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Bacteria are our 'friends and foes' as they have both useful and harmful activities.
(A) USEFUL ACTIVITIES
Role of bacteria in agriculture
Some free-living nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria like Azotobacter and Clostridium have the capacity of fixing atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous substances, hence increase soil fertility. Similarly symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium also fixes atmospheric nitrogen. All nitrogen fixing bacteria have ‘nif’ genes (nitrogenase inducing factor). e.g., Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter, Nitrospina. Nitrospira and Nitrococcus . Nitrosomonas converts ammonia into nitrites, which is further converted into nitrates by Nitrobacter (nitrification).
Role of bacteria in dairy industry
Lactic acid is commercially produced by using Lactic acid bacteria. The bacteria convert lactose of milk into lactic acid and hence milk turns sour. Lactic acid bacteria unite casein protein of milk in the form of small droplets and thus form curd and hence butter.
Role of bacteria in other industries
Many antibiotics are produced from bacteria. The first antibiotic produced was penicillin (wonder drug) obtained from fungus Penicillium notatum by Sir Alexander Fleming (1923), which checks growth of gram-positive bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis or by blocking peptidoglycan synthesis.
Interferons are protein molecules or polypeptides of low molecular weight which prevent viral multiplication.
Role of bacteria in petroleum pollution
Petroleum pollution in water bodies is checked upto some extent by Pseudomonas.
Genetically engineered strain of Pseudomonas putida ( Superbug) was developed by Dr. Ananda Mohan Chakraborty which biodegrade spilled oil. These superbugs were allowed by USA government in 1990 for removal of oil from water.
(B) HARMFUL ACTIVITIES
Food-poisoning (Botulism): It is caused by Clostridium botulinum . The main symptoms are vomiting followed by paralysis and death.
Reduction of soil fertility: There are some denitrifying bacteria in soil, which convert nitrates into free nitrogen (denitrification), e.g, Bacillus denitrificans, Micrococcus denitrificans and Thiobacillus denitrificans.
Many pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio cholera, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dyseinteriae cause Cholera, typhoid and dysentery respectively.
The crown gall diseases in plants is caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens ( Rhizobium radiobacter , synonym Agrobacterium radiobacter ) and the hairy root root diseases is caused by Agrobacterium rhizogenes
The common sulphur oxidizing bacteria are Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Beggiatoa . Cotton spoilage is due to Spirochaete cytophage .
Most of the pathogenic bacteria are gram negative, rod-shaped ( Bacillus ) and non-spore forming. However, bacteria causing anthrax and tetanus are endospore forming or spore forming.
Economic Importance of Fungi
Role in Medicine Ø The broad economic importance of fungi exists in the medical industry for curing diseases in humans and animals. Ø The most important species are Penicillium notatum, Claviceps pu
Classification of Fungi (Ainsworth 1966, 1971, 1973)
G.C Ainsowrth (1966,71,73) included all fungi in the kingdom Mycota which he divided into two division in a research article entitled “A general-purpose classification of fungi”. This system of classi
Clamp connection
When the dikaryotic cell is ready to divide a pouch like outgrowth called clamp arises from its wall between the two nuclei (Fig 3). Now the two nuclei of the cell divide simultaneously (conjugate div
Bacteria play a key role in many essential biological processes, including nutrient recycling, soil formation, food production (such as curd or yogurt, cheese, ghee, and vinegar), digestion, and the breakdown of organic matter in nature.
They are also essential for human health, providing vital nutrients, nitrogen cycles, bioweapons, producing antibiotics and other drugs, and protecting us from disease-causing organisms. Bacteria also play an important role in biotechnology, providing enzymes and other proteins for industrial applications, such as producing biofuels and other chemicals.
Bacteria are also important in agriculture because they help compost and produce fertilizer by natural means. Bacteria are used in genetic engineering where specific genes are introduced into bacteria for the production of desired products.
Economic importance contains both useful and harmful activities related to the topic, here we will discuss the beneficial and harmful effects caused by bacteria.
Bacteria in biotechnology.
Biotechnology is a technology that leverages biological systems, living organisms, or parts of these to develop or create various products. A prime example is the use of microorganisms, including bacteria, in manufacturing industries.
The chemical production of acetone, enzymes, alcohol (ethanol), organic acids, and perfumes is facilitated by bacteria. Here, we explore several industrial applications of bacteria in biotechnology.
Bacteria play a crucial role in the chemical manufacturing sector. For instance, they are instrumental in producing acetone, enzymes, alcohol (ethanol), organic acids, and perfumes.
This process is not only efficient but also environmentally friendly, as it often reduces the need for harsh chemicals and extreme conditions typically required in traditional chemical manufacturing.
Bacteria are essential in the production of dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals. Certain vitamins, used as external food supplements, are produced using bacteria. For example, E. coli bacteria are utilized to produce D-amino acids like D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine, an important intermediate in synthesizing the antibiotic amoxicillin.
Biological pest control uses bacteria as a substitute for chemical pesticides. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt.) and soil-dwelling bacteria are commonly employed in this process. Bt. bacteria produce toxins harmful to specific insect pests, making them an effective and environmentally friendly pest control agent.
Acetobacter aceti is used to produce vinegar (acetic acid). In this biochemical process, ethanol is converted into acetic acid (CH₃COOH) by the action of these bacteria. This method is a cornerstone in vinegar production, providing a natural and efficient way to produce this essential condiment.
Several bacterial species are involved in the commercial production of vitamins:
Bacteria are used to separate fibers from plants, a process known as retting. This bacterial action breaks down the pectin that binds fibers together, facilitating their extraction for use in textiles and other industries.
Bioremediation employs bacteria to remove pollutants from contaminated water, soil, and other materials. For example:
E. coli bacteria serve as indicators of water pollution. The presence of these bacteria signifies fecal contamination, and their quantity can determine the level of pollution in water bodies.
