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How to Cite a Dissertation in Harvard Style

Published by Alaxendra Bets at August 27th, 2021 , Revised On September 25, 2023

What is a Dissertation?

In the UK, countries of Western Europe, as well as New Zealand and Australia, the term ‘ dissertation ’ is used instead of a ‘thesis.’ The majority of the remaining countries in the world prefer to use ‘thesis’ instead of ‘dissertation.’

Both represent the same thing, though: a full-length, academic piece of writing that students must submit after their undergraduate, post-graduate (Master), or PhD studies.

More specifically, a dissertation can refer to:

• Large-scale research as part of a degree.
• An article based on a small-scale study as part of a degree.
• A review of another study, research or an accumulation of both.
• Other full-length body texts are a requirement of the student’s degree program, no matter which level it is.

1.    Basic Format

In Harvard, the following in-text citation format is used for the dissertation:

(Author Surname, Year Published)

For example, ‘Occasionally the talent for drawing passes beyond mere picture-copying and shows the presence of a real artistic capacity of no mean order. (Darius, 2014)’

In Harvard, the following reference list entry format is used for the dissertation:

Author Surname, Author Initials. (Year Published). Title of the dissertation in italics. Level. Institution Name.

For example, reference list entry for the above source would be:

Darius, H. (2014). Running head: SAVANT SYNDROME – THEORIES AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS . University of Skövde, University of Turku.

However, a slightly different format is also used in some institutions. According to that, in-text citations are done in the following way:

Author surname Year, p.#

For instance, Exelby (1997, p. 3) described the process … OR … processing gold (Exelby 1997, p. 3).

But in the case of reference list entries, these ‘other’ institutions recommend naming the dissertation title not in italics but in single quotation marks. The format would then be:

Author Surname, Initials Year of Publication, ‘Title of thesis in single quotation marks’, Award, Institution issuing degree, Location of the institution.

So, according to this format, the above example’s reference list entry would be:

Exelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of Gold and Mineral Liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld.

Whichever format is followed largely depends on one’s institutional guidelines. The format specified by the university is the one that should be followed. Furthermore, it should be followed consistently throughout a manuscript.

2.    Citing a Dissertation Published Online

The format for both in-text and reference list entries is the same for online and print dissertations. For example:

• In-text citation: (Ram 2012) OR (Ram 2011, p. 130)
• Reference list entry: Ram, R 2012, ‘Development of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities’, PhD thesis, The University of Sydney, viewed 23 May 2014, <http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8208>.

An important point to note: While referencing dissertations published online, the URL may or may not be enclosed within < > symbols. Whichever format is chosen, it should be used consistently throughout the text.

3.    Citing an Unpublished Dissertation

This type of dissertation also uses the same formatting for in-text and reference list entries in Harvard style. For example:

• In-text citation: (Sakunasingha 2006) OR (Sakunasingha 2006, p. 36)
• Reference list entry: Sakunasingha, B 2006, ‘An empirical study into factors influencing the use of value-based management tools’, DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How do i cite my dissertation.

To cite your dissertation, follow your chosen citation style (e.g., APA, MLA). Generally, include author name, year, title, and source details. For APA: Author. (Year). Title. Source. For MLA: Author. “Title.” Degree, University, Year.

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This guide discusses how to cite a website in Harvard style. When citing information from the Internet, it is of utmost importance to cite a source carefully, since information on the Internet can vary widely. Your reference should be accurate to lead the reader directly to the accurate source.

To cite a tweet or Twitter page, simply include the URL of the page in the text in round brackets. The details are discussed in this guide

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What is a thesis?

What is a dissertation, getting started, staying on track.

A thesis is a long-term project that you work on over the course of a semester or a year. Theses have a very wide variety of styles and content, so we encourage you to look at prior examples and work closely with faculty to develop yours. 

Before you begin, make sure that you are familiar with the dissertation genre—what it is for and what it looks like.

Generally speaking, a dissertation’s purpose is to prove that you have the expertise necessary to fulfill your doctoral-degree requirements by showing depth of knowledge and independent thinking.

The form of a dissertation may vary by discipline. Be sure to follow the specific guidelines of your department.

• PhD This site directs candidates to the GSAS website about dissertations , with links to checklists,  planning, formatting, acknowledgments, submission, and publishing options. There is also a link to guidelines for the prospectus . Consult with your committee chair about specific requirements and standards for your dissertation.
• DDES This document covers planning, patent filing, submission guidelines, publishing options, formatting guidelines, sample pages, citation guidelines, and a list of common errors to avoid. There is also a link to guidelines for the prospectus .
• Scholarly Pursuits (GSAS) This searchable booklet from Harvard GSAS is a comprehensive guide to writing dissertations, dissertation-fellowship applications, academic journal articles, and academic job documents.

Finding an original topic can be a daunting and overwhelming task. These key concepts can help you focus and save time.

Finding a topic for your thesis or dissertation should start with a research question that excites or at least interests you. A rigorous, engaging, and original project will require continuous curiosity about your topic, about your own thoughts on the topic, and about what other scholars have said on your topic. Avoid getting boxed in by thinking you know what you want to say from the beginning; let your research and your writing evolve as you explore and fine-tune your focus through constant questioning and exploration.

Get a sense of the broader picture before you narrow your focus and attempt to frame an argument. Read, skim, and otherwise familiarize yourself with what other scholars have done in areas related to your proposed topic. Briefly explore topics tangentially related to yours to broaden your perspective and increase your chance of finding a unique angle to pursue.

Critical Reading

Critical reading is the opposite of passive reading. Instead of merely reading for information to absorb, critical reading also involves careful, sustained thinking about what you are reading. This process may include analyzing the author’s motives and assumptions, asking what might be left out of the discussion, considering what you agree with or disagree with in the author’s statements and why you agree or disagree, and exploring connections or contradictions between scholarly arguments. Here is a resource to help hone your critical-reading skills:

http://writing.umn.edu/sws/assets/pdf/quicktips/criticalread.pdf

Conversation

Your thesis or dissertation will incorporate some ideas from other scholars whose work you researched. By reading critically and following your curiosity, you will develop your own ideas and claims, and these contributions are the core of your project. You will also acknowledge the work of scholars who came before you, and you must accurately and fairly attribute this work and define your place within the larger discussion. Make sure that you know how to quote, summarize, paraphrase ,  integrate , and cite secondary sources to avoid plagiarism and to show the depth and breadth of your knowledge.

A thesis is a long-term, large project that involves both research and writing; it is easy to lose focus, motivation, and momentum. Here are suggestions for achieving the result you want in the time you have.

The dissertation is probably the largest project you have undertaken, and a lot of the work is self-directed. The project can feel daunting or even overwhelming unless you break it down into manageable pieces and create a timeline for completing each smaller task. Be realistic but also challenge yourself, and be forgiving of yourself if you miss a self-imposed deadline here and there.

Your program will also have specific deadlines for different requirements, including establishing a committee, submitting a prospectus, completing the dissertation, defending the dissertation, and submitting your work. Consult your department’s website for these dates and incorporate them into the timeline for your work.

Accountability

Sometimes self-imposed deadlines do not feel urgent unless there is accountability to someone beyond yourself. To increase your motivation to complete tasks on schedule, set dates with your committee chair to submit pre-determined pieces of a chapter. You can also arrange with a fellow doctoral student to check on each other’s progress. Research and writing can be lonely, so it is also nice to share that journey with someone and support each other through the process.

Common Pitfalls

The most common challenges for students writing a dissertation are writer’s block, information-overload, and the compulsion to keep researching forever.

There are many strategies for avoiding writer’s block, such as freewriting, outlining, taking a walk, starting in the middle, and creating an ideal work environment for your particular learning style. Pay attention to what helps you and try different things until you find what works.

Efficient researching techniques are essential to avoiding information-overload. Here are a couple of resources about strategies for finding sources and quickly obtaining essential information from them.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_literature/writing_in_literature_detailed_discussion/reading_criticism.html

https://students.dartmouth.edu/academic-skills/learning-resources/learning-strategies/reading-techniques

Finally, remember that there is always more to learn and your dissertation cannot incorporate everything. Follow your curiosity but also set limits on the scope of your work. It helps to create a folder entitled “future projects” for topics and sources that interest you but that do not fit neatly into the dissertation. Also remember that future scholars will build off of your work, so leave something for them to do.

Browsing through theses and dissertations of the past can help to get a sense of your options and gain inspiration but be careful to use current guidelines and refer to your committee instead of relying on these examples for form or formatting.

DASH Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard.

HOLLIS Harvard Library’s catalog provides access to ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global .

MIT Architecture has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

Rhode Island School of Design has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

University of South Florida has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

Harvard GSD has a list of projects, including theses and professors’ research.

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To be made up of:

• Year of submission (in round brackets).
• Title of thesis (in italics).
• Degree statement.
• Degree-awarding body.
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• (Accessed: date).

In-text citation: 

(Smith, 2019)

Reference List:  

Smith, E. R. C. (2019). Conduits of invasive species into the UK: the angling route? Ph. D. Thesis. University College London. Available at: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10072700 (Accessed: 20 May 2021).

