

Before outlining the health benefits of physical activity and fitness, it is important to note that many factors influence academic performance. Among these are socioeconomic status ( Sirin, 2005 ), parental involvement ( Fan and Chen, 2001 ), and a host of other demographic factors. A valuable predictor of student academic performance is a parent having clear expectations for the child's academic success. Attendance is another factor confirmed as having a significant impact on academic performance ( Stanca, 2006 ; Baxter et al., 2011 ). Because children must be present to learn the desired content, attendance should be measured in considering factors related to academic performance.

PHYSICAL FITNESS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: RELATION TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

State-mandated academic achievement testing has had the unintended consequence of reducing opportunities for children to be physically active during the school day and beyond. In addition to a general shifting of time in school away from physical education to allow for more time on academic subjects, some children are withheld from physical education classes or recess to participate in remedial or enriched learning experiences designed to increase academic performance ( Pellegrini and Bohn, 2005 ; see Chapter 5 ). Yet little evidence supports the notion that more time allocated to subject matter will translate into better test scores. Indeed, 11 of 14 correlational studies of physical activity during the school day demonstrate a positive relationship to academic performance ( Rasberry et al., 2011 ). Overall, a rapidly growing body of work suggests that time spent engaged in physical activity is related not only to a healthier body but also to a healthier mind ( Hillman et al., 2008 ).

Children respond faster and with greater accuracy to a variety of cognitive tasks after participating in a session of physical activity ( Tomporowski, 2003 ; Budde et al., 2008 ; Hillman et al., 2009 ; Pesce et al., 2009 ; Ellemberg and St-Louis-Deschênes, 2010 ). A single bout of moderate-intensity physical activity has been found to increase neural and behavioral concomitants associated with the allocation of attention to a specific cognitive task ( Hillman et al., 2009 ; Pontifex et al., 2012 ). And when children who participated in 30 minutes of aerobic physical activity were compared with children who watched television for the same amount of time, the former children cognitively outperformed the latter ( Ellemberg and St-Louis-Desêhenes, 2010 ). Visual task switching data among 69 overweight and inactive children did not show differences between cognitive performance after treadmill walking and sitting ( Tomporowski et al., 2008b ).

When physical activity is used as a break from academic learning time, postengagement effects include better attention ( Grieco et al., 2009 ; Bartholomew and Jowers, 2011 ), increased on-task behaviors ( Mahar et al., 2006 ), and improved academic performance ( Donnelly and Lambourne, 2011 ). Comparisons between 1st-grade students housed in a classroom with stand-sit desks where the child could stand at his/her discretion and in classrooms containing traditional furniture showed that the former children were highly likely to stand, thus expending significantly more energy than those who were seated ( Benden et al., 2011 ). More important, teachers can offer physical activity breaks as part of a supplemental curriculum or simply as a way to reset student attention during a lesson ( Kibbe et al., 2011 ; see Chapter 6 ) and when provided with minimal training can efficaciously produce vigorous or moderate energy expenditure in students ( Stewart et al., 2004 ). Further, after-school physical activity programs have demonstrated the ability to improve cardiovascular endurance, and this increase in aerobic fitness has been shown to mediate improvements in academic performance ( Fredericks et al., 2006 ), as well as the allocation of neural resources underlying performance on a working memory task ( Kamijo et al., 2011 ).

Over the past three decades, several reviews and meta-analyses have described the relationship among physical fitness, physical activity, and cognition (broadly defined as all mental processes). The majority of these reviews have focused on the relationship between academic performance and physical fitness—a physiological trait commonly defined in terms of cardiorespiratory capacity (e.g., maximal oxygen consumption; see Chapter 3 ). More recently, reviews have attempted to describe the effects of an acute or single bout of physical activity, as a behavior, on academic performance. These reviews have focused on brain health in older adults ( Colcombe and Kramer, 2003 ), as well as the effects of acute physical activity on cognition in adults ( Tomporowski, 2003 ). Some have considered age as part of the analysis ( Etnier et al., 1997 , 2006 ). Reviews focusing on research conducted in children ( Sibley and Etnier, 2003 ) have examined the relationship among physical activity, participation in sports, and academic performance ( Trudeau and Shephard, 2008 , 2010 ; Singh et al., 2012 ); physical activity and mental and cognitive health ( Biddle and Asare, 2011 ); and physical activity, nutrition, and academic performance ( Burkhalter and Hillman, 2011 ). The findings of most of these reviews align with the conclusions presented in a meta-analytic review conducted by Fedewa and Ahn (2011) . The studies reviewed by Fedewa and Ahn include experimental/quasi-experimental as well as cross-sectional and correlational designs, with the experimental designs yielding the highest effect sizes. The strongest relationships were found between aerobic fitness and achievement in mathematics, followed by IQ and reading performance. The range of cognitive performance measures, participant characteristics, and types of research design all mediated the relationship among physical activity, fitness, and academic performance. With regard to physical activity interventions, which were carried out both within and beyond the school day, those involving small groups of peers (around 10 youth of a similar age) were associated with the greatest gains in academic performance.

The number of peer-reviewed publications on this topic is growing exponentially. Further evidence of the growth of this line of inquiry is its increased global presence. Positive relationships among physical activity, physical fitness, and academic performance have been found among students from the Netherlands ( Singh et al., 2012 ) and Taiwan ( Chih and Chen, 2011 ). Broadly speaking, however, many of these studies show small to moderate effects and suffer from poor research designs ( Biddle and Asare, 2011 ; Singh et al., 2012 ).

Basch (2010) conducted a comprehensive review of how children's health and health disparities influence academic performance and learning. The author's report draws on empirical evidence suggesting that education reform will be ineffective unless children's health is made a priority. Basch concludes that schools may be the only place where health inequities can be addressed and that, if children's basic health needs are not met, they will struggle to learn regardless of the effectiveness of the instructional materials used. More recently, Efrat (2011) conducted a review of physical activity, fitness, and academic performance to examine the achievement gap. He discovered that only seven studies had included socioeconomic status as a variable, despite its known relationship to education ( Sirin, 2005 ).

Physical Fitness as a Learning Outcome of Physical Education and Its Relation to Academic Performance

Achieving and maintaining a healthy level of aerobic fitness, as defined using criterion-referenced standards from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; Welk et al., 2011 ), is a desired learning outcome of physical education programming. Regular participation in physical activity also is a national learning standard for physical education, a standard intended to facilitate the establishment of habitual and meaningful engagement in physical activity ( NASPE, 2004 ). Yet although physical fitness and participation in physical activity are established as learning outcomes in all 50 states, there is little evidence to suggest that children actually achieve and maintain these standards (see Chapter 2 ).

Statewide and national datasets containing data on youth physical fitness and academic performance have increased access to student-level data on this subject ( Grissom, 2005 ; Cottrell et al., 2007 ; Carlson et al., 2008 ; Chomitz et al., 2008 ; Wittberg et al., 2010 ; Van Dusen et al., 2011 ). Early research in South Australia focused on quantifying the benefits of physical activity and physical education during the school day; the benefits noted included increased physical fitness, decreased body fat, and reduced risk for cardiovascular disease ( Dwyer et al., 1979 , 1983 ). Even today, Dwyer and colleagues are among the few scholars who regularly include in their research measures of physical activity intensity in the school environment, which is believed to be a key reason why they are able to report differentiated effects of different intensities. A longitudinal study in Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, tracked how the academic performance of children from grades 1 through 6 was related to student health, motor skills, and time spent in physical education. The researchers concluded that additional time dedicated to physical education did not inhibit academic performance ( Shephard et al., 1984 ; Shephard, 1986 ; Trudeau and Shephard, 2008 ).

Longitudinal follow-up investigating the long-term benefits of enhanced physical education experiences is encouraging but largely inconclusive. In a study examining the effects of daily physical education during elementary school on physical activity during adulthood, 720 men and women completed the Québec Health Survey ( Trudeau et al., 1999 ). Findings suggest that physical education was associated with physical activity in later life for females but not males ( Trudeau et al., 1999 ); most of the associations were significant but weak ( Trudeau et al., 2004 ). Adult body mass index (BMI) at age 34 was related to childhood BMI at ages 10-12 in females but not males ( Trudeau et al., 2001 ). Longitudinal studies such as those conducted in Sweden and Finland also suggest that physical education experiences may be related to adult engagement in physical activity ( Glenmark, 1994 ; Telama et al., 1997 ). From an academic performance perspective, longitudinal data on men who enlisted for military service imply that cardiovascular fitness at age 18 predicted cognitive performance in later life (Aberg et al., 2009), thereby supporting the idea of offering physical education and physical activity opportunities well into emerging adulthood through secondary and postsecondary education.

Castelli and colleagues (2007) investigated younger children (in 3rd and 5th grades) and the differential contributions of the various subcomponents of the Fitnessgram ® . Specifically, they examined the individual contributions of aerobic capacity, muscle strength, muscle flexibility, and body composition to performance in mathematics and reading on the Illinois Standardized Achievement Test among a sample of 259 children. Their findings corroborate those of the California Department of Education ( Grissom, 2005 ), indicating a general relationship between fitness and achievement test performance. When the individual components of the Fitnessgram were decomposed, the researchers determined that only aerobic capacity was related to test performance. Muscle strength and flexibility showed no relationship, while an inverse association of BMI with test performance was observed, such that higher BMI was associated with lower test performance. Although Baxter and colleagues (2011) confirmed the importance of attending school in relation to academic performance through the use of 4th-grade student recall, correlations with BMI were not significant.

State-mandated implementation of the coordinated school health model requires all schools in Texas to conduct annual fitness testing using the Fitnessgram among students in grades 3-12. In a special issue of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (2010), multiple articles describe the current state of physical fitness among children in Texas; confirm the associations among school performance levels, academic achievement, and physical fitness ( Welk et al., 2010 ; Zhu et al., 2010 ); and demonstrate the ability of qualified physical education teachers to administer physical fitness tests ( Zhu et al., 2010 ). Also using data from Texas schools, Van Dusen and colleagues (2011) found that cardiovascular fitness had the strongest association with academic performance, particularly in mathematics over reading. Unlike previous research, which demonstrated a steady decline in fitness by developmental stage ( Duncan et al., 2007 ), this study found that cardiovascular fitness did decrease but not significantly ( Van Dusen et al., 2011 ). Aerobic fitness, then, may be important to academic performance, as there may be a dose-response relationship ( Van Dusen et al., 2011 ).

Using a large sample of students in grades 4-8, Chomitz and colleagues (2008) found that the likelihood of passing both mathematics and English achievement tests increased with the number of fitness tests passed during physical education class, and the odds of passing the mathematics achievement tests were inversely related to higher body weight. Similar to the findings of Castelli and colleagues (2007) , socioeconomic status and demographic factors explained little of the relationship between aerobic fitness and academic performance; however, socioeconomic status may be an explanatory variable for students of low fitness ( London and Castrechini, 2011 ).

In sum, numerous cross-sectional and correlational studies demonstrate small-to-moderate positive or null associations between physical fitness ( Grissom, 2005 ; Cottrell et al., 2007 ; Edwards et al., 2009; Eveland-Sayers et al., 2009 ; Cooper et al., 2010 ; Welk et al., 2010 ; Wittberg et al., 2010 ; Zhu et al., 2010 ; Van Dusen et al., 2011 ), particularly aerobic fitness, and academic performance ( Castelli et al, 2007 ; Chomitz et al., 2008 ; Roberts et al., 2010 ; Welk et al., 2010 ; Chih and Chen, 2011 ; London and Castrechini, 2011 ; Van Dusen et al., 2011 ). Moreover, the findings may support a dose-response association, suggesting that the more components of physical fitness (e.g., cardiovascular endurance, strength, muscle endurance) considered acceptable for the specific age and gender that are present, the greater the likelihood of successful academic performance. From a public health and policy standpoint, the conclusions these findings support are limited by few causal inferences, a lack of data confirmation, and inadequate reliability because the data were often collected by nonresearchers or through self-report methods. It may also be noted that this research includes no known longitudinal studies and few randomized controlled trials (examples are included later in this chapter in the discussion of the developing brain).

Physical Activity, Physical Education, and Academic Performance

In contrast with the correlational data presented above for physical fitness, more information is needed on the direct effects of participation in physical activity programming and physical education classes on academic performance.

In a meta-analysis, Sibley and Etnier (2003) found a positive relationship between physical activity and cognition in school-age youth (aged 4-18), suggesting that physical activity, as well as physical fitness, may be related to cognitive outcomes during development. Participation in physical activity was related to cognitive performance in eight measurement categories (perceptual skills, IQ, achievement, verbal tests, mathematics tests, memory, developmental level/academic readiness, and “other”), with results indicating a beneficial relationship of physical activity to all cognitive outcomes except memory ( Sibley and Etnier, 2003 ). Since that meta-analysis, however, several papers have reported robust relationships between aerobic fitness and different aspects of memory in children (e.g., Chaddock et al., 2010a , 2011 ; Kamijo et al., 2011 ; Monti et al., 2012 ). Regardless, the comprehensive review of Sibley and Etnier (2003) was important because it helped bring attention to an emerging literature suggesting that physical activity may benefit cognitive development even as it also demonstrated the need for further study to better understand the multifaceted relationship between physical activity and cognitive and brain health.

The regular engagement in physical activity achieved during physical education programming can also be related to academic performance, especially when the class is taught by a physical education teacher. The Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) study examined the effects of a 2-year health-related physical education program on academic performance in children ( Sallis et al., 1999 ). In an experimental design, seven elementary schools were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a specialist condition in which certified physical education teachers delivered the SPARK curriculum, (2) a trained-teacher condition in which classroom teachers implemented the curriculum, and (3) a control condition in which classroom teachers implemented the local physical education curriculum. No significant differences by condition were found for mathematics testing; however, reading scores were significantly higher in the specialist condition relative to the control condition ( Sallis et al., 1999 ), while language scores were significantly lower in the specialist condition than in the other two conditions. The authors conclude that spending time in physical education with a specialist did not have a negative effect on academic performance. Shortcomings of this research include the amount of data loss from pre- to posttest, the use of results of 2nd-grade testing that exceeded the national average in performance as baseline data, and the use of norm-referenced rather than criterion-based testing.

In seminal research conducted by Gabbard and Barton (1979) , six different conditions of physical activity (no activity; 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes; and posttest no activity) were completed by 106 2nd graders during physical education. Each physical activity session was followed by 5 minutes of rest and the completion of 36 math problems. The authors found a potential threshold effect whereby only the 50-minute condition improved mathematical performance, with no differences by gender.

A longitudinal study of the kindergarten class of 1998–1999, using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, investigated the association between enrollment in physical education and academic achievement ( Carlson et al., 2008 ). Higher amounts of physical education were correlated with better academic performance in mathematics among females, but this finding did not hold true for males.

Ahamed and colleagues (2007) found in a cluster randomized trial that, after 16 months of a classroom-based physical activity intervention, there was no significant difference between the treatment and control groups in performance on the standardized Cognitive Abilities Test, Third Edition (CAT-3). Others have found, however, that coordinative exercise ( Budde et al., 2008 ) or bouts of vigorous physical activity during free time ( Coe et al., 2006 ) contribute to higher levels of academic performance. Specifically, Coe and colleagues examined the association of enrollment in physical education and self-reported vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity outside school with performance in core academic courses and on the Terra Nova Standardized Achievement Test among more than 200 6th-grade students. Their findings indicate that academic performance was unaffected by enrollment in physical education classes, which were found to average only 19 minutes of vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity. When time spent engaged in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity outside of school was considered, however, a significant positive relation to academic performance emerged, with more time engaged in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity being related to better grades but not test scores ( Coe et al., 2006 ).

Studies of participation in sports and academic achievement have found positive associations ( Mechanic and Hansell, 1987 ; Dexter, 1999 ; Crosnoe, 2002 ; Eitle and Eitle, 2002 ; Stephens and Schaben, 2002 ; Eitle, 2005 ; Miller et al., 2005 ; Fox et al., 2010 ; Ruiz et al., 2010 ); higher grade point averages (GPAs) in season than out of season ( Silliker and Quirk, 1997 ); a negative association between cheerleading and science performance ( Hanson and Kraus, 1998 ); and weak and negative associations between the amount of time spent participating in sports and performance in English-language class among 13-, 14-, and 16-year-old students ( Daley and Ryan, 2000 ). Other studies, however, have found no association between participation in sports and academic performance ( Fisher et al., 1996 ). The findings of these studies need to be interpreted with caution as many of their designs failed to account for the level of participation by individuals in the sport (e.g., amount of playing time, type and intensity of physical activity engagement by sport). Further, it is unclear whether policies required students to have higher GPAs to be eligible for participation. Offering sports opportunities is well justified regardless of the cognitive benefits, however, given that adolescents may be less likely to engage in risky behaviors when involved in sports or other extracurricular activities ( Page et al., 1998 ; Elder et al., 2000 ; Taliaferro et al., 2010 ), that participation in sports increases physical fitness, and that affiliation with sports enhances school connectedness.