Genetic engineering, or genetic modification, involves the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology. E. coli and Agrobacterium bacteria are commonly used in this process, enabling the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for various applications, including agriculture and medicine.
Bacteria are also involved in the curing or flavoring of tea and processing of tobacco leaves. Bacillus megatherium and Micrococcus conscience are used to enhance the flavor and quality of these products through fermentation and other biochemical processes.
Bacteria are essential for the production of many medicines such as manufacturing antibiotics, which are used to treat infections caused by other bacteria. Bacteria can also be used to produce hormones such as insulin, which is used to treat diabetes, and anti-cancer drugs.
Bacteria are also used to produce vaccines, which protect people from diseases. Finally, bacteria are used in bioremediation, which is the use of bacteria to clean up environmental pollutants.
Anti means against and biotic means life, so any substances against an organism’s life are called antibiotics . Some substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms are called antibiotic substances. Many antibiotic medicines are obtained from bacteria.
1st antibiotic used in the 2 nd world War by American soldiers is Streptomycin which is obtained from Streptomyces griseus (It is an actinomycete).
Bacteria are the source of many of the antibiotics that are used to fight infections. Antibiotics are made from compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. These compounds inhibit the growth of other microorganisms or kill them outright.
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections, skin infections, and pneumonia. Antibiotics can also be used to prevent infections and treat certain conditions. The use of antibiotics has saved countless lives and has contributed to improved health and quality of life.
Food products made from lactic acid bacterial species are Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, and Weissella in which species of lactobacillus bacteria are more commonly used in the fermentation of dairy products are:
Lactobacillus lactis increases vitamin B 12 in curd, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) also help in the disease-causing microbes in the stomach.
Bacteria play a crucial role in nitrogen fixation, a process vital for converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can absorb and utilize. Nitrogen fixation (N 2 → NH 3 ) is both a biological as well as a chemical process through which covalent bonded atmospheric nitrogen (N2), is converted into ammonia (NH3) or any nitrogenous compounds like amino acids, nitrate, and ammonium salts.
This process can occur both symbiotically or asymbiotically. Where nitrogen has a nonzero oxidation state, this is done typically in soil or aquatic systems and also artificially in industry. Nitrogen fixation is done by two processes:
In symbiotic nitrogen fixation, bacteria live in close association with plants, often within their tissues, and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which plants can use for growth. Here are some key bacteria involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation:
Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation involves bacteria that live freely in the soil, independently converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants. Some notable bacteria in this category include:
The industrial applications of these bacteria are vast, ranging from enhancing soil fertility in agriculture to biofertilizer production. By harnessing the natural nitrogen-fixing capabilities of these bacteria, industries can promote sustainable farming practices, reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers, and improve crop yields.
The process of formation of ammonia is called ammonification. Ammonifying bacteria help in the process of ammonification (Protein → NH 3 ). It is a biological process, these bacteria convert protein (present in decaying plants and animals) into ammonia (NH 3 ).
Nitrification is done by nitrifying bacteria which are chemoautotrophs, in which bacteria convert ammonia (NH 3 ) into nitrite (NO 2 – ) and further nitrate (NO 3 – ) and it is a biological process.
Cholera | Vibrio cholerae |
Leprosy | Mycobacterium leprae |
Tetanus | Clostridium tetani |
Tuberculosis (T.B) | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
Typhoid | Salmonella typhi |
Anthrax | Bacillus anthracis |
Blackleg | Clostridium chauvoei |
Bacterial leaf blight of rice | Xanthomonas oryzae |
Blackleg and soft rot of potato | Erwinia carotovora atroseptica |
Black rot of crucifers | Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) |
Citrus canker | Xanthomonas citri |
Crown gall in many plants | Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
Denitrifying bacteria help in the process of denitrification (NO 3- → N 2 ) which is both a biological as well as abiological process, in which some bacteria convert soil nitrates (NO 3 – ) into nitrites (NO 2 – ) and then nitrogen (N 2 ) this process is called denitrification. These bacteria reduce the fertility of the soil.
Botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum and sometimes Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii – It is an obligate anaerobe. It can not survive in our body because of the presence of oxygen (aerobic environment). It is a rare and the most lethal type of food poisoning .
These bacteria only survive in the absence of oxygen. These bacteria multiply in canned food. Their toxins attack the parasympathetic nervous system, which leads to paralysis of both smooth and striped muscles that results in difficulty in breathing which causes asphyxia and leads to immediate death .
Some bacteria are used as bioweapons such as :
Several bacterial forms cause water pollution. These bacteria spoil the water and make it unfit for living organisms.
Bacteria are essential for life on Earth, playing important roles in the cycle of nutrients and energy. They break down organic matter, such as dead plants and animals, into nutrients that can be used by other organisms. Additionally, bacteria can help to form healthy soil, which is important for plant growth.
In conclusion , bacteria are indispensable in various industrial applications within biotechnology. Their ability to produce chemicals, vitamins, and pharmaceuticals, control pests, remediate pollution, and aid in genetic engineering showcases their versatility and importance in advancing industrial and environmental biotechnology.
Q: What is the economic importance of bacteria? A: Bacteria are important economically, as they are used in a wide range of industries and applications. For example, bacteria are used in the production of food, medicines, and bioremediation. Bacteria are also used to make bioplastics, biofuels, and other bioproducts.
Bacterial enzymes are used in the production of detergents, enzymes, and other industrial products. Additionally, bacteria are used in the treatment of wastewater and sewage and are also used to produce biogas.
Q: What economic benefits do bacteria provide? A: Bacteria can have a range of economic benefits, including providing food sources, generating bioproducts, aiding in bioremediation, and aiding in the production of biofuels. Bacteria can also be used in the production of certain medicines and biotechnology.
