how to write an outline for a research paper mla

How to write an outline in MLA format

Published October 22, 2020. Updated August 15, 2021.

What is an outline?

An outline is like a floor plan for your paper. It is used to plan out the scope of the paper, what it is going to explore, and most importantly, what it is going to look like, i.e., its presentation. Outlines themselves have a structure and format that should be followed for the best results.

An outline in MLA format should have the following:

• 1-inch margins, with double spacing
• 12-point font, left-aligned text
• center-aligned title with capitalized words using headline case

For help writing your essay, research paper , or other project, check out these writing tips .

Features of an outline

Following are the basic elements that need to be included in any outline.

The outline opens with a title or heading that directly addresses the topic. The title should be short and easy to read. As it is the first thing you see, it should convey the basic topic or objective of the paper quickly and creatively.

Thesis statement

This is the most important part of an outline. Not to be confused with an introduction or abstract, the purpose of a thesis is to highlight the topic under discussion. It is brief (not more than 4-5 lines) and presents the topic, aim, and logical conclusion of the paper. This is presented with the word ‘THESIS’ in capital letters followed by a colon (:) before you begin your statement.

Headings should be the main points that address your thesis statement. Ideally, headings should be labeled using numbers or letters and an outline typically does not have more than 4-5 headings,  though the number of headings depends on the length of the paper and the complexity of the topic. These should be concise and should be keywords or short phrases that describe what you are going to discuss, rather than presenting full sentences or details. Use a logical and coherent order to arrange the headings in your outline. This order will correspond to the order and structure of your paper, meaning that the paper will follow the outline’s sequence for discussing these points.

Subheadings

These fall under the main headings and should also be numbered in a way that differentiates them from the main headings. For example, if you use letters to label the main headings, then you should use numbers for your subheadings or vice-a-versa. Subheadings are used to present the key points that support your headings. Again, these should be short and should only include keywords that represent what is going to be explored under the particular heading.

Note : Too many headings and/or subheadings can crowd the outline, making it look confusing and clumsy. So, include only the most important and relevant points in these sections. Outlines should be concise and precise, as their purpose is to provide an overview of the paper and not its details.

Sample MLA outline

The following is a sample MLA style outline:

Florida Panthers in Danger

THESIS: The Florida panther has become the topmost endangered species of America due to various causes. This animal needs immediate preservation and protection, otherwise, it will cease to exist.

• Natural Habitat
• Decreasing Population Statistics
• Loss of Habitat
• Illegal Poaching
• Natural Causes
• Preservation Laws for Forest Covers
• Anti-Poaching Laws
• Assistance from Wildlife Organizations
• Public Awareness
• Successful Implementation of Protection Measures
• Unsuccessful Implementation of Protection Measures

MLA Style Guides

MLA Format: Annotated bibliography | Abstract | Block Quote | Headings | MLA 8 vs. 9 | Outline | Page Numbers | Sample paper | Title page

Citing Sources: In-text citations | Works cited | Footnotes | Citing Multiple Authors | Citing Sources with No Authors | Using et al

MLA Citation Generator: Article | Book | Image | Interview | Journal | Movie | PDF | Textbook | Website | YouTube

Published July 14, 2021.

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How to Write an Outline of a Research Paper in MLA Style

Table of contents

• 1.1 Thesis Statement of Research MLA Paper Outline
• 1.2 Headings and Subheadings of Research MLA Paper Outline
• 1.3 Time and Date
• 1.4 Alphanumeric Format
• 2.1 Choose a Topic and Define Your Thesis Statement
• 2.2 Determine Main Headings Based on Key Points of Your Research
• 2.3 Use Roman numerals (I, II, III) for Main Headings
• 2.4 Identify Sub-Points for Each Main Heading
• 2.5 Use Capital Letters (A, B, C) For Subheadings
• 2.6 Provide Additional Details or Supporting Points for Sub-Points
• 2.7 Use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) for detailed points
• 2.8 Use Consistent Punctuation and Parallel Structure for All Points
• 2.9 The Templates of MLA Research Paper Outline
• 2.10 Alphanumeric outline example
• 2.11 Decimal outline example
• 2.12 Checklist of a Good MLA Outline for a Research Paper
• 3 Prepare For Easy Writing

If you want to learn how to write an MLA outline, this article is the right resource to guide you. An MLA outline serves as a plan, the bedrock of your research paper. It is highly recommended; even your professor would recommend you write it!

• We will explore the essential features that make for a great MLA outline.
• We will walk you through the process of drafting your paper, outlining the necessary components and steps.
• You’ll learn how to organize your paragraphs and sections and structure your work.
• After reading this article, you’ll better understand how your outline can help you compose an outstanding research paper in MLA format.

Let’s now look into the features of MLA style outline and discuss how you can write yours.

Key Components of an MLA Outline

Every MLA outline requires certain components. If you begin with these key components in mind, you will be done in no time. Let’s discuss what should be included in your MLA outline.

Thesis Statement of Research MLA Paper Outline

Before you even start with the MLA paper, you need to write a thesis. It is important for any paper, and it is essential. It goes before the research paper outline and explains the paper, the ideas, and the main elements you will use. It should be 6–7 lines, but you can shorten it. You can proceed to the research paper outline once you have them. It is essential to add that the thesis is not an introduction for an MLA-style outline, essay, or anything similar. Rather, it is a summary that explains the point of your paper.

Headings and Subheadings of Research MLA Paper Outline

Now, you will have to organize the ideas you will use. In simple terms, do not use vague or unimportant pieces of information. You will create headings, and then you will create subheadings. A structured research paper outline will have as many headings/subheadings as you need to explain the topic in detail.

MLA format may be beneficial in this case scenario. An outline in MLA format should present all main ideas. The goal is to stay accurate and detailed but not extreme. Remember to use Times New Roman as it is the standard for an MLA research paper.

Creating an MLA outline for a research paper is essential to writing. An outline helps to ensure that your work remains focused and organized throughout the writing process. If you struggle to create an outline, an online paper writer can help you create a comprehensive, and effective one.

Time and Date

In an MLA research paper outline, you typically do not include specific dates or times as part of the outline structure. The primary purpose of an outline in MLA format is to organize the content of your paper into a hierarchical structure with headings and subheadings

You may include dates or times within the body of your research paper when discussing events, studies, or historical context relevant to your topic. However, these should be incorporated within the paragraphs and not as part of the outline itself.

Here’s an example of how you might incorporate a date within the body of your paper:

• Background and Historical Context
• Early Developments in the Field (Late 19th Century)

Alphanumeric Format

An alphanumeric system is required for MLA format. It involves alternating between alphabets and numerals, depending on the sections. You may have to use Roman or Arabic numerals and upper or lower case letters.

Step-by-Step Guide to Writing an MLA Research Paper Outline

If you are still lost on how to write an outline in MLA format, there is no need to worry. We have provided MLA guidelines and rules for writing a research paper . The steps below will provide a guide to structuring your paper.

Choose a Topic and Define Your Thesis Statement

Consider the assignment requirements and pick a topic that interests you. Ensure the scope is neither too broad nor narrow; you can ask your professor for guidance.

Once your topic has been finalized, the next step to beginning your MLA format outline for speech is to define your thesis statement. You do not have to get it right the first time. Instead, see it as a preliminary to help you structure your assignment. You can adjust it to suit your preferences while drafting your MLA outline format.

Determine Main Headings Based on Key Points of Your Research

Your main headings should reflect the main scope of your MLA format research paper. You can outline these headings by looking at the key points of your paper. Other sublevel headings can signal the scope of the main headings.

Use Roman numerals (I, II, III) for Main Headings

Differentiate the main headings in your paper from other headings using Roman numerals in front.

Identify Sub-Points for Each Main Heading

The sub-points of the main headings in an MLA outline sample are necessary for determining other headings. An example of this importance is the sublevel headings these points will represent.

Use Capital Letters (A, B, C) For Subheadings

The MLA outline for your research paper requires subheadings. You should always present these sublevel headings in capitals to emphasize them in the assignment.

Provide Additional Details or Supporting Points for Sub-Points

Your research outline should include additional details with MLA formatting. These details should serve as supporting sentences for the sub-points you identified for each heading.

Use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) for detailed points

Structure the detailed points with Arabic numerals to differentiate them from other information in the outline.

Use Consistent Punctuation and Parallel Structure for All Points

When using the MLA style outline for your research paper, ensure all points in the outline are properly punctuated and formatted with the right structure.