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How to cite a PhD thesis in Harvard

To cite a PhD thesis in a reference entry in Harvard style include the following elements:

• Author(s) of the PhD thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J.) of up to three authors with the last name preceded by 'and'. For four authors or more include the first name followed by et al., unless your institution requires referencing of all named authors.
• Year of submission: Give the year in round brackets.
• Title of the PhD thesis: Give the title as presented in the source. Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.
• Degree description: Type of degree.
• Degree-awarding institution: Give the name of the institution.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a PhD thesis in Harvard style:

Author(s) of the PhD thesis . ( Year of submission ) Title of the PhD thesis . Degree description . Degree-awarding institution .

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Harvard style guidelines in action:

A PhD thesis with one author

Confait, M. F . ( 2018 ) Maximising the contributions of PHD graduates to national development: the case of the Seychelles . PhD thesis . Edith Cowan University .

An unpublished PhD thesis

Bowkett, D . ( 2015 ) Investigating the ligandability of plant homeodomains . Unpublished PhD thesis . University of Oxford .

This citation style guide is based on the Cite Them Right (10 th edition) Harvard referencing guide.

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• Harvard Referencing: Theses
• Referencing with Harvard: Thesis or dissertation
• Citing and referencing: Theses/Dissertations

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• Harvard: how to cite a mobile app

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A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples

Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 15 September 2023.

Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you’ve used and how to find them.

Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list .

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Table of contents

Harvard in-text citation, creating a harvard reference list, harvard referencing examples, referencing sources with no author or date, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.

A Harvard in-text citation appears in brackets beside any quotation or paraphrase of a source. It gives the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication, as well as a page number or range locating the passage referenced, if applicable:

Note that ‘p.’ is used for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages (e.g. ‘pp. 1–5’).

An in-text citation usually appears immediately after the quotation or paraphrase in question. It may also appear at the end of the relevant sentence, as long as it’s clear what it refers to.

When your sentence already mentions the name of the author, it should not be repeated in the citation:

Sources with multiple authors

When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors’ names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sources with no page numbers

Some sources, such as websites , often don’t have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a subheading or paragraph number if you need to specify where to find the quote:

Multiple citations at the same point

When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text – for example, when you refer to several sources with one phrase – you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons. List them in order of publication date:

Multiple sources with the same author and date

If you cite multiple sources by the same author which were published in the same year, it’s important to distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, insert an ‘a’ after the year in the first one you reference, a ‘b’ in the second, and so on:

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A bibliography or reference list appears at the end of your text. It lists all your sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, giving complete information so that the reader can look them up if necessary.

The reference entry starts with the author’s last name followed by initial(s). Only the first word of the title is capitalised (as well as any proper nouns).

Sources with multiple authors in the reference list

As with in-text citations, up to three authors should be listed; when there are four or more, list only the first author followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Reference list entries vary according to source type, since different information is relevant for different sources. Formats and examples for the most commonly used source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal with no DOI

• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Sometimes you won’t have all the information you need for a reference. This section covers what to do when a source lacks a publication date or named author.

No publication date

When a source doesn’t have a clear publication date – for example, a constantly updated reference source like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which can’t be accurately dated – you can replace it with the words ‘no date’:

Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.

When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.

When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:

Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 22 July 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/

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Citing a dissertation or thesis in Harvard referencing style

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Published February 5, 2021. Updated August 15, 2021.

To cite a dissertation in Harvard style, it’s helpful to know basic information including the author name, dissertation title, degree, name of the institution, and URL.

The templates and examples below are based on the 11th edition of the book  Cite Them Right  by Richard Pears and Graham Shields. This page is not affiliated with  Cite Them Right  but uses the text for standardization purposes, as Harvard style can vary widely between institutions. On this page, you can learn how to cite the following:

Dissertation or thesis published in a database

Dissertation or thesis published online (not in a database)

Unpublished dissertation or thesis

If you’re trying to cite a dissertation or thesis, the  Chegg Writing Harvard referencing generator  could help.

Help protect your paper against accidental plagiarism with the Chegg Writing  plagiarism checker  and  citation generator .

Citing a dissertation or thesis published in a database in Harvard referencing style

When citing a dissertation or thesis in Harvard style, the author surname and publication year are used in the narrative and parenthetical.

In-text citation template and example:

Surname (Year)

Fenton (2016)

Parenthetical:

(Surname, Year)

(Fenton, 2016)

Reference list entry template and example:

Surname, F.M. (Publication Year)  Title of the thesis . Degree thesis/dissertation. University Name. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Fenton, W.P. (2019)  On the philosophy and psychology of reasoning and rationality . MA thesis. Kent State University. Available at: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1574636850795921 (Accessed: 5 January 2021).

Citing a dissertation or thesis published online (not in a database) in Harvard referencing style

Aloraini (2020)

(Aloraini, 2020)

Surname, F.M. (Publication Year)  Title of the thesis . Degree thesis/dissertation. University Name. Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).

Aloraini, B. (2020)  Towards better static analysis security testing methodologies . MA thesis. University of Waterloo. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10012/16359 (Accessed: 28 December 2020).

Citing an unpublished dissertation or thesis in Harvard referencing style

When citing an unpublished dissertation or thesis in Harvard style, the author surname and publication/completion year are used in the narrative and parenthetical.

Balfour (1994)

(Balfour, 1994)

Surname, F.M. (Year)  Title of the thesis . Unpublished Degree thesis/dissertation. University name.

Balfour, G.C. (1994)  A qualitative study of feminist therapy in Kingston’s Prison for Women .  Unpublished MA thesis. University of Ottawa.

For more style basics, read this  Harvard referencing in-text citations  guide and this article on formatting  Harvard referencing style papers .

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Harvard Style Guide: Theses

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Reference : Author, Initial. (Year of submission) Title of thesis . Degree statement. Degree-awarding body.         

Example : Allen, S. J. (2009) The social and moral fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland . Unpublished PhD thesis. University College Dublin.

In-Text-Citation :

• Author Last name (Year)
• (Author Last name, Year)
• Allen (2009) disagrees with this…..
• As argued elsewhere (Allen, 2009)….

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here . 

Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here . 

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Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in Harvard style?

Create a spot-on reference in harvard, general rules.

According to the Harvard citation style, the same template is used for referencing a master's thesis and a doctoral dissertation in a list of bibliographic references:

Author , ( year ).  Title . Work type , University .

NB: Fill in the 'Work type' field the type of work and the academic grade, for instance, 'Ph.D. thesis'.

If the text of the work can be accessed online, use the following template for your reference:

Author , ( year ). Title . Work type , University . [Viewed date viewed ]. Available from: URL

NB: The text '[online]' is not given after the title of the work, in contrast to the references to a book , a journal article , etc.

Examples in a list of references

Middleton,   H.   J., (2020). *ABA syncretism patterns in pronominal morphology . Ph.D. thesis, University College London. [Viewed 12 January 2021]. Available from: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10105591/

Reed,   B.   H., (1992). The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila melanogaster. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.

Leeds Harvard: Thesis or dissertation

Reference examples.

Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title . Type of qualification, academic institution.

Dang, V.A. 2007 . Three essays in financial economics . Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds.

Citation examples

Author and date.

When the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the author’s name and the year of publication in brackets.

It was emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent (Jones, 2017).

If you have already named the author in the text, only the publication year needs to be mentioned in brackets.

Jones (2017) emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent.

Three or more authors

If a source has three or more authors, the name of the first author should be given, followed by the phrase "et al."

It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones et al., 2017).

Jones et al. (2017) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.

Leeds Harvard does not use ibid to refer to previously cited items. If you are citing the same item twice in a row (i.e. you do not cite any other items in the text between the two citations) you must write the full citation again. 

The key principle of referencing is that the reader should understand which information came from another source and which is your own idea, so you should provide citations as often as is necessary to make this clear.  If you feel that you are citing the same source too many times in one paragraph, you could change the way that you are writing:

• You could include the author’s surname or pronoun in the sentence, to show you are still referring to the same source.
• You could include a second source to make your paragraph feel less repetitive and add further support to the point you want to make. See our guidance on incorporating evidence into your writing.

Example: Jones et al. (2017) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent and argued that referencing is a key part of academic integrity. Furthermore, having a broad range of references in a text is an indicator of the breadth of a scholar's reading and research (Jones et al., 2017). They also suggested that…

When to include page numbers

You should include page numbers in your citation if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.

"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 2017, p.24).

When referencing a single page, you should use p. For a range of pages, use pp.

p.7 or pp.20-29.

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.

(Amis, 1958, iv)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you:

• Online items
• URL web addresses
• Multiple authors
• Corporate author(s) or organisation(s)
• Multiple publisher details
• Editions and reprints
• Missing details
• Multiple sources with different authors
• Sources written by the same author in the same year
• Sources with the same author in different years
• Two authors with the same surname in the same year
• The work of one author referred to by another
• Anonymising sources for confidentiality
• Identifying the authors’ family name (surname)

• Free Tools for Students
• Harvard Referencing Generator

Free Harvard Referencing Generator

Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

• It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
• It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

Here's how to use our reference generator:

• If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
• Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
• Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
• Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

• Cite Them Right
• Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
• University of the West of England (UWE)

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Harvard Citation Style: Theses

Introduction

• Books / E-Books

Company Information

Conference Proceedings

• Internet / Websites

Journal Articles

Lecture Notes

• Multi-Media Formats
• Patents and Standards

All Examples

• Writing Support
• Citation Support

In This Guide...