Q: How are bacteria used in bioremediation? A: Bacteria are used in bioremediation as they can break down and remove pollutants in the environment, such as oil and other hazardous chemicals. This process helps to clean up contaminated sites, making them safe for people and animals.
Q: How are bacteria used in the production of medicines? A: Bacteria are used in the production of certain medicines, such as antibiotics, which are used to treat bacterial infections. Bacteria can also be used in the production of vaccines, which help to protect people from certain illnesses.
Q: How do bacteria aid in the production of biofuels? A: Bacteria can be used in the production of biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel. Bacteria can break down organic matter, such as corn and other plants, and convert them into usable forms of energy.
395 Accesses
Microorganisms’ relation in forming new varied products dates back long time. From the formulation of wine to the development of probiotics, microorganisms are involved with food in various forms. The utilisation of microorganisms and incorporation into the food industry had a raise recently in the production process of many products, for example, fruits and vegetable products, preservation of meat and its products, food colour, and so on. Different chemical compounds like nisin with antimicrobial properties are extracted from microorganisms. Besides, enzymes like beta-galactosidase produced by microorganisms have many advanced applications in different industries. Bio-preservation is another application of bacteria in the food industry. Utilising controlled or natural microorganisms or antimicrobials for the preservation of food and to increase its shelf life is known as bio-preservation. By carefully utilising the antimicrobial properties of naturally occurring food microbes and/or their safe-use metabolites, bio-preservation prolongs the shelf life of food. Bio-preservation also enables the production of various other food products also. Some algae and fungi are recently used for the production of colours. Introducing microorganism in the food industries enhances the development of novel and new food-producing techniques and thereby enables coping with the shortage of food. Various application is so far developed and studies are going on based on the use of microorganisms in the food industry/factories. Microorganisms play a vital role in producing various products that can be consumed by a wide variety of populations.
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Shahada, C., Morya, S., Farha, R., Sandhu, D. (2023). Economic Importance of Microorganisms in Food Processing. In: Karnwal, A., Mohammad Said Al-Tawaha, A.R. (eds) Food Microbial Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4784-3_12
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Milk from a healthy cow initially contains very few bacteria, which primarily come from the skin of the cow and the procedures for handling the milk. Milk is an excellent growth medium for numerous bacteria, and the bacteria can increase rapidly in numbers unless the milk is properly processed. Bacterial growth can spoil the milk or even pose a serious health hazard if pathogenic bacteria are present. Diseases that can be transmitted from an infected cow include tuberculosis ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis ), undulant fever ( Brucella abortus ), and Q fever ( Coxiella burnetii ). In addition, typhoid fever ( Salmonella typhi ) can be transmitted through milk from an infected milk handler. Pasteurization procedures increase the temperature of the milk to 63 °C (145 °F) for 30 minutes or to 71 °C (160 °F) for 15 seconds, which kills any of the pathogenic bacteria that might be present, although these procedures do not kill all microorganisms.
Certain bacteria convert milk into useful dairy products, such as buttermilk , yogurt , and cheese . Commercially cultured buttermilk is prepared from milk inoculated with a starter culture of Lactococcus (usually L. lactis or L. lactis cremoris ). Yogurt and other fermented milk products are produced in a similar manner using different cultures of bacteria. Many cheeses are likewise made through the action of bacteria. Growth in milk of an acid-producing bacterium such as L. lactis causes the casein to precipitate as curd. Following the removal of moisture and the addition of salt, the curd is allowed to ripen through the action of other microorganisms. Different bacteria impart different flavors and characteristics to foods; for example, the mixture of Lactobacillus casei , Streptococcus thermophilus , and Propionibacterium shermanii is responsible for the ripening of Swiss cheese and the production of its characteristic taste and large gas bubbles. In addition, Brevibacterium linens is responsible for the flavor of Limburger cheese, and molds ( Penicillium species) are used in the manufacture of Roquefort and Camembert cheeses . Other types of bacteria have long been used in the preparation and preservation of various foods produced through bacterial fermentation, including pickled products, sauerkraut , and olives .
The toxins of many pathogenic bacteria that are transmitted in foods can cause food poisoning when ingested. These include a toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus , which causes a rapid, severe, but limited gastrointestinal distress, or the toxin of Clostridium botulinum , which is often lethal. Production of botulism toxin can occur in canned nonacidic foods that have been incompletely cooked before sealing. C. botulinum forms heat-resistant spores that can germinate into vegetative bacterial cells that thrive in the anaerobic environment , which is conducive to the production of their extremely potent toxin. Other food-borne infections are actually transmitted from an infected food handler, including typhoid fever, salmonellosis ( Salmonella species), and shigellosis ( Shigella dysenteriae ).