The Templates of MLA Research Paper Outline

Since you now have an appreciable knowledge of how to structure a research paper, here are a few MLA format outline examples.

Alphanumeric outline example

Decimal outline example

Checklist of a Good MLA Outline for a Research Paper

The MLA format outline of every good research paper should follow a certain structure. An example of the ideal research paper layout contains all the necessary details. Drafting with a checklist would help ensure its structure follows the standard procedure. The best way to avoid skipping any of these details is a checklist. You can cross all the items and headings off your list once you have added them to the MLA format outline for your research paper. Use the checklist below to vet your work.

• The topic meets the assignment requirements.
• The entire text in the MLA outline follows the right format.
• The correct alphanumeric structure is used for the outline (e.g., I, II, III for main headings; A, B, C for subheadings; 1, 2, 3 for details).
• Parallel structure is used for all points (e.g., if using verbs, they are in the same tense and form).
• Double-spaced with a legible font (usually Times New Roman), 12-point size.
• The MLA research paper outlines One-inch margins on all sides.
• Header with page numbers in the upper-right corner.
• Points are organized logically, progressing from general to specific.
• Main headings correspond to main ideas/sections.
• The writer’s name, instructor’s name, course, and date are listed on separate lines (double-spaced) below the title.

Prepare For Easy Writing

It is necessary to draft a research paper outline before you begin writing in MLA format. This simple task would provide a foundation and guide you as you tackle your assignment. The basic sections of your outline are the introduction, body, and conclusion, so work your way around these, and you’ll be done in no time. Remember to select the appropriate MLA edition for your paper and read its manual before starting the outline. You should check out our MLA paper outline template for an idea of what is expected of you.

What is an MLA outline?

An outline in MLA format is precise as you think. It is a plan you will use to write the assignment. It consists of the headings, subheadings, and ideas you will have to use. Basically, this is a path you will take while writing, and it will reflect how your complete task will look at the end.

According to the modern language association, this is mandatory, and something all of you need to complete first. It eliminates mistakes and makes the whole task easier. Now you have a plan. You may want to follow these steps here and get the job done in less time and expect a better grade.

How to write an outline for a research paper MLA?

You will have to start by explaining the main idea of your essay. Then you will start with defining the headings. Add all the subheadings now and try to focus each one on an important part of the writing. Each one should explain the idea. This is the guide on what you will write later on. The idea must be relevant, accurate, and simple if possible. Do not use ideas that are inaccurate, have flaws, or are completely irrelevant to the essay. These can make a reader get bored and not interested.

When does the page numbering of the MLA research title page begin?

It should start with the first page. It always uses Arabic numbers, and all pages should be numbered. The numbers will have to be present in the upper right corner of the page, and there are no exceptions. The only expectation is that some professors will ask you not to number the first page. If that is mandatory, you will start from the second page using number 2 and move on. Numbers must be 0.5 inches from the top, and they must be flush with the proper margin.

How to set the outline of a research paper in MLA Style in Google Docs?

Formatting your research in this case scenario is simple. You will have to start a new document and click on the file/new/template. From there, you will have to search for the MLA template and open it when you find it. Then start with the main idea at the top. You will now have to write the headings followed by or containing the subheadings.

As you can see, the whole process is super easy and far easier than when using other platforms. There is no need to adjust all the settings and optimize the content manually. Keep in mind that you should use font sizes 12, 11.5, or 11.

How to set the outline of a research paper in MLA style in Word?

To start with your research paper outline in Word, start a new document. Click on no spacing and choose font and size. Write the main idea. Click on multi-level numbering and define multiple-level numbering then. Change the values. They should be A., I., 1. and so on (enter formatting for number). Choose the number style for this number in I, II, III for the first level, A, B, C for the third level, and 1, 2, 3 for the third level. Now you can start writing.

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Generate accurate MLA citations for free

• Knowledge Base
• MLA format for academic papers and essays

MLA Format | Complete Guidelines & Free Template

Published on December 11, 2019 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on May 6, 2024 by Jack Caulfield.

The MLA Handbook provides guidelines for creating MLA citations and formatting academic papers. This includes advice on structuring parenthetical citations, the Works Cited page, and tables and figures. This quick guide will help you set up your MLA format paper in no time.

Cite your MLA source

Start by applying these MLA format guidelines to your document:

• Use an easily readable font like 12 pt Times New Roman
• Set 1 inch page margins
• Use double line spacing
• Include a ½” indent for new paragraphs
• Include a four-line MLA heading on the first page
• Center the paper’s title
• Use title case capitalization for headings
• Cite your sources with MLA in-text citations
• List all sources cited on a Works Cited page at the end

Alternatively, you can automatically apply the formatting with our MLA docx or Google Docs template.

Table of contents

How to set up mla format in google docs, header and title, running head, works cited page, creating mla style citations, headings and subheadings, tables and figures, frequently asked questions about mla format.

The header in MLA format is left-aligned on the first page of your paper. It includes

• Your full name
• Your instructor’s or supervisor’s name
• The course name or number
• The due date of the assignment

After the MLA header, press ENTER once and type your paper title. Center the title and don’t forget to apply title-case capitalization. Read our article on writing strong titles that are informative, striking and appropriate.

For a paper with multiple authors, it’s better to use a separate title page instead.

At the top of every page, including the first page, you need to include your last name and the page number. This is called the “running head.” Follow these steps to set up the MLA running head in your Word or Google Docs document:

• Double-click at the top of a page
• Type your last name
• Insert automatic page numbering
• Align the content to the right

The running head should look like this:

The Works Cited list is included on a separate page at the end of your paper. You list all the sources you referenced in your paper in alphabetical order. Don’t include sources that weren’t cited in the paper, except potentially in an MLA annotated bibliography assignment.

Place the title “Works Cited” in the center at the top of the page. After the title, press ENTER once and insert your MLA references.

If a reference entry is longer than one line, each line after the first should be indented ½ inch (called a hanging indent ). All entries are double spaced, just like the rest of the text.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

Prefer to cite your sources manually? Use the interactive example below to see what the Works Cited entry and MLA in-text citation look like for different source types.

Headings and subheadings are not mandatory, but they can help you organize and structure your paper, especially in longer assignments.

MLA has only a few formatting requirements for headings. They should

• Be written in title case
• Be left-aligned
• Not end in a period

We recommend keeping the font and size the same as the body text and applying title case capitalization. In general, boldface indicates greater prominence, while italics are appropriate for subordinate headings.

Chapter Title

Section Heading

Tip: Both Google Docs and Microsoft Word allow you to create heading levels that help you to keep your headings consistent.

Tables and other illustrations (referred to as “figures”) should be placed as close to the relevant part of text as possible. MLA also provides guidelines for presenting them.

MLA format for tables

Tables are labeled and numbered, along with a descriptive title. The label and title are placed above the table on separate lines; the label and number appear in bold.

A caption providing information about the source appears below the table; you don’t need one if the table is your own work.

Below this, any explanatory notes appear, marked on the relevant part of the table with a superscript letter. The first line of each note is indented; your word processor should apply this formatting automatically.

Just like in the rest of the paper, the text is double spaced and you should use title case capitalization for the title (but not for the caption or notes).

MLA format for figures

Figures (any image included in your paper that isn’t a table) are also labeled and numbered, but here, this is integrated into the caption below the image. The caption in this case is also centered.

The label “Figure” is abbreviated to “Fig.” and followed by the figure number and a period. The rest of the caption gives either full source information, or (as in the example here) just basic descriptive information about the image (author, title, publication year).

Source information in table and figure captions

If the caption of your table or figure includes full source information and that source is not otherwise cited in the text, you don’t need to include it in your Works Cited list.

Give full source information in a caption in the same format as you would in the Works Cited list, but without inverting the author name (i.e. John Smith, not Smith, John).

MLA recommends using 12-point Times New Roman , since it’s easy to read and installed on every computer. Other standard fonts such as Arial or Georgia are also acceptable. If in doubt, check with your supervisor which font you should be using.

The main guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style are as follows:

• Apply double line spacing
• Indent every new paragraph ½ inch

The fastest and most accurate way to create MLA citations is by using Scribbr’s MLA Citation Generator .

Search by book title, page URL, or journal DOI to automatically generate flawless citations, or cite manually using the simple citation forms.

The MLA Handbook is currently in its 9th edition , published in 2021.

This quick guide to MLA style  explains the latest guidelines for citing sources and formatting papers according to MLA.