Click on the links below for further information on referencing each material type

• Why is Referencing Important?
• Getting Started

Reference Formats

• References by Format
• Citing Info Someone Else has Cited

Books/eBooks

• 1, 2 or More Authors
• 1, 2 or More Editors
• Chapters in Books
• Company Reports
• Company Profiles

Internet/Websites

• Web Documents
• Computer Software
• CMO Articles

Multimedia Formats

• Audio-Visual Material

Newspaper Articles

Patents & Standards

• Citing Patents: Examples
• Citing Patents: Standards

Citing Theses: Examples

• A table of examples in all formats for quick reference

Citing Theses

Theses can come in a number for formats, they can be published, unpublished, or retrieved from a database. The principles when citing a thesis are similar to those employed when citing a book.

• << Previous: Patents and Standards
• Next: All Examples >>

• Last Updated: Jun 20, 2024 4:22 PM
• URL: https://guides.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/harvard_citation

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• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

Cite a Dissertation in Harvard

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
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Free Harvard Citation Generator

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

What is the Harvard Referencing System?

The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other people’s quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws. The popular format is typically used in assignments and publications for humanities as well as natural, social and behavioural sciences.

It is a parenthetical referencing system that is made up of two main components:

• In-text citations including the author’s surname and the year of publication should be shown in brackets wherever another source has contributed to your work
• A reference list outlining all of the sources directly cited in your work

While in-text citations are used to briefly indicate where you have directly quoted or paraphrased a source, your reference list is an alphabetized list of complete Harvard citations that enables your reader to locate each source with ease. Each entry should be keyed to a corresponding parenthetical citation in the main body of your work, so that a reader can take an in-text citation and quickly retrieve the source from your reference list.

Note that some universities, and certain disciplines, may also require you to provide a bibliography. This is a detailed list of all of the material you have consulted throughout your research and preparation, and it will demonstrate the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.

‘Harvard referencing’ is an umbrella term for any referencing style that uses the author name and year of publication within the text to indicate where you have inserted a source. This author-date system appeals to both authors and readers of academic work. Scholars find the format an economical way of writing, and it is generally more accessible to the reader as there are no footnotes crowding the page. Only the name of the author, the publication date of the source and, if necessary, the page numbers are included in the parenthetical citations, for example: (Joyce, 2008).

Use the Cite This For Me Harvard style referencing generator to create your fully-formatted in-text references and reference list in the blink of an eye. Stop giving yourself extra pain and work for no reason and sign up to Cite This For Me today – your only regret will be that you didn’t use our citation generator sooner!

Popular Harvard Referencing Examples

• Chapter of a book
• Conference proceedings 
• Court case 
• Dissertation 
• Encyclopedia article 
• Image online or video
• Presentation or lecture
• Video, film, or DVD

Cite This For Me Harvard Referencing Guide

The following guide provides you with everything you need to know to do justice to all your hard work and get a mark that reflects those sleepless nights. If you’re not sure how to format your Harvard style citations, what citations are, or are simply curious about the Cite This For Me citation generator, our guide will answer all of your questions while offering you a comprehensive introduction to the style. Keep reading to find out why you need to use a referencing system, how to add citations in the body of your assignment, and how to compile a reference list.

Sometimes, students do not encounter citing until they embark on to degree-level studies, yet it is a crucial academic skill that will propel you towards establishing yourself in the academic community. It’s a common mistake to leave citing and creating a complete and accurate bibliography until the very last minute, but with the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator you can cite-as-you-go.

So, if you need a helping hand with your referencing then why not try Cite This For Me’s automated citation generator ? The generator accesses knowledge from across the web, assembling all of the relevant information into a fully-formatted reference list that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work. Using this Harvard reference generator to cite your sources enables you to cross the finishing line in style.

It is important to bear in mind that there is a plethora of different citation styles out there – the use of any particular one depends on the preference of your college, subject, professor or the publication you are submitting the work to. If you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your tutor and follow their guidelines. If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use a particular style, we recommend using the Harvard referencing system because it is simple to use and easy to learn.

The powerful citation generator above can auto-generate citations in 7,000+ styles. So, whether your professor prefers that you use the MLA format , or your discipline requires you to adopt the APA citation or Chicago citation style , we have the style you need. Cite This For Me also provides citation generators and handy style guides for styles such as ASA , AMA or IEEE . To accurately create citations in a specific format, simply sign up to Cite This For Me for free and select your chosen style.

Are you struggling with citing an unfamiliar source type? Or feeling confused about whether to cite a piece of common knowledge? This guide will tell you everything you need to know to get both your parenthetical Harvard citations and reference list completed quickly and accurately.

Why Do I Need to Cite?

Harvard referencing can be a confusing task, especially if you are new to the concept, but it’s absolutely essential. In fact, accurate and complete referencing can mean the difference between reaching your academic goals and damaging your reputation amongst scholars. Simply put – referencing is the citing of sources you have utilised to support your essay, research, conference or article, etc.

Even if you are using our Harvard style citation generator, understanding why you need to cite will go a long way in helping you to naturally integrate the process into your research and writing routine.

Firstly, whenever another source contributes to your work you must give the original author the appropriate credit in order to avoid plagiarism, even when you have completely reworded the information. The only exception to this rule is common knowledge – e.g., Brazil is a country in South America. While plagiarism is not always intentional, it is easy to accidentally plagiarize your work when you are under pressure from imminent deadlines, you have managed your time ineffectively, or if you lack confidence when putting ideas into your own words. The consequences can be severe; deduction of marks at best, expulsion from college or legal action from the original author at worst. Find out more here.

This may sound overwhelming, but using our Harvard citation generator can help you avoid plagiarism and carry out your research and written work thoughtfully and responsibly. We have compiled a handy checklist to follow while you are working on an assignment.

How to avoid plagiarism:

• Formulate a detailed plan – carefully outline both the relevant content you need to include, as well as how you plan on structuring your work
• Keep track of your sources – record all of the relevant publication information as you go (e.g., If you are citing a book you should note the author or editor’s name(s), year of publication, title, edition number, city of publication and name of publisher). Carefully save each quote, word-for-word, and place it in inverted commas to differentiate it from your own words. Tired of interrupting your workflow to cite? Use our Harvard referencing generator to automate the process.
• Manage your time effectively – make use of time plans and targets, and give yourself enough time to read, write and proofread
• When you are paraphrasing information, make sure that you use only your own words and a sentence structure that differs from the original text
• Every quote or paraphrase should have a corresponding reference in the text. In addition, a full reference is needed on the final page of the project.
• Save all of your research and citations in a safe place – organise and manage your Harvard style citations

If you carefully check your college or publisher’s advice and guidelines on citing and stick to this checklist, you should be confident that you will not be accused of plagiarism.

Secondly, proving that your writing is informed by appropriate academic reading will enhance your work’s authenticity. Academic writing values original thought that analyzes and builds upon the ideas of other scholars. It is therefore important to use Harvard style referencing to accurately signpost where you have used someone else’s ideas in order to show that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading. Citing your sources will demonstrate to your reader that you have delved deeply into your chosen topic and supported your thesis with expert opinions.

Here at Cite This For Me we understand how precious your time is, which is why we created our Harvard citation generator and guide to help relieve the unnecessary stress of citing. Escape assignment-hell and give yourself more time to focus on the content of your work by using the Cite This For Me citation management tool.

Harvard Referencing Guidelines by School

• Anglia University Harvard Referencing
• Anglia Ruskin University
• Bath University
• Bournemouth University Harvard Referencing
• Cape Peninsula University of Technology
• Cardiff University Harvard Referencing
• City University London
• Coventry University Harvard Referencing
• Cranfield Harvard
• DMU Harvard Referencing
• Durham University Business School
• Edge Hill University Harvard Referencing
• European Archaeology
• Imperial College University Harvard Referencing
• Institute of Physics
• Leeds University Harvard Referencing
• King’s College London
• LSBU Harvard Referencing
• Manchester Business School
• MMU Harvard Referencing
• Newcastle University
• Northwest University
• Oxford Brookes University
• Oxford Centre for Mission Studies
• SHU Harvard Referencing
• Staffordshire University Harvard Referencing
• Swinburne University of Technology
• The Open University
• UCA Harvard Referencing
• University of Abertay Dundee
• University of Birmingham
• University of Cape Town
• University of Gloucestershire
• University of Greenwich Harvard
• University of Hull
• University of Kent – Harvard
• University of Limerick
• University of Melbourne
• University of Northampton
• University of Sunderland
• University of Technology, Sydney
• University of West London
• UWE Harvard Referencing
• UWS Harvard Referencing
• Wolverhampton University Harvard Referencing
• York University

How Do I Create and Format In-text Harvard Style Citations?