substance | action |
---|---|
hyaluronidase | increases permeability of tissue spaces to bacterial cells |
coagulase | increases resistance of bacteria to phagocytosis (engulfment by defense cells, or phagocytes) |
hemolysins | destroy red blood cells |
collagenase | dissolves collagen, a connective tissue protein |
leukocidin | kills white blood cells (specifically leukocytes) and hence decreases phagocytic action |
exotoxins and endotoxins | interfere with normal metabolic processes |
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19 Pages Posted: 26 Dec 2019 Last revised: 5 Feb 2020
University of Agriculture, Peshawar - Institute of Development Studies; Institute of Development Studies
Date Written: December 25, 2019
Microbes are microorganism and with the help of microscope these are seen. It consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protists, protozoa and algae etc. Some microorganisms are beneficial while some are non beneficial for human beings. These all live on the earth in different forms. Seeing to its importance the present study was arranged in December, 2019 to examine the role of microbes in the development of a world. Secondary data was used for this study. Total 15 articles were downloaded from the web and 20 times were reviewed critically to fully know what role microbes play in world development. The analysis indicates that microbes are the permanent member of this world and in different form give benefits to humanity and keep the balance of ecosystem for the survival of human being while some are very dangerous which kill human and other living organism of this world. Microbiologists have discovered so many microbes, some make the yogurts but some make the cheese and beer for humanity. Similarly some add nitrogen to the soil for the growth of plant while few microbes convert the soil structure and make it favorable for the growth of plant. Some microbes release the methane gases in the air and create the heat in the environment which makes the problem of global warming. Some microbes spread different disease in the world and make the world polluted but some clean the pollution of the world. Vaccine of virus help in smallpox controlling, while some play great role in insulin manufacturing for the control of diabetes. The story of microbe is very long and some bacteria help in digestion process in ruminant animal while some spread the cancer and T.B in the arena of this world. Some microbes help in conversion of carbon dioxide into starch and glucose. Few scientists think that to remove the microbes from this world but majority stress that without microbes this world running is impossible and they told that microbes are very important and useful organism of this world because they play great role in different sector of economic development of the world. It is indicated from the mentioned discussion that without microbes this world business is impossible, so on the basis of this importance it is necessary for every government of the world to include this debate in the national policy at world level and keep a proper budget for implementation of the project for discoveries of new microbes for the beneficiary of society. Government of every country should be focused on microbes what microbes are beneficial and what are non beneficial and further also link this study with the world for advancement of the country.
Keywords: Microbes, Role, Economic, Development, World
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Institute of Development Studies Professor Colony Agriculture Peshawar Peshawar, khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25000 Pakistan
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Class 9 - concise biology selina, progress check 1.
Name the four common shapes of bacteria.
Give the technical terms for the following patterns of occurrence of bacteria
List the kinds of nutrition in bacteria.
Bacteria mostly shows saprotrophic and parasitic nutrition.
What is the common method of reproduction in bacteria?
The common method of reproduction in bacteria is fission or cell division.
Why do bacteria produce spores ?
Bacteria produce spores to overcome unfavourable conditions.
Bacteria are no more classified as plants primarily because:
These are unicellular and prokaryotic.
Reason — Bacteria are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Unlike plants, which are multicellular and have eukaryotic cells, bacteria are classified as prokaryotes. This fundamental difference in cellular structure and organization led to their separation from the plant kingdom.
A particular species of which one of the following, is the source bacterium of the antibiotic, discovered next to penicillin, for the treatment of tuberculosis?
Streptomyces
Reason — Streptomycin was discovered next to penicillin by Selman Waksman. It was derived from Streptomyces griseus .
Which bacteria is rod shaped?
Reason — Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacillus.
Which bacteria fixes nitrogen in the soil?
Reason — Rhizobium is the nitrogen fixing bacteria present in root nodules of legumes.
Cell wall of bacteria is composed of:
Peptidoglycan
Reason — The bacterial cell wall is made up of Peptidoglycan and not cellulose as in plants.
Which of the following structures is suspended in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell ?
Reason — Plasmid is a small circular DNA suspended in the Cytoplasm.
Bacteria mainly reproduces by means of :
Binary fission
Reason — Bacteria divides into two by simple cell division. This is known as binary fission.
Bacteria are referred to as prokaryotes because:
They do not have a well defined nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
Reason — The cells in which the nuclear membrane is absent is called prokaryotes.
Which of the following diseases can be prevented by TAB?
Reason — TAB is the vaccine of Typhoid. It contains killed typhoid bacteria.
A preparation consisting of weakened or dead germ substances is:
Reason — Vaccine consists of weakened or dead germ substances. Administration of vaccine results in resistance in body against the particular disease.
Name the following:
(a) The locomotory structure of a bacterium that enables it to swim.
(b) The process of flavouring tea by certain bacteria.
(c) The process of making leather from the animals skin.
(d) Bacterial disease of mustard.
(e) The scientist who discovered the antibiotic streptomycin.
(a) Flagella
(c) Leather tanning
(d) Black rot of mustard
(e) Selman Waksman
Match the items in Column A with those in Column B
Column A | Column B |
---|---|
Penicillium | Bacteria occurring in chains. |
Diplococci | Antibiotic. |
Streptococci | Bacteria occurring in pairs. |
Column A | Column B |
---|---|
Penicillium | Antibiotic. |
Diplococci | Bacteria occurring in pairs. |
Streptococci | Bacteria occurring in chains. |
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The first antibiotic penicillin was discovered by ............... .
(b) ............... bacteria is found living in the nodules on the roots of leguminous plants.
(c) The hormone ............... was the first substance produced by Escherichia coli .
(d) ............... is an example of denitrifying bacteria.
(e) ............... and ............... are the two heterotrophic modes of nutrition in bacteria.
(a) The first antibiotic penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming .
(b) Rhizobium bacteria is found living in the nodules on the roots of leguminous plants.
(c) The hormone insulin was the first substance produced by Escherichia coli .
(d) Pseudomonas is an example of denitrifying bacteria.
(e) Saprotrophic and parasitic are the two heterotrophic modes of nutrition in bacteria.
Name the bacteria that converts
(a) ammonium compounds to nitrites
(b) nitrites to nitrates
(a) Nitrosomonas
(b) Nitrobacter
In what form bacteria may be present in the air?
In air, bacteria can be present in the form of spores.
Why is spore formation in bacteria not considered a form of reproduction?
Spore formation in bacteria cannot be considered as a form of reproduction as they can reproduce through asexual means only such as cell division or fission. The formation of spores in bacteria is only an escape tactic from unfavorable condition that is exhibited by them.
In what respect do you consider bacteria as simple organisms?
Bacteria are unicellular organisms that lack membrane bound cell organelles like chloroplast, mitochondria, etc. and even a well-defined nucleus is absent which states that they have a simpler cellular organization.