Although a consensus on the relationship of physical activity to academic achievement has not been reached, the vast majority of available evidence suggests the relationship is either positive or neutral. The meta-analytic review by Fedewa and Ahn (2011) suggests that interventions entailing aerobic physical activity have the greatest impact on academic performance; however, all types of physical activity, except those involving flexibility alone, contribute to enhanced academic performance, as do interventions that use small groups (about 10 students) rather than individuals or large groups. Regardless of the strength of the findings, the literature indicates that time spent engaged in physical activity is beneficial to children because it has not been found to detract from academic performance, and in fact can improve overall health and function ( Sallis et al., 1999 ; Hillman et al., 2008 ; Tomporowski et al., 2008a ; Trudeau and Shephard, 2008 ; Rasberry et al., 2011 ).

Single Bouts of Physical Activity

Beyond formal physical education, evidence suggests that multi-component approaches are a viable means of providing physical activity opportunities for children across the school curriculum (see also Chapter 6 ). Although health-related fitness lessons taught by certified physical education teachers result in greater student fitness gains relative to such lessons taught by other teachers ( Sallis et al., 1999 ), non-physical education teachers are capable of providing opportunities to be physically active within the classroom ( Kibbe et al., 2011 ). Single sessions or bouts of physical activity have independent merit, offering immediate benefits that can enhance the learning experience. Studies have found that single bouts of physical activity result in improved attention ( Hillman et al., 2003 , 2009 ; Pontifex et al., 2012 ), better working memory ( Pontifex et al., 2009 ), and increased academic learning time and reduced off-task behaviors ( Mahar et al., 2006 ; Bartholomew and Jowers, 2011 ). Yet single bouts of physical activity have differential effects, as very vigorous exercise has been associated with cognitive fatigue and even cognitive decline in adults ( Tomporowski, 2003 ). As seen in Figure 4-1 , high levels of effort, arousal, or activation can influence perception, decision making, response preparation, and actual response. For discussion of the underlying constructs and differential effects of single bouts of physical activity on cognitive performance, see Tomporowski (2003) .

Information processing: Diagram of a simplified version of Sanders's (1983) cognitive-energetic model of human information processing (adapted from Jones and Hardy, 1989). SOURCE: Tomporowski, 2003. Reprinted with permission.

For children, classrooms are busy places where they must distinguish relevant information from distractions that emerge from many different sources occurring simultaneously. A student must listen to the teacher, adhere to classroom procedures, focus on a specific task, hold and retain information, and make connections between novel information and previous experiences. Hillman and colleagues (2009) demonstrated that a single bout of moderate-intensity walking (60 percent of maximum heart rate) resulted in significant improvements in performance on a task requiring attentional inhibition (e.g., the ability to focus on a single task). These findings were accompanied by changes in neuroelectric measures underlying the allocation of attention (see Figure 4-2 ) and significant improvements on the reading subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test. No such effects were observed following a similar duration of quiet rest. These findings were later replicated and extended to demonstrate benefits for both mathematics and reading performance in healthy children and those diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( Pontifex et al., 2013 ). Further replications of these findings demonstrated that a single bout of moderate-intensity exercise using a treadmill improved performance on a task of attention and inhibition, but similar benefits were not derived from moderate-intensity exercise that involved exergaming ( O'Leary et al., 2011 ). It was also found that such benefits were derived following cessation of, but not during, the bout of exercise ( Drollette et al., 2012 ). The applications of such empirical findings within the school setting remain unclear.

Effects of a single session of exercise in preadolescent children. SOURCE: Hillman et al., 2009. Reprinted with permission.

A randomized controlled trial entitled Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC) used cluster randomization among 24 schools to examine the effects of physically active classroom lessons on BMI and academic achievement ( Donnelly et al., 2009 ). The academically oriented physical activities were intended to be of vigorous or moderate intensity (3–6 metabolic equivalents [METs]) and to last approximately 10 minutes and were specifically designed to supplement content in mathematics, language arts, geography, history, spelling, science, and health. The study followed 665 boys and 677 girls for 3 years as they rose from 2nd or 3rd to 4th or 5th grades. Changes in academic achievement, fitness, and blood screening were considered secondary outcomes. During a 3-year period, students who engaged in physically active lessons, on average, improved their academic achievement by 6 percent, while the control groups exhibited a 1 percent decrease. In students who experienced at least 75 minutes of PAAC lessons per week, BMI remained stable (see Figure 4-3 ).

Change in academic scores from baseline after physically active classroom lessons in elementary schools in northeast Kansas (2003–2006). NOTE: All differences between the Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC) group ( N = 117) and control (more...)

It is important to note that cognitive tasks completed before, during, and after physical activity show varying effects, but the effects were always positive compared with sedentary behavior. In a study carried out by Drollette and colleagues (2012) , 36 preadolescent children completed two cognitive tasks—a flanker task to assess attention and inhibition and a spatial nback task to assess working memory—before, during, and after seated rest and treadmill walking conditions. The children sat or walked on different days for an average of 19 minutes. The results suggest that the physical activity enhanced cognitive performance for the attention task but not for the task requiring working memory. Accordingly, although more research is needed, the authors suggest that the acute effects of exercise may be selective to certain cognitive processes (i.e., attentional inhibition) while unrelated to others (e.g., working memory). Indeed, data collected using a task-switching paradigm (i.e., a task designed to assess multitasking and requiring the scheduling of attention to multiple aspects of the environment) among 69 overweight and inactive children did not show differences in cognitive performance following acute bouts of treadmill walking or sitting ( Tomporowski et al., 2008b ). Thus, findings to date indicate a robust relationship of acute exercise to transient improvements in attention but appear inconsistent for other aspects of cognition.

Academic Learning Time and On- and Off-Task Behaviors

Excessive time on task, inattention to task, off-task behavior, and delinquency are important considerations in the learning environment given the importance of academic learning time to academic performance. These behaviors are observable and of concern to teachers as they detract from the learning environment. Systematic observation by trained observers may yield important insight regarding the effects of short physical activity breaks on these behaviors. Indeed, systematic observations of student behavior have been used as an alternative means of measuring academic performance ( Mahar et al., 2006 ; Grieco et al., 2009 ).

After the development of classroom-based physical activities, called Energizers, teachers were trained in how to implement such activities in their lessons at least twice per week ( Mahar et al., 2006 ). Measurements of baseline physical activity and on-task behaviors were collected in two 3rd-grade and two 4th-grade classes, using pedometers and direct observation. The intervention included 243 students, while 108 served as controls by not engaging in the activities. A subgroup of 62 3rd and 4th graders was observed for on-task behavior in the classroom following the physical activity. Children who participated in Energizers took more steps during the school day than those who did not; they also increased their on-task behaviors by more than 20 percent over baseline measures.

A systematic review of a similar in-class, academically oriented, physical activity plan—Take 10!—was conducted to identify the effects of its implementation after it had been in use for 10 years ( Kibbe et al., 2011 ). The findings suggest that children who experienced Take 10! in the classroom engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (6.16 to 6.42 METs) and had lower BMIs than those who did not. Further, children in the Take 10! classrooms had better fluid intelligence ( Reed et al., 2010 ) and higher academic achievement scores ( Donnelly et al., 2009 ).

Some have expressed concern that introducing physical activity into the classroom setting may be distracting to students. Yet in one study it was sedentary students who demonstrated a decrease in time on task, while active students returned to the same level of on-task behavior after an active learning task ( Grieco et al., 2009 ). Among the 97 3rd-grade students in this study, a small but nonsignificant increase in on-task behaviors was seen immediately following these active lessons. Additionally, these improvements were not mediated by BMI.

In sum, although presently understudied, physically active lessons may increase time on task and attention to task in the classroom setting. Given the complexity of the typical classroom, the strategy of including content-specific lessons that incorporate physical activity may be justified.

It is recommended that every child have 20 minutes of recess each day and that this time be outdoors whenever possible, in a safe activity ( NASPE, 2006 ). Consistent engagement in recess can help students refine social skills, learn social mediation skills surrounding fair play, obtain additional minutes of vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity that contribute toward the recommend 60 minutes or more per day, and have an opportunity to express their imagination through free play ( Pellegrini and Bohn, 2005 ; see also Chapter 6 ). When children participate in recess before lunch, additional benefits accrue, such as less food waste, increased incidence of appropriate behavior in the cafeteria during lunch, and greater student readiness to learn upon returning to the classroom after lunch ( Getlinger et al., 1996 ; Wechsler et al., 2001 ).

To examine the effects of engagement in physical activity during recess on classroom behavior, Barros and colleagues (2009) examined data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study on 10,000 8- to 9-year-old children. Teachers provided the number of minutes of recess as well as a ranking of classroom behavior (ranging from “misbehaves frequently” to “behaves exceptionally well”). Results indicate that children who had at least 15 minutes of recess were more likely to exhibit appropriate behavior in the classroom ( Barros et al., 2009 ). In another study, 43 4th-grade students were randomly assigned to 1 or no days of recess to examine the effects on classroom behavior ( Jarrett et al., 1998 ). The researchers concluded that on-task behavior was better among the children who had recess. A moderate effect size (= 0.51) was observed. In a series of studies examining kindergartners' attention to task following a 20-minute recess, increased time on task was observed during learning centers and story reading ( Pellegrini et al., 1995 ). Despite these positive findings centered on improved attention, it is important to note that few of these studies actually measured the intensity of the physical activity during recess.

From a slightly different perspective, survey data from 547 Virginia elementary school principals suggest that time dedicated to student participation in physical education, art, and music did not negatively influence academic performance ( Wilkins et al., 2003 ). Thus, the strategy of reducing time spent in physical education to increase academic performance may not have the desired effect. The evidence on in-school physical activity supports the provision of physical activity breaks during the school day as a way to increase fluid intelligence, time on task, and attention. However, it remains unclear what portion of these effects can be attributed to a break from academic time and what portion is a direct result of the specific demands/characteristics of the physical activity.

THE DEVELOPING bRAIN, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND BRAIN HEALTH

The study of brain health has grown beyond simply measuring behavioral outcomes such as task performance and reaction time (e.g., cognitive processing speed). New technology has emerged that has allowed scientists to understand the impact of lifestyle factors on the brain from the body systems level down to the molecular level. A greater understanding of the cognitive components that subserve academic performance and may be amenable to intervention has thereby been gained. Research conducted in both laboratory and field settings has helped define this line of inquiry and identify some preliminary underlying mechanisms.

The Evidence Base on the Relationship of Physical Activity to Brain Health and Cognition in Older Adults

Despite the current focus on the relationship of physical activity to cognitive development, the evidence base is larger on the association of physical activity with brain health and cognition during aging. Much can be learned about how physical activity affects childhood cognition and scholastic achievement through this work. Despite earlier investigations into the relationship of physical activity to cognitive aging (see Etnier et al., 1997 , for a review), the field was shaped by the findings of Kramer and colleagues (1999) , who examined the effects of aerobic fitness training on older adults using a randomized controlled design. Specifically, 124 older adults aged 60 and 75 were randomly assigned to a 6-month intervention of either walking (i.e., aerobic training) or flexibility (i.e., nonaerobic) training. The walking group but not the flexibility group showed improved cognitive performance, measured as a shorter response time to the presented stimulus. Results from a series of tasks that tapped different aspects of cognitive control indicated that engagement in physical activity is a beneficial means of combating cognitive aging ( Kramer et al., 1999 ).

Cognitive control, or executive control, is involved in the selection, scheduling, and coordination of computational processes underlying perception, memory, and goal-directed action. These processes allow for the optimization of behavioral interactions within the environment through flexible modulation of the ability to control attention ( MacDonald et al., 2000 ; Botvinick et al., 2001 ). Core cognitive processes that make up cognitive control or executive control include inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility ( Diamond, 2006 ), processes mediated by networks that involve the prefrontal cortex. Inhibition (or inhibitory control) refers to the ability to override a strong internal or external pull so as to act appropriately within the demands imposed by the environment ( Davidson et al., 2006 ). For example, one exerts inhibitory control when one stops speaking when the teacher begins lecturing. Working memory refers to the ability to represent information mentally, manipulate stored information, and act on the information ( Davidson et al., 2006 ). In solving a difficult mathematical problem, for example, one must often remember the remainder. Finally, cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to switch perspectives, focus attention, and adapt behavior quickly and flexibly for the purposes of goal-directed action ( Blair et al., 2005 ; Davidson et al., 2006 ; Diamond, 2006 ). For example, one must shift attention from the teacher who is teaching a lesson to one's notes to write down information for later study.

Based on their earlier findings on changes in cognitive control induced by aerobic training, Colcombe and Kramer (2003) conducted a meta-analysis to examine the relationship between aerobic training and cognition in older adults aged 55-80 using data from 18 randomized controlled exercise interventions. Their findings suggest that aerobic training is associated with general cognitive benefits that are selectively and disproportionately greater for tasks or task components requiring greater amounts of cognitive control. A second and more recent meta-analysis ( Smith et al., 2010 ) corroborates the findings of Colcombe and Kramer, indicating that aerobic exercise is related to attention, processing speed, memory, and cognitive control; however, it should be noted that smaller effect sizes were observed, likely a result of the studies included in the respective meta-analyses. In older adults, then, aerobic training selectively improves cognition.

Hillman and colleagues (2006) examined the relationship between physical activity and inhibition (one aspect of cognitive control) using a computer-based stimulus-response protocol in 241 individuals aged 15-71. Their results indicate that greater amounts of physical activity are related to decreased response speed across task conditions requiring variable amounts of inhibition, suggesting a generalized relationship between physical activity and response speed. In addition, the authors found physical activity to be related to better accuracy across conditions in older adults, while no such relationship was observed for younger adults. Of interest, this relationship was disproportionately larger for the condition requiring greater amounts of inhibition in the older adults, suggesting that physical activity has both a general and selective association with task performance ( Hillman et al., 2006 ).

With advances in neuroimaging techniques, understanding of the effects of physical activity and aerobic fitness on brain structure and function has advanced rapidly over the past decade. In particular, a series of studies ( Colcombe et al., 2003 , 2004 , 2006 ; Kramer and Erickson, 2007 ; Hillman et al., 2008 ) of older individuals has been conducted to elucidate the relation of aerobic fitness to the brain and cognition. Normal aging results in the loss of brain tissue ( Colcombe et al., 2003 ), with markedly larger loss evidenced in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions ( Raz, 2000 ). Thus cognitive functions subserved by these brain regions (such as those involved in cognitive control and aspects of memory) are expected to decay more dramatically than other aspects of cognition.

Colcombe and colleagues (2003) investigated the relationship of aerobic fitness to gray and white matter tissue loss using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 55 healthy older adults aged 55-79. They observed robust age-related decreases in tissue density in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions using voxel-based morphometry, a technique used to assess brain volume. Reductions in the amount of tissue loss in these regions were observed as a function of fitness. Given that the brain structures most affected by aging also demonstrated the greatest fitness-related sparing, these initial findings provide a biological basis for fitness-related benefits to brain health during aging.

In a second study, Colcombe and colleagues (2006) examined the effects of aerobic fitness training on brain structure using a randomized controlled design with 59 sedentary healthy adults aged 60-79. The treatment group received a 6-month aerobic exercise (i.e., walking) intervention, while the control group received a stretching and toning intervention that did not include aerobic exercise. Results indicated that gray and white matter brain volume increased for those who received the aerobic fitness training intervention. No such results were observed for those assigned to the stretching and toning group. Specifically, those assigned to the aerobic training intervention demonstrated increased gray matter in the frontal lobes, including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the supplementary motor area, the middle frontal gyrus, the dorsolateral region of the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the left superior temporal lobe. White matter volume changes also were evidenced following the aerobic fitness intervention, with increases in white matter tracts being observed within the anterior third of the corpus callosum. These brain regions are important for cognition, as they have been implicated in the cognitive control of attention and memory processes. These findings suggest that aerobic training not only spares age-related loss of brain structures but also may in fact enhance the structural health of specific brain regions.

In addition to the structural changes noted above, research has investigated the relationship between aerobic fitness and changes in brain function. That is, aerobic fitness training has also been observed to induce changes in patterns of functional activation. Functional MRI (fMRI) measures, which make it possible to image activity in the brain while an individual is performing a cognitive task, have revealed that aerobic training induces changes in patterns of functional activation. This approach involves inferring changes in neuronal activity from alteration in blood flow or metabolic activity in the brain. In a seminal paper, Colcombe and colleagues (2004) examined the relationship of aerobic fitness to brain function and cognition across two studies with older adults. In the first study, 41 older adult participants (mean age ~66) were divided into higher- and lower-fit groups based on their performance on a maximal exercise test. In the second study, 29 participants (aged 58-77) were recruited and randomly assigned to either a fitness training (i.e., walking) or control (i.e., stretching and toning) intervention. In both studies, participants were given a task requiring variable amounts of attention and inhibition. Results indicated that fitness (study 1) and fitness training (study 2) were related to greater activation in the middle frontal gyrus and superior parietal cortex; these regions of the brain are involved in attentional control and inhibitory functioning, processes entailed in the regulation of attention and action. These changes in neural activation were related to significant improvements in performance on the cognitive control task of attention and inhibition.