Usually, no title page is needed in an MLA paper . A header is generally included at the top of the first page instead. The exceptions are when:

• Your instructor requires one, or
• Your paper is a group project

In those cases, you should use a title page instead of a header, listing the same information but on a separate page.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2024, May 06). MLA Format | Complete Guidelines & Free Template. Scribbr. Retrieved September 6, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/mla/formatting/

Is this article helpful?

Raimo Streefkerk

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MLA 9th Edition Formatting

A Simple, Step-by-Step Guide + Free Template

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Reviewer: Eunice Rautenbach (DTech) | July 2023

Formatting your paper in MLA style can feel like a pretty daunting task . In this post, we’ll show you exactly how to set up your paper for MLA (9th edition), as quickly and easily as possible. We’ll also share our popular free MLA template , to help you fast-track your writing.

Overview: MLA 9th Edition Formatting

• Structure and layout
• General page setup
• The opening section
• The main body
• Works cited (reference list)
• Free MLA 9 template

MLA Structure and Layout

Let’s start by looking at the overall structure of a typical student paper formatted for MLA 9th edition, before diving into the details of each section. For the most part, MLA papers follow a standardised structure, consisting of the following parts:

The opening section : While MLA doesn’t require a dedicated title page (unlike APA ), it does require an opening section that details some important information about yourself, your university and the paper itself.

The main body : The main body begins directly after the opening section on the first page. This is the “heart” of your paper and there are a very specific requirements regarding how you present and format this content.

The appendix (or appendices):  While using an appendix in a student paper is relatively uncommon, you’ll place this section directly after the main body section, if required by your university.

The “Works Cited” list : This section is equivalent to what we’d usually call a references page and it’s where you’ll detail all the reference information corresponding to the in-text citations in the main body of your paper.

These four sections form the standard structure and order of a student paper using MLA 9th edition. As we mentioned, not all sections are always required , so be sure to double check what your university expects from you before submitting. Also, it’s always a good idea to ask your university if they have any  style requirements in addition to the standard MLA specification.

Now that we’ve got a big-picture view of the typical paper structure, let’s look at the specific formatting requirements for each of these sections.

Generic Page Setup

Before you jump into writing up your paper, you’ll first need to set up your document to align with MLA’s generic page requirements. Alternatively, you can download our MLA paper template (which comes fully preformatted).

MLA 9th edition requires a 1-inch margin on all sides , for all pages. That said, if you’re writing a dissertation, thesis or any document that will ultimately be printed and bound, your university will likely require a larger left margin to accommodate for physical binding.

Fonts & sizing

MLA does not require that you use any specific font, but we do recommend sticking to the tried and tested , well-accepted fonts. For example, you might consider using one of the following:

• Sans serif fonts : Calibri (11), Arial (11), or Lucida Sans Unicode (10)
• Serif fonts : Times New Roman (12), Georgia (11), or Computer Modern (10)

Whichever font you opt for, be sure to use it consistently throughout your paper . Don’t chop and change, or use different fonts for different parts of the document (e.g., different fonts for the body text and the headings). Also, keep in mind that while MLA does not have a specific font requirement, your university may have its own preference or requirement. So, be sure to check with them beforehand regarding any additional specifications they may have.

In general, all text throughout your document needs to be left-aligned and should not be justified (i.e., leave an uneven right edge). You might consider using a different alignment for section headings, but in general, it’s best to keep things simple .

Line spacing

MLA 9th edition requires double line spacing throughout the document . There should also be no extra space before and after paragraphs . This applies to all sections of the paper, including the “Works Cited” page (more on this later).

Page header

Last but not least, you’ll need to set up a running header for your document. This should contain your last name, followed by the page number. Both of these should be positioned in the top right corner of all pages (even the first page). On a related note, there’s no need for you to include any footer content unless your university specifically requests it.

Now that we’ve looked at the generic formatting considerations, let’s dive into the specific requirements for each section of your paper.

The Opening Section

While MLA-formatted papers typically don’t require a title page, there are very specific requirements regarding the opening section of the first page .

Here’s how you can set your first page up for MLA 9th edition.

• On the first line, write your full name (flush left)
• On a new line, write your professor or instructor’s full name
• On a new line, write the course code and course name
• On a new line, write the full date spelt out (e.g., 15 June 2023)
• On a new line, write the full title of your paper , centre-aligned and using title case (consider using a title case converter if you’re not familiar with this)
• On a new line, begin your body content

All of the above should be in plain, unformatted font – in other words, you don’t need to apply any boldfacing, underlining , etc. That said, you should use italics whenever you’re writing out the titles of other works (for example, titles of books or articles).

To make it all a little more tangible, below is an example of a first page formatted according to the MLA specifications that we just covered.

The Main Body

While the formatting requirements for the body section are relatively light for MLA (at least when compared to APA ), there are still quite a few important things to pay attention to. Here’s what you need to know to get started.

Each of your paragraphs needs to start on a new line , and the first sentence of each paragraph requires a half-inch indent (while the rest of the paragraph is flush left aligned). Note that each paragraph simply starts on a new line and doesn’t require an additional blank line.

MLA 9th edition is fairly flexible in terms of heading formatting. There is no specified formatting, so you can decide what works best for you. However, there are still a few basic rules you need to follow:

• All your headings should be written in title case – never use all caps
• There should be no period following a heading
• Each heading level needs to be uniquely formatted and easily distinguishable from other levels (for example, a distinct difference in terms of boldfacing, underlining or italicisation)
• You can have as many heading levels as you need, but each level must have at least two instances

Abbreviations

When using abbreviations, you’ll need to make sure that you’re using the MLA version of the abbreviation . Below we’ve listed a few common ones you should be aware of:

• Appendix: app.
• Circa: c. or ca.
• Chapter: ch.
• Column: col.
• Definition: def.
• Department: dept.
• Example: e.g.
• Edition: ed.
• Figure: fig.
• Foreword: fwd.
• That is: i.e.
• Journal: jour.
• Library: lib.
• Manuscript(s): MS
• Number: no.
• Quoted in: qtd. in
• Revised: rev.
• Section: sec. or sect.
• Series: ser.
• Translation: trans.
• Version: vers.
• Variant: var.
• Volume: vol.

If you’re interested, you can find a more comprehensive list here . Alternatively, if you have access to the MLA 9th edition handbook, you can find the full list in the first appendix.

In-text citations

MLA 9 has a very specific set of requirements regarding how to cite your sources within the body of your paper. Here are some of the most important things to help you get started with MLA citations.

Author-page number system: in-text citations consist of (at a minimum) the lead author’s last name, followed by the page number of the paragraph you are citing. There is no comma between the two components (only a space).

Types of citations: MLA allows two types of in-text citations: parenthetical and narrative . Parenthetical citations feature the author and page number in parentheses (brackets) at the end of the respective sentence. Here’s an example:

MLA 9th edition is easy to grasp if you visit the Grad Coach blog (Jansen 13).

Narrative citations, on the other hand, weave the author’s name into the flow of the sentence and then present the publication date in parentheses at the end of the sentence. Here’s an example:

Jansen states that MLA 9th edition is easy for students to grasp if they visit the Grad Coach blog (13).

In general, it’s a good idea to utilise a mix of both in your writing. Narrative citations are particularly useful when you want to highlight or contrast authors or their viewpoints, while parenthetical citations are useful when you want to strengthen your own academic voice. In other words, both formats have their respective strengths and weaknesses, so try to use citation format strategically in your writing.

Quotations: when quoting text verbatim from a source, there is no need to do anything differently in terms of the citation itself, but do remember to wrap the verbatim text in quotation marks. Here’s an example:

Jansen proposes that MLA 9th edition is “easy to grasp if you visit the Grad Coach blog” (13).

Multiple authors: when citing resources that were authored by three or more people, you only need to list the lead author, followed by “et al.”. Here’s an example:

MLA 9th edition is easy to grasp if you visit the Grad Coach blog (Jansen et al. 13).

 Below are a few more examples from our free MLA template .

Please keep in mind that this is not an exhaustive list of all the MLA 9th edition citation-related requirements – just a shortlist of the most commonly relevant ones. If you’d like to learn more, consult the MLA handbook .

The Works Cited (Reference List)

The final section that you’ll need to pay close attention to is the “Works Cited” page, which should contain a list of reference information for all the sources cited in the body of the paper. Again, MLA has a quite a meaty set of specifications regarding the content and formatting of this list, but we’ll cover the basics here to get your started on the right foot. 