Define the terms :
(a) Antibiotics
(b) Antitoxins
(d) Botulism
(e) Pasteurization
(a) Antibiotics — An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a living microorganism which can stop the growth of or kill some disease-producing bacteria and fungi.
(b) Antitoxins — Antitoxin is a substance produced in animal bodies which reacts with the poison (toxin) produced by the invading germs.
(c) Serum — Serum actually means blood plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed. It may contain numerous chemical substances including anti-bodies and antitoxins.
(d) Botulism — Botulism is a very serious food poisoning due to a special bacterium sometimes found in tinned or sealed foods.
(e) Pasteurization — Pasteurization is the process of food preservation, applied usually to milk. In this process, the milk is heated at 60°C for 30 minutes and then chilled quickly. It kills majority of bacteria.
Give two examples of each :
(a) Bacterial diseases of cattle
(b) Bacterial diseases in plants
(c) Bacterial diseases in humans
(d) Nitrifying bacteria
(e) Free living nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in soil
(a) Anthrax and Bovine tuberculosis
(b) Bacterial blight of cowpea and Black rot of mustard
(c) Cholera and Tuberculosis
(d) Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter
(e) Azotobacter and Clostridium
Write the full forms of the following abbreviations:
(a) TAB — Typhoid-paratyphoid A and B
(b) BCG — Bacille Calmette-Guerin
(c) DNA — Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(d) GMO — Genetically Modified Organism
Give reasons :
(a) Every room in the house should get direct sunlight at least for a short time.
(b) Tinned and sealed food is not always safe to eat.
(a) Direct sunlight contains ultraviolet radiations of the Sun, which help in killing of mould spores present in air. Hence, it is advised that every living room in the house should get direct sunlight at least for a short time.
(b) No, tinned and sealed food are not always safe to eat as it may contain harmful bacteria like Clostridium botulinum that causes food poisoning. Clostridium botulinum releases toxins under low-oxygen conditions. These toxins are very lethal and can block nerve functions leading to muscular and respiratory paralysis. Moreover, the chemicals used in the inner coating of the container can be harmful for humans.
State the differences between:
(a) Decay and putrefaction.
(b) Pasteurization and sterilization of food/objects/equipments.
(a) Difference between Decay and Putrefaction:
Decay | Putrefaction. |
---|---|
Complete breakdown of organic matter by bacteria. | Incomplete breakdown of organic matter by bacteria. |
Does not emit a foul smell. | Emits a foul smell. |
(b) Difference between Pasteurization and Sterilization:
Pasteurization | Sterilization |
---|---|
Temperature - 60°C | Temperature - 110°C |
Does not kill spores | Kills even spores |
Partial sterilization | Complete sterilization |
Example – Milk sterilization | Example – Canned food sterilization. |
Would there be any bacteria in an aquarium?
Yes, bacteria can exist in aquarium. Bacteria can exist practically everywhere, as they can withstand any climatic condition.
How do bacteria obtain their nourishment?
Most bacteria are heterotrophic i.e. they depend on ready-made food from different sources. In this category, the bacteria maybe:
The bacteria secrete powerful enzymes from their cells into the surrounding food containing material. The enzymes make the food material soluble which is then absorbed as a solution into the bacterial cell.
Describe any two uses of bacteria in industry.
Uses of bacteria in industry:
What are antibiotics? Name any two examples.
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by a living organism which inhibits or kills the growth of micro-organisms that cause the diseases such as fungi and bacteria. Examples of antibiotics are:
Briefly describe how nitrogen of the atmosphere is converted to nitrates by leguminous plants.
A special category of soil bacteria (Rhizobium) is found living in small nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. These bacteria pick up free nitrogen from the soil and atmosphere and convert it into soluble nitrates. These nitrates are used by the host plant and also by other plants sown later in the same soil.
State how the nitrates in the soil get converted to nitrogen of the atmosphere.
Denitrifying bacteria in the soil break down nitrates present in the soil to release nitrogen gas which enters the atmosphere. Pseudomonas is an example of denitrifying bacteria.
Draw a diagram showing the Nitrogen cycle and answer the following questions.
(a) Define the terms:
(b) Distinguish between biological nitrogen fixation and industrial nitrogen fixation.
(c) Name the kind of relationship that exists between Rhizobium and leguminous plants.
(a) Below diagram shows the Nitrogen cycle:
(b) Difference between biological nitrogen fixation and industrial nitrogen fixation are:
S. No. | Biological Nitrogen Fixation | Industrial Nitrogen Fixation |
---|---|---|
1. | Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by bacteria known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria. | Industrial nitrogen fixation involves a series of controlled chemical reactions. |
2. | Biological nitrogen fixation occurs in natural ecosystems such as soil, aquatic environments and symbiotic associations with plants. | Industrial nitrogen fixation occurs in controlled industrial settings, such as chemical plants or fertilizer production facilities. |
3. | Nitrogen-fixing bacteria possess the enzyme nitrogenase, which converts atmospheric nitrogen (N ) into ammonia (NH ) through a series of biochemical reactions. | The Haber-Bosch process uses high pressure and temperature, along with a catalyst, to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N ) and hydrogen (H ) into ammonia (NH ). |
(c) Symbiotic relationship.
Would there be any bacteria in an aquarium ?
(a) A balanced aquarium contains certain animals as well as some plants. How many kinds of animals can you make out in the aquarium shown here. Name any two such animals.
(b) Do you think there would be some bacteria in it? If so in which part of the aquarium would they be occurring in abundance and what for?
(a) Fishes and snails are present in the aquarium shown here.
(b) Yes, aquariums contain bacteria. A balanced aquarium contains some nitrifying bacteria like Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter which converts the ammoniacal waste released by fish to nitrates. The filter media and various solid surfaces in the aquarium, such as gravel, rocks, plants, and decorations, harbor these bacteria in abundance.