In-text citations are the perfect way to seamlessly integrate sources into your work, allowing you to strengthen the connection between your own ideas, and the source material that you have found, with ease. It is worth noting that in-text citations must be included in your assignment’s final word count.

When adopting Harvard style referencing in your work, if you are inserting a quote, statement, statistic or any other kind of source information into the main body of your essay you should:

• Provide the author’s surname and date of publication in parentheses right after the taken information or at the end of the sentence

There are many assumptions when it comes to the information processing approach to cognition… (Lutz and Huitt, 2004).

• If you have already mentioned the author in the sentence, Harvard referencing guidelines require you to only enter the year of publication in parentheses, directly after where the author’s surname is mentioned.

In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004) suggest that…

• If you are quoting a particular section of the source (rather than the entire work), you should also include a page number, or page range, after the date, within the parenthetical Harvard citation

“…the development of meaning is more important than the acquisition of a large set of knowledge or skills …” (Lutz and Huitt, 2004, p.8), which means that …

• Note that if the source has four or more authors, you do not need to write out all of their surnames; simply use the first author’s surname followed by the abbreviation ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’).

The results showed that respondents needed to reach out to multiple health agencies in order to cover the costs of their services (Wolbeck Minke et al., 2007).

• If you are reading a source by one author and they cite work by another author, you may cite that original work as a secondary reference. You are encouraged to track down the original source – usually this is possible to do by consulting the author’s reference list – but if you are unable to access it, the Harvard referencing guidelines state that you must only cite the source you did consult as you did not actually read the original document. Include the words ‘cited in’ in the in-text citation to indicate this.

Fong’s 1987 study (cited in Bertram 1997) found that older students’ memory can be as good as that of young people…

(Fong, cited in Bertram 1997)

Why use a Harvard referencing tool? As well as saving you valuable time, the Cite This For Me generator can help you easily avoid common errors when formatting your in-text citations. So, if you’re looking for an easy way to credit your source material, simply login to your Cite This For Me account to copy, save and export each in-text Harvard citation.

How Do I Format My Reference List?

Utilizing and building on a wide range of relevant sources is one way of impressing your reader, and a comprehensive list of the source material you have used is the perfect platform to exhibit your research efforts. A reference list is always required when you cite other people’s work within your assignment, and the brief in-text Harvard style citations in your work should directly link to your reference list.

As a general rule a reference list includes every source that you have cited in your work, while a bibliography also contains any relevant background reading which you have consulted to familiarise yourself with the topic (even those sources that are never mentioned in the narrative). Your Harvard referencing bibliography should start on its own page, with the same formatting as the rest of the paper and aligned to the left with the sources listed alphabetically. Certain fields ask you to provide an annotated bibliography that includes your full citations with the addition of notes. These notes are added to further analyze the source, and can be of any length.

Many people use the terms ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’ interchangeably, and if you are using the Harvard reference style you may be required to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, so be sure to check this with your tutor.

Follow these guidelines when compiling your reference list:

• Start your reference list on a new page at the end of your document
• General formatting should be in keeping with the rest of your work
• Use ‘Reference List’ as the heading
• Copy each of your full-length Harvard citations into a list
• Arrange the list in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (titles with no author are alphabetized by the work’s title, and if you are citing two or more sources by the same author they should be listed in chronological order of the year of publication)
• When there are several works from one author or source, they should be listed together but in date order – with the earliest work listed first
• Italicize titles of books, reports, conference proceedings etc. For journal articles, the title of the journal should be printed in italics, rather than the title of the journal article
• Capitalize the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all main words in the title of a journal, and all first letters of a place name and publisher

Creating and managing your reference list with the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator will help improve the way you reference and conduct research.

Reference list / bibliography examples:

• Book, one author:

Bell, J. (2010) Doing your research project . 5th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

• One author, book, multiple editions:

Hawking, S.W. (1998) A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes . 10th edn. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.

• Chapter in an edited book:

Jewsiewicki, B. (2010). ‘Historical Memory and Representation of New Nations in Africa’, in Diawara, M., Lategan, B., and Rusen, J. (eds.) Historical memory in Africa: Dealing with the past, reaching for the future in an intercultural context . New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 53-66.

If all information resembles a book, use the template for a book reference

If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the book was downloaded at the end of the Harvard citation:

Available at: URL (Downloaded: DD Month YYYY)

• More than three authors, journal article*:

Shakoor, J., et al. (2011) ‘A prospective longitudinal study of children’s theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 53(3), pp. 254–261. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x.

• Conference papers:

Drogen, E. (2014) ‘Changing how we think about war: The role of psychology’, The British Psychological Society 2014 Annual Conference . The ICC, Birmingham British Psychological Society, 07-09 May 2014.

• Web page, by an individual:

Moon, M. (2019) Ubisoft put an official video game design course inside a video game . Available at https://www.engadget.com/2019/09/25/ubisoft-video-game-design-course/ (Accessed 19 November 2019).

• Web page, by a company or organization:

RotoBaller (2019) NFL player news . Available at https://www.rotoballer.com/player-news?sport=nfl (Accessed 17 September 2019).

For both types of web page references, the date the page was published or updated is placed in parentheses immediately following the author information. If a date is missing from the source, place (no date) next to the author’s name and make sure to include an accessed date at the end of the reference.

Are you struggling to find all of the publication information to complete a reference? Did you know that our Harvard citation generator can help you?

Time is of the essence when you’re finishing a paper, but there’s no need to panic because you can compile your reference list in a matter of seconds using the Cite This For Me Harvard style citation generator. Sign in to your Cite This For Me account to save and export your reference list.

Harvard Referencing Formatting Guidelines

Accurate referencing doesn’t only protect your work from plagiarism – presenting your source material in a consistent and clear way also enhances the readability of your work. Closely follow the style’s formatting rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Before submitting your work check that you have formatted your whole paper – including your reference list – according to the style’s formatting guidelines.

How to format in Harvard referencing:

• Margins: 2.5cm on all sides
• Shortened title followed by the page number in the header, aligned to the right
• Double-space the entirety of the paper
• ½ inch indentation for every new paragraph (press tab bar)
• Suggested fonts: Times New Roman, Arial and Courier New for Windows; Times New Roman, Helvetica and Courier for Mac, 12pt size. Ensure that all Harvard citations are in the same font as the rest of the work
• Reference list on a separate page at the end of the body of your work

Even when using a Harvard citation generator, always check with your professor for specified guidelines – there is no unified style for the formatting of a paper. Make sure that you apply the recommended formatting rules consistently throughout your work.

A Brief History of the Harvard Reference Style

The author-date system is attributed to eminent zoologist Edward Laurens Mark (1847-1946), Hersey professor of anatomy and director of Harvard’s zoological laboratory. It is widely agreed that the first evidence of Harvard referencing can be traced back to Mark’s landmark cytological paper (Chernin, 1988). The paper breaks away from previous uses of inconsistent and makeshift footnotes through its use of a parenthetical author-date citation accompanied by an explanatory footnote.

• Parenthetic author-year citation, page 194 of Mark’s 1881 paper:

[…] The appearance may be due solely to reflection from the body itself. (Comp. Flemming, ‘78b, p. 310.*)

• Mark’s rationale for his Harvard citational scheme:

*The numbers immediately following an author’s name serve the double purpose of referring the reader to the list (p. 591) where the titles of papers are given, and of informing him at once of the approximate date of the paper in question.

A tribute dedicated to Mark in 1903 by 140 students credits Mark’s paper with having ‘introduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliography’ (Parker, 1903). Today Harvard referencing is widely considered one of the most accessible styles and, although it originated in biology, these days it is used across most subjects – particularly in the humanities, history and social science.

The Evolution of the Harvard Referencing Style

Due to its simplicity and ease of use, the format has become one of the most widely used citation styles in the world. Unlike many citing styles there is no official manual, but institutions such as colleges offer their own unique Harvard reference style guide, and each has its own nuances when it comes to punctuation, order of information and formatting rules. Simply go to the Cite This For Me website to login to your Cite This For Me account and search for the version you need. Make sure you apply consistency throughout your work.

It is increasingly easy for writers to access information and knowledge via the internet, and in turn both the style’s guidelines and our citation generator are continually updated to include developments in electronic publishing. The Cite This For Me Harvard style citation generator currently uses the Cite Them Right 10th Edition, which has evolved in recent years to match the rapidly advancing digital age. In order to avoid plagiarism, you must be cautious about pulling information from the internet, and ensure that you accurately cite all source material used in your written work – including all online sources that have contributed to your research.

Key differences from previous Harvard referencing Cite Them Right editions:

• Previous editions required printed books and eBooks to be referenced differently – in the 10th edition, both are now referenced using the same template (if all the necessary information is available). An Ebook is considered to be the digital format of a published book (or a book that is only published in digital format) that is meant for reading on an electronic device.
• URLs are no longer a requirement for digital media if the information provided in the Harvard citation is sufficient to find the source without it. They should be included if the source is difficult to find, or pieces of source information – such as an author name – are missing.
• When a source has more than 3 authors, use the abbreviation “et al.” instead of listing each out.