Taken together, the findings across studies suggest that an increase in aerobic fitness, derived from physical activity, is related to improvements in the integrity of brain structure and function and may underlie improvements in cognition across tasks requiring cognitive control. Although developmental differences exist, the general paradigm of this research can be applied to early stages of the life span, and some early attempts to do so have been made, as described below. Given the focus of this chapter on childhood cognition, it should be noted that this section has provided only a brief and arguably narrow look at the research on physical activity and cognitive aging. Considerable work has detailed the relationship of physical activity to other aspects of adult cognition using behavioral and neuroimaging tools (e.g., Boecker, 2011 ). The interested reader is referred to a number of review papers and meta-analyses describing the relationship of physical activity to various aspects of cognitive and brain health ( Etnier et al., 1997 ; Colcombe and Kramer, 2003 ; Tomporowski, 2003 ; Thomas et al., 2012 ).

Child Development, Brain Structure, and Function

Certain aspects of development have been linked with experience, indicating an intricate interplay between genetic programming and environmental influences. Gray matter, and the organization of synaptic connections in particular, appears to be at least partially dependent on experience (NRC/IOM, 2000; Taylor, 2006 ), with the brain exhibiting a remarkable ability to reorganize itself in response to input from sensory systems, other cortical systems, or insult ( Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1997 ). During typical development, experience shapes the pruning process through the strengthening of neural networks that support relevant thoughts and actions and the elimination of unnecessary or redundant connections. Accordingly, the brain responds to experience in an adaptive or “plastic” manner, resulting in the efficient and effective adoption of thoughts, skills, and actions relevant to one's interactions within one's environmental surroundings. Examples of neural plasticity in response to unique environmental interaction have been demonstrated in human neuroimaging studies of participation in music ( Elbert et al., 1995 ; Chan et al., 1998 ; Münte et al., 2001 ) and sports ( Hatfield and Hillman, 2001 ; Aglioti et al., 2008 ), thus supporting the educational practice of providing music education and opportunities for physical activity to children.

Effects of Regular Engagement in Physical Activity and Physical Fitness on Brain Structure

Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have rapidly advanced understanding of the role physical activity and aerobic fitness may have in brain structure. In children a growing body of correlational research suggests differential brain structure related to aerobic fitness. Chaddock and colleagues (2010a , b ) showed a relationship among aerobic fitness, brain volume, and aspects of cognition and memory. Specifically, Chaddock and colleagues (2010a) assigned 9- to 10-year-old preadolescent children to lower- and higher-fitness groups as a function of their scores on a maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) test, which is considered the gold-standard measure of aerobic fitness. They observed larger bilateral hippocampal volume in higher-fit children using MRI, as well as better performance on a task of relational memory. It is important to note that relational memory has been shown to be mediated by the hippocampus ( Cohen and Eichenbaum, 1993 ; Cohen et al., 1999 ). Further, no differences emerged for a task condition requiring item memory, which is supported by structures outside the hippocampus, suggesting selectivity among the aspects of memory that benefit from higher amounts of fitness. Lastly, hippocampal volume was positively related to performance on the relational memory task but not the item memory task, and bilateral hippocampal volume was observed to mediate the relationship between fitness and relational memory ( Chaddock et al., 2010a ). Such findings are consistent with behavioral measures of relational memory in children ( Chaddock et al., 2011 ) and neuroimaging findings in older adults ( Erickson et al., 2009 , 2011 ) and support the robust nonhuman animal literature demonstrating the effects of exercise on cell proliferation ( Van Praag et al., 1999 ) and survival ( Neeper et al., 1995 ) in the hippocampus.

In a second investigation ( Chaddock et al., 2010b ), higher- and lower-fit children (aged 9-10) underwent an MRI to determine whether structural differences might be found that relate to performance on a cognitive control task that taps attention and inhibition. The authors observed differential findings in the basal ganglia, a subcortical structure involved in the interplay of cognition and willed action. Specifically, higher-fit children exhibited greater volume in the dorsal striatum (i.e., caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus) relative to lower-fit children, while no differences were observed in the ventral striatum. Such findings are not surprising given the role of the dorsal striatum in cognitive control and response resolution ( Casey et al., 2008 ; Aron et al., 2009 ), as well as the growing body of research in children and adults indicating that higher levels of fitness are associated with better control of attention, memory, and cognition ( Colcombe and Kramer, 2003 ; Hillman et al., 2008 ; Chang and Etnier, 2009 ). Chaddock and colleagues (2010b) further observed that higher-fit children exhibited increased inhibitory control and response resolution and that higher basal ganglia volume was related to better task performance. These findings indicate that the dorsal striatum is involved in these aspects of higher-order cognition and that fitness may influence cognitive control during preadolescent development. It should be noted that both studies described above were correlational in nature, leaving open the possibility that other factors related to fitness and/or the maturation of subcortical structures may account for the observed group differences.

Effects of Regular Engagement in Physical Activity and Physical Fitness on Brain Function

Other research has attempted to characterize fitness-related differences in brain function using fMRI and event-related brain potentials (ERPs), which are neuroelectric indices of functional brain activation in the electro-encephalographic time series. To date, few randomized controlled interventions have been conducted. Notably, Davis and colleagues (2011) conducted one such intervention lasting approximately 14 weeks that randomized 20 sedentary overweight preadolescent children into an after-school physical activity intervention or a nonactivity control group. The fMRI data collected during an antisaccade task, which requires inhibitory control, indicated increased bilateral activation of the prefrontal cortex and decreased bilateral activation of the posterior parietal cortex following the physical activity intervention relative to the control group. Such findings illustrate some of the neural substrates influenced by participation in physical activity. Two additional correlational studies ( Voss et al., 2011 ; Chaddock et al., 2012 ) compared higher- and lower-fit preadolescent children and found differential brain activation and superior task performance as a function of fitness. That is, Chaddock and colleagues (2012) observed increased activation in prefrontal and parietal brain regions during early task blocks and decreased activation during later task blocks in higher-fit relative to lower-fit children. Given that higher-fit children outperformed lower-fit children on the aspects of the task requiring the greatest amount of cognitive control, the authors reason that the higher-fit children were more capable of adapting neural activity to meet the demands imposed by tasks that tapped higher-order cognitive processes such as inhibition and goal maintenance. Voss and colleagues (2011) used a similar task to vary cognitive control requirements and found that higher-fit children outperformed their lower-fit counterparts and that such differences became more pronounced during task conditions requiring the upregulation of control. Further, several differences emerged across various brain regions that together make up the network associated with cognitive control. Collectively, these differences suggest that higher-fit children are more efficient in the allocation of resources in support of cognitive control operations.

Other imaging research has examined the neuroelectric system (i.e., ERPs) to investigate which cognitive processes occurring between stimulus engagement and response execution are influenced by fitness. Several studies ( Hillman et al., 2005 , 2009 ; Pontifex et al., 2011 ) have examined the P3 component of the stimulus-locked ERP and demonstrated that higher-fit children have larger-amplitude and shorter-latency ERPs relative to their lower-fit peers. Classical theory suggests that P3 relates to neuronal activity associated with revision of the mental representation of the previous event within the stimulus environment ( Donchin, 1981 ). P3 amplitude reflects the allocation of attentional resources when working memory is updated ( Donchin and Coles, 1988 ) such that P3 is sensitive to the amount of attentional resources allocated to a stimulus ( Polich, 1997 ; Polich and Heine, 2007 ). P3 latency generally is considered to represent stimulus evaluation and classification speed ( Kutas et al., 1977 ; Duncan-Johnson, 1981 ) and thus may be considered a measure of stimulus detection and evaluation time ( Magliero et al., 1984 ; Ila and Polich, 1999 ). Therefore the above findings suggest that higher-fit children allocate greater attentional resources and have faster cognitive processing speed relative to lower-fit children ( Hillman et al., 2005 , 2009 ), with additional research suggesting that higher-fit children also exhibit greater flexibility in the allocation of attentional resources, as indexed by greater modulation of P3 amplitude across tasks that vary in the amount of cognitive control required ( Pontifex et al., 2011 ). Given that higher-fit children also demonstrate better performance on cognitive control tasks, the P3 component appears to reflect the effectiveness of a subset of cognitive systems that support willed action ( Hillman et al., 2009 ; Pontifex et al., 2011 ).

Two ERP studies ( Hillman et al., 2009 ; Pontifex et al., 2011 ) have focused on aspects of cognition involved in action monitoring. That is, the error-related negativity (ERN) component was investigated in higher- and lower-fit children to determine whether differences in evaluation and regulation of cognitive control operations were influenced by fitness level. The ERN component is observed in response-locked ERP averages. It is often elicited by errors of commission during task performance and is believed to represent either the detection of errors during task performance ( Gehring et al., 1993 ; Holroyd and Coles, 2002 ) or more generally the detection of response conflict ( Botvinick et al., 2001 ; Yeung et al., 2004 ), which may be engendered by errors in response production. Several studies have reported that higher-fit children exhibit smaller ERN amplitude during rapid-response tasks (i.e., instructions emphasizing speed of responding; Hillman et al., 2009 ) and more flexibility in the allocation of these resources during tasks entailing variable cognitive control demands, as evidenced by changes in ERN amplitude for higher-fit children and no modulation of ERN in lower-fit children ( Pontifex et al., 2011 ). Collectively, this pattern of results suggests that children with lower levels of fitness allocate fewer attentional resources during stimulus engagement (P3 amplitude) and exhibit slower cognitive processing speed (P3 latency) but increased activation of neural resources involved in the monitoring of their actions (ERN amplitude). Alternatively, higher-fit children allocate greater resources to environmental stimuli and demonstrate less reliance on action monitoring (increasing resource allocation only to meet the demands of the task). Under more demanding task conditions, the strategy of lower-fit children appears to fail since they perform more poorly under conditions requiring the upregulation of cognitive control.

Finally, only one randomized controlled trial published to date has used ERPs to assess neurocognitive function in children. Kamijo and colleagues (2011) studied performance on a working memory task before and after a 9-month physical activity intervention compared with a wait-list control group. They observed better performance following the physical activity intervention during task conditions that required the upregulation of working memory relative to the task condition requiring lesser amounts of working memory. Further, increased activation of the contingent negative variation (CNV), an ERP component reflecting cognitive and motor preparation, was observed at posttest over frontal scalp sites in the physical activity intervention group. No differences in performance or brain activation were noted for the wait-list control group. These findings suggest an increase in cognitive preparation processes in support of a more effective working memory network resulting from prolonged participation in physical activity. For children in a school setting, regular participation in physical activity as part of an after-school program is particularly beneficial for tasks that require the use of working memory.

Adiposity and Risk for Metabolic Syndrome as It Relates to Cognitive Health

A related and emerging literature that has recently been popularized investigates the relationship of adiposity to cognitive and brain health and academic performance. Several reports ( Datar et al., 2004 ; Datar and Sturm, 2006 ; Judge and Jahns, 2007 ; Gable et al., 2012 ) on this relationship are based on large-scale datasets derived from the Early Child Longitudinal Study. Further, nonhuman animal research has been used to elucidate the relationships between health indices and cognitive and brain health (see Figure 4-4 for an overview of these relationships). Collectively, these studies observed poorer future academic performance among children who entered school overweight or moved from a healthy weight to overweight during the course of development. Corroborating evidence for a negative relationship between adiposity and academic performance may be found in smaller but more tightly controlled studies. As noted above, Castelli and colleagues (2007) observed poorer performance on the mathematics and reading portions of the Illinois Standardized Achievement Test in 3rd- and 5th-grade students as a function of higher BMI, and Donnelly and colleagues (2009) used a cluster randomized trial to demonstrate that physical activity in the classroom decreased BMI and improved academic achievement among pre-adolescent children.

Relationships between health indices and cognitive and brain health. NOTE: AD = Alzheimer's disease; PD = Parkinson's disease. SOURCE: Cotman et al., 2007. Reprinted with permission.

Recently published reports describe the relationship between adiposity and cognitive and brain health to advance understanding of the basic cognitive processes and neural substrates that may underlie the adiposity-achievement relationship. Bolstered by findings in adult populations (e.g., Debette et al., 2010 ; Raji et al., 2010 ; Carnell et al., 2011 ), researchers have begun to publish data on preadolescent populations indicating differences in brain function and cognitive performance related to adiposity (however, see Gunstad et al., 2008 , for an instance in which adiposity was unrelated to cognitive outcomes). Specifically, Kamijo and colleagues (2012a) examined the relationship of weight status to cognitive control and academic achievement in 126 children aged 7-9. The children completed a battery of cognitive control tasks, and their body composition was assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The authors found that higher BMI and greater amounts of fat mass (particularly in the midsection) were related to poorer performance on cognitive control tasks involving inhibition, as well as lower academic achievement. In follow-up studies, Kamijo and colleagues (2012b) investigated whether neural markers of the relationship between adiposity and cognition may be found through examination of ERP data. These studies compared healthy-weight and obese children and found a differential distribution of the P3 potential (i.e., less frontally distributed) and larger N2 amplitude, as well as smaller ERN magnitude, in obese children during task conditions that required greater amounts of inhibitory control ( Kamijo et al., 2012c ). Taken together, the above results suggest that obesity is associated with less effective neural processes during stimulus capture and response execution. As a result, obese children perform tasks more slowly ( Kamijo et al., 2012a ) and are less accurate ( Kamijo et al., 2012b , c ) in response to tasks requiring variable amounts of cognitive control. Although these data are correlational, they provide a basis for further study using other neuroimaging tools (e.g., MRI, fMRI), as well as a rationale for the design and implementation of randomized controlled studies that would allow for causal interpretation of the relationship of adiposity to cognitive and brain health. The next decade should provide a great deal of information on this relationship.

LIMITATIONS

Despite the promising findings described in this chapter, it should be noted that the study of the relationship of childhood physical activity, aerobic fitness, and adiposity to cognitive and brain health and academic performance is in its early stages. Accordingly, most studies have used designs that afford correlation rather than causation. To date, in fact, only two randomized controlled trials ( Davis et al., 2011 ; Kamijo et al., 2011 ) on this relationship have been published. However, several others are currently ongoing, and it was necessary to provide evidence through correlational studies before investing the effort, time, and funding required for more demanding causal studies. Given that the evidence base in this area has grown exponentially in the past 10 years through correlational studies and that causal evidence has accumulated through adult and nonhuman animal studies, the next step will be to increase the amount of causal evidence available on school-age children.

Accomplishing this will require further consideration of demographic factors that may moderate the physical activity–cognition relationship. For instance, socioeconomic status has a unique relationship with physical activity ( Estabrooks et al., 2003 ) and cognitive control ( Mezzacappa, 2004 ). Although many studies have attempted to control for socioeconomic status (see Hillman et al., 2009 ; Kamijo et al., 2011 , 2012a , b , c ; Pontifex et al., 2011 ), further inquiry into its relationship with physical activity, adiposity, and cognition is warranted to determine whether it may serve as a potential mediator or moderator for the observed relationships. A second demographic factor that warrants further consideration is gender. Most authors have failed to describe gender differences when reporting on the physical activity–cognition literature. However, studies of adiposity and cognition have suggested that such a relationship may exist (see Datar and Sturm, 2006 ). Additionally, further consideration of age is warranted. Most studies have examined a relatively narrow age range, consisting of a few years. Such an approach often is necessary because of maturation and the need to develop comprehensive assessment tools that suit the various stages of development. However, this approach has yielded little understanding of how the physical activity–cognition relationship may change throughout the course of maturation.

Finally, although a number of studies have described the relationship of physical activity, fitness, and adiposity to standardized measures of academic performance, few attempts have been made to observe the relationship within the context of the educational environment. Standardized tests, although necessary to gauge knowledge, may not be the most sensitive measures for (the process of) learning. Future research will need to do a better job of translating promising laboratory findings to the real world to determine the value of this relationship in ecologically valid settings.

From an authentic and practical to a mechanistic perspective, physically active and aerobically fit children consistently outperform their inactive and unfit peers academically on both a short- and a long-term basis. Time spent engaged in physical activity is related not only to a healthier body but also to enriched cognitive development and lifelong brain health. Collectively, the findings across the body of literature in this area suggest that increases in aerobic fitness, derived from physical activity, are related to improvements in the integrity of brain structure and function that underlie academic performance. The strongest relationships have been found between aerobic fitness and performance in mathematics, reading, and English. For children in a school setting, regular participation in physical activity is particularly beneficial with respect to tasks that require working memory and problem solving. These findings are corroborated by the results of both authentic correlational studies and experimental randomized controlled trials. Overall, the benefits of additional time dedicated to physical education and other physical activity opportunities before, during, and after school outweigh the benefits of exclusive utilization of school time for academic learning, as physical activity opportunities offered across the curriculum do not inhibit academic performance.

Both habitual and single bouts of physical activity contribute to enhanced academic performance. Findings indicate a robust relationship of acute exercise to increased attention, with evidence emerging for a relationship between participation in physical activity and disciplinary behaviors, time on task, and academic performance. Specifically, higher-fit children allocate greater resources to a given task and demonstrate less reliance on environmental cues or teacher prompting.