The economic importance of a bacteria which is prokaryote and microscopic organism is: 1. beneficial effects of bacteria: a) role in agriculture a) bacteria as scavenging: saprophytic bacteria obtain food from organic remains such as animal excreta, fallen leaves, meat etc. they decompose these substances by the action of digestive enzymes aerobically or anaerobically (known as fermentation). thus they help in sanitation of nature, so also known as scavengers. e.g. pseudomonas ) nitrification: rhizobium bacteria, living in root nodules of leguminous plant symbiotically, helps in fixing atmospheric nitrogen. similarly, nitrosomonas and nitrococcus convert ammonium salt to nitrites. nitrites are further changed to nitrates by nitrobacter and nitrocystis. it enables plants to uptake nitrogen. c) production of organic manure: as stated above, saprophytic bacteria help in breaking of the complex organic substance to simpler forms. thus, in this process, they help to convert farm refuse, dung and other wastes to manure. d) preparation of ensilage: ensilage is preserved cattle fodder prepared by packing freshly chopped fodder sprinkled with molasses. fermentation activity of bacteria produces lactic acid that acts as a preservative in ensilage. e) production of fuel: bacteria, while converting animal dung and other organic wastes to manure, help in the production of fuel that is a must in gobar gas plant. f) disposal of sewage: bacteria help in disposal of sewage by decomposing it and thus, help in environmental sanitation. b) bacteria role in industry a) dairy industry: bacteria such as streptococcus lactis convert milk sugar lactose into lactic acid that coagulates casein (milk protein). then, milk is converted into curd, yogurt, cheese etc needed for the industry. b) production of organic compounds: fermentation (breakdown of carbohydrate in absence of oxygen) action of various bacteria produces organic compounds like lactic acid (by lactobacillus), acetic acid (by acetobacter aceti), acetone (by clostridium acetabutylicum) etc. c) fibre retting: the action of some bacteria like clostridium, pseudomonas etc. help in fiber retting i.e. separation of stem and leaf fiber of plants from other softer tissue. d) curing: the leaves of tea and tobacco, beans of coffee and cocoa are cured off their bitterness with the help of action of certain bacteria such as bacillus megatherium. e) production of antibiotics: number of antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics such as hamycin, polymyxin, trichomycin etc are obtained from mycelia bacteria (like streptomyces). similarly, bacillus is used for the production of antibiotics such as bacitracin, gramicidin etc f) production of vitamins: different kinds of vitamins are produced from bacteria like riboflavin from clostridium butylicum, vitamin b12 from bacillus megatherium and vitamin k and b-complex from escherichia coli. 2. harmful effects of bacteria: though bacteria play important role in agriculture, industries and natural sanitation etc, it has the following harmful effects: a) food spoiling: saprophytic bacteria always not only help in decomposition of dead matters, but they also cause the rotting of vegetables, fruits, meat, bread etc. b) food poisoning: bacteria like staphylococcus aureus cause food poisoning and cause people diarrhea and vomiting. c) damaging domestic articles: spirochete cytophaga deteriorates cotton, leather, and wooden articles. d) denitrification: bacteria such as thiobacillus and microbacillusconvert nitrate of the soil to the gaseous nitrogen. this hampers plants very much. e) desulphurization: bacteria such as desulfovibrio convert soil sulfates into hydrogen sulfide. f) cause of diseases: it is known that over 90% of human diseases and over 10% of plant diseases are caused by bacteria..
Short / Long answer type questions . Describe in brief the Oparin-Haldane theory of origin of life.
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Vitis vinifera l. leaf extract, a microbiota green ally against infectious and inflammatory skin and scalp diseases: an in-depth update.
General Domains | Specific Factors | References |
---|---|---|
External stressors | Solar radiations | [ , , ] |
Environmental factors (e.g., pollutants, allergens, particulate matter, ozone, industrial toxic gases, nano/microplastics, pesticides, tobacco …) | [ , , , , , ] | |
Climate change | [ , , , , , ] | |
Nutrition | [ , , , ] | |
Internal factors | Hormones (e.g., sex hormones, thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, …) | [ , , ] |
Psychological stress | [ , , , ] | |
Sleep | [ , ] | |
Aging | [ , ] | |
Host microbiota/microbiome and microbial exposome | [ , ] | |
Host genetic background (eukaryotic cells) | Polymorphisms and other mutations | [ , , ] |
Epigenetics | [ , , ] | |
Ethnicity | [ , ] | |
Biological sex | [ , , ] |
3. vitis vinifera l. leaves, 3.1. phytochemical profile and bioactive compounds, 3.2. topical and systemic applications in cosmeceutics, 4. skin microbiota and inflammatory skin and scalp disorders, 4.1. skin microbiota and healthy skin, 4.2. skin microbiota and cutaneous diseases, 5. inflammatory skin and scalp disorders and vitis vinifera l. leaf extracts, 6. vitis vinifera l. leaf extracts, microbiota, and skin opportunistic pathogens, 6.1. vitis vinifera l. leaf extracts and bacteria, 6.2. vitis vinifera l. leaf extracts and viruses, 6.3. vitis vinifera l. leaf extracts and fungi, 7. vitis vinifera l. extract prebiotic and postbiotic properties, 8. conclusions, author contributions, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
Click here to enlarge figure
Phytochemical Class | Group | Main Compounds | References |
---|---|---|---|
Flavonoids | Anthocyanins | delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-(6-O-acetyl)glucoside, peonidin-3-(6-O-acetyl)glucoside, malvidin-3-(6-O-acetyl)glucoside, cyanidin-3-(6-O-coumaroyl)glucoside, petunidin-3-(6-O-coumaroyl)glucoside, peonidin-3-(6-O-coumaroyl)glucoside, malvidin-3-(6-O-coumaroyl)glucoside | [ , , , , , , ] |
Flavan-3-ols | gallocatechin, catechin, procyanidin A1, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, procyanidin B4, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, catechin gallate | [ , , , , , , , , , ] | |