These days students draw on a diverse range of digital sources to support their written work. Whether you are citing a hashtag on Instagram , a podcast or a mobile app, the Cite This For Me generator will take care of your Harvard citations, regardless of the type of source you want to cite. So don’t be held back by sources that are difficult to cite – locating unusual source material will help your work to stand out from the crowd.

How Do I Create Accurate Harvard Citations?

Creating complete and correctly formatted citations can be a challenge for many writers, especially when documenting multiple source types. Our primary goal at Cite This For Me is to offer support to students and researchers across the globe by transforming the way in which they perceive citing. We hope that after using our citation generator and reading this Harvard referencing guide, what was once considered an arduous process, will be viewed as a highly-valued skill that enhances the quality of your work.

Disheartened by the stressful process of citing? Got a fast-approaching deadline? Using the Cite This For Me fast, accessible and free generator makes creating accurate citations easier than ever, leaving more time for you to focus on achieving your academic goals.

Create a free account to add and edit each Harvard citation on the spot, import and export full projects or individual entries. Things get even easier with Cite This For Me for Chrome – an intuitive, handy browser extension that allows you to create and edit a citation while you browse the web. Use the extension on any webpage that you want to cite, and add it to your chosen project without interrupting your workflow.

The Cite This For Me citation management tool is here to help you, so what are you waiting for? Accurate Harvard citations are just a click away!

Reference List

Chernin, E. (1988) The ‘Harvard System’: A mystery dispelled. Available at: http://www.uefap.com/writing/referenc/harvard.pdf (Accessed: 4 July 2016).

Parker, G. (ed.) (1903) Mark anniversary volume. New York: Henry Holt.

Manage all your citations in one place

Create projects, add notes, and cite directly from your browser. Sign up for Cite This For Me today!

• Referencing styles

General style notes

Important: The Harvard style is an author-date citation system that has not been updated for more than 15 years and has no official institutional connection to Harvard University . The guidance provided on this website is based on the Australian Government Style Manual . If you have a choice of which citation style to use, a recommended alternative author-date system to Harvard is APA . Please complete this brief survey to assist us with supporting Harvard.

Before selecting a referencing style check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by the School or Department.

There are no specific guidelines for citing ChatGPT or other generative AI in the Australian Government Style Manual, which is used as the basis for Harvard style. Until formal guidelines have been provided by the AGPS, references from AI chat generators are being treated as personal communications. As this is an evolving situation, please check with your lecturers for guidance.

In text citations and the reference list

• In-text citations should be presented in a consistent style throughout a document.
• In-text citations within brackets should be placed at the end of a sentence before the concluding punctuation. If, however, the citation refers to only part of a sentence, it should be placed at the end of the clause or phrase to which it relates. When the author’s name forms part of the sentence the citation is placed directly after the author’s name.
• Use the author’s family name (no initials) and the year of publication for in-text citations e.g. (Smith 2008). Initials are only used when two or more authors have the same family name. e.g. (Smith JB 2008) and (Smith MA 1999). If a work has no author the title and year of publication should be used in the citation.
• When the author's name forms part of the sentence only the year is included in brackets. e.g. "Smith (2008) claimed that…"
• Give specific page numbers for quotations in the text and include a complete reference in the reference list. Use a colon between date and page numbers. e.g. "The results were confirmed during the trial (Hong 2001:15-16)."
• When a work has more than one author cite the authors’ names in the order in which they appear in the publication. Use the word ‘and’ between names outside and inside parentheses. Don’t use the ampersand (‘&’).
• If more than one reference is used at the same point in the text they are included in the same set of brackets, ordered alphabetically by author name and separated by a semi-colon (Coats 2005; Ng and Hong 2003).
• If there is no publishing date , use 'n.d.' to indicate no date in place of the year of publication. e.g.  "Other researchers reported similar results (White and Jones n.d.)."
• The reference list entry begins with the family name of the author and is followed by the year of publication. There is no comma or full-stop between the family name and the year. Commas are used to separate all other elements. The reference entry finishes with a full-stop.
• No full stops, and no spaces, are used with people’s initials.
• An item with no author is cited by its title. In this case there is no comma or full-stop between the title and year.
• There is no indentation of the references.
• Each reference appears on a new line.
• There is no numbering of the references.
• The reference list should be ordered alphabetically by author family name. References with no author are ordered in the reference list alphabetically by the first significant word of the title.
• Hong BH and Yeung KL (2001),
• Hong BH and Yeung KL (2009),
• Brown J, Gold F, and Black L (2007),
• Brown J, Gold F, and Greene H (2006),
• References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. Lower case letters - a, b, c, etc are placed immediately after the year.
• Smith JR (2008a),   Ancient civilization ,
• Smith JR (2008b),   Roman times ,
• Where an item with no author has an editor (compiler, reviser or translator) cite the work by their name.
• All sources that are cited in the text must have full details provided in the reference list. If sources that have not been cited in the text need to be included (e.g. items used for background information) then the list should be called a bibliography.
• Do not include personal communications, such as letters, informal email, in the reference list. Cite personal communications only in the text.
• Book titles are italicised.
• Information about the book appears after the year of publication in the following order: Title of book, title of series, edition, editor (compiler, reviser or translator), volume number or number of volumes, publisher, place of publication, page number(s) if applicable.

Ettinger SJ and Feldman EC (eds) (2010), Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: diseases of the dog and the cat , 7th edn, 2 vols, Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, Missouri.

• Minimal capitalisation is recommended. Capitalise only the first word of the title and any proper nouns. Subtitles are not capitalised and are separated from the main title by a colon.
• No author: Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. If an item with no author has an editor (compiler, reviser or translator) cite the work by their name. Subtitles are not capitalised and are separated from the main title by a colon.
• Two or three authors: Cite author names in the order in which they appear on the title page.
• Four or more authors: The in text citation shows only the name of the first listed author followed by 'et al.' All the authors' names must be listed in the reference list in the order in which they appear on the title page.
• Secondary sources: In the text refer to the original work and cite the secondary source. For example, if Freud's work is referred to in Smith, Jones and Black and you did not read the original work by Freud; use the phrase 'cited in' inside brackets in the text (e.g. Freud's study (cited in Smith, Jones and Black 2005) reported … ). Give the secondary source in the reference list. (Optionally the details of the primary source can also be included in the reference list if considered useful to the reader).
• Edited books: If the role of editor (compiler, reviser or translator) is important to the work cite the work by their name rather than the authors' names. If the author's role remains of primary importance to the work cite the work using the author's name and acknowledge the editor in the reference list. When an item with no author has an editor, cite the work by the name of the editor. Use the abbreviations ed, eds, comp, comps, rev and trans as appropriate.
• Chapter in a book: Provide both the title of the book and the title of the chapter. Chapter titles are not italicised and are placed within single quotation marks ' '. Give inclusive page numbers for the chapter in the reference list. The initials of the editor of the book precede the family name. (This differs to the placement of the initials of the author of the chapter, which are placed after the family name, allowing for correct alphabetical ordering of the reference list). e.g. Daniels PJ (1993), 'Australia's foreign debt: searching for the benefits', in P Maxwell and S Hopkins (eds), Macroeconomics: contemporary Australian readings , Harper Educational, Pymble, N.S.W., pp. 200-50.
• Group authors: If there is no identifiable individual credited as author, use the organisation name as author. Only use a shortened version of the organisation's name if it is in common usage. If you have used an abbreviated version of an organisation's name in your writing, use it in your references, followed by the full  version spelt out in parentheses. e.g. ANAO (Australian National Audit Office) (1990), Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade : officers' entitlements and other staff related matters, Australian Government Public Service, Canberra.
• Italicise the name of the journal/publication. Use maximal capitalisation - capitalise the first and all major words of the journal name. Give the journal name in full e.g. Journal of Immunology not J Immunol
• Article titles are contained within single quotation marks and are not italicised. Use minimal capitalisation - capitalise only the first word of the article title and any proper nouns. Include both article title and subtitle regardless of length e.g. 'Still moving: between cinema and photography'.
• If the journal is part of a series include the series title in the citation. Series titles are not italicised and are placed after the journal name. Use minimal capitalisation.
• The volume number, issue details and inclusive page numbers follow the journal title.
• If a journal does not use volume numbers, include the month, season or other designation after the title.
• The reference list entry for an article in a foreign language can include a translation, in brackets, following the article title e.g. Langhi C and Cariou B (2010), 'Metabolisme du cholesterol et fonction beta-cellulaire', (Cholesterol metabolism and beta-cell function),
• Two or three authors: Cite author names in the order in which they appear on the article. Use the word "and" before last author; don't use an ampersand (&).  e.g. Beirne J, Renzhi N and Volz U (2023) 'Non-bank financing  and monetary policy transmission in Asia', Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 59(6):1976–1991.
• Four or more authors: The in text citation shows only the name of the first listed author followed by 'et al.' All the authors' names must be listed in the reference list in the order in which they appear on the article.
• Secondary sources: In the text refer to the original work and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Lakatos' work is cited in an article by Gholson and Barker use the phrase 'cited in' inside brackets in the text (e.g. According to Lakatos (cited in Gholson & Barker 1985), scientists justifiably continue…). Give the secondary source in the reference list. (Optionally the details of the primary source can also be included in the reference list if considered useful to the reader).
• Magazine names are italicised. Use maximal capitalisation - capitalise the first and all major words of the publication's name.
• Give the publication's name in full.
• In the reference list the date follows the magazine title.
• For weekly magazines, give the day and month e.g. 18 April.
• For monthly/bimonthly/quarterly magazines give the month or other descriptor e.g. October-November, Spring.
• Include page numbers at the end of the reference entry. If an article continues towards the end of the publication provide both sets of page numbers e.g. :14-15, 32.
• Newspaper names are italicised. Use maximal capitalisation - capitalise the first and all major words of the publication's name
• If the authorship of the newspaper article is not evident, provide all the details in the in text citation. In this case, there is no need for an entry in the reference list.
• If the authorship of the newspaper item is evident, follow the procedures described for magazines.
• Titles are italicised. Minimal capitalisation is recommended. Capitalise only the first word of the title and any proper nouns.
• Further information/credits can follow the citation.