Åberg MA, Pedersen NL, Torén K, Svartengren M, Bäckstrand B, Johnsson T, Cooper-Kuhn CM, Åberg ND, Nilsson M, Kuhn HG. Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009; 106 (49):20906–20911. [ PMC free article : PMC2785721 ] [ PubMed : 19948959 ]
Aglioti SM, Cesari P, Romani M, Urgesi C. Action anticipation and motor resonance in elite basketball players. Nature Neuroscience. 2008; 11 (9):1109–1116. [ PubMed : 19160510 ]
Ahamed Y, Macdonald H, Reed K, Naylor PJ, Liu-Ambrose T, McKay H. School-based physical activity does not compromise children's academic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2007; 39 (2):371–376. [ PubMed : 17277603 ]
Aron A, Poldrack R, Wise S. Cognition: Basal ganglia role. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. 2009; 2 :1069–1077.
Barros RM, Silver EJ, Stein REK. School recess and group classroom behavior. Pediatrics. 2009; 123 (2):431–436. [ PubMed : 19171606 ]
Bartholomew JB, Jowers EM. Physically active academic lessons in elementary children. Preventive Medicine. 2011; 52 (Suppl 1):S51–S54. [ PMC free article : PMC3116963 ] [ PubMed : 21281672 ]
Basch C. Healthier children are better learners: A missing link in school reforms to close the achievement gap. 2010. [October 11, 2011]. http://www .equitycampaign .org/i/a/document /12557_EquityMattersVol6_Web03082010 .pdf . [ PubMed : 21923870 ]
Baxter SD, Royer JA, Hardin JW, Guinn CH, Devlin CM. The relationship of school absenteeism with body mass index, academic achievement, and socioeconomic status among fourth grade children. Journal of School Health. 2011; 81 (7):417–423. [ PMC free article : PMC3972016 ] [ PubMed : 21668882 ]
Benden ME, Blake JJ, Wendel ML, Huber JC Jr. The impact of stand-biased desks in classrooms on calorie expenditure in children. American Journal of Public Health. 2011; 101 (8):1433–1436. [ PMC free article : PMC3134494 ] [ PubMed : 21421945 ]
Biddle SJ, Asare M. Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011; 45 (11):886–895. [ PubMed : 21807669 ]
Blair C, Zelazo PD, Greenberg MT. The measurement of executive function in early childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology. 2005; 28 (2):561–571. [ PubMed : 16144427 ]
Boecker H. On the emerging role of neuroimaging in determining functional and structural brain integrity induced by physical exercise: Impact for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. EPMA Journal. 2011; 2 (3):277–285. [ PMC free article : PMC3405390 ] [ PubMed : 23199163 ]
Botvinick MM, Braver TS, Barch DM, Carter CS, Cohen JD. Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review. 2001; 108 (3):624. [ PubMed : 11488380 ]
Budde H, Voelcker-Rehage C, S-Pietrabyk Kendziorra, Ribeiro P, Tidow G. Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents. Neuroscience Letters. 2008; 441 (2):219–223. [ PubMed : 18602754 ]
Burkhalter TM, Hillman CH. A narrative review of physical activity, nutrition, and obesity to cognition and scholastic performance across the human lifespan. Advances in Nutrition. 2011; 2 (2):201S–206S. [ PMC free article : PMC3065760 ] [ PubMed : 22332052 ]
Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Lee SM, Maynard LM, Brown DR, Kohl HW III, Dietz WH. Physical education and academic achievement in elementary school: Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. American Journal of Public Health. 2008; 98 (4):721–727. [ PMC free article : PMC2377002 ] [ PubMed : 18309127 ]
Carnell S, Gibson C, Benson L, Ochner C, Geliebter A. Neuroimaging and obesity: Current knowledge and future directions. Obesity Reviews. 2011; 13 (1):43–56. [ PMC free article : PMC3241905 ] [ PubMed : 21902800 ]
Casey B, Jones RM, Hare TA. The adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008; 1124 (1):111–126. [ PMC free article : PMC2475802 ] [ PubMed : 18400927 ]
Castelli DM, Hillman CH, Buck SM, Erwin HE. Physical fitness and academic achievement in third- and fifth-grade students. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2007; 29 (2):239–252. [ PubMed : 17568069 ]
Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Kim JS, Voss MW, VanPatter M, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Konkel A, Hillman CH. A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children. Brain Research. 2010a; 1358 :172–183. [ PMC free article : PMC3953557 ] [ PubMed : 20735996 ]
Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, VanPatter M, Voss MW, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Hillman CH, Kramer AF. Basal ganglia volume is associated with aerobic fitness in preadolescent children. Developmental Neuroscience. 2010b; 32 (3):249–256. [ PMC free article : PMC3696376 ] [ PubMed : 20693803 ]
Chaddock L, Hillman CH, Buck SM, Cohen NJ. Aerobic fitness and executive control of relational memory in preadolescent children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2011; 43 (2):344. [ PubMed : 20508533 ]
Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Voss MW, VanPatter M, Pontifex MB, Hillman CH, Kramer AF. A functional MRI investigation of the association between childhood aerobic fitness and neurocognitive control. Biological Psychology. 2012; 89 (1):260–268. [ PubMed : 22061423 ]
Chan AS, Ho YC, Cheung MC. Music training improves verbal memory. Nature. 1998; 396 (6707):128. [ PubMed : 9823892 ]
Chang YK, Etnier JL. Effects of an acute bout of localized resistance exercise on cognitive performance in middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2009; 10 (1):19–24.
Chih CH, Chen JF. The relationship between physical education performance, fitness tests, and academic achievement in elementary school. International Journal of Sport and Society. 2011; 2 (1):65–73.
Chomitz VR, Slining MM, McGowan RJ, Mitchell SE, Dawson GF, Hacker KA. Is there a relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement? Positive results from public school children in the northeastern United States. Journal of School Health. 2008; 79 (1):30–37. [ PubMed : 19149783 ]
Coe DP, Pivarnik JM, Womack CJ, Reeves MJ, Malina RM. Effect of physical education and activity levels on academic achievement in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2006; 38 (8):1515–1519. [ PubMed : 16888468 ]
Cohen NJ, Eichenbaum H. Memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal system. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1993.
Cohen NJ, Ryan J, Hunt C, Romine L, Wszalek T, Nash C. Hippocampal system and declarative (relational) memory: Summarizing the data from functional neuroimaging studies. Hippocampus. 1999; 9 (1):83–98. [ PubMed : 10088903 ]
Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults a meta-analytic study. Psychological Science. 2003; 14 (2):125–130. [ PubMed : 12661673 ]
Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Raz N, Webb AG, Cohen NJ, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003; 58 (2):M176–M180. [ PubMed : 12586857 ]
Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, Erickson KI, Scalf P, McAuley E, Cohen NJ, Webb A, Jerome GJ, Marquez DX, Elavsky S. Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004; 101 (9):3316–3321. [ PMC free article : PMC373255 ] [ PubMed : 14978288 ]
Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, Kim JS, Prakash R, McAuley E, Elavsky S, Marquez DX, Hu L, Kramer AF. Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2006; 61 (11):1166–1170. [ PubMed : 17167157 ]
Cooper K, Everett D, Kloster J, Meredith MD, Rathbone M, Read K. Preface: Texas statewide assessment of youth fitness. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2010; 81 (3):ii. [ PubMed : 21049831 ]
Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA. Exercise builds brain health: Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends in Neurosciences. 2007; 30 (9):464–472. [ PubMed : 17765329 ]
Cottrell LA, Northrup K, Wittberg R. The extended relationship between child cardiovascular risks and academic performance measures. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15 (12):3170–3177. [ PubMed : 18198328 ]
Crosnoe R. Academic and health-related trajectories in high school: The intersection of gender and athletics. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2002; 43 :317–335. [ PubMed : 12467256 ]
Daley AJ, Ryan J. Academic performance and participation in physical activity by secondary school adolescents. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2000; 91 (2):531–534. [ PubMed : 11065314 ]
Datar A, Sturm R. Physical education in elementary school and body mass index: Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. Journal Information. 2004; 94 (9):1501–1509. [ PMC free article : PMC1448481 ] [ PubMed : 15333302 ]
Datar A, Sturm R. Childhood overweight and elementary school outcomes. International Journal of Obesity. 2006; 30 (9):1449–1460. [ PubMed : 16534518 ]
Datar A, Sturm R, Magnabosco JL. Childhood overweight and academic performance: National study of kindergartners and first-graders. Obesity Research. 2004; 12 (1):58–68. [ PubMed : 14742843 ]
Davidson MC, Amso D, Anderson LC, Diamond A. Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia. 2006; 44 (11):2037. [ PMC free article : PMC1513793 ] [ PubMed : 16580701 ]
Davis CL, Tomporowski PD, McDowell JE, Austin BP, Miller PH, Yanasak NE, Allison JD, Naglieri JA. Exercise improves executive function and achievement and alters brain activation in overweight children: A randomized, controlled trial. Health Psychology. 2011; 30 (1):91–98. [ PMC free article : PMC3057917 ] [ PubMed : 21299297 ]
Dawson P, Guare R. Executive skills in children and adolescents: A practical guide to assessment and intervention. New York: Guilford Press; 2004. pp. 2–8.
Debette S, Beiser A, Hoffmann U, DeCarli C, O'Donnell CJ, Massaro JM, Au R, Himali JJ, Wolf PA, Fox CS, Seshadri S. Visceral fat is associated with lower brain volume in healthy middle-aged adults. Annals of Neurology. 2010; 68 :136–144. [ PMC free article : PMC2933649 ] [ PubMed : 20695006 ]
Dexter TT. Relationships between sport knowledge, sport performance and academic ability: Empirical evidence from GCSE physical education. Journal of Sports Sciences. 1999; 17 (4):283–295. [ PubMed : 10373038 ]
Diamond A. The early development of executive functions. In: Bialystok E, Craik FIM, editors. In Lifespan cognition: Mechanisms of change. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. pp. 70–95.
Donchin E. Surprise! … surprise. Psychophysiology. 1981; 18 (5):493–513. [ PubMed : 7280146 ]
Donchin E, Coles MGH. Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1988; 11 (03):357–374.
Donnelly JE, Lambourne K. Classroom-based physical activity, cognition, and academic achievement. Preventive Medicine. 2011; 52 (Suppl 1):S36–S42. [ PubMed : 21281666 ]
Donnelly JE, Greene JL, Gibson CA, Smith BK, Washburn RA, Sullivan DK, DuBose K, Mayo MS, Schmelzle KH, Ryan JJ. Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC): A randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity and diminish overweight and obesity in elementary school children. Preventive Medicine. 2009; 49 (4):336–341. [ PMC free article : PMC2766439 ] [ PubMed : 19665037 ]
Drollette ES, Shishido T, Pontifex MB, Hillman CH. Maintenance of cognitive control during and after walking in preadolescent children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2012; 44 (10):2017–2024. [ PubMed : 22525770 ]
Duncan SC, Duncan TE, Strycker LA, Chaumeton NR. A cohort-sequential latent growth model of physical activity from ages 12 to 17 years. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2007; 33 (1):80–89. [ PMC free article : PMC2729662 ] [ PubMed : 17291173 ]
Duncan-Johnson CC. P3 latency: A new metric of information processing. Psychophysiology. 1981; 18 :207–215. [ PubMed : 7291436 ]
Dwyer T, Coonan W, Worsley A, Leitch D. An assessment of the effects of two physical activity programmes on coronary heart disease risk factors in primary school children. Community Health Studies. 1979; 3 (3):196–202.
Dwyer T, Coonan WE, Leitch DR, Hetzel BS, Baghurst R. An investigation of the effects of daily physical activity on the health of primary school students in south Australia. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1983; 12 (3):308–313. [ PubMed : 6629620 ]
Edwards JU, Mauch L, Winkleman MR. Relationship of nutrition and physical activity behaviors and fitness measures to academic performance for sixth graders in a Midwest city school district. Journal of School Health. 2011; 81 :65–73. [ PubMed : 21223273 ]
Efrat M. The relationship between low-income and minority children's physical activity and academic-related outcomes: A review of the literature. Health Education and Behavior. 2011; 38 (5):441–451. [ PubMed : 21285376 ]
Eitle TM. Do gender and race matter? Explaining the relationship between sports participation and achievement. Sociological Spectrum. 2005; 25 (2):177–195.
Eitle TM, Eitle DJ. Sociology of Education. 2002. Race, cultural capital, and the educational effects of participation in sports; pp. 123–146.
Elbert T, Pantev C, Wienbruch C, Rockstroh B, Taub E. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science. 1995; 270 (5234):305–307. [ PubMed : 7569982 ]
Elder C, Leaver-Dunn D, Wang MQ, Nagy S, Green L. Organized group activity as a protective factor against adolescent substance use. American Journal of Health Behavior. 2000; 24 (2):108–113.
Ellemberg D, St-Louis-Deschênes M. The effect of acute physical exercise on cognitive function during development. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2010; 11 (2):122–126.
Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Voss MW, Chaddock L, Hu L, Morris KS, White SM, Wójcicki TR, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans. Hippocampus. 2009; 19 (10):1030–1039. [ PMC free article : PMC3072565 ] [ PubMed : 19123237 ]
Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, Kim JS, Heo S, Alves H, White SM. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2011; 108 (7):3017–3022. [ PMC free article : PMC3041121 ] [ PubMed : 21282661 ]
Ericsson KA, Charness N. Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist. 1994; 49 (8):725.
Estabrooks AP, Lee RE, Gyurcsik NC. Resources for physical activity participation: Does availability and accessibility differ by neighborhood socioeconomic status. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2003; 25 (2):100–104. [ PubMed : 12704011 ]
Etnier JL, Salazar W, Landers DM, Petruzzello SJ, Han M, Nowell P. The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1997; 19 (3):249–277.
Etnier JL, Nowell PM, Landers DM, Sibley BA. A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Brain Research Reviews. 2006; 52 (1):119–130. [ PubMed : 16490256 ]
Eveland-Sayers BM, Farley RS, Fuller DK, Morgan DW, Caputo JL. Physical fitness and academic achievement in elementary school children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2009; 6 (1):99. [ PubMed : 19211963 ]
Fan X, Chen M. Parental involvement and students' academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review. 2001; 13 (1):1–22.
Fedewa AL, Ahn S. The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children's achievement and cognitive outcomes: A meta-analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2011; 82 (3):521–535. [ PubMed : 21957711 ]
Fisher M, Juszczak L, Friedman SB. Sports participation in an urban high school: Academic and psychologic correlates. Journal of Adolescent Health. 1996; 18 (5):329–334. [ PubMed : 9156545 ]
Fox CK, Barr-Anderson D, D-Neumark Sztainer, Wall M. Physical activity and sports team participation: Associations with academic outcomes in middle school and high school students. Journal of School Health. 2010; 80 (1):31–37. [ PubMed : 20051088 ]
Fredericks CR, Kokot SJ, Krog S. Using a developmental movement programme to enhance academic skills in grade 1 learners. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 2006; 28 (1):29–42.
Gabbard C, Barton J. Effects of physical activity on mathematical computation among young children. Journal of Psychology. 1979; 103 :287–288.
Gable S, Krull JL, Chang Y. Boys' and girls' weight status and math performance from kindergarten entry through fifth grade: A mediated analysis. Child Development. 2012; 83 (5):1822–1839. [ PubMed : 22694240 ]
Gehring WJ, Goss B, Coles MG, Meyer DE, Donchin E. A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science. 1993; 4 (6):385–390.
Getlinger MJ, Laughlin V, Bell E, Akre C, Arjmandi BH. Food waste is reduced when elementary-school children have recess before lunch. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1996; 96 (9):906. [ PubMed : 8784336 ]
Glenmark B. Skeletal muscle fiber types, physical performance, physical activity and attitude to physical activity in women and men: A follow-up from age 16-27. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Supplementum. 1994; 623 :1–47. [ PubMed : 7942046 ]
Grieco LA, Jowers EM, Bartholomew JB. Physically active academic lessons and time on task: The moderating effect of body mass index. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2009; 41 (10):1921–1926. [ PubMed : 19727020 ]
Grissom JB. Physical fitness and academic achievement. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. 2005; 8 (1):11–25.
Gunstad J, Spitznagel MB, Paul RH, Cohen RA, Kohn M, Luyster FS, Clark R, Williams LM, Gordon E. Body mass index and neuropsychological function in healthy children and adolescents. Appetite. 2008; 5 (2):246–51. [ PubMed : 17761359 ]
Hanson SL, Kraus RS. Women, sports, and science: Do female athletes have an advantage. Sociology of Education. 1998; 71 :93–110.
Hatfield BD, Hillman CH. The psychophysiology of sport: A mechanistic understanding of the psychology of superior performance. In: Singer RN, Hausenblas HA, Janelle C, editors. In The handbook of research on sport psychology. 2nd. New York: John Wiley; 2001. pp. 362–386.