Flavonols | quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol, myricetin, myricetin-3-O-galactoside, myricetin-3-O-glucuronide, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, quercetin-3-(6-O-acetyl)glucoside, quercetin-3-(3-O-arabinosyl)glucoside, quercetin-3-(7-O-glucosyl)glucuronide, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-xyloside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-(6-O-rhamnosyl)galactoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-arabinose, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucuronide, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-(4-O-rhamnosyl)rutinoside, kaempferol-3-(6-O-coumaroyl)glucoside, kaempferol-3(7-O-glucosyl)galactoside, diquercetin-3-(3-O-glucosyl)glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-glycoside | [ , , , , , , , , , ] | |
Phenolic acids | Hydroxybenzoic acids | parahydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid | [ , , , , , , ] |
Hydroxycinnamic acids | caffeic acid, caftaric acid, caffeic acid, trans-caftaric acid, trans-coutaric acid | [ , , , , , , ] | |
Stilbenes and their derivatives | Stilbenes derivatives, simples, glicosiled stilbenes, dimeric stilbenes | resveratrol, trans-piceid, trans-resveratrol, cis-resveratrol, trans-ε-viniferin, pterosilbene | [ , , , , ] |
Coumarins | Furanocumarins or simple cumarins | aesculin, fraxin, aesculutin, umbelliferone | [ , ] |
Lignans | Monocyclic lignans Bicyclic lignans Neolignans Furofuran lignans cedrusin and its glucosides | isolariciresinol, lariciresinol, secoisolariciresinol | [ , ] |
Phytochemical Group | Structure | Mechanism of Action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Anthocyanins | In vitro inhibitory activity towards growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus through quorum sensing disruption | [ ] | |
Flavan-3-ols | Antioxidant activity by free radical scavenging, transition metals chelation, as well as enzyme mediation and inhibition Antimicrobial and antiviral effects | [ ] | |
Flavonols | Protection from oxidative stress Radical species quenchers both via hydrogen atom (HAT) and electron transfer (ET) Phenolic OH groups may undergo deprotonation, thus reacting with free radicals at a faster rate according to a sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) mechanism | [ ] | |
Phenolic acids | Antimicrobial property against multidrug resistant pathogens through hyper acidification on the plasma membrane | [ ] | |
Stilbenes | Broad pharmacological and biological activities: anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-aging, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory activity through pro-inflammatory cytokines’ inhibition such as TNF-α and IL-1 | [ ] | |
Coumarins | Photoprotective effect. UV absorbers, with photo-oxidative, antioxidant, and photosensitizing properties The conjugation reaction of coumarins with UV light induces bacteria death and virus inactivation | [ , ] | |
Lignans | Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties Inhibition of ROS-induced activation of the NF-kB pathway. | [ ] |
Skin and Scalp Disorders | Main Microorganisms Involved | References |
---|---|---|
Atopic Dermatitis | ↑ S. aureus ↑ Malassezia spp. | [ , ] |
Seborrheic Dermatitis | ↑ Malassezia spp. ↑ S. Aureus | [ , ] |
Acne | ↑ C. acnes | [ , ] |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa | ↑ Corynebacterium spp. ↑ Prevotella spp. ↑ Porphyromonas spp. ↓ S. aureus ↓ S. epidermidis ↓ C. acnes | [ , ] |
Psoriasis | Corynebacterium spp. Propionibacterium spp. Staphylococcus spp. Streptococcus spp. ↑ Malassezia spp. | [ ] |
Skin and Scalp Disorders | Use Evidence of VV or Its Bioactive Compounds | References |
---|---|---|
Atopic Dermatitis | Assessment of resveratrol activity on in vitro cell models Administration of resveratrol in animal models | [ ] |
Oral administration of isoquercitin in a patient with prurigo nodularis complicating AD | [ ] | |
Topical application of pterostilbene on AD-induced mouse models | [ ] | |
Seborrheic Dermatitis | Assessment of GSE activity on Malassezia spp. | [ , ] |
Acne | Oral supplementation of vitamins and VV in patients receiving isotretinoid | [ ] |
Assessment of quercitin on in vitro cell models Topical administration of quercitin in a mouse model | [ ] | |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa | Oral administration of GSE for HS-associated metabolic syndrome in animal models and in randomized clinical trials | [ ] |
Psoriasis | Assessment of resveratrol activity on in vitro cell models Administration of resveratrol in animal models | [ ] |
Hair loss | Topical administration of proanthocyanidins and procyanidins from GSE in hair cell cultures and C3H mice | [ ] |
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Armari, M.; Zavattaro, E.; Trejo, C.F.; Galeazzi, A.; Grossetti, A.; Veronese, F.; Savoia, P.; Azzimonti, B. Vitis vinifera L. Leaf Extract, a Microbiota Green Ally against Infectious and Inflammatory Skin and Scalp Diseases: An In-Depth Update. Antibiotics 2024 , 13 , 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080697
Armari M, Zavattaro E, Trejo CF, Galeazzi A, Grossetti A, Veronese F, Savoia P, Azzimonti B. Vitis vinifera L. Leaf Extract, a Microbiota Green Ally against Infectious and Inflammatory Skin and Scalp Diseases: An In-Depth Update. Antibiotics . 2024; 13(8):697. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080697
Armari, Marta, Elisa Zavattaro, Cesar Francisco Trejo, Alice Galeazzi, Alessia Grossetti, Federica Veronese, Paola Savoia, and Barbara Azzimonti. 2024. " Vitis vinifera L. Leaf Extract, a Microbiota Green Ally against Infectious and Inflammatory Skin and Scalp Diseases: An In-Depth Update" Antibiotics 13, no. 8: 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080697
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Following is a brief account of the more important activities of the bacteria: 1. Role in Agriculture: (i) Decay and decomposition: Soil bacteria play an important role in brining about decomposition of organic matter. They serve a double purpose. In the first instance they act as scavengers removing harmful waste from the earth.