• Use angle brackets to contain the web address to eliminate confusion with other punctuation.
• A web address can be given directly in the text, enclosed in angle brackets. An entry in the reference list is not required in this case

Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks .

View Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

• In Re:cite, there are multiple templates across different style types for the source I am referencing. What should I do?
• I can’t find the specific source in the style guide or on the Re:cite website. What should I do?

Access all referencing FAQs Access further help

Artificial Intelligence Generated Text Software (eg ChapGPT)

There are no specific guidelines for citing ChatGPT or other generative AI in the Australian Government Style Manual, which is used as the basis for Harvard style. In the interim, references from AI chat generators are being treated as personal communications. Use this resource to guide you on how to appropriately acknowledge the use of AI tools and technologies in your assessments.

Check with your lecturers and tutors whether artificial intelligence (AI) text generators are permitted in your assessment tasks. For more information, see the Academic Integrity Statement on Artificial Intelligence Tools and Technologies.

Please complete this brief survey to assist us with supporting Harvard.

Format for in-text citation

(Site and type of request, personal communication, Day Month Year)

In-text citation examples

(ChatGPT paragraph, request ‘provide a short introduction to the Australian legal system’, 9:30am, 19 January 2023)

Using the prompt in OpenAI’s ChatGPT (9:30am, 19 January 2023), ‘provide a short introduction to the Australian legal system’, the following paragraph was generated…

Style notes for this reference type

• Personal communication is  not included in the bibliography – rather, the details are provided as an in-text citation. An exception to this is if the assignment is based mainly on personal communication.
• The initials of the person precede the family name in citations of personal communication.
• The Library recommends you check with your lecturer to ensure they allow you to use these types of sources in your assignments
• If there is any additional contextual information that is significant to this communication, please include it in the citation.

Explore resources to help with reference management and enable you to effectively integrate and cite sources into your writing and assessment tasks.

Books, book chapters, theses, online encyclopaedias

Author type, two authors, three or more authors, group as author, edited book, book chapter, online encyclopedia, secondary source, images (all formats), image/photograph/artwork from a book, online image/artwork from a database, online image/artwork, original image/photograph/artwork (viewed in a gallery or collection), journal articles, online journal article, legal material.

See  https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/referencing-and-attribution/legal-material

• There are different conventions for how to cite legal material.
• Follow one style consistently to help people read and use the information.
• Cite legal material consistently and accurately.
• For an authoritative source for specific legal conventions, you might use the 4th edition of the Australian guide to legal citation (AGLC) .

Use the correct legislation title.

In-text citations.

For general content, in-text citations often give people all the information they need.

The Major Bank Levy Act 2017 imposes a levy on authorised deposit‑taking institutions.

In South Australia v Commonwealth (First Uniform Tax Case) , Chief Justice Latham of the Federal Court ...

Unless it is obvious from the context:

• Put the title first when writing in-text citations, footnotes and endnotes.
• Follow the title with the rest of the citation.

The Loans Security Act 1973 (subsection 5A(b)) provides for ...

Commonwealth legislation ( Loans Security Act 1973 , subsection 5A(b)) provides for ...

• The citation pinpoints subsection 5A(b) of the Act after giving its title.

Reference list

• Set up separate lists under the subheadings ‘Legislation’ and ‘Legal cases’.
• Arrange legislation and legal cases in alphabetical order under these headings.
• Write the titles of Acts and legal cases in roman type, even though they’re italicised in the text. Blocks of italics are difficult to read.

Legislation

Long Service Leave (Commonwealth Employees) Regulation 2016

Maintenance Orders (Commonwealth Officers) Act 1966

Major Bank Levy Act 2017

Marine Insurance Act 1909

Legal cases

Dutton v Republic of South Africa [1999] FCA 2

HT v The Queen [2019] HCA 40

South Australia v Commonwealth (1942) 65 CLR 373 (First Uniform Tax Case)

Victorian Railways Commissioners v Brown (1906) 3 CLR 1132

• Writing about the law and legal matters requires careful citation.
• You can use in-text citations and footnotes or endnotes (notes) to provide accurate and complete details.
• Always list the legislation or case name first in a basic note.
• Explanatory notes might vary. They can be a useful way to add extra information that would otherwise clutter the content.
• Each note has the corresponding superscript reference marker before it. Users find the note by matching the number.

The levy threshold is indexed quarterly. 1

The legislative basis for parliamentary remuneration and entitlements is complex. 2

-----------------------------------------------------------

1 Major Bank Levy Act 2017, subsection 4(3).

2 Section 48 of the Australian Constitution provides for the payment of members of parliament. Commonwealth Acts include Remuneration and Allowances Act 1990, Remuneration Tribunal Act 1973, Ministers of State Act 1952, ... other Acts and associated delegated legislation.

• In digital content, the reference markers can be hyperlinked to help users access the note. Use hyperlinked endnotes in digital content.

Music Scores

You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used (eg. number of authors and source descriptions)

Musical scores are covered in the online  Australian Government Style Manual . Our librarians suggest the following, which is slightly different. however we advise that you check with your subject guideline or Tutor for recommended format.

In-text citation example

Humperdinck (1895)…

…(Humperdinck 1895).

Format for reference list

Elements, punctuation & capitalisation.

Originator of score (Year of publication)  Title of score [medium], Publisher.

Reference list example

Humperdinck E (1895), Hansel and Gretel: a fairy opera in three acts [libretto], G Schirmer.

Bach JS (2001), Concerto in D minor for two violins and string orchestra: BWV 1043 [music score], Masters Music.

• Score titles are italicised. Minimal capitalisation is recommended. Capitalise only the first word of the title and any proper nouns. Subtitles are not capitalised and are separated from the main title by a colon.
• Examples of medium: score, choral score, orchestral score, libretto, song lyrics, etc.
• There is no comma or full-stop between the author and year of publication. Commas are used to separate all other elements. The reference entry finishes with a full-stop.
• Series title and volume (if available) and edition (if not the first) should be included after the title.
• For compositions with no given name, use roman type and no quotation marks. Always use a capital letter for the key of musical compositions (e.g. Telemann’s suite in D major, TWV 55:C6)
• Don’t capitalise the generic type of composition (e.g. piano concerto no 3.)
• Use the English word for types of compositions (e.g. prelude, symphony, suite)
• Use the shortened form of the catalogue number if included in the title (e.g. Op., BWV).

Personal communications (interviews, letters, emails)

You may need to consult more than one section to accurately represent the source used. (eg. Number of authors and source descriptions)

Personal communication may include (but is not limited to) email, fax, interview, conversations, lectures, speeches, telephone conversations and letters.

Name of the person interviewed or source of communication, year, communication type, day, month. Additional information may include details of the organisation that the person represents.

In an email dated 6 May 2011, Ms C Jones wrote “the crime was committed during daylight hours.”

It was confirmed recently that the crime was committed during daylight hours (C Jones, personal communication, 6 May 2011).

Video, film and sound recordings

Reference type, dvd, video, film, tv, radio broadcast, sound recording, webpages, blog posts, forums posts, podcasts, document within a website, online forum posting, audio podcast, sample reference list, reference list.

Allan CM (1965), 'The Genesis of British Urban Redevelopment with Special Reference to Glasgow', The Economic History Review , 18(3):598-613.

Burridge R and Ormandy D (2007), 'Health and Safety at Home: Private and Public Responsibility for Unsatisfactory Housing Conditions', Journal of Law and Society , 34( 4):544-566.

Elliot WE (1921), 'Discussion On The Effect Of Health Legislation On The Health Of The People', The British Medical Journal ,  2(3165):313-315.

French C (2006), 'Taking up 'the challenge of micro- history': social conditions in Kingston upon Thames in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries', Local Historian , 36(1):17-28.

Hebbert M (1999), 'A City in Good Shape: Town Planning and Public Health', The Town Planning Review , 70(4):433-453.

March A (2012), The democratic plan: analysis and diagnosis , Ashgate, Farnham.