Hillman CH, Snook EM, Jerome GJ. Acute cardiovascular exercise and executive control function. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2003; 48 (3):307–314. [ PubMed : 12798990 ]
Hillman CH, Castelli DM, Buck SM. Aerobic fitness and neurocognitive function in healthy preadolescent children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2005; 37 (11):1967. [ PubMed : 16286868 ]
Hillman CH, Motl RW, Pontifex MB, Posthuma D, Stubbe JH, Boomsma DI, De Geus EJC. Physical activity and cognitive function in a cross-section of younger and older community-dwelling individuals. Health Psychology. 2006; 25 (6):678. [ PubMed : 17100496 ]
Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2008; 9 (1):58–65. [ PubMed : 18094706 ]
Hillman CH, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Castelli DM, Hall EE, Kramer AF. The effect of acute treadmill walking on cognitive control and academic achievement in preadolescent children. Neuroscience. 2009; 159 (3):1044. [ PMC free article : PMC2667807 ] [ PubMed : 19356688 ]
Holroyd CB, Coles MG. The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review. 2002; 109 (4):679. [ PubMed : 12374324 ]
Huttenlocher PR, Dabholkar AS. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1997; 387 (2):167–178. [ PubMed : 9336221 ]
Ila AB, Polich J. P300 and response time from a manual Stroop task. Clinical Neurophysiology. 1999; 110 (2):367–373. [ PubMed : 10210626 ]
Jarrett OS, Maxwell DM, Dickerson C, Hoge P, Davies G, Yetley A. Impact of recess on classroom behavior: Group effects and individual differences. Journal of Educational Research. 1998; 92 (2):121–126.
Jones JG, Hardy L. Stress and cognitive functioning in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences. 1989; 7 (1):41–63. [ PubMed : 2659817 ]
Judge S, Jahns L. Association of overweight with academic performance and social and behavioral problems: An update from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. Journal of School Health. 2007; 77 :672–678. [ PubMed : 18076412 ]
Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O'Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu CT, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children. Developmental Science. 2011; 14 (5):1046–1058. [ PMC free article : PMC3177170 ] [ PubMed : 21884320 ]
Kamijo K, Khan NA, Pontifex MB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Raine LB, Evans EM, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. The relation of adiposity to cognitive control and scholastic achievement in preadolescent children. Obesity. 2012a; 20 (12):2406–2411. [ PMC free article : PMC3414677 ] [ PubMed : 22546743 ]
Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Evans EM, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. The association of childhood obesity to neuroelectric indices of inhibition. Psychophysiology. 2012b; 49 (10):1361–1371. [ PubMed : 22913478 ]
Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Evans EM, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. Cerebral Cortex. 2012c. [October 4, 2013]. The negative association of childhood obesity to the cognitive control of action monitoring. Epub ahead of print, November 11. cercor .oxfordjournals .org/content/early/2012/11/09/cercor .bhs349.long . [ PMC free article : PMC3920765 ] [ PubMed : 23146965 ]
Kibbe DL, Hackett J, Hurley M, McFarland A, Schubert KG, Schultz A, Harris S. Ten years of TAKE 10! ® : Integrating physical activity with academic concepts in elementary school classrooms. Preventive Medicine. 2011; 52 (Suppl):S43–S50. [ PubMed : 21281670 ]
Kramer AF, Erickson KI. Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: Influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2007; 11 (8):342–348. [ PubMed : 17629545 ]
Kramer AF, Hahn S, Cohen NJ, Banich MT, McAuley E, Harrison CR, Chason J, Vakil E, Bardell L, Boileau RA. Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature. 1999; 400 (6743):418–419. [ PubMed : 10440369 ]
Kutas M, McCarthy G, Donchin E. Augmenting mental chronometry: The P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time. Science. 1977; 197 (4305):792–795. [ PubMed : 887923 ]
London RA, Castrechini S. A longitudinal examination of the link between youth physical fitness and academic achievement. Journal of School Health. 2011; 81 (7):400–408. [ PubMed : 21668880 ]
MacDonald AW, Cohen JD, Stenger VA, Carter CS. Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science. 2000; 288 (5472):1835–1838. [ PubMed : 10846167 ]
Magliero A, Bashore TR, Coles MG, Donchin E. On the dependence of P300 latency on stimulus evaluation processes. Psychophysiology. 1984; 21 (2):171–186. [ PubMed : 6728983 ]
Mahar MT, Murphy SK, Rowe DA, Golden J, Shields AT, Raedeke TD. Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2006; 38 (12):2086. [ PubMed : 17146314 ]
Mechanic D, Hansell S. Adolescent competence, psychological well-being, and self-assessed physical health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1987; 28 (4):364–374. [ PubMed : 3429806 ]
Mezzacappa E. Alerting, orienting, and executive attention: Developmental properties and sociodemographic correlates in an epidemiological sample of young, urban children. Child Development. 2004; 75 (5):1373–1386. [ PubMed : 15369520 ]
Miller KE, Melnick MJ, Barnes GM, Farrell MP, Sabo D. Untangling the links among the athletic involvement, gender, race, and adolescent academic outcomes. Sociology of Sport. 2005; 22 (2):178–193. [ PMC free article : PMC1343519 ] [ PubMed : 16467902 ]
Monti JM, Hillman CH, Cohen NJ. Aerobic fitness enhances relational memory in preadolescent children: The FITKids randomized control trial. Hippocampus. 2012; 22 (9):1876–1882. [ PMC free article : PMC3404196 ] [ PubMed : 22522428 ]
Münte TF, Kohlmetz C, Nager W, Altenmüller E. Superior auditory spatial tuning in conductors. Nature. 2001; 409 (6820):580. [ PubMed : 11214309 ]
NASPE (National Association for Sport and Physical Education). Moving into the future: National Physical Education Content Standards. 2nd. Reston, VA: NASPE; 2004.
NASPE. Recess for elementary school students. 2006. [December 1, 2012]. http://www .aahperd.org /naspe/standards/upload /recess-for-elementary-school-students-2006.pdf .
Neeper SA, Gomez-Pinilla F, Choi J, Cotman C. Exercise and brain neuro-trophins. Nature. 1995; 373 (6510):109. [ PubMed : 7816089 ]
NRC (National Research Council)/IOM (Institute of Medicine). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000. [ PubMed : 25077268 ]
O'Leary KC, Pontifex MB, Scudder MR, Brown ML, Hillman CH. The effects of single bouts of aerobic exercise, exergaming, and videogame play on cognitive control. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2011; 122 (8):1518–1525. [ PubMed : 21353635 ]
Page RM, Hammermeister J, Scanlan A, Gilbert L. Is school sports participation a protective factor against adolescent health risk behaviors. Journal of Health Education. 1998; 29 (3):186–192.
Pellegrini AD, Bohn CM. The role of recess in children's cognitive performance and school adjustment. Educational Researcher. 2005; 34 (1):13–19.
Pellegrini AD, Huberty PD, Jones I. The effects of recess timing on children's playground and classroom behaviors. American Educational Research Journal. 1995; 32 (4):845–864.
Pesce C, Crova C, Cereatti L, Casella R, Bellucci M. Physical activity and mental performance in preadolescents: Effects of acute exercise on free-recall memory. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2009; 2 (1):16–22.
Polich J. EEG and ERP assessment of normal aging. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section. 1997; 104 (3):244–256. [ PubMed : 9186239 ]
Polich J, Heine MR. P300 topography and modality effects from a single-stimulus paradigm. Psychophysiology. 2007; 33 (6):747–752. [ PubMed : 8961797 ]
Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Johnson CR, Chaddock L, Voss MW, Cohen NJ, Kramer AF, Hillman CH. Cardiorespiratory fitness and the flexible modulation of cognitive control in preadolescent children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2011; 23 (6):1332–1345. [ PubMed : 20521857 ]
Pontifex MB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Hillman CH. Fit and vigilant: The relationship between sedentary behavior and failures in sustained attention during preadolescence. Neuropsychology. 2012; 26 (4):407–413. [ PMC free article : PMC3390762 ] [ PubMed : 22746307 ]
Pontifex MB, Saliba BJ, Raine LB, Picchietti DL, Hillman CH. Exercise improves behavioral, neurophysiologic, and scholastic performance in children with ADHD. Journal of Pediatrics. 2013; 162 :543–551. [ PMC free article : PMC3556380 ] [ PubMed : 23084704 ]
Raji CA, Ho AJ, Parikshak NN, Becker JT, Lopez OL, Kuller LH, Hua X, Leow AD, Toga AW, Thompson PM. Brain structure and obesity. Human Brain Mapping. 2010; 31 (3):353–364. [ PMC free article : PMC2826530 ] [ PubMed : 19662657 ]
Rasberry CN, Lee SM, Robin L, Laris BA, Russell LA, Coyle KK, Nihiser AJ. The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: A systematic review of the literature. Preventive Medicine. 2011; 52 (Suppl 1):S10–S20. [ PubMed : 21291905 ]
Raz N. Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: Integration of structural and functional findings. In: Craik FM, Salthouse TA, editors. In The handbook of aging and cognition. Vol. 2. Mahweh, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2000. pp. 1–90.
Reed JA, Einstein G, Hahn E, Hooker SP, Gross VP, Kravitz J. Examining the impact of integrating physical activity on fluid intelligence and academic performance in an elementary school setting: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2010; 7 (3):343–351. [ PubMed : 20551490 ]
Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Castillo R, Martin-Matillas M, Kwak L, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Noriega J, Tercedor P, Sjostrom M, Moreno LA. Journal of Pediatrics. 2010; 157 (6):917–922. [ PubMed : 20673915 ]
Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Kolody B, Lewis M, Marshall S, Rosengard P. Effects of health-related physical education on academic achievement: Project SPARK. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 1999; 70 (2):127–134. [ PubMed : 10380244 ]
Sanders A. Towards a model of stress and human performance. Acta Psychologica. 1983; 53 (1):61–97. [ PubMed : 6869047 ]
Shephard RJ. Habitual physical activity and academic performance. Nutrition Reviews. 1986; 54 (4):S32–S36. [ PubMed : 8700451 ]
Shephard RJ, Volle M, Lavallee H, LaBarre R, Jequier J, Rajic M. In Children and Sport. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1984. Required physical activity and academic grades: A controlled study; pp. 58–63.
Sibley BA, Etnier JL. The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: A meta-analysis. Pediatric Exercise Science. 2003; 15 :243–256.
Silliker SA, Quirk JT. The effect of extracurricular activity participation on the academic performance of male and female high school students. School Counselor. 1997; 44 (4):288–293.
Singh A, Uijtdewilligen L, Twisk JWR, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJM. Physical activity and performance at school: A systematic review of the literature including a methodological quality assessment. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2012; 166 (1):49–55. [ PubMed : 22213750 ]
Sirin SR. Socioeconomic status and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review of research. Review of Educational Research. 2005; 75 (3):417–453.
Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, Browndyke JN, Sherwood A. Aerobic exercise and neuro-cognitive performance: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2010; 72 (3):239–252. [ PMC free article : PMC2897704 ] [ PubMed : 20223924 ]
Stanca L. The effects of attendance on academic performance: Panel data evidence for introductory microeconomics. Journal of Economic Education. 2006; 37 (3):251–266.
Stephens LJ, Schaben LA. The effect of interscholastic sports participation on academic achievement of middle level school activities. National Association of Secondary School Principals Bulletin. 2002; 86 :34–42.
Stewart JA, Dennison DA, Kohl HW III, Doyle JA. Exercise level and energy expenditure in the TAKE 10! ® in-class physical activity program. Journal of School Health. 2004; 74 (10):397–400. [ PubMed : 15724566 ]
Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, Daniels SR, Dishman RK, Gutin B, Hergenroeder AC, Must A, Nixon PA, Pivarnik JM, Rowland T, Trost S, Trudeau F. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. Journal of Pediatrics. 2005; 146 (6):732–737. [ PubMed : 15973308 ]
Taliaferro LA, Rienzo BA, Donovan KA. Relationships between youth sport participation and selected health risk behaviors from 1999 to 2007. Journal of School Health. 2010; 80 (8):399–410. [ PubMed : 20618623 ]
Taylor MJ. Neural bases of cognitive development. In: Bialystok E, Craik FIM, editors. In Lifespan cognition: Mechanisms of change. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2006. pp. 15–26.
Telama R, Yang X, Laakso L, Viikari J. Physical activity in childhood and adolescence as predictor of physical activity in young adulthood. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1997; 13 (4):317–323. [ PubMed : 9236971 ]
Thomas AG, Dennis A, Bandettini PA, Johansen-Berg H. The effects of aerobic activity on brain structure. Frontiers in Psychology. 2012; 3 :1–9. [ PMC free article : PMC3311131 ] [ PubMed : 22470361 ]
Tomporowski PD. Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition. Acta Psychologica. 2003; 112 (3):297–324. [ PubMed : 12595152 ]
Tomporowski PD, Davis CL, Miller PH, Naglieri JA. Exercise and children's intelligence, cognition, and academic achievement. Educational Psychology Review. 2008a; 20 (2):111–131. [ PMC free article : PMC2748863 ] [ PubMed : 19777141 ]
Tomporowski PD, Davis CL, Lambourne K, Gregoskis M, Tkacz J. Task switching in overweight children: Effects of acute exercise and age. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008b; 30 (5):497–511. [ PMC free article : PMC2705951 ] [ PubMed : 18971509 ]
Trudeau F, Shephard RJ. Physical education, school physical activity, school sports and academic performance. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2008; 5 [ PMC free article : PMC2329661 ] [ PubMed : 18298849 ]
Trudeau F, Shephard RJ. Relationships of physical activity to brain health and the academic performance of school children. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2010; 4 :138–150.
Trudeau F, Laurencelle L, Tremblay J, Rajic M, Shephard R. Daily primary school physical education: Effects on physical activity during adult life. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999; 31 (1):111. [ PubMed : 9927018 ]
Trudeau F, Shephard RJ, Arsenault F, Laurencelle L. Changes in adiposity and body mass index from late childhood to adult life in the Trois-Rivières study. American Journal of Human Biology. 2001; 13 (3):349–355. [ PubMed : 11460900 ]
Trudeau F, Laurencelle L, Shephard RJ. Tracking of physical activity from childhood to adulthood. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004; 36 (11):1937. [ PubMed : 15514510 ]
Van Dusen DP, Kelder SH, Kohl HW III, Ranjit N, Perry CL. Associations of physical fitness and academic performance among schoolchildren. Journal of School Health. 2011; 81 (12):733–740. [ PubMed : 22070504 ]
Van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nature Neuroscience. 1999; 2 (3):266–270. [ PubMed : 10195220 ]
Voss MW, Chaddock L, Kim JS, VanPatter M, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Cohen NJ, Hillman CH, Kramer AF. Aerobic fitness is associated with greater efficiency of the network underlying cognitive control in preadolescent children. Neuroscience. 2011; 199 :166–176. [ PMC free article : PMC3237764 ] [ PubMed : 22027235 ]
Wechsler H, Brener ND, Kuester S, Miller C. Food service and food and beverage available at school: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study. Journal of School Health. 2001; 71 (7):313–324. [ PubMed : 11586874 ]
Welk GJ, Jackson AW, Morrow J, James R, Haskell WH, Meredith MD, Cooper KH. The association of health-related fitness with indicators of academic performance in Texas schools. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2010; 81 (Suppl 2):16S–23S. [ PubMed : 21049834 ]
Welk GJ, Going SB, Morrow JR, Meredith MD. Development of new criterion-referenced fitness standards in the Fitnessgram ® program. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2011; 41 (2):6. [ PubMed : 21961614 ]
Wilkins J, Graham G, Parker S, Westfall S, Fraser R, Tembo M. Time in the arts and physical education and school achievement. Journal of Curriculum Studies. 2003; 35 (6):721–734.
Wittberg R, Cottrell LA, Davis CL, Northrup KL. Aerobic fitness thresholds associated with fifth grade academic achievement. American Journal of Health Education. 2010; 41 (5):284–291.
Yeung N, Botvinick MM, Cohen JD. The neural basis of error detection: Conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review. 2004; 111 (4):931. [ PubMed : 15482068 ]
Zhu W, Welk GJ, Meredith MD, Boiarskaia EA. A survey of physical education programs and policies in Texas schools. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2010; 81 (Suppl 2):42S–52S. [ PubMed : 21049837 ]
Cite this Page Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment; Food and Nutrition Board; Institute of Medicine; Kohl HW III, Cook HD, editors. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013 Oct 30. 4, Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education: Effects on Academic Performance.
PDF version of this title (4.4M)