Basic setup

Your reference list needs to start on a new page and should be titled “Works Cited”. The title should be unformatted and centred . The reference list should then start on the next line. As with the rest of your document, you should use double line spacing throughout.

When it comes to the reference list itself, you’ll need to keep the following in mind:

• All the sources that you cited in the body of your document should feature in the reference list. Make sure that every citation is accounted for .
• The references should be ordered alphabetically , according to the lead author’s last name .
• The exact information required within each entry depends on the type of content being referenced (e.g., a journal article, web page, etc.)
• Components that may need to feature (other than the author) include the title of the source, the title of the container, other contributors, the article version or number, the publisher, the publication date, and the location.
• All references should be left-aligned and should use a hanging indent – i.e., the second line of any given reference (if it has one) should be indented a half inch.

We have to stress that these are just the basics. MLA 9th edition requires that your references be structured and formatted in a very specific way , depending on the type of resource. If you plan to draft your reference list manually, it’s important to consult your university’s style guide or the MLA manual itself. This leads us to our next point…

In general, it’s a bad idea to write your reference list manually . Given the incredibly high level of intricacy involved, it’s highly likely that you’ll make mistakes if you try to craft this section yourself. A better solution is to use (free) reference management software such as Mendeley or Zotero . Either of these will take care of the formatting and content for you, and they’ll do a much more accurate job of it too. 

If you’re not familiar with any sort of reference management software, be sure to check out our easy-to-follow Mendeley explainer video below.

Wrapping Up

In this post, we’ve provided a primer covering how to format your paper according to MLA 9th edition. To recap, we’ve looked at the following:

• The structure and layout
• The general page setup
• The “Works Cited” page (reference list)

Remember to always check your university’s style guide to familiarise yourself with any additional requirements they may. Also, if your university has specified anything that contrasts what we’ve discussed here, please do follow their guidance . 

If you need any help formatting your paper for MLA 9, take a look at our “done for you” language editing and proofreading service . Simply send us your document and we’ll take care of all the MLA formatting intracies on your behalf. 

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MLA Style Guide, 9th Edition: Formatting Your MLA Paper

• Works Cited entries: What to Include
• Title of source
• Title of container
• Other contributors
• Publication date
• Optional Elements
• Book with Personal Author(s)
• Book with Editor(s)
• Book with Organization as Author
• Parts of Books
• Government Publication
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Multivolume Works
• Newspaper Article
• Other Formats
• Websites, Social Media, and Email
• Works Cited Practice
• About In-text Citations
• In-text Examples
• How to Paraphrase and Quote
• Formatting Your MLA Paper
• Formatting Your Works Cited List
• MLA Annotated Bibliography

MLA recommends using 12-point Times New Roman font or another readable typeface (e.g. serif ).

Use double-spacing throughout the entire paper.

Leave 1 inch margins on the top, bottom, and each side.

Indent the first line of each paragraph half an inch from the left margin.

Quotes longer than 4 lines should be written as a block of text a half an inch from the left margin.

Heading and Title

An MLA research paper does not need a title page, but your instructor may require one. If no instructions are given, follow the MLA guidelines below:

Type the following one inch from the top of the first page, flush with the left margin (double spacing throughout).

Your Instructor's Name

Course Number or Name

Center the title on the next line. Follow the rules for capitalization. Do not italicize, underline, or bold the title. An exception is when your title includes a title.  Example:  The Attitude toward Violence in A Clockwork Orange

Indent the next line and begin typing your text.

Include your last name and page numbers in the upper right-hand corner of every page. The page numbers will be one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. If your instructor prefers no page number on the first page, begin numbering from 2 on the second page.

Formatting first page MLA MS Word using a MAC

Formatting first page mla goggle.dox, formatting first page mla ms word using pc, mla format setup in word 2013.

The links below provide step by step instructions on setting up your paper using MLA Style guidelines.

• Formatting Your Paper using MS Word - PC
• Formatting Your Paper using MS Word - MAC

Sample MLA Paper

• MLA Research Paper Template Properly formatted MLA Style research paper. Download and save to your computer so that you will always have the correct format for writing.

There are three sample papers available in the MLA Style Center. Check them out to see the correct formatting.

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Formatting and Outlining in MLA: Outlining in MLA

• Outlining in MLA

Developing an Outline

Purdue's OnlIne Writing Lab recommendations for developing an outline

Using Word to Create an Outline in MLA

Sample Outline

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Using MLA Format

Document Sources

Works cited quick guide.

Learn how to use the MLA format template.

Digital Citation Tool

Build citations with our interactive template.

In-Text Citations

Get help with in-text citations.

Endnotes and Footnotes

Read our guide about using notes in MLA style.

Set Up Your Paper

Setting up a research paper.

Get our guidelines for setting up academic research papers.

Formatting Captions

Learn how to format captions.

Sample Papers

Read sample papers written in MLA style.

Annotated Bibliographies

Learn how to set up an annotated bibliography.

Get Writing and Teaching Tips

Ask the mla.

Browse answers and ask MLA editors questions.

Writing Tips

Improve your writing with these suggestions.

Teaching Resources and Advice

Get teaching advice, lesson plans, and activities.

Test your knowledge with these fun quizzes.

Recent questions from Ask the MLA

When do i capitalize the first letter of a quotation.

Whether you capitalize the first letter of a quotation depends on how the quotation fits into your sentence. Capitalize the first letter of a quotation,… Read More

How do I cite quotations from different pages of a work?

This post explains how to cite quotations from different pages of a work. Read More

How do I cite a playlist?

Cite a playlist by following the MLA template of core elements. In the Title of Container element, include the name of the playlist surrounded in… Read More

How do I alphabetize Irish surnames in the works-cited list?

This post explains how to alphabetize Irish surnames Read More

How do I alphabetize a works-cited-list entry that begins with a hashtag or another symbol?

The MLA recommends that writers should “ignore symbols when alphabetizing” (“How”). This includes hashtags. Thus, if an entry begins with a hashtag or another symbol,… Read More

How do I cite a work accessed through Wayback Machine ?

Wayback Machine is an archive of websites that lives on the Internet Archive ’s site, so you would treat the Internet Archive as the container of… Read More

MLA Research Paper Formatting

• MLA 9th Template & Paper Sample
• Finding Sources for Your Paper
• Detailed Comparison (Printable)
• Additional Resources

MLA Style (9th Edition)

• Sample Papers

You are going to love this! Save this template somewhere safe or e-mail it to yourself. Then resave it immediately with the name of your new document. This will keep your template safe and ready to reuse again for future assignments.

This template will be sufficient for most student MLA papers. For more information on formatting your paper, consult the official MLA Style website:  https://mlahandbookplus.org/books/book/5/chapter/56247/Introduction-to-Formatting-Your-Research-Project  or pages 1-14 in the MLA Manual. 

• Purdue Owl Sample Paper Sample paper is downloadable.
• Sample Papers - MLA Style Center PDFs available of the 2022 MLA Student Essay Contest winners.
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Polk State College is committed to equal access/equal opportunity in its programs, activities, and employment. For additional information, visit polk.edu/compliance .

Featured Books

Cite Right: A Quick Guide to Citation Styles

MLA Handbook. 9th ed.

Available in Reference.

Rules for Writers with 2016 MLA Update

Available in the main collection and in Reference.

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How to Cite in MLA

Mla resources from the mla style center.

The links in the MLA Style Center reflect MLA Style 9th Edition. 

• MLA Handbook 9th Edition 1.0: Introduction to Formatting Your Research Project The following guidelines have been widely adopted by instructors and educational institutions to standardize manuscript formatting, making it easier for instructors to evaluate papers and theses and for writers to focus on making decisions about their research, ideas, and prose. more... less... Although these guidelines follow common conventions, acceptable variations exist. Follow the directions of your instructor, school, or publisher if you are asked to use different formatting guidelines. You should also be responsive to the specific demands of your project, which may have unique needs that require you to use a formatting style not described...
• Ask the MLA Search Our List of Frequently Asked Questions
• How do I cite generative AI in MLA style?
• Quick Guide: Getting Started with MLA Style via MLA Handbook Plus
• Quick Guide: Using the MLA Template of Core Elements bia MLA Handbook PLus
• * Quick Guide: Citation Examples in MLA Style via MLA Handbook Plus
• * Quick Guide: In-Text Citations in MLA Style via MLA Handbook Plus

MLA Style via Purdue OWL

The links in Purdue OWL reflect MLA Style 9th Edition. 