Platt HL (2007), 'From Hygeia to the Garden City: bodies, houses, and the rediscovery of the slum in Manchester, 1875-1910', Journal of Urban History , 33(5):756-772.

Simon P and Richmond P (2008), 'Cottages, flats and reconditioning: renewal strategies in London after World War One', Construction History , 23:99-117.

Stanley J, March A, Ogloff J and Thompson J (2020), Feeling the heat international perspectives on the prevention of wildfire ignition,  Vernon Press, Wilmington, DE.

Swenarton M (2007), 'Houses of paper and brown cardboard: Neville Chamberlain and the establishment of the Building Research Station at Garston in 1925', Planning Perspectives, 22(3):257-281.

• What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?

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Further help

If you are unsure about which referencing style to use, check with your tutor, lecturer or supervisor for the style preferred by your Faculty, School or Department.

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Frequently Asked Questions

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Students: contact Student IT

Staff: contact IT Support

For general referencing help, chat with a librarian

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• July 22, 2024
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How to Cite a Dissertation: A Comprehensive Guide with Examples

Table of contents.

Citing your sources in academic writing is a lot more involved than mere technicalities; it is rather an essential thing that safeguards the integrity of your research. Almost always, researchers rely on books, articles from journals, and research publications, but dissertations can also be suitable for this information.

A Dissertation is an in-depth research paper one has to present as a requirement for a doctoral degree. It rests upon peculiar discoveries or interpretations and presents the author’s unique ability to work independently.

The blog will focus on the different styles of citing a dissertation. The techniques we will help make your dissertation a perfectly structured one.

Different Styles of Citing a Dissertation

Different citation formats offer distinct guidelines for crediting a thesis. It is vital to note which citation type will be needed in the academic paper.

• APA (American Psychological Association)
• MLA (Modern Language Association),
• Chicago Style
• Harvard Style

Each has specific guidelines for formatting citations.

The IEEE, the APSA, and the AMA are other formats, which are specifically used by certain disciplines or courses either. For this part, we will dwell on how to cite a dissertation in APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard formats.

Method of Citing a Dissertation in APA Style

When writing a published dissertation, you will find that your University officials will ask you to use the APA style in popular cases such as social sciences, art, humanities, and management. Citations from a dissertation in APA can be either published or unpublished.

When citing a published dissertation from a research database, use the following format:

Author’s Last, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case (Publication or Document No.) [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Database name.

McNiel, D. S. (2004). A personal narrative discussing growing up with an alcoholic father (Publication No. 14596887) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.

In-text Citation:

(Author, Year)

(McNiel, 2004)

Method of Citing a Dissertation in MLA Style

The MLA style might be recommended by the instructor for MLA style scenarios when you are completing a dissertation on arts or humanities.

Follow this instruction. 

Last name, First Name. Title of the dissertation. Year Published. Name of University, Degree.

Daniel, Marcus Alexander. Challenges of Software Reuse. 2010. University of California, MA thesis. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Web. 21 June 2005.

(Last Name, Page #)

(Daniel 29)

Method of Citing a Dissertation in Chicago (Note-Bibliography) Format

Chicago Note-Bibliography style has distinctive formatting for dissertation notes and bibliography entry citations.

Note Format:

First-name Last-name, “Title of Dissertation” (Publisher, Year).

Alex Brown, “Advantages and disadvantages of reusing software” (University of Nebraska, 1995).

Bibliography Entry Format:

Last name, First name. “Title of Dissertation.” Year.

Brown, Alex. “Advantages and disadvantages of reusing software.” 1995.

Method of Citing a Dissertation in Chicago (Author-Date) Format

Different from the Note-Bibliography format, the Chicago Author-Date format offers a lot of variation. Here you will learn how to cite a published dissertation in MLA.

Last name, First name. Year. “Title of Dissertation.”

Kerry, Alex. 2015. “The multimedia and newspaper importance.”

(Kerry, 2015)

Method of Citing a Dissertation in Harvard Format

The study of writing citations in Harvard style should be done according to a structured procedure. This is how that can be done, with an example.

First Name – Middle & Last name initials Year, Title of thesis, Institution issuing degree.

William, C.W. 2018, Using a model of emotional self-efficacy in predicting work outcomes, Alliant International University, San Diego.

(William, 2018)

Important Note: All the citations above is for published dissertation.

Wrapping it up:.

By citing the works of others, you demonstrate that you are aware of other people’s research contributions, several of which sometimes come with dissertation concerns. The provided manual in this regard represented how to precisely cite a dissertation in APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard styles with relevant examples.

Whether it be your research or your citation, you can rest assured that it will be checked by our team of veterans in the fields of our background and they will ensure that your work is of the highest academic standards.

Do not let citation puzzles scare you anymore. Contact our dissertation writers today!

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Citing sources: Citation style guides

• Citation style guides

Manage your references

Use these tools to help you organize and cite your references:

• Citation Management and Writing Tools

If you have questions after consulting this guide about how to cite, please contact your advisor/professor or the writing and communication center .

Choosing a style

Because there is no one standard citation style used at MIT:

• Ask your professor or TA which style s/he prefers for the course.
• Consult a style guide for examples of using various citation styles to create in-text citations, bibliographies and reference lists, or use citation software to assist you in tracking sources used and building in-text citations and bibliographies.
• Use a standard style, such as APA, and be consistent with it throughout your paper.
• Ask for citation and paper-writing assistance at the MIT Writing and Communication Center .

Style guides to consult

Academic organizations and some disciplines outline their own styles of how to cite sources and format research papers.  You may have heard of or used some of the styles before.   

Consult these print and online style guides for examples of citing sources in the text of your paper and in a bibliography or reference list.  See also information about citation software packages supported by the MIT Libraries.

MLA : Modern Language Association [Humanities]

• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers  (MIT only, online subscription)
• MLA Handbook  - Hayden Library, Reference Collection LB2369 .M52 2021
• MLA Formatting and Style Guide (online from The Owl at Purdue, with many examples of creating in-text footnotes and works cited entries)

  APA : American Psychological Association [Social Sciences]

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association - Hayden Library, Humanities Reference and Dewey Library Reference, BF76.7.A46
• APA Formatting and Style Guide (online from The Owl at Purdue with several examples of in-text citations and reference list entries)

  CMS : Chicago Manual of Style [various subjects]

• Chicago Manual of Style  - Hayden Library, Reference Collection Z253.U69 2017
• Chicago Manual of Style (MIT only, online subscription)
• Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide (online from the Chicago Manual of Style web site, with examples of citing various types of publications)

  ACS : American Chemical Society

• ACS Style Guide  - Hayden Library Reserve Stacks, QD8.5.A25

CSE : Council of Science Editors

• Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors and Publishers  - Hayden Library, Science Reference, T11.S386

  IEEE : Institute of Electronics & Electrical Engineers

• Writing and Speaking in the Technology Professions: A Practical Guide  - Barker Library Stacks, T11.W75
• How to Cite References - IEEE Style (online from Murdoch University Library, with many examples of citing various publications)

  NLM : National Library of Medicine or AMA : American Medical Association

• AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors  - Hayden Library, Science Reference, R119.A533
• Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors and Publishers (online from the National Library of Medicine)

Various styles - the following resources provide examples of citing sources in several styles

• Research and Documentation In the Digital Age - by Diana Hacker.  Covers MLA, APA, CMS and CSE styles
• Mayfield Handbook of Technical and Scientific Writing
• << Previous: Overview
• Next: Cite data >>
• Last Updated: Jan 16, 2024 7:02 AM
• URL: https://libguides.mit.edu/citing

Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library

Thesis support: managing your research.

• Understand the importance of using citation management tools and strategies 
• Compare EndNote and Zotero to best serve your thesis needs
• Identify and locate citation export options in major databases
• Use “cite while you write” features

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• Dissertation zitieren – Voraussetzungen und Anleitung

Dissertation zitieren - Voraussetzungen und Anleitung

Veröffentlicht am 29. Juli 2019 von Mandy Theel . Aktualisiert am 25. Januar 2024.

Gib beim Zitieren von Dissertationen die Art der Arbeit und das Studienfach an. Falls die Arbeit nicht publiziert wurde, füge den Zusatz ,unveröffentlicht‘ und die Universität hinzu.

Zitiere eine Dissertation nur, wenn

• es sich um Forschungsergebnisse oder Erkenntnisse des Autors selbst handelt,
• die Ergebnisse Mehrwert für deine Arbeit bieten und
• die Arbeit öffentlich zugänglich ist.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Wissenschaftliche arbeiten als quelle nutzen, dissertation im text zitieren, dissertation im literaturverzeichnis.

Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten von anderen Studierenden können als Quelle für die eigene Arbeit dienen.

Beispiele für die Nutzung einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit:

• als Inspirationsquelle für die eigene Thematik in der Einleitung ,
• im theoretischen Rahmen oder in der Methodik  als Ausgangspunkt für die eigene Forschung,
• in deinem Fazit als Beispiel für weiterführende Forschung.

Dissertationen zitieren

Generell empfiehlt es sich, nur Dissertationen oder Doktorarbeiten zu zitieren.