In this Page

Related information.

PMC PubMed Central citations
PubMed Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education: Effects on Academic Performa... Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education: Effects on Academic Performance - Educating the Student Body

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

Connect with NLM

National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894

Web Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure

Help Accessibility Careers

Research and Practice in Physical Education

January 2013
Edition: First
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 9780203136928

University of Limerick

This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.

Discover the world's research

25+ million members
160+ million publication pages
2.3+ billion citations

Ma Haidee Mabborang

Euichang Choi

Kristina Grace

P Lusung-Oyzon

Daniel B. Robinson

Erin Andrews
Recruit researchers
Join for free
Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google Welcome back! Please log in. Email · Hint Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google No account? Sign up

Home
ISPAR Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research - to April 2016
Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy Group

Action research in physical education: focusing beyond myself through cooperative learning

Affiliation

Additional links, scopus count, collections.

The following license files are associated with this item:

entitlement

Export search results

The export option will allow you to export the current search results of the entered query to a file. Different formats are available for download. To export the items, click on the button corresponding with the preferred download format.

By default, clicking on the export buttons will result in a download of the allowed maximum amount of items.

To select a subset of the search results, click "Selective Export" button and make a selection of the items you want to export. The amount of items that can be exported at once is similarly restricted as the full export.

After making a selection, click one of the export format buttons. The amount of items that will be exported is indicated in the bubble next to export format.

Click here to place an order for topic brief service to get instant approval from your professor.

Best Physical Education Dissertation Topics in 2023

Table of Contents

Physical Education Dissertation Topics

The developing need for physical exercise and its advantages has redirected the consideration of the world toward the incorporation of physical education in the educational program in education systems. The physical education dissertation topics will concentrate on the research on understanding the advantages of physical movement among youthful grown-ups and youngsters explaining it with the assistance of physical education.

The physical education dissertation topics and thoughts are picked meticulously and start with an introduction part presenting the theoretical foundation and reason and points and questions that the paper expects to consider. The next chapter would manage a literature review that will give fundamental ideas of physical education and theories propounded by famous Scholars identified with this field, which can be effectively interlinked with the investigation.

Best Physical education dissertation topics

Here are 37 potential dissertation topics related to physical education:

The impact of physical activity on academic performance in elementary school students
The effectiveness of different physical activity interventions for weight loss in obese individuals
The role of physical education in preventing childhood obesity
The influence of physical education on self-esteem and body image in adolescents
The effectiveness of outdoor education programs on student learning and engagement
The impact of physical activity on mental health in college students
The effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving quality of life in older adults
The role of physical education in promoting social skills and teamwork in children
The effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiovascular health
The effectiveness of physical activity programs for managing chronic pain in adults
The impact of physical education on physical literacy and motor skill development in children
The effectiveness of physical activity interventions for reducing stress in college students
The role of physical education in promoting lifelong physical activity habits
The influence of physical education on gender roles and expectations
The impact of physical education on academic achievement in high school students
The effectiveness of physical activity programs for managing hypertension in adults
The role of physical education in promoting healthy behaviors in children and adolescents
The impact of physical activity on sleep quality and duration
The effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving mood in individuals with depression
The role of physical education in promoting social-emotional learning in children
The impact of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults
The effectiveness of physical activity programs for managing diabetes in adults
The influence of physical education on body image and self-esteem in girls
The impact of physical activity on weight maintenance after weight loss
The effectiveness of physical activity interventions for reducing anxiety in college students
The role of physical education in promoting healthy relationships and communication in children
The impact of physical activity on bone density in postmenopausal women
The effectiveness of physical activity programs for managing cardiovascular disease in adults
The influence of physical education on physical self-perception and self-worth in adolescents
The impact of physical activity on immune function in older adults
The effectiveness of physical activity interventions for reducing fatigue in cancer survivors
The role of physical education in promoting leadership and self-advocacy in children
The impact of physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary individuals
The effectiveness of physical activity programs for managing arthritis in adults
The influence of physical education on body composition and weight management in adolescents
The impact of physical activity on mental health in older adults
The effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving quality of life in cancer survivors

Customise Physical Education Dissertation Topics Brief Service

Fill out the form below and get 500 words dissertation topics brief on Physical Education from our experts.

Paid Topic Mini Proposal (500 Words)

You will get the topics first and then the mini proposal which includes:

An explanation why we choose this topic.
2-3 research questions.
Key literature resources identification.
Suitable methodology including raw sample size and data collection method
View a Sample of Service

Note: After submitting your order please must check your email [inbox/spam] folders for order confirmation and login details. If the email goes in spam please mark not as spam to avoid any communication gap between us.

Get An Expert Dissertation Writing Help To Achieve Good Grades

By placing an order with us, you can get;

Writer consultation before payment to ensure your work is in safe hands.
Free topic if you don't have one
Draft submissions to check the quality of the work as per supervisor's feedback
Free revisions
Complete privacy
Plagiarism Free work
Guaranteed 2:1 (With help of your supervisor's feedback)
2 Instalments plan
Special discounts

WhatsApp and Get 35% off promo code now!

Systematic Review
Open access
Published: 16 July 2024

Public health education using social learning theory: a systematic scoping review

Ting Liu 1 ,
Patrick Cheong-Iao Pang 1 &
Chi-Kin Lam 1

BMC Public Health volume 24 , Article number: 1906 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

235 Accesses

Metrics details

Public health education (PHE) in social environments plays a crucial role in mitigating the impact of public health events, especially with the recent surge in global incidents. Social learning theory (SLT) provides a strong theoretical foundation for implementing PHE. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic scoping review of PHE using SLT, synthesizing the target populations, types of research, main findings, and future directions.

The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. We conducted a comprehensive search of five electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, and APA PsycInfo) for English articles related to PHE using SLT. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts. Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze the characteristics of the articles included in the study, followed by a comprehensive narrative analysis of the results.

Research on PHE using SLT mainly focuses on adolescents, students, special patients, and vulnerable populations. The study sample includes seven research types and nine commonly used experimental methods. Four modes of PHE using SLT are identified, along with four types of summarized research results.

PHE research based on SLT can be prioritized for preventing widespread infectious diseases, spreading fundamental public health information, and assisting patients with particular illnesses. To enhance the implementation of PHE, researchers and policymakers should integrate online and offline health education resources, ensure the accessibility of up-to-date information, and leverage digital technologies in PHE. More highly interactive and participatory health education courses will be established in social learning environments to encourage public participation in PHE.

Peer Review reports

Public health as the science and technology of improving the environment, preventing disease, prolonging life expectancy, promoting physical and mental health, and fostering the development of individual potential through organized social activities [ 1 ]. Therefore, the social aspect of public health has to be considered in practice. Public health is also based on the principles of social justice and equity which aims to address the underlying factors that affect public health, including policies and practices [ 2 ]. PHE is the outcome of the simultaneous growth of medical education and the advancement of modern medical careers, especially in the field of medical education. PHE is classified into four categories in the most recent academic research: promoting physical and mental health, developing healthy behaviors, enhancing environmental health, and preventing and controlling diseases [ 3 ]. In recent years, the emergence of global public health crises has had a significant negative impact on governments and the public. In light of the recent global COVID-19 pandemic, it has become clear that the general public lacks public health knowledge, which highlights the importance of strengthening PHE. In order to mitigate the significant impact and consequences of different public health events on the general public and society, it is crucial for governments to prioritize PHE. At the social level, the general public is the target audience for PHE. Through PHE, the government and relevant organizations can effectively raise public awareness of public health and enhance the public's ability to respond effectively to various public health hazards. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct PHE within the social environment.

SLT, which developed from behaviorism, is a social psychological theory that examines human learning in social environments. It was proposed by American psychologist Albert Bandura in 1952. It primarily focuses on the interaction between the learning environment, cognition, and behavior in influencing people's learning behavior, emphasizing the significance of the learning environment and individual behavioral factors [ 4 ]. The theory suggests that individuals can achieve effective learning outcomes by creating a conducive learning environment, engaging in continuous observation, and self-directed learning [ 5 ]. In recent years, most of the research related to SLT has focused on the fields of behavioristics, criminology, and psychology, with limited application in the field of public health. However, there are very few studies based on SLT, which may hinder the effective implementation of public health services. While a small number of public health studies utilize SLT, they primarily focus on higher education and professional talent development in public health, with limited emphasis on public and social PHE studies. SLT’s theoretical support for PHE is necessary for two reasons. Firstly, the public learning environment of PHE is situated in the social public space. Although the implementation of PHE in the public social space is more flexible and covers a wider range of education, the learning environment of a traditional classroom is more stable than that of PHE. Therefore, SLT is necessary to help address the challenges that PHE may encounter during the implementation of social public space. Secondly, traditional PHE is conducted under the supervision of schools and teachers, while public-facing PHE lacks supervision and relies more on individual learning behavior and self-learning efficiency. SLT can enhance learning efficiency by boosting learning motivation and personal learning behavior, thereby promoting the implementation effectiveness of PHE.

PHE is facing numerous challenges worldwide, with the most prominent ones being the dissemination of inaccurate health information [ 6 ], the rapidly evolving global health challenges, and the unequal distribution of health education resources. Among them, the gap and inequality in health education resources are worsening [ 7 ], particularly concerning the quantity and quality of educational resources [ 8 ]. Set against such a background, SLT provides the theoretical support to address these current challenges facing PHE. Our work aims to understand individual learning behavior in social learning environments for learning public health knowledge, which can help to overcome the current challenges in PHE.

Given the importance of using SLT in PHE, this study integrates the SLT perspective and seeks to investigate the impact of SLT-based learning environments and individual behavioral factors on PHE within social contexts. Additionally, this study aims to examine the distinguishing features of PHE in both online and offline settings.

Research question

To accomplish the research objective, the following research questions have been formulated:

What are the target groups and research topics in this field of research?

What types of research and data analysis methods were utilized in these studies?

Which PHE models using SLT were used in these studies?

What are their findings and results?

What are the future trends and suggestions

Search strategy

The reports in this systematic scoping review adhere to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines [ 9 ]. This review also adheres to Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage framework [ 10 ]. A three-phase search strategy appropriate for scoping studies is utilized. The initial phase involved a restricted search on PubMed and ProQuest. The search terms are repeatedly generated from the research subjects and related theoretical concepts. In the second phase, from our inception until October 16, 2023, we conducted searches using specific terms in the following five databases: Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, and APA PsycInfo. The following strings are used to conduct a Boolean search across the four databases. WOS, PubMed, ProQuest and APA PsycInfo with the Booleans “AND”: All fields “public health education” AND “social learning theory”. Scopus with the Booleans “AND”: Title, Abstract, Keywords “public health education” AND “social learning theory”. Limited to articles published between January 2014 and September 2023. The third phase also involves manually searching the full text of all selected articles, as well as references from other similar review studies.

Data selection and extraction

All retrieved records are exported to Zotero software, and any duplicate entries are removed. Two independent reviewers (TL and PP) initially screen the title and abstract of the article based on the inclusion criteria. Differences between two reviewers shall be resolved through negotiation with the third reviewer (CL). All standards are based on SLT, creating a social learning environment, and public-oriented health education. (1) This study is guided by SLT. (2) It focuses on educational behavior within the social environment. (3) The research is intended for the general public rather than professionals or students. Only articles, reviews, conference papers, early access, and proceeding papers are included. Detailed criteria for inclusion and exclusion are included in Table 1 .

Data charting

We developed a data extraction form following the methodology guidance for scoping review provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute and made additional adjustments to the form after piloting five articles [ 11 ]. The items on the form included author, year, country, target groups, research topic, research and data analysis methods, model (a model for implementing PHE), findings, and outcomes. The data were graphed by two independent reviewers, and any sections that resulted in disagreement were resolved by consulting with a senior reviewer.

Collating, summarizing and reporting the results

The data were collected, summarized, and analyzed, and descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample articles. The findings were presented descriptively, accompanied by graphs and charts. The results were interpreted through a narrative synthesis to address the research questions targeted by the review. All the authors collectively confirmed the results.

As shown in Fig. 1 , a total of 4949 articles were retrieved through the systematic search. After using the Zotero software to exclude duplicate articles, 2584 articles remained. After two reviewers independently screened the article titles and abstracts, 2493 articles that were not directly related to the research topic were excluded. Additionally, 11 articles that were not in English were also excluded. The remaining 80 articles were independently assessed in full by two reviewers, and 43 articles were excluded. Finally, 37 articles were identified for inclusion in the scoping review for this systematic review (see Table 2 [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]).

PRISMA flow diagram of selection process

Characteristics of studies

Countries of publications.

Of the 37 studies, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, China, and Canada were the top five countries in terms of the number of papers, with the remaining studies mainly originating from six other countries. As shown in Fig. 2 , the United States has the highest number of research projects among all countries, totaling 17. This indicates that the authors from the United States provide the most contributions to the research in SLT and PHE.

Distribution of 37 articles by country

Target groups of the studies

The studies covered 12 different target groups, including adolescents, students, vulnerable groups, community members, parents of children, young women, special patient groups, villagers, non-professional health workers, ethnic minorities, children in good health, and children with specific diseases. As shown in Fig. 3 . Adolescents and students were the primary focuses of the research. The health of vulnerable groups and community members were also a concern. There have been relatively few studies on children, but a significant number of studies have focused on children with rare diseases and their parents. Relatively little research has been done on groups such as young females, special patients, ethnic minorities, rural areas, and non-professional health workers.

Types of target groups for studies

Research topics

Research articles can be categorized into the following six themes: (1) sex education, encompassing HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, as well as sex education and contraception; (2) special diseases, including diabetes, COVID-19, cancer, etc.; (3) rare diseases, such as Lyme disease in adolescents, mine pneumoconiosis, rural people snake bites, etc.; (4) non-disease health behavior education for adolescents, involving drinking, violence, smoking, etc.; (5) general public education, covering a wide range of health topics; (6) spiritual and mental health education research, such as adolescents' and college students' mental health, personal mental health, etc. The details of these topics are shown in Table 3 .

Types of studies

Sampling research is the most common method in intervention research, followed by quantitative and qualitative research. The four studies combined qualitative and quantitative methods. Three studies conducted sample reviews, while the other two focused on descriptive and case studies, respectively. In addition, two literature reviews and a systematic review are included. In contrast, the utilization of case studies and descriptive studies is more limited, as shown in Fig. 4 .

Methods and intervention forms of studies

There are nine experimental methods commonly used in research, as shown in Fig. 5 . Among these experimental methods, interviews, surveys, questionnaires, and (cluster) randomized controlled trials were widely used. Focus groups were used for qualitative studies, while T-tests and Chi-square tests were employed for quantitative studies. In addition, the methods of extended linear model, observation, and triangulation were also used.

Types of research and data analysis methods

In this study, we primarily identified four models for implementing PHE (Table 4 ). The first model involves offline intervention, followed by the production of materials related to PHE. Another type of intervention is online intervention. Finally, adults, serving as role models for healthy behavior among adolescents, evaluated and screened health education content posted on social media.

Definition of the effectiveness of PHE

Among the 37 studies, 18 defined the effectiveness of PHE through questionnaires, interviews, and scales after implementing health interventions like randomized controlled trials. They measured the effectiveness of interventions by establishing learning efficacy standards across various dimensions. Gottfredson et al. verified the effectiveness of family health education by tracking research subjects and measuring the positive interaction among adolescent gender, parental involvement time, and other variables 39. 5 studies defined the effectiveness of PHE based on participants' engagement in health education courses and acceptance of interventions. Garcia et al.'s study utilized interviews to assess the acceptability of intervention measures among participants, thus determining the effectiveness of PHE 31. 14 studies did not explicitly mention how to define the effectiveness of PHE. According to the analysis of the results of the effectiveness definition of the included study samples, it can be concluded that the criteria of the researchers' definition of the effectiveness of PHE are relatively unclear. There is no single measure or factor that can gauge the effectiveness of PHE. Defining effectiveness solely in terms of engagement and acceptance of PHE interventions and health courses is not comprehensive.

Main findings and results of studies

First, offline education environments in PHE interventions led by governments, schools, communities, or other organizations can effectively enhance health education and promote the dissemination of PHE. Providing educational guidance or courses to the public or to specific patients and their families has a positive impact on their health. Implementing PHE in communities and schools can promote students' physical and mental health and reduce unhealthy behaviors.

On the other hand, online PHE has played an effective role in disseminating health knowledge, bridging social gaps, and promoting timely prevention. Online platforms, including websites, apps, communities, forums, and knowledge bases, effectively share PHE information. Social media and apps are effectively delivering health education messages.

Finally, adult health behaviors can influence adolescent health behaviors, making it crucial for adolescents to establish positive examples of healthy behaviors. Monitoring and screening health information on social platforms is essential to prevent minors from accessing inaccurate information. Therefore, the elimination of boundaries between academic education, schools, students, and classrooms has enhanced the effectiveness of public health communication in the school environment.

PHE in a social learning environment

In the implementation of the PHE project, we may face various challenges, such as dealing with diverse individuals from different backgrounds 12. Factors contributing to intervention failure include changing views due to external circumstances. This makes it necessary to adapt interventions to evolving conditions and diverse educational goals. The target populations in PHE interventions are broad and diverse. To promote acceptance and comprehension of complex public health knowledge among diverse audiences, relying solely on traditional classrooms is insufficient. PHE should be implemented in a diverse social environment to attract a wider audience and provide comprehensive health education. This will help PHE reach a wider audience and achieve the best educational outcomes.

PHE should be conducted in a wider and inclusive social setting, with community public spaces being suitable venues. Community public spaces are commonly chosen by researchers for PHE implementation. These spaces allow people to engage in their daily activities and seek assistance conveniently from local community organizations. Communities share commonalities, including the natural and social environment, and may face similar public health problems. Therefore, implementing quick, easy, and flexible PHE measures in the community environment is a suitable solution to address the complexity of the target population during implementation.

Studies show that community-based public health engagement programs are feasible and effective 23. particularly in addressing regional diabetes issues 25. Community cohesion and a sense of belonging promote active participation in community activities. Successful implementation of PHE in community settings requires collaboration among community workers, government or non-governmental organizations, health workers, and community members. Community participatory PHE enhances health literacy and has been proven effective. The advantage of PHE in a social setting is the opportunity for full participation and interaction. Creating a conducive educational environment and supporting observational learning are crucial for PHE effectiveness. Participatory art education, such as participatory theater, has shown beneficial impacts on health education [ 49 ].