• Citation Style Chart via Purdue OWL:
• MLA Works Cited - Citations by Format Entries in the works-cited list are created using the MLA template of core elements—facts common to most sources, like author, title, and publication date.
• MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications) Websites, pages on websites, eBooks, images, eArticles, social media...
• MLA Works Cited: Other Common Sources Interviews; speeches, lectures, or presentations; panel discussions; painting, sculpture, or photograph; conference proceedings, song or album; film or movie; podcasts; digital files
• MLA Works Cited Page: Books in Print
• MLA Works Cited Page: Periodicals in Print (Journals, Magazines & Newspapers)
• MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics
• MLA Style Sample Paper
• MLA Style Sample Works Cited
• MLA 9th PowerPoint Presentation

MLA Style 9th Annotated Bibliography via Purdue Owl

The links in Purdue OWL reflect MLA Style 9th Edition.

• Annotated Bibliographies Definitions and format
• Annotated Bibliography Breakdown How to...
• Annotated Bibliography Samples Sample annotations from annotated bibliographies, each with a different research project. Remember that the annotations you include in your own bibliography should reflect your research project and/or the guidelines of your assignment...

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How to Write a Research Paper in APA and MLA Format

Updated 02 Sep 2024

Properly formatting a research paper in APA or MLA style is essential for several reasons. First, it ensures that your work adheres to the academic standards required by your institution, making your paper look professional and credible. For instance, an APA style paper outlines essential components and formatting guidelines, such as the title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references, which are crucial for a professional and academically compliant presentation. Consistency in formatting helps readers easily navigate through your paper, understand the structure, and locate references.

Additionally, proper formatting demonstrates your attention to detail and respect for scholarly practices, which is crucial in academic writing. Whether using APA’s emphasis on author-date citation or MLA’s focus on page numbers for literary analysis, following the correct format enhances the clarity and authority of your research. Finally, it helps avoid plagiarism by ensuring that all sources are correctly cited, giving proper credit to the original authors and contributing to the integrity of your work. Additionally, it is crucial to format references correctly to ensure that all sources are properly cited and easily accessible to readers.

What is APA Formatting?

The APA style is a special format used in academic, business, and research writing for documentation of sources and publishing purposes. A research paper in APA format that you create must be presented in the latest 7th edition unless specified otherwise. Created by the American Psychological Association, hence the abbreviation, the latest manual is what we are going to reference in our APA guidelines to avoid confusion. It means that if your college professor asks for APA 7th edition, you are in the right place!

Published in October 2019, the latest edition of the writing style manual follows most rules that have been published before with a focus on simplification and readiness for publishing purposes. Speaking of research paper writing, the majority of students that use APA style format are majoring in subjects like Psychology, Sociology, Journalism, Education, Anthropology, Law, and Healthcare. Since it's relatively simple compared to Chicago, Harvard, or Turabian, it’s not hard to learn the basic rules as long as you remember the following:

There are in-text citations that you must use to provide a reference to a source mentioned in your text. The information that is required includes the author's name and the date of publication. You should also provide the page number or a section in the newspaper if such data is available.

There is a page called " References " that is placed at the end of your paper after your final conclusion part. This is exactly where you provide information (references) that list all of your sources that have been implemented in your research paper.

When to Cite a Source in APA Format?

This question often comes up. The answer is quite simple: when you need to summarize some data, paraphrase information you discover, or quote something from another source. These citations may include it all from books in print, scientific journals, online books, articles in a newspaper, reports, surveys, statistical data, and so on. When you use a reference, the APA 7th style format requires mentioning the name of the author and the year of publication that will look this way for a single author:

(Jones, 2005)

It means that you are dealing with an author with the last name Jones and something that has been published in 2005. Alternatively, your in-text citation can look this way:

Another important notion has been explained by the concept of mutual co-existence. According to Jones (2005), who believed that authoritarian leaders can exist in peace and mutual respect, we can conclude that...

What is the APA References Page?

We are certain that you have seen at least one references page before as you were looking through the final part of a research article online. The References page must list all of your sources alphabetically and may include up to 20 entries for a middle-sized research assignment. A typical APA example coming from a research journal looks this way:

Berry, B., Stipe, J. M., Wahlberg, R., and Zeldman, A. S. (2021). Social Interactions in Georgia State: A an overview of American South. Journal of Social Psychology , 34, 123-136.

As you can see, we have listed the authors alphabetically and mentioned the year of publication that is followed by the name of the scientific article. The name of the journal is given in italics to specify the importance of the source. It is followed by the journal’s volume and the number of pages that have been referenced.

Note: Remember that far not all sources and references that you may encounter are suitable for a research paper. EduBirdie experts recommend talking to your course instructor first and checking things twice regarding additional requirements and formatting. Our guide will provide you with the basic instructions on how to set things up to help your research paper meet the formatting standards.

APA Page Layout Disclaimer

Before you learn how to write a research paper in APA format by turning to various sections of our guide, it must be mentioned that using a Word processor or Google Docs as your writing source, it is essential to create a special page layout and the relevant headers that will be mentioned in our APA guide. While you can find online templates in APA format, these are not always accurate, which is why you must check things twice by focusing on fonts, headers, margins, indents, and other important aspects!

Writing a Research Paper in APA Style Format: General Requirements

1. Page Layout Rules

We'll start with the page layout that must be there all the time as this part of the APA 7th edition remains the same for all papers that you may encounter as a college student. Here is what you must do as you learn how to format a research paper:

Creating a document in MS Word or any other word processor of your choice, set your page margins to 1 inch on all sides of the page.

Your text must be double-spaced, including APA headings.

The APA 7th edition uses indents of the first line in every paragraph by 0.5 inches. Just press your TAB key once.

The recommended fonts for APA style format include Times New Roman (12 pt.), Arial (11 pt.), or Georgia (11 pt.). In certain cases, other fonts may be used, yet do so only after consulting your academic advisor.

Page numbers are included on every page of your document in the top right corner unless specified otherwise.

2 . Page Headers in APA 7th Edition

According to the manual, you must set your page header correctly. Every APA format research paper must provide headings that are written in upper case. Setting up your header, you must:

Click on the "Insert" tab in the MS Word toolbar.

Choose Header & Footer tab, click on Header and Blank.

The first (title) page of your APA research paper must include the left margin positioning where you type: MY RESEARCH PAPER TITLE. Of course, it's only an example and must be replaced by your actual title.

Tab once or twice to the right margin now.

Close your Header & Footer tab.

3. Page Numbering

Speaking of page numbering, use the default feature in MS Word or any other software to do so automatically. The page numbers must be placed in the top right corner and be present on all pages, including your references page. The title page in APA 7th edition should start from page number 1.

4. APA Title Page

Your title page in APA must start with the title of your paper, the name of the student or authors of the research project, and the institutional affiliation. All the lines must be centered and start in the middle of the title page. In addition to that, you must include your course number, instructor's name, and the due date of your research paper. It will look this way: 

The General Electrics Sample Title Page: 

Following the Engineering Principles of Electrical Circuit 

Department of Engineering, Georgia State University

ENGN 222: Electrical Engineering

Dr. Michael John Stipe

October 11, 2008

5. Table of Contents

A table of contents is only necessary if you are writing a thesis paper or working on a dissertation. This section must be placed between your abstract part and the introduction. Use the same font and size as the rest of your content. The text starts at the top of your page with the word "Contents". Every entry must be centered and in bold font. 

The outline in APA format follows the same rules and can be delivered as a separate document in most cases. The page margins remain the same with the page numbering starting from page one. The structure of a page (usually one page only) should include an introduction that mentions the main background points and your thesis, the main body with the elements that support your research thesis statement, and a short conclusion that makes your final take on things or your position clear.

Note : There are no headers or anything specific for an outline. You may copy the main paper's header by adding the word "OUTLINE". 

7. Abstract

Your abstract must appear on a separate page after your research paper's title page. It means that it should be numbered as page 2. Write "Abstract" in bold title case and center it at the top of your page. The abstract itself comes as the next paragraph with the 0.5 inches indent. The length of your abstract should be no longer than 250 words. You may write it down in a single paragraph or use a different kind of structure.

As you write, focus on the requirements that you want to achieve scientifically, consider your target audience as you explain your methodology and the problem that you are planning to explore. Describe your results and provide a brief conclusion to your work exactly as it would be done in a book’s review.