Bacteria have widespread economic importance as they are used in various processes, as discussed below. The Economic Importance of Bacteria examples will help understand the significance of bacteria. 1. Dairy products. Quite a few genera of bacteria are used in food preparation, directly or indirectly. a.
The economic importance of bacteria. Bacteria are sold in different forms for use, as seen before, like. a. Medicine (probiotics), antibiotics, insulin, and other medicines are obtained from them. b. Agriculture as bio-pesticides and fertilizers. In fact, this is a big industry and makes a lot of money. c. In making beverages and fibers.
Economic Importance of Bacteria. Bacteria are economically very important to people as they are employed in variety of reasons. For example, bacteria are used in the making delicacies like cheese, fudge, vinegar and yogurt. These are just a few things, that use bacteria. Apart from this, bacteria are also important in the agricultural field as ...
Economic Importance of Bacteria in Society. Lesson Transcript. Instructor Amanda Robb. Amanda has taught high school science for over 10 years. She has a Master's Degree in Cellular and Molecular ...
Economic uses and benefits of microorganisms Microorganisms have been used as tools for the production of products for millennia. Even in ancient times, the ability to produce vinegar by allowing water to percolate through wood shavings was known and widely practiced. Likewise, the transformation of a yeast suspension into beer or a suspension of crushed grapes into wine was common knowledge.
Bacteria are our 'friends and foes' as they have both useful and harmful activities. (A) USEFUL ACTIVITIESRole of bacteria in agricultureSome free-living nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria like Azotobacter and Clostridium have the capacity of fixing atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous substances, hence increase soil fertility. Similarly symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium also fixes atmospheric ...
Economic Importance Of Bacteria. Bacteria play a key role in many essential biological processes, including nutrient recycling, soil formation, food production (such as curd or yogurt, cheese, ghee, and vinegar), digestion, and the breakdown of organic matter in nature. They are also essential for human health, providing vital nutrients ...
Bacteria play a crucial role in various economic sectors. Here are some of the ways in which bacteria are economically important: 1. Agriculture: Certain bacteria, such as Rhizobium, live in the root nodules of leguminous plants and fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use. This process is known as biological nitrogen fixation.
Chapter - 3. Bacteria: Occurrence, Ultrastructure and its economic. importance. Chief Editor. Shiv Sagar Verma. Joint Director (Plant Pathology), Plant Quarantine Division, Directorate of Plant ...
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIAInclude both. B. neficial aspects of Bacteria1. Ro. Nitrogen is an essential constituent of many biologically significant organic molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, coenzymes, alkaloids etc. soilNitrogen fixing bacteriaAlthough 79% of the atmosphere is Nitrogen, it can.
The employment of microbes can improve the texture, flavour, and nutritional content and value of food. Microorganisms are essential to food preparation. In addition to being used to preserve meat and fish, they are utilised to make fermented goods including cheese, yoghurt, bread, and pickles.
Microbes are essential significant form of life affecting us in a variety of ways and serving as tools in biology. Nowadays algae, fungi, mushrooms, protozoa, seaweeds and especially bacteria ...
Economic importance of any organism refers to the advantages and disadvantages of that organism to nature, the humans and the environment. Bacteria, a prokaryote and microscopic organism have the following importance: BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BACTERIA. Bacteria plays important roles in different fields such as agriculture, industry etc.
Bacteria - Microorganisms, Symbiosis, Nutrition: Milk from a healthy cow initially contains very few bacteria, which primarily come from the skin of the cow and the procedures for handling the milk. Milk is an excellent growth medium for numerous bacteria, and the bacteria can increase rapidly in numbers unless the milk is properly processed. Bacterial growth can spoil the milk or even pose a ...
Students can find the resources of Economic Importance of Bacteria and Fungi ICSE Class 9 notes from the Selfstudys website, steps to download and refer are discussed below: Visit the Selfstudys website. Find the Study Materials from the bottom of the page and again find CISCE. Now select the CISCE. And select Revision Notes Exam.
Abstract. Microbes are microorganism and with the help of microscope these are seen. It consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protists, protozoa and algae etc. Some microorganisms are beneficial while some are non beneficial for human beings. These all live on the earth in different forms. Seeing to its importance the present study was ...
The ecological importance of bacteria centers on the microorganisms serving as both producers and decomposers. Explore the role of bacteria in the ecosystem, the role of symbiotic bacteria, and ...
The common method of reproduction in bacteria is fission or cell division. Question 5. Why do bacteria produce spores ? Answer. Bacteria produce spores to overcome unfavourable conditions. Multiple Choice Type Question 1. Bacteria are no more classified as plants primarily because: These are unicellular and prokaryotic; These are motile
A) Role in agriculture. a) Bacteria as Scavenging: Saprophytic bacteria obtain food from organic remains such as animal excreta, fallen leaves, meat etc. They decompose these substances by the action of digestive enzymes aerobically or anaerobically (known as fermentation). Thus they help in sanitation of nature, so also known as scavengers. E.g.
The skin microbiota, with its millions of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, plays a key role in balancing the health of the skin and scalp. Its continuous exposure to potentially harmful stressors can lead to abnormalities such as local dysbiosis, altered barrier function, pathobiont overabundance, and infections often sustained by multidrug-resistant bacteria. These factors contribute to skin ...