SDOH also have a significant effect on PHE. SDOH refers to the economic and social conditions that affect changes in the health status of individuals and groups [ 50 ]. The influence of individual behavior on social learning in SLT is closely related to the economic and social conditions that affect changes in individual and group health status in SDOH. Individual learning behavior is influenced not only by the learning environment, motivation, and other factors but also by personal income, education level, occupation, and other factors. Therefore, utilizing SDOH to examine PHE can assist us in accurately identifying the key factors influencing health and implementing appropriate health education and interventions. The distribution of social perception factors is often influenced by mainstream political ideology and public policies in the region [ 51 ]. The Special Health Status Report highlights the impact of social inequalities on health, including differences in factors such as income, education level, occupation, and living environment that contribute to inequitable health outcomes. Hollederer et al. mentioned that the unemployed are a vulnerable group in society, and the health status of the unemployed is often worse. However, reaching the unemployed with prevention and health promotion efforts is challenging 34. In PHE, the application of SDOH helps to promote equitable and inclusive health education, focusing on the health needs of vulnerable groups and reducing health inequalities. Parents of children with specific diseases belong to the category of vulnerable groups who have limited access to equitable health resources and require additional support from society, government, and policymakers 17. SDOH emphasizes multifaceted influences, including individual, societal, and system-level factors. Cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary partnerships are essential for the public health sector to effectively respond to health challenges. Lamb et al. applied an interdisciplinary participatory art approach to community PHE research with indigenous youth 19. Promote cooperation among all stakeholders from a health and wellness perspective to create a healthy environment and enhance public health. Based on PHE, comprehensive health intervention strategies can be developed. These strategies may include improving socio-economic conditions, promoting education and career development, enhancing the living environment, and strengthening community support. Such integrated intervention strategies can influence individual health behaviors and outcomes more comprehensively. Therefore, the application of SDOH in PHE contributes to a deeper understanding of the root causes and influencing factors of health problems. It can also contribute to the effective implementation of public health policies and interventions, ultimately achieving the goal of promoting overall social health and equity.

Observational learning based on SLT is significant in PHE, particularly in AIDS prevention education 28. Research supports the effectiveness of observational learning in health education. Adolescents’ health concepts and behaviors are strongly influenced by their external environment, with parents or caregivers having the greatest influence 30. Minors acquire public health knowledge through observational learning in social settings and may adopt unhealthy behaviors from adults. However, they may not have the ability to discern whether adults’ decisions are right or wrong. Studies show that even if parents smoke, it may not necessarily impact minors’ behavior. Nevertheless, adults play a vital role in educating minors about healthy behaviors and should serve as positive examples 38.

Offline interventions for PHE with SLT

In this review, offline PHE interventions were commonly used. Offline interventions refer to PHE initiatives and behaviors carried out by local communities, schools, or organizations. These include the development of intervention policies, strategies, and models by the government, communities, schools, or relevant private organizations. Implementing appropriate health measures, educational models, or activities through offline modes can enhance the success and reach of PHE. Additionally, health intervention programs have been effective in addressing spiritual and mental health issues in specific populations 33. Offline interventions are also effective on campus, with integrated interventions successfully preventing youth violence in schools 20. Implementing offline interventions in school communities can reduce unhealthy habits and promote students' mental health, behavior control, and wellness. Furthermore, PHE interventions can also influence the behavior of health workers and target groups 14.

Offline implementation of PHE can also be achieved through organizing PHE activities, campaigns, workshops, courses, and conferences. These methods are commonly utilized in research. Through organizing various offline PHE activities, the enthusiasm of the public to participate in health education can be effectively enhanced, and the learning efficiency of health knowledge can be improved in an atmosphere of interactive learning. Studies have shown that when people participate in interactive learning, their ability to discover, imagine, and construct is improved, and their learning enthusiasm is enhanced [ 52 ].

The implementation of PHE guidance and curricula can have a positive impact on the general public, as well as on patients with specific diseases. Studies have found that short-term public health classroom learning programs based on SLT can effectively improve children's understanding of health knowledge and influence their health attitudes and behaviors 26. Other studies suggest that PHE in schools should aim to eliminate the divisions between health education and academic education, teachers and students, classrooms and schools, and schools and families 14. In other words, it is necessary to break the traditional classroom education mode and overcome the limitations of the traditional classroom in space, time, form, and content through more flexible and diversified education methods.

Online interventions for PHE with SLT

Online PHE interventions are widely used and offer several advantages. They provide flexibility in terms of time and location, enabling individuals to access public health knowledge at their convenience. Online platforms have a broader reach compared to offline interventions, which are limited by the number of participants. Online PHE interventions can be continuous, allowing for updates and improvements in educational content. These interventions are particularly important for individuals facing mobility barriers and caregivers who struggle to attend offline activities. Research shows that online platforms serve as essential resources for health information and social support for people with specific diseases and their caregivers. Users rely on these platforms to gain knowledge, make informed decisions, and learn from the experiences of others 16. Online health education platforms have proven effective in supporting parents of children with special diseases and treatment needs 37 [ 53 ]. Optimizing digital health literacy among young people is critical due to their heavy use of the internet 27. Enhancing online platforms is necessary to cater to the educational needs of young people. Studies have also demonstrated the effectiveness of providing distance health education to young individuals 24.

Online platform researchers and designers gather user feedback to understand their needs and preferences, enabling them to create customized tools 30. Creating online virtual multidisciplinary communities of practice is an innovative approach to PHE, ensuring high-quality public health services for patients with specific diseases in specific areas 20. It is crucial for the online platform to fully meet user needs in order to retain users 22. Educational video games can complement other media in child health education programs, positively impacting children's health education 18. Videos and programs distributed through social media or other online platforms also contribute positively to PHE 18.

Individual social learning behavior and PHE

According to the research, PHE interventions can be categorized into two forms: online and offline. These interventions have different impacts on individual learning behaviors in the social environment, which can be further classified into two main aspects:

PHE interventions can be categorized into online and offline forms. In the societal learning environment, an individual's learning behavior in PHE is influenced by two objective factors: the temporal factor and the spatial factor. Offline PHE requires individuals to go to a specific location at specific times, which limits their ability to participate in and complete their education. Offline interventions also have limited coverage and lack long-term continuity. On the other hand, online PHE provides flexibility and is not significantly impacted by timing and location restrictions. It requires more preparation, but it offers learners more control and convenience. Online platforms enable a focus on evolving social dynamics, as well as individual and group differences, in public health and service delivery.

In the social learning environment, the distinction between active and passive learning affects individual learning behaviors in PHE. Participants in PHE activities need to have a high level of learning initiative in order to successfully complete the educational process. Offline PHE requires individuals to actively seek out and participate in educational activities, contributing to their own learning initiative. Additionally, offline interventions organized by reputable institutions enhance participation and interactivity, thereby improving learners’ efficiency and motivation. Incorporating participatory visual arts activities in offline interventions for dementia patients has shown positive impacts on cognitive, social, and psychological functioning [ 54 ]. Jensen et al. study also supports the benefits of participating in artistic and cultural activities for sexual health [ 55 ]. On the other hand, online health education interventions do not require a high level of learning initiative, as individuals can access knowledge whenever needed. However, accessing health information online carries the risk of encountering incorrect information, which is a disadvantage of online PHE.

Online and offline forms of PHE have their own advantages and disadvantages, and integrating both forms can fully leverage their strengths. Some studies have integrated online learning modules with traditional face-to-face courses to educate learners on cancer and health. The results showed that participants who engaged in both online and offline learning were motivated to modify their health behaviors in order to reduce the risk of cancer 29. Whether PHE is conducted online or offline, both the intervener and education recipients need to have motivation and enthusiasm to promote the completion of educational activities. To enhance the effectiveness and engagement of PHE initiatives, researchers and government personnel should consider integrating multiple health education models. This approach will help achieve PHE goals and maximize its impact.

Future trends in exploration

Future PHE research can focus on several areas, including prevention of large-scale infectious diseases, basic public health knowledge, health education for individuals with specific diseases and their families, as well as for vulnerable groups such as ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities. There is a lack of studies on the elderly population, despite the increasing global aging trend and the health challenges they face. Researchers should prioritize addressing the health concerns of the elderly and develop strategies for providing convenient and comprehensible PHE for this age group, particularly in chronic diseases, underlying conditions, and self-care. Adolescent health education and sex education remain important topics, but research may also shift towards including special patients, minority groups, and members of the broader community. The focus should be broadened to not overlook the health interests of minority populations. Additionally, PHE in the social environment should expand to include mental health, given the increasing mental and psychological pressures people face and their impact on personal and professional lives. Spiritual and mental health education should be emphasized in PHE.

In the future, the focus on social learning environments can be on enhancing public enthusiasm and participation in PHE by creating engaging and participatory educational atmospheres in community spaces. PHE interventions may combine online and offline approaches and collaborate with comprehensive intervention models to develop educational materials. Offline PHE can promote interaction and participation, increasing learners' motivation. Online PHE can enhance the dissemination of public health knowledge through user-friendly platforms and multimedia forms like AI interactive video games and electronic comics/animations. This combination of online and offline education, along with appropriate PHE materials, can greatly enhance understanding and facilitate widespread dissemination of PHE. The integrated use of these three forms can have a significant impact on PHE behavior in the social environment.

Strengths and limitations

Introducing SLT into the field of PHE, the study explores the relationship between individual learning and behavior in social settings, focusing on the effectiveness of offline and online PHE. The study highlights the importance of removing boundaries in school settings and promoting cross-cutting PHE. This perspective on cross-disciplinary implementation offers a novel approach to enhancing the comprehensiveness and dissemination of PHE. It also presents a clear focus and direction for future PHE research based on SLT, which includes an emphasis on preventing large-scale infectious diseases, providing health education for patients with specific diseases, and addressing health issues among the elderly population. It is unique in the selection of research topics, methodological framework, and prospects of research conclusions, providing distinctive contributions and values for the research and practice of PHE. However, this review has several limitations. First, this review does not include non-English publications or gray literature from related fields. As a result, some pertinent studies may have been overlooked. Secondly, while each scope review is subject to our assessment, no individual quality assessment score is provided for each sample article. The reason for this is that such an assessment would not add value to the review.

We have reviewed 37 studies of SLT based PHE. Most of them focus on adolescents and students, as well as sexual and disease-specific education, while it is fewer to study minorities and vulnerable groups, such young females and specific diseases. For PHE implementation, the combination of both online and offline PHE can be more effective by improving the real-time accessibility of health knowledge dissemination, and encouraging individuals to participate in PHE. The development of integrated PHE intervention models and diverse educational materials can promote the dissemination of public health knowledge and encourage broad participation. As suggested in our review, it is feasible and effective to offer participatory PHE in social learning settings, particularly within the community. The social learning environment should focus on fostering an interactive and participatory educational climate to increase public interest and participation in PHE. Additionally, researchers should prioritize the prevention of a wide range of infectious diseases, the dissemination of basic public health information, and health education for vulnerable populations, individuals with specific diseases, and their families. In conclusion, this work provides important references for further strengthening the implementation strategy and practice of PHE based on SLT.

Availability of data and materials

The author confirms that all data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. Furthermore, primary and secondary sources and data supporting the findings of this study were all publicly available at the time of submission.

Public health in England. The report of the committee of inquiry into the future development of the public health function. London: H.M.S.O; 1988.

Google Scholar

Public health: A conceptual framework. Available from: https://www.cpha.ca/public-health-conceptual-framework . Cited 2024 Jan 24.

Mukhalalati B, Elshami S, Eljaam M, Hussain FN, Bishawi AH. Applications of social theories of learning in health professions education programs: a scoping review. Front Med. 2022;9:9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.912751 .

Article Google Scholar

Bandura A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall; 1977.

McCullough CA. Social Learning Theory and behavioral therapy: considering human behaviors within the social and cultural context of individuals and families. Social Work in Public Health. 2011;26(5):471–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2011.591629 .

Moorhead SA, Hazlett DE, Harrison L, Carroll JK, Irwin A, Hoving C. A new dimension of health care: systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(4):e85. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1933 .

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Gaze JP, Oetjen R. “Perceptions of Diversity in the Largest Overseas US Navy Hospital.” Divers Equality Health Care 11. 2014;(2). https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.100018 .

Zodpey SP, Negandhi H, Yeravdekar R. Future directions for public health education reforms in India. Front Public Health. 2014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00068 .

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the prisma statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007 .

Article PubMed Google Scholar

Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616 .

Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2020;18(10):2119–26. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbies-20-00167 .

Molassiotis A, Xie YJ, Leung AY, Ho GW, Li Y, Leung PH-M, et al. A community-based participatory research approach to developing and testing social and behavioural interventions to reduce the spread of SARS-COV-2: A protocol for the ‘COPAR for COVID’ programme of research with five interconnected studies in the Hong Kong context. Int J Environ Res Pub Health. 2022;19(20):13392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013392 .

Tancred T, Paparini S, Melendez-Torres GJ, Thomas J, Fletcher A, Campbell R, et al. A systematic review and synthesis of theories of change of school-based interventions integrating health and academic education as a novel means of preventing violence and substance use among students. Syst Rev. 2018;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0862-y .

Akers AY, Skolnik A, DiFiore G, Harding J, Timko CA. Feasibility Study of a health coaching intervention to improve contraceptive continuation in adolescent and Young Adult Women in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2021;53(3–4):27–43. https://doi.org/10.1363/psrh.12188 .

Nyblade L, Srinivasan K, Mazur A, Raj T, Patil DS, Devadass D, et al. HIV stigma reduction for health facility staff: Development of a blended- learning intervention. Front Public Health. 2018;6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00165 .

Moreno-Leguizamon C, Tovar-Restrepo M, Irazábal C, Locke C. Learning alliance methodology: contributions and challenges for multicultural planning in health service provision: a case study in Kent. UK Plann Theory Pract. 2015;16(1):79–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2014.990403 .

Karns CM, Todis B, Glenn E, Glang A, Wade SL, Riddle I, et al. Seeking out social learning: Online self-education in parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Intellect Dev Disabil. 2022;60(4):303–15. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-60.4.303 .

Warren E, Melendez-Torres GJ, Viner R, Bonell C. Using qualitative research to explore intervention mechanisms: Findings from the trial of the learning together whole-school health intervention. Trials. 2020;21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04688-2 .

Lamb P. “we need to do public health differently in this community”: A reflexive analysis of participatory video, affective relations, and the policy process. Agenda. 2020;35(1):42–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2020.1844460 .

Teti M, David I, Myroniuk TW, Schatz E. A qualitative evaluation of a campus wide covid-19 Health Education campaign: intent, impact, and ideas for the future. Health Educ J. 2022;81(7):807–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/00178969221122917 .

Sood A, Assad N, Jarrell W, Kalishman S, Le Suer K, Murillo S, et al. A virtual community-of-practice approach by rural stakeholders in managing pneumoconiosis in the USA: A cross-sectional analysis. Rural Remote Health. 2020. https://doi.org/10.22605/rrh5784 .

Burman C, Mendoza Diaz A, Leslie A, Goldthorp K, Jubb B, Simms AR, et al. Critical success factors for school-based integrated health care models: learnings from an Australian example. Health Promot J Austr. 2023;34(4):775–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.690 .

Zogbochi V, Edoh T, Hounsou JT, Ameduit AK, Alahassa B. Detecting the mobility of patient with chronic diseases in online health communities using ant colony optimization algorithm ensure patient’s safety and diseases awareness based on reliable medical education material. 2018 1st International Conference on Smart Cities and Communities (SCCIC). 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/sccic.2018.8584556 .

Solomon P, Salbach NM, O’Brien KK, Nixon S, Baxter L, Gervais N. Evaluation of a community-based self-management program to increase access to rehabilitation for people living with HIV. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC). 2019;18:232595821988333. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958219883334 .

Denehy M, Crawford G, Leavy J, Nimmo L, Jancey J. Formative research to develop theory-based messages for a Western Australian child drowning prevention television campaign: study protocol: Table 1. BMJ Open. 2016;6(5). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010033 .

Morrison J, Akter K, Jennings HM, Nahar T, Kuddus A, Shaha SK, et al. Participatory learning and action to address type 2 diabetes in rural Bangladesh: a qualitative process evaluation. BMC Endocr Dis. 2019;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0447-3 .

Shadick NA, Zibit MJ, Nardone E, DeMaria A, Iannaccone CK, Cui J. A school-based intervention to increase lyme disease preventive measures among elementary school-aged children. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2016;16(8):507–15. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2016.1942 .

Taba M, Allen TB, Caldwell PHY, Skinner SR, Kang M, McCaffery K, et al. Adolescents’ self-efficacy and digital health literacy: a cross-sectional mixed methods study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13599-7 .

Javier SJ, Abrams JA, Moore MP, Belgrave FZ. Condom use efficacy and sexual communication skills among African American college women. Health Promot Pract. 2016;19(2):287–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839916676253 .