8. Body Parts

It does not matter if you are working on an essay or a complex research paper, APA style format does not mention any specific rules that must be used. Therefore, you should refer to your paper type. The majority of research papers should include an introduction with the list of research objectives (see research paper introduction example ), three to five body paragraphs that explain and support your arguments, and the conclusion part where you sum things up.

The body parts should start with the most important argument that speaks of your thesis and provides analytical information.

The second paragraph of the body in the APA research paper should implement statistical data, which is also considered as a reference. This is where you can use citations and refer to certain publications. Such an approach will help you to avoid plagiarism risks.

The last paragraph should provide alternative opinions and provide counter-arguments where additional citations, graphics, and multimedia sources can be added.

9. Conclusion

The APA manual mentions that your conclusion part should not use any citation elements in the final section and avoid introducing any new ideas. Keep this fact in mind and make sure that you leave suggestions and an overall review of your research paper.

Note: If you have any additional information that you refer to in your previous paragraphs, certain recommendations can be added as a research paper appendix section after your references page, yet always ask your academic advisor to ensure that it is applicable.

10. References Page

Start your References page by placing the word "References" at the top of the document’s layout. It must be centered and placed one inch down. Do not use capitalization, bold fonts, or italics.

All of your citations (references) must be double spaced and should have no additional lines in between.

If your reference goes past the first line, create a hanging indent by using tabulation.

Your references in APA 7th edition style are placed in alphabetical order.

If your reference does not start with the author, these are placed at the start of your paper, according to ABC.

The Writing Guides to Follow in APA 7th Citation Style

Basic citation rules in apa.

Let us imagine a situation when you need to cite a book in print for your research paper in APA style format. It will require the following information:

Author or authors of the book. The surname is always followed by the person’s initials.

The Year of publication of the book comes next in round brackets.

The book title is always placed in italics. Only the first letter of the first word in titles should be capitalized.

Edition (if available) also comes in round brackets. If the book represents the first edition, this part is not necessary.

DOI. It is necessary to include it (if available) for both online and print versions.

The second line of your citation in a References page must be indented per about 5 spaces.

For example:

Fisher, J.V. (2006). Teenage Violence: How do video games affect the modern youth? . Penguin Books.

For a journal article citation, provide the following information:

Author or authors of the article. The surname is always followed by the person’s initials.

The year of publication of the journal comes next in round brackets.

Journal title must be in italics.

Provide volume of journal (in italics).

Add an issue number of a journal in round brackets (no italics are necessary here).

Page range of article (if available).

Provide DOI or URL

Braxton, T. (2005). Asian Cuisine: A study of health benefits. Modern Health Care, 11(4), 34-36. https://doi.org/

Abbreviations

The rule of abbreviations in a research paper states that there should be at least three times when a certain abbreviation is used. If your abbreviation is only met once, it’s necessary to provide a complete spelling of your phrase each time you implement it for your assignment. When using APA style for research purposes, the use of abbreviation within headings is not necessary. Remember to provide a full term the first time you use an abbreviation by adding the abbreviated form in parentheses. APA 7th edition manual states that these must be used only when they help to provide a better kind of communication with your target audience.

The Use of Numbers & Punctuation

Turning to the latest APA style format manual, we can learn that one must use numerals to express numbers going from ten and above as numbers (12, 34, 721, and so on). When you have to use numbers up to ten, these are written in words such as "three positions", "two authors", "seven Chinese brothers", etc.

The rules also state that one must use commas between certain groups of three digits as you work with the figures. For example:

As over 2,000 people have participated in a meeting... 

Speaking of punctuation rules, the use of commas, periods, question marks, and exclamation cases must be put inside your quote marks. As for the rest of the punctuation marks, they go beyond your quotation.

Note: When you are planning to use a direct quote that is more than forty words, the block quotations are used with the indent.

Graphics & Multimedia in APA

Looking through the modern research paper APA format example, you will notice that there are frequent multimedia examples with the use of graphics. The use of graphics is permissible. Further research could explore the impact of multimedia on the readability of research papers.

If you are planning to use artwork from a museum in an online form, it looks this way:

Artist Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of the artwork [Format]. Location. URL

If there is a stock image:

Author. (Year). Title of image [format]. Website. URL

An image with no author or date would be resolved to this:

[Subject and type of work]. (n.d.). Your image’s URL.

Tips On How to Write a Research Paper in APA Format

Composing APA style research paper correctly, you must understand that such type of writing is not the same thing as the term paper or a simple essay that you do for college. It's not the same as a reflection paper either. You must provide research findings. It means that you should provide your writer's voice but do so in a limited way by focusing on methodology and an explanation of what you discover. Depending on your requirements and the grading rubric, you may have to provide 2-3 citations per page of your research as a way to support your arguments and reference at least one important publication that is dealing with your subject.

As you compose your research paper in the APA style format, make sure that you follow these simple academic writing tips:

Research tone must be present. It means that your research paper should not use the first person unless asked to. The general APA writing style manual recommends using "This study has been conducted by" phrases instead.

It’s recommended to avoid any personal information where you describe your experience. Don’t make the paper sound like a personal statement piece of writing. Your research assignment must synthesize various publications by comparing, contrasting, and finding similarities as you write.

APA 7th style manual asks to use the past tense, which means that you should say that your research paper has shown instead of using " shows ". There may be certain exceptions if you are turning to a certain timeline.

The use of contractions must be limited. It means that you should say " It does not result in " instead of " it doesn't result in ".

Your writing should stay honest and clear without specific bias. Your purpose is to research things without racial, sexual, religious, or gender discrimination.

The use of sources must be implemented correctly without turning your paper into a collection of sources.

Following these simple rules, you will be able to stay within the basic guidelines and follow the rules of APA-style writing. As always, there may be exceptions to every rule, which is why you must talk to your instructor in case of any doubts. Your college or university will always have a final say.

APA Style Format Bias-Free Language Matters

Writing a paper in APA format, one must remember the rules of bias-free language that are also mentioned in the APA 7th manual for research writing. The purpose is to use gender-neutral pronouns and strive for the avoidance of prejudicial beliefs or specific demeaning aspects that may appear as a negative attitude in your research writing. Therefore, when dealing with a sensitive subject, proofread your text twice and talk to your academic advisor before submitting your work. It will help us all create sincere and bias-free research works that follow the rules of mutual respect, multiculturalism, and democracy.

What is MLA Formatting? 

MLA stands for Modern Language Association and is currently in its 9th edition , which has been published in 2021. In simple terms, MLA style formatting is a special system of referencing and structuring research papers. The main purpose is to cite sources correctly and keep your research writing always accurate. By learning how to write a research paper in MLA format, you will be able to submit your college homework according to specified rules and will avoid confusion. You will also learn how to format and structure the list of bibliography references for a research or essay paper by using the Works Cited page. It is another essential aspect of MLA style format. It is also essential to format references correctly to ensure that all sources are properly cited and easily accessible to readers.

MLA style format aims to help your college professor and the target audience to navigate through your paper by turning to various in-text citations with an opportunity to see where information has been taken. Since MLA has specific standards, your academic advisor will check whether you have followed the rules and used the same format, font sizes, headers, and other aspects that make research writing universal.

What is MLA format then? The MLA style is mostly used by college students majoring in English, Literature, social sciences, arts, and humanities. One can assume that MLA style format is one of the most accessible writing standards, which is why it is often required during an introductory course where students learn how to structure their papers and keep information properly referenced.

When you are looking for reliable sources online, it will be easy to recognize the use of MLA format because of the famous MLA header that is always included on the first page where you must mention your full name, instructor’s name, your course, and the date. It is also necessary to use page formatting with your last name on each page, which also helps to determine that an MLA format has been used. We shall discuss this aspect further on as you proceed with our guide.

MLA Research Paper Format: General Guidelines 

If you are already familiar with at least one other academic writing format, you will already know the basics and it will be easier for you to process the information in MLA style. The majority of formats of research paper writing stand for the general rules on how to structure your page layout and a list of rules regarding correct citation. The most important is to start with the MLA header, which will look this way:

Adam Greeley

Professor Smith

Humanities 7311

14 May 2022

This header is always placed at the top left corner of the first page (no title page is required in most cases!) with the page number and your name aligned to the top right of the page. It will look this way:

The other rules on how to write a MLA research paper include:

The recommended fonts include Times New Roman, Arial, or Verdana in 12 pt size.

All the margins of the page in MS Word or a similar processor should be set at 1 inch.