In Deutschland und der Schweiz besteht die Veröffentlichungspflicht von Dissertationen. Das bedeutet, dass alle Dissertationen zitierwürdig in einem Verlag oder einer elektronischen Datenbank publiziert werden müssen.

Dadurch werden die Dissertationen für eine große Leserschaft öffentlich zugänglich und auch als Quelle in deiner Arbeit für deine Leserschaft einsehbar.

Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit zitieren

Bachelorarbeiten oder Masterarbeiten sind in der Regel nicht veröffentlicht, das heißt, sie sind  nicht in z. B. einem Verlag oder einer öffentlichen Datenbank publiziert.

Möchtest du z. B. aus einer Bachelorarbeit zitieren, musst du daher den Zusatz unveröffentlicht in der Quellenangabe angeben.

Wenn eine Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit öffentlich zugänglich ist, z. B. mit einer URL oder in einer Bibliothek, ist es möglich, diese zu zitieren. Sie ist dadurch zwar nicht im wissenschaftlichen Sinne veröffentlicht bzw. publiziert, jedoch für deine Leserschaft nachvollziehbar.

Da die Bewertungskriterien für diese Arbeiten jedoch meist unbekannt und die Inhalte nicht vertrauenswürdig genug sind, raten wir davon ab.

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Füge an der Stelle im Fließtext, an der du aus der Dissertation zitierst oder paraphrasierst , einen kurzen Verweis ein.

Je nach Zitierweise kann sich der Verweis direkt im Fließtext ( APA , MLA und Harvard-Zitierweise ) oder in der Fußnote ( Deutsche Zitierweise ) befinden.

Die Quellenangabe einer Dissertation im Literaturverzeichnis ist fast wie die Quellenangabe eines Buches aufgebaut.

Die Quellenangabe enthält:

• Titel der Dissertation
• Art der Dissertation
• Studienfach
• Verlag oder Hochschule und Erscheinungsort

Du findest alle Informationen auf dem Titel der Dissertation.

Akademische Grade wie Doktortitel (Dr.) können in der Quellenangabe weggelassen werden.

Verwende diese nur, wenn du selbst nicht auf die Originalquelle zugreifen kannst.

Art der Dissertation und Studienfach

Übernimm für die Art der Dissertation und das Studienfach immer den genauen Wortlaut, der auf der Titelseite selbst verwendet wird.

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APSA Dissertation recognition for Feyaad Allie

Feyaad Allie , Assistant Professor of Government, has received a host of awards from the American Political Science Association (APSA) for his dissertation “Power Exclusion and Identity: The Politics of Muslim Marginalization in India”.

The dissertation won the Gabriel A. Almond Award for the best dissertation in Comparative Politics. The award was created in recognition of Dr. Gabriel Almond’s contributions to the discipline, profession, and APSA. 

From the APSA Democracy and Autocracy Section , Feyaad was awarded the Juan Linz Prize for Best Dissertation in the Comparative Study of Democracy and the Best Fieldwork Award. The Juan Linz Prize is awarded to the best dissertation on democratization and the development and dynamics of democracy and authoritarianism. The Best Fieldwork Award reconigizes dissertations which involve especially innovative and difficult fieldwork in the comparative study democracy.

Feyaad’s dissertation studies a fundamental question in political science: how to create an inclusive political system in multi-ethnic societies. Specifically, he studies the origins of the political exclusion of Indian Muslims, when they can break out of this exclusion, and why – even when they break out – they often struggle to sustain power. A central finding of the dissertation is that when Muslims gain political power, it can consolidate Hindu voters in opposition and fragment the Muslim community on sub-identities, making it difficult for them to maintain power.   

Feyaad Allie joined the department in 2023 as a post-doctoral fellow before his tenure-track appointment. He received a Ph.D. in Political Science from Stanford University and a BA in Government from Dartmouth College. His research centers on democracy, identity, and intergroup relations with a regional focus in South Asia, primarily India. Feyaad is currently working on a book manuscript based on this dissertation work.

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Wallace DA , Redline S , Sofer T , Kossowsky J. Environmental Bright Light Exposure, Depression Symptoms, and Sleep Regularity. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(7):e2422810. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.22810

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Environmental Bright Light Exposure, Depression Symptoms, and Sleep Regularity

• 1 Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
• 2 Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
• 3 Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
• 4 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
• 5 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
• 6 Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
• 7 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Bright light therapy (BLT) may treat depression symptoms, 1 but how light exerts mood-boosting effects is still under investigation. Here, we evaluate sleep regularity in the association between bright light and depression symptoms.

This cross-sectional study of 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, representative of the noninstitutionalized US population, included nonpregnant participants 18 years or older with valid light and actigraphy (wrist-worn GT3X+; ActiGraph) for bright light (time above lux threshold [TALT 1000 ]) and sleep regularity index (SRI) 2 measures (eMethods in Supplement 1 ) and follows STROBE guidelines. Depression symptoms were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater frequency of depression symptoms). This analysis used publicly available, deidentified data from NHANES, which was approved by the Ethics Review Board of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. All participants provided written informed consent.

This analysis was conducted between March 2023 and May 2024. Associations between TALT 1000 , SRI, and PHQ-9 score were tested in weighted linear, quasi-Poisson, and logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, season, employment, physical activity, sleep duration, body mass index (BMI), and serum cotinine (eMethods in Supplement 1 ). Sex differences were tested with weighted t tests. In exploratory analyses, associations between TALT 1000 and vitamin D, vitamin D and SRI, and TALT 1000 and SRI with vitamin D as a potential mediator were tested in weighted linear regression models. P  < .05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed in R, version 4.1.1 (R Foundation).

There were 6639 participants included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 49.41 [17.41] years; 52.2% female; self-reported 8.3% Mexican American, 4.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 11.3% non-Hispanic Black, 67.7% non-Hispanic White, 5.7% other Hispanic, and 2.6% other or multiracial). Male participants had greater TALT 1000 and fewer depression symptoms than female participants ( Table 1 ). Greater TALT 1000 was associated with lower depression symptoms (β = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.34 to −0.04) but not more severe depression. TALT 1000 was no longer associated with depression score after adjusting for SRI (β = −0.11; 95% CI, −0.26 to 0.04; P  = .13). Longer duration in bright light was associated with more regular sleep (β = 1.60; 95% CI, 0.95-2.25). Likewise, more regular sleep was associated with a lower depression score (β = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.06 to −0.03) and lower odds of mild or more severe depression (OR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99) ( Table 2 ). In exploratory analyses, more vitamin D was associated with greater TALT 1000 and more regular sleep but not depression symptoms.

In this study, greater sleep regularity partly explained the association between greater bright light exposure and lower depression symptoms. More vitamin D was associated with more regular sleep timing but not depression. Our findings align with prior population-based research, supporting reduced depression among those with greater daytime light exposure. 3 Bright light therapy can be effective at improving numerous mood outcomes, 4 possibly through effects on sleep and the circadian system. 5 Sleep regularity may be an important modifier of BLT 2 and relate to chronotype and phase angle of entrainment. 6 However, sleep regularity is not often considered in BLT. The phase-shifting effect of light may be limited in people with irregular sleep schedules, requiring a larger dose or altered timing of light exposure. Irregular sleepers may benefit from a light intervention. 2

This study has strengths and limitations. It used a nationally representative sample of adult participants with objective measures of individual light exposure, actigraphy, and vitamin D. This is a cross-sectional analysis, so causality cannot be ascertained, and associations may be bidirectional. Although we are unable to rule out that mood may also influence time spent outdoors and/or bright light avoidance, our results support the need for further prospective analyses to test the causality of these factors. Future studies of BLT should consider the role of sleep regularity.

Accepted for Publication: May 19, 2024.

Published: July 17, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.22810

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License . © 2024 Wallace DA et al. JAMA Network Open .

Corresponding Author: Danielle A. Wallace, MPH, PhD, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, 221 Longwood Ave, BL-252, Boston, MA 02115 ( [email protected] ).

Author Contributions: Dr Wallace had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Wallace, Kossowsky.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: Wallace, Kossowsky.

Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.

Statistical analysis: Wallace, Kossowsky.

Obtained funding: Wallace, Redline, Kossowsky.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Sofer.

Supervision: Redline.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Wallace reported receiving a past travel award and providing unpaid committee service for the Sleep Research Society outside the submitted work. Dr Redline reported receiving personal fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly and Co, and ApniMed outside the submitted work and being a member of the board of directors for the National Sleep Foundation (unpaid) and member of the board of directors for the Alliance for Sleep Apnea Partners (unpaid). No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This work was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH-NHLBI T32HL007901 [to Dr Wallace], K99HL166700 [to Dr Wallace], K01DA057374 [to Dr Kossowsky], and R35 HL135818 [to Dr Redline]).

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The National Institutes of Health had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 2 .

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Thesis Defense – Peyton Smith

September 4 @ 11:00 am - 1:00 pm.

Peyton will present the thesis entitled “Development of predictive tools for Alzheimer’s disease using multiomic platforms through application of penalized regression techniques”. The thesis committee is chaired by Dr. Christoph Lange, and includes Dr. Georg Hahn and Dr. Erin Lake.

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