Cueva K, Revels L, Cueva M, Lanier AP, Dignan M, Viswanath K, et al. Culturally-relevant online cancer education modules empower Alaska’s community health aides/practitioners to disseminate cancer information and reduce cancer risk. J Cancer Educ. 2017;33(5):1102–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-017-1217-4 .

Garcia JM, Shurack R, Leahy N, Brazendale K, Lee E, Lawrence S. Feasibility of a remote-based nutrition education and culinary skills program for young adults with autism spectrum disorder. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2023;55(3):215–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2022.11.002 .

Trujillo EM, Suárez DE, Lema M, Londoño A. How adolescents learn about risk perception and behavior in regards to alcohol use in light of social learning theory: a qualitative study in Bogotá, Colombia. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2015;27(1):3–9. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2014-0003 .

Hakojärvi HR, Selänne L, Salanterä S. Child involvement in oral health education interventions - a systematic review of randomised controlled studies. Community Dent Health. 2019;36(4):286–92. https://doi.org/10.1922/CDH_Hakojarvi07 .

Hollederer A, Jahn HJ, Klein D. Jobs program Germany for health promotion among the unemployed in the community setting with institutions for employment promotion (jobsprogramdtl): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10251-8 .

Vives-Cases C, Davo-Blanes MC, Ferrer-Cascales R, Sanz-Barbero B, Albaladejo-Blázquez N, Sánchez-San Segundo M, et al. Lights4violence: a quasi-experimental educational intervention in six European countries to promote positive relationships among adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6726-0 .

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Chen M-F, Wang R-H, Hung S-L. Predicting health-promoting self-care behaviors in people with pre-diabetes by applying bandura social learning theory. Appl Nurs Res. 2015;28(4):299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2015.01.001 .

Ghoreishi M-S, Vahedian-shahroodi M, Jafari A, Tehranid H. Self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes: Education intervention base on social cognitive theory. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(3):2049–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.04.045 .

DeHoff BA, Staten LK, Rodgers RC, Denne SC. The role of online social support in supporting and educating parents of young children with special health care needs in the United States: a scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(12). https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6722 .

Gottfredson NC, Hussong AM, Ennett ST, Rothenberg WA. The role of parental engagement in the intergenerational transmission of smoking behavior and identity. J Adolesc Health. 2017;60(5):599–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.11.004 .

Hickling A, Mallory KD, Wilson KE, Del Fernandes R, Fuselli P, Reed N. The Youth Concussion Awareness Network (YOU-CAN) - a school-based peer-led intervention to improve concussion reporting and social support: the protocol for a cluster randomized trial. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8244-5 .

Williams O, Swierad E. A multisensory multilevel health education model for diverse communities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(5):872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050872 .

Horrell LN, Kneipp SM, Ahn S, Towne SD, Mingo CA, Ory MG, et al. Chronic disease self-management education courses: utilization by low-income, middle-aged participants. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16(1):114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0604-0 .

Beaujean DJ, Gassner F, Wong A, Steenbergen JE, Crutzen R, Ruwaard D. Education on tick bite and Lyme Borreliosis Prevention, aimed at schoolchildren in the Netherlands: Comparing the effects of an online educational video game versus a leaflet or no intervention. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3811-5 .

Vitagliano LA, Wester KL, Jones CT, Wyrick DL, Vermeesch AL. Group nature-based mindfulness interventions: nature-based mindfulness training for college students with anxiety. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021451 .

Li Y, Yan X. How could peers in online health community help improve health behavior. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):2995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17092995 .

Mahmood MA, Halliday D, Cumming R, Thwin KT, Myitzu M, White J, et al. Inadequate knowledge about snakebite envenoming symptoms and application of harmful first aid methods in the community in high snakebite incidence areas of Myanmar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007171 .

Caballero A, Leath KJ, Staton AD. Strategic combination of theory, plain language, and trusted messengers contribute to COVID-19 vaccine uptake: lessons learned from development and dissemination of a community toolkit. Vaccines. 2023;11(6):1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061064 .

Farber EW, Ali MK, Van Sickle KS, Kaslow NJ. Psychology in patient-centered medical homes: reducing health disparities and promoting health equity. Am Psychol. 2017;72(1):28–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040358 .

Leung J, Som A, McMorrow L, Zickuhr L, Wolbers J, Bain K, et al. Rethinking the difficult patient: formative qualitative study using participatory theater to improve physician-patient communication in rheumatology. JMIR Formative Res. 2023;7. https://doi.org/10.2196/40573 .

Braveman P, Gottlieb L. The social determinants of health: it’s time to consider the causes of the causes. Public Health Rep. 2014;129:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549141291S206 .

Raphael D, Bryant T, Mikkonen J, Raphael A. ocial determinants of health: the Canadian facts. Oshawa: Ontario Tech University Faculty of Health Sciences and Toronto: York University School of Health Policy and Management; 2020.

Oprea CL. Interactive and creative learning of the adults. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;142:493–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.654 .

Pang PCI, Munsie M, Chang S, Tanner C, Walker C. Participatory design and evaluation of the “Stem Cells Australia” website for delivering complex health knowledge: mixed methods study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e44733. https://doi.org/10.2196/44733 .

Cavalcanti Barroso A, Rai HK, Sousa L, Orrell M, Schneider J. Participatory visual arts activities for people with dementia: a review. Perspect Public Health. 2020;142(1):22–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913920948916 .

Jensen A, Folker AP, Lindström M, Ekholm O. Arts and culture engagement for health: a danish population-based study. Public Health. 2023;225:120–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2023.09.012 .

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the advice and assistance from Prof. Ying Lau from the Chinese University of Hong Kong in preparing this paper.

This research was funded by Macao Science and Technology Development Fund (funding ID: 0088/2023/ITP2) and Macao Polytechnic University research grant (project code: RP/FCA-10/2022).

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China

Ting Liu, Patrick Cheong-Iao Pang & Chi-Kin Lam

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

P.P. and T.L. proposed and designed this study. C.L. helped with data analyses and resolved disagreements in the review process. T.L. wrote the manuscript with the assistance from P.P. P.P. supervised and provided resources for this work. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patrick Cheong-Iao Pang .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate.

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Competing interests.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Liu, T., Pang, P.CI. & Lam, CK. Public health education using social learning theory: a systematic scoping review. BMC Public Health 24 , 1906 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19333-9

Download citation

Received : 25 January 2024

Accepted : 02 July 2024

Published : 16 July 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19333-9

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Public health education
Social learning theory
Systematic scoping review

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

General enquiries: [email protected]

IMAGES

Thesis titles for physical education
Beautiful Physical Education Essay ~ Thatsnotus
Research Methodology in Physical Education and Sports Science
Physical Education Essay
(PDF) Proposal for an Enhanced Physical Education Program in the
(PDF) A Research for Physical Education Teacher and Future Teachers

VIDEO

Sample Research Presentation
Physical Education| Practical file Class12
Physical Education Ball Collection, teamwork
Physical Education ICSE Class 10
HOW TO MAKE A RESEARCH TITLE PROMPTLY: FIND OUT THE #HOTTEST SAMPLES OF #RESEARCH #TITLES
Physical Education 12th Class One Shot Video Jkbose 2024

COMMENTS

Physical Education Research Paper Topics
100 Physical Education Research Paper Topics. Exploring the diverse facets of physical education through research papers offers a unique opportunity to delve deeper into the field and contribute to the growing body of knowledge. To assist you in this endeavor, we have compiled a comprehensive list of physical education research paper topics.
Physical Education Dissertation Topics
Research Aim: The present study aims to investigate the impacts of improving physical education in schools for developing children's confidence, endurance, and quick integration capability. Objectives: To analyse the importance of physical education in schools for proper growth of children. To examine how advanced physical education in schools helps children to develop their confidence ...
Physical Education Theses and Dissertations
Hypertension Health Behavior Change and Older Adults: the effect of an Appreciative Education Approach, Mary Katherine Benya. PDF. Preservice Physical Education Teacher's Value Orientations across the Student Teaching Semester, Heesu Lee. PDF. The Subjective Warrant for Teaching Physical Education in South Carolina, Matthew Blake Lineberger. PDF
71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples
Keeping Physical Education in Schools. Apart from participating in the physical education programs, the students need to be taught on the importance of the various exercises so that they inculcate the culture of physical fitness into their life-time fitness programs. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts.
Physical Education and Exercise Science Theses and Dissertations
Theses/Dissertations from 2016. PDF. The Effect of Exercise Order on Body Fat Loss During Concurrent Training, Tonya Lee Davis-Miller. PDF. Anti-Fat Attitudes and Weight Bias Internalization: An Investigation of How BMI Impacts Perceptions, Opinions and Attitudes, Laurie Schrider.
Teaching health in physical education: An action research project
In many countries, health has in some way framed the history of physical education (PE) (Augestad, 2003; Kirk, 1992; Tinning and McCuaig, 2006), and PE has often been aligned with medicalized notions of health (Fitzpatrick and Tinning, 2014).Currently, health is a subject in formal education and is considered an important aspect of PE (Cale, 2020; Schenker, 2018; Stolz, 2014).
(PDF) Action Research in Physical Education: Focusing beyond Myself
FOCUSING BEYOND MYSELF. 3. quality collaborative AR: 1) a community of practice, 2) a knowledge-producing, epistemic. community, 3) a thorough grounding in the nature of AR, and 4) a knowledge of ...
PDF Relatedness support in physical education: Development and evaluation
suggestions for future research. This thesis comprises an analysis of data collected across three separate studies involving participants drawn from high school physical education classes. This thesis contributes a novel, and more comprehensive understanding of relatedness-supportive teaching in the context of physical education.
Physical education and health promotion: A qualitative study of
Abstract. Presents the findings from semi-structured interviews with 35 physical education (PE) teachers in secondary schools in the Northwest of England. A principal aim of the study was to ...
Resilience in physical education: A qualitative exploration of
Physical education (PE) in schools provides a context for structured physical activity participation; however, evidence suggests that students do not achieve sufficient moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) to attain health benefits (Hollis et al., 2017; Lonsdale et al., 2013).Research has been conducted to identify factors relating to students' level of engagement in lessons ...
Physical Education, Health and Recreation Masters Thesis Collection
Extracurricular adventure programming in higher education: student motivations at a university climbing wall, Lance A. Plank. PDF. Comparing aerobic adaptations with a running based high intensity interval training (HIIT) and a continuous endurance training (CET) protocol in relatively healthy adults, Efrain James Sanchez. PDF
15 Physical Education Dissertation Topics
Research Aim: This research title is one of the leading physical education research topics, which aims to examine the role of physical education in treating childhood obesity. The study shows how physical activities can be a perfect strategy for fatty children to lose weight. The study finds evidence from past years' latest surveys and research journals to conduct the research.
Qualitative Research and Evaluation in Physical Education and Sport
Focusing on the unique nature of qualitative methods within kinesiology settings, this practical text guides graduate students and early career researchers through designing, conducting, and reporting of qualitative research studies with specific references to the challenges and possibilities of the field.: 9781284262391.
Topics For Physical Education Dissertations
This document lists potential topics for physical education dissertations. Some of the topics included are: comparing middle school physical education courses; the effects of suggested legacy for an hour a day of PE; traditional exercise vs. dance classes in public schools; and analyzing the influence of fat-free vs. 2% milk on body strength and resistance training. The document also provides ...
Sample Thesis Title For Physical Education
Sample Thesis Title for Physical Education - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The document discusses the challenges of writing a thesis in physical education, including formulating a research question, conducting extensive research and literature reviews, collecting and analyzing data, and ensuring academic standards are met.
JOPER :: The Journal of Physical Education Research
Journal of Physical Education Research (JOPER) is a scientific publication. It is a peer reviewed and referred journal, officially publishes original research articles on Physical Education and its allied sciences. The JOPER is an open access international journal has four annual issues (March, June, September and December), with its own issue ...
PDF Increasing Student Physical Fitness Through Increased Choice of Fitness
research were physical education students in grades 10 - 12. The students exhibited physical fitness levels below that of the state and national norms, and also displayed negative attitudes about physical fitness. Evidence for the existence of the problem included data collected from a
170+ Research Topics In Education (+ Free Webinar)
List of 120+ level-specific research topics Examples of actual dissertation topics in education; Tips to fast-track your topic ideation ... The role of physical education in promoting physical health and well-being among secondary school students; ... Research title related to school of students. Reply. Nasiru Yusuf on May 29, 2024 at 5:10 pm
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education: Effects on Academic
Although academic performance stems from a complex interaction between intellect and contextual variables, health is a vital moderating factor in a child's ability to learn. The idea that healthy children learn better is empirically supported and well accepted (Basch, 2010), and multiple studies have confirmed that health benefits are associated with physical activity, including cardiovascular ...
(PDF) Research and Practice in Physical Education
The research aimed to identify strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement, ultimately enhancing curriculum and bridging the gap between academia and the physical education and sports ...
St. John's Scholar
Explore the research conducted by St. John's University faculty and students on various topics, including academic performance, math, science, journalism, and more.
Action research in physical education: focusing beyond myself ...
Abstract. This paper reports on the pedagogical changes that I experienced as a teacher engaged in an action research project in which I designed and implemented an indirect, developmentally appropriate and child‐centred approach to my teaching. There have been repeated calls to expunge - or at least rationalise - the use of traditional ...
Best Physical Education Dissertation Topics in 2023
Here are 37 potential dissertation topics related to physical education: The impact of physical activity on academic performance in elementary school students. The effectiveness of different physical activity interventions for weight loss in obese individuals. The role of physical education in preventing childhood obesity.
Higher education
Higher Education Business Support All College Support The tools you need for the results you want. COLLEGE STUDENTS Pearson+ eTexbooks for $10.99/mo. Choose from over 2,000 eTextbooks with audio, flashcards, notes and more. ... Browse titles and teaching resources by discipline, explore tech for personalized learning and more.
Public health education using social learning theory: a systematic
Public health education (PHE) in social environments plays a crucial role in mitigating the impact of public health events, especially with the recent surge in global incidents. Social learning theory (SLT) provides a strong theoretical foundation for implementing PHE. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic scoping review of PHE using SLT, synthesizing the target populations ...

Physical Education Research Paper Topics

100 Physical Education Research Paper Topics

Academic Writing, Editing, Proofreading, And Problem Solving Services

Physical Education Research Guide

Choosing a Physical Education Topic

How to Write a Physical Education Research Paper

Order a Custom Research Paper

Take Your Physical Education Research Paper to the Next Level

ORDER HIGH QUALITY CUSTOM PAPER

Useful Links

Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Latest Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Topic 2: Analysing different types of fine motor activities to help myriad health issues – a study on autistic children in the UK.

Topic 3: Examining the significance of integrating physical education in the Montessori curriculum in the UK.

Topic 4: A study on the use of health rate monitors and health tracking to support the practices of advanced physical education.

Topic 5: Exploring the increasing trend of computer-based fitness programs in the UK – a study on people’s changing behaviour during lockdown.

More Physical Education Dissertation Topics

Topic 2: Assessing the Impact of Physical Education on Mental Health

Topic 3: Analysing Student Behavior and Engagement in Physical Education Classes

Topic 4: Planning Physical Education Programs to Produce Effective Results

Topic 5: Role of Teachers in Enhancing Students’ Engagement in Physical Education Lessons

Topic 6: Should Physical Education Lessons Differ for Males and Females?

Topic 7: Do Physical Education Classes Promote the Importance of a Healthy Lifestyle?

Topic 8: Physical Education and Technology – How Well do the Two Integrate?

Topic 9: Assessing the Effectiveness of Virtual Physical Education Classes

Topic 10: Accountability in Physical Education Lessons – How do Students Respond?

How Can ResearchProspect Help?

Topic 11: Devising Strategies for Different Levels of Physical Education

Topic 12: Should Universities Include Physical Education Lessons in their Curriculum?

Topic 13: Assessing Different Physical Education Teaching Styles and their Impact on Students

Topic 14: Exploring the Challenges in Physical Education Lessons

Topic 15: Understanding the association between Counseling and Physical Education Lessons

Topic 16: Diet, Physical Education, and Health – How are the three interlinked?

Topic 17: Does Physical Education Enhance Students’ Academic Career?

Topic 18: Impact of Physical Education on Personality Development – An Analysis

Topic 19: Studying the Impact of Introducing Physical Education in Students’ Early Years

Topic 20: Comparing the Benefits and Challenges of Physical Education

Topic 21: The Role of Gender in Employing Physical Education

Topic 22: The Impact of Physical Education in Reducing Obesity in Students

Topic 23: Exploring the Impact of Visual Aids in PE Teaching

Topic 24: Investigating the Impact of Virtual Physical Education Classes

Topic 25: An Analysis of the Physical and Mental Health of Students After PE

Topic 26: Exploring the Need for Physical Education at the College Level to Improve the Mental Health of Students

Topic 27: Investigating How Physical Activity Can Improve the Immune System in Adults

Free Dissertation Topic

How to find physical education dissertation topics?

You May Also Like

Physical Education Theses and Dissertations

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Submissions

71 Physical Education Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Physical Education and Exercise Science Theses and Dissertations

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

Useful Links

Add email alerts

Resilience in physical education: A qualitative exploration of protective factors