The main content is double-spaced unless specified otherwise.

The MLA header is included only on the first page of your research paper.

The title of your work must be centered.

Every new research paper paragraph should have a hanging indent.

The MLA style uses the author-page citation pattern where you should list the author’s last name with the page number.

The Bibliography page has the “Works Cited” title at the top and center of the first page with your citations.

The sources are listed alphabetically.

Do not place a period after the title or headers.

Do not underline words unless it’s necessary.

Additionally, it is crucial to format references correctly to ensure that all sources are properly cited and easily accessible to readers.

It is recommended to use the rules of inclusive language, according to the latest manual edition of the MLA style. It means that you must avoid certain terms that focus on ethnic peculiarities, religion, gender, disability, age, or social challenges unless it is absolutely necessary. You can also use words like “human-made” to specify gender-neutral aspects.

MLA Research Paper Structure: Essential Parts

One of the most important parts of writing a research paper successfully is following the correct structure that is specified by the chosen writing style. Here are the MLA research paper format parts that you should consider:

Furthermore, it is essential to format references correctly to ensure that all sources are properly cited and easily accessible to readers.

It should have your university's name on top of the page, then the title of your research paper at the center of the page, and at the bottom of the page: your name, course name, professor's name, and the paper's due date (all centered).

Section Headings

The main heading should include your name, instructor's name, relevant class information, and the paper's delivery date.

The other MLA page headings:

First Level Heading.

Your text 

Second Level Heading.

Third Level Heading 

Fourth Level Heading

Fifth Level Heading 

Research Paper Outline

Title of the page (centered)

1. Introduction

Talk about the importance of your subject. 

An interesting topic sentence.

2. Thesis Statement

3. Body Paragraphs

Methodology. 

Research Justification. 

Research Findings.

4. Research Discussion

5. Conclusion

Thesis explanation. 

Introduction & Thesis

Talk about the importance of your research and use a strong thesis statement. Research paper MLA style guidebook recommends allocating about 10% of your final word count to this part.

This is where you must use in-text citations to support your arguments. Always introduce the subject that you want to explore, make a claim, and use citing only then to make it suitable.

In-text Citations

The classic in-text citation will look this way:

According to Darren Smith, “certain peculiarities have been noticed in Shakespeare’s perception of time and death” (9).

The majority of references to youth and the fragility help to understand how age has been limited by social circumstances (Smith 11).

Works Cited Page.

If you already know how to format your Bibliography, it is essential to look for complete information and provide as much as you can. If you are citing from a poetry book or an analysis paper that has been published:

Last Name, First Name of the author. “Title of your research paper.” Title of Collection , edited by Editor’s Name(s), Publisher, Year, page range of the data you have used.

Research paper MLA style Works Cited page example:

Stanley, Lace. “Shakespeare’s Psychology.” The Collected Classic English Poems, edited by John Langsley, Penguin Books, 2006, p.26. Only the first letter of the first word of both the chapter title and the book title should be capitalized.

Citing something from Jstor scientific database:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title.” Title of Scientific Journal , vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year of publication, pp. Pages, https://doi.org/DOI , or any relevant identifier.

Enciso, Patricia, et al. “Children’s Literature: Standing in the Shadow of Adults.” Reading Research Quarterly , vol. 45, no. 2, 2010, pp. 252–63. JSTOR , http://www.jstor.org/stable/20697185 . Accessed 20 Jun. 2022.

Regardless of whether you are using MLA format or would like to learn how to use different styles, your research paper should have an introduction, a review of the literature that you have used, the methodology that has been chosen, the results of your research, and a discussion of the findings, or you can simply pay someone to write my paper. You may also be limited by an introduction with a thesis statement, body parts with the arguments, and the conclusion part where you talk about the findings. It will always depend on your subject and research paper type.

Research Paper in MLA Format Writing Tips

Contrary to the popular belief, research paper writing in MLA format is not too difficult if you know the basic rules. If you plan to learn how to write a research paper in APA format, you will feel even more confident because you will be able to differentiate the styles. As a way to help you with your research writing, we have collected these simple MLA formatting for research paper tips:

Always start with the sources and check for Bibliography pages that may be included.

Use only verified sources and look for databases like Google Scholar, Jstor, PubMed, etc.

Always introduce your subject and talk about its importance.

Do not overuse citations in your research paper.

Correct Research Paper Formatting Helps to Avoid Plagiarism

Numerous college students often ask about the purpose of correct research formatting, be it MLA, APA, Chicago, or any other format. Formatting a research paper in MLA and APA formats can be time-consuming and intricate, leading many students to seek professionals who write essays for money to ensure their papers meet all formatting guidelines and academic standards. In addition to structuring things according to academic standards, the most important aspect of staying accurate as you research is to provide correct structure and citations if you use any external sources. It will help you to prepare your writing for publishing purposes and let you avoid plagiarism issues. It is the main purpose of correct research paper formatting. Moreover, it is essential to format references correctly to ensure that all sources are properly cited and easily accessible to readers. This guide contains the main rules that provide a checklist that will help you stay safe and follow all the essential rules.

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Written by Steven Robinson

Steven Robinson is an academic writing expert with a degree in English literature. His expertise, patient approach, and support empower students to express ideas clearly. On EduBirdie's blog, he provides valuable writing guides on essays, research papers, and other intriguing topics. Enjoys chess in free time.

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MLA Format Sample Paper, with Cover Page and Outline

Here is a sample paper in MLA format that has both the cover page and the outline pages . This paper has 10 pages so if you are under a slow Internet connection, please wait a few seconds for all of the pages to load. This paper is current with the latest MLA manual.

MLA Format Sample Paper, Title Page

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MLA Format Sample Paper, Page 1

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MLA Format Sample Paper, Works Cited

MLA Format Sample Paper, End of Sample Paper.

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Concise and easy to understand example. Thank you for your effort.

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Thank you for this resource; I am teaching MLA formatting to high school students and this will help with the “Why do we have to do it this way?!” questions. I just update them on the 8th edition changes.

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How to Use ChatGPT to Write a Research Paper: Prompts & Ideas 

If you’re a student, you’ve probably heard of ChatGPT. This advanced AI model can handle the task of writing an entire research paper from scratch. Many scholars use the chatbot to create texts with minimum effort. However, most of the time, the results are far from impressive. Plus, students risk getting punished for unethical AI use.

But what if we told you there are ways of using ChatGPT to create excellent papers and save time on the steps that would take ages to do manually?

In this article, our experts will discuss how to use the chatbot to make research writing easier. We will also explain what to avoid and suggest what custom GPTs you may use to make the writing process more efficient.

🔍 Is ChatGPT Good for Research?

• ✍️ Limitations of ChatGPT
• 🎯 How to Use AI to Write a Research Paper
• 🤔 Aspects AI Can’t Help You With
• 🚀 Best Custom GPTs for Research
• 💡 Key Takeaways

🔗 References

In general, it’s possible to use ChatGPT as a research assistant. But the question is, for what end can you use it?

Well, if your aim is not to generate an entire paper but rather to make some of the routine writing steps easier, then using an AI tool can be ethical and permissible.

For instance, you can use ChatGPT to:

• Search for information,
• Rewrite complex ideas,
• Summarize longer texts,
• Develop research questions ,
• Create research paper abstracts,
• Generate sample outlines.

ChatGPT is very effective when it comes to handling such tasks. It’s also absolutely legal to use it for these purposes.

All you need to do is write a very clear prompt . Otherwise, the chatbot might give you an irrelevant answer. We’re going to share the most effective prompts for various research purposes in the following sections.

But first, an important disclaimer:

We’re firmly against AI cheating , and we don’t encourage it in any shape or form. That’s why this guide will talk about legal and honest ways to use AI for research assistance.

✍️ Limitations of Using ChatGPT for Research

If you decide to use the chatbot for your academic work, it’s essential to consider its limitations . This will help you focus on what AI does best and avoid trusting it with things that can ruin your research.

Here are the main limitations you want to consider:

• It’s limited by the datasets . Because ChatGPT is not trained on recent data, it has no knowledge of the most up-to-date information or findings in specific fields.
• It lacks depth . While the chatbot can effectively summarize information, it may fail to fully grasp complex theories and arguments of a research topic.
• It tends to plagiarize . When ChatGPT generates its texts, it rehashes the information from its database. So, even if a text seems original, it contains other people’s ideas.
• It struggles with contextualizing and interpreting data . The chatbot lacks the human ability to analyze and contextualize information critically. It needs guidance through concrete, well-written prompts.
• It can present incorrect answers . Sometimes, the chatbot simply lacks information in a specific research field. This leads to inconsistencies and inaccuracies in the generated content.
• It’s prone to bias . Since ChatGPT is trained on online data that often includes biased and offensive information, it can generate statements expressing bias towards specific ideas or people.
• It’s associated with cheating . Some unethical researches generate entire papers without making any real effort. If students do the same, they will be caught with the help of AI essay checkers and punished for cheating.

Even though it may be tempting, it’s best not to rely on AI too much if you want to conduct good research. You can use some of the chatbot’s functions to make the process easier, but you still have to do most of the work yourself.

🎯 How to Use ChatGPT to Write a Research Paper: Top 11 Ideas

So, do you want to know how to use ChatGPT to write a paper? If you do, look no further!

The following list of tips will explain to you how to:

• Brainstorm topics,
• Create a roadmap,
• Refine your research topic,
• Find gaps in your outline,
• Locate sources,
• Find cases to explore,
• Summarize texts,
• Analyze statistical data,
• Edit as you write,
• Create an abstract,
• Format the references.

We’ve also included examples of the most effective prompts for each research aspect. Feel free to try them out!

1. Brainstorm Topics with ChatGPT

For many students, the most challenging part of research is the beginning. Sometimes, you just don’t know what to focus on. In situations like this, ChatGPT can help you brainstorm ideas and collect information.

Let’s assume you need to write an essay about pop culture and modern art, but you need help figuring out where to start.

The first step would be to create a good prompt for the chatbot. For instance, you can phrase your request like this:

The second step will be to choose one topic from the generated list and ask ChatGPT to tell you more about it.

For instance:

You’ll get a detailed answer on the subject.

Lastly, you can use the most interesting points from the last reply to narrow down your topic even further or to get more ideas for the direction of your paper.

For example:

And now you have fresh, focused topics that you can research.

2. Use AI to Create a Roadmap

Once you’ve chosen a topic, you can use ChatGPT to create a detailed roadmap that will guide your research and help you stay on track.

As we’ve mentioned before, when you work with ChatGPT, a good prompt is the key to getting a relevant answer. This is especially true for generating outlines and roadmaps. The more detailed and clear your prompt is, the better outcome you will get.

Here’s an example of what your request might look like:

The roadmap also included suggestions for a literature review, methodology, case studies, discussion, and other essential research components. You can use all this information to create an outline. To streamline this task, try using our free research paper outline generator .

We also suggest you research the topic before using AI. That way, you’ll have a general understanding of the subject and will be able to judge the quality of the generated roadmap.

3. Refine Your Research Question with AI

Any research needs a central question. Sometimes, it may be hard to collect your thoughts and come up with an interesting issue to focus on. In this case, you can use ChatGPT to assist you.

Here’s how:

• Describe the topic of your paper clearly and concisely.
• Ask the chatbot to suggest several research questions based on your requirements.
• Choose the best one.

Your prompt can look like this:

Tip : We also recommend using our free question generator from text . It will easily turn your research idea into a question without you having to come up with elaborate prompts.

4. Ask ChatGPT to Identify Gaps in Your Outline

Suppose you’re done with the outline and have the research question, but you feel something needs to be added to it. In that case, you can use ChatGPT to identify the gaps in your research plan.

Here’s what the prompt may look like:

5. Use the Chatbot to Find Sources

Once you have completed the preparation stage, it’s time to find suitable sources and start researching.

How can ChatGPT help you with it?

Well, one way is to ask ChatGPT to create a list of references on the subject. However, this is a bad idea since you’ll only get a list of nonexistent sources vaguely related to the central theme of your research.

Instead, we suggest you ask ChatGPT to locate relevant works on separate points from your outline. This will allow you to get a comprehensive overview of diverse aspects related to your topic and not just the central theme itself.

For instance, if the topic of your paper is the semiotics of memes used in modern art, one of the points in your outline can be dedicated to the visual language in memetic social commentary. Suppose this part of your research will be about 3 pages long.

So, you can ask the chatbot the following:

One thing to note is that ChatGPT can’t provide you with internet links, so you’ll have to look for sources on your own. And while you do that, you may also come across interesting articles or get new ideas that you can use to perfect your outline.

Tip : To ensure that your text doesn’t contain any plagiarized fragments from the sources, you may run it through our free plagiarism checker . And if you need additional clarifications regarding the meaning of complicated passages, feel free to use a quote explainer .

6. Find Specific Cases to Explore

Think your research lacks depth? Try adding to it real-life cases or specific historical incidents. They will help you support your statement, better convey your ideas, and add credibility to your paper.

If you want to include an example in your paper but struggle to think of one, you can use ChatGPT to look for a specific event or real-life instance related to your topic.

Here’s what the prompt can look like:

The results also included Brazilian, South Korean, and French memes with explanations. We’d say that’s enough to create a comprehensive overview. Just make sure to fact-check the generated examples and see if they actually exist.

7. Use AI to Summarize Lengthy Sources

If you need to learn the main idea of a lengthy passage quickly, you can use ChatGPT as a summarizer. This can be especially helpful when you’re working on a literature review and need brief descriptions of your sources.

Let’s try it with an article on the semiotics of memes :

When you need a summary, it’s best to provide the chatbot with the whole text by copy-pasting it. It’s important because if you use vague prompts with only the work’s title, the tool will either refer to a nonexistent work or refuse to answer the request:

Tip : In addition to ChatGPT, try using our key points maker . It will present all the necessary information from the text in a convenient list format. And if you need to create an overview of previous research for your paper’s introduction, use our background of the study generator .

8. Analyze Statistical Data with ChatGPT

Now, what should you do if your research includes statistical data? Sometimes, it can be hard to interpret numbers and connections between them. Luckily, ChatGPT can help you analyze and organize it, isolate the most critical pieces of data, and create a comprehensive summary.

To make it work, ensure that your prompt is as detailed as possible. You will also need to include the entire dataset in it.

Here’s an example:

The chatbot can also use inferential statistics methods such as chi-square tests or ANOVA , but that would require large, concrete numbers.

Otherwise, the chatbot will get stuck repeating the same formula:

Another important thing is not to rely on AI entirely when it comes to statistical analysis. The reason is that the chatbot can overlook certain things or give biased results. In some cases, ChatGPT usage for data analysis can lead to p- hacking , which is highly unethical.

What does this mean, exactly?

Well, p-hacking is a way of misusing data to create a statistically significant result when, in fact, it doesn’t exist. This leads to false conclusions and undermines the reliability of the study. For that reason, it’s crucial to analyze the data yourself and carefully double-check the results if you decide to delegate the task to AI.

Still, ChatGPT works effectively when it is necessary to summarize data or conduct a preliminary analysis of the statistical data and make conclusions depending on the study findings.

9. Use the Chatbot to Edit as You Write

While working on your paper, you may want to improve or edit its parts. That’s another aspect where ChatGPT will come in handy.

Here’s what it can do for you:

• Simplify the language . Some people use the tool to make their text more complex and formal, but more often than not, it only makes it unreadable. Simplifying it is a much better option.
• Shorten long or complex sentences . Using short sentences will help you create a more cohesive and reader-friendly paper.
• Substitute certain words with synonyms . This is especially useful when you want to say something complicated in a few words.
• Check your grammar . It’s always a good idea to proofread your paper to make sure everything runs smoothly.

Take a look at this text:

Within the contemporary art landscape, memes are used as agents of cultural discourse, where their inherent capacity for humor and cultural resonance help address the challenges of modern society. Memes fuse visual and textual elements, which allows them transcend traditional artistic mediums, thus offering artists a dynamic platform for critiquing current socio-political events. This combination of digital vernacular and artistic expression not only blurs the boundaries between high and low culture but also reflects the evolving nature of expression in the digital age.

It sounds overcomplicated, but we can improve it with the help of Chat GPT:

Want to know more? Check out our comprehensive guide on using ChatGPT to edit essays .

Tip : We recommend listening to the text of your research paper with our essay reader tool. This will help you effectively notice any inconsistencies, difficult wording, or confusing grammar patterns.

10. Create an Abstract with AI

When you’re done with the bulk of your research and have little time to work on your abstract, ChatGPT can be a real lifesaver.

Copying and pasting the whole paper into the chatbot may not be the best idea since the AI can miss important information and not include it in the abstract. Instead, it’s best to ask the tool to create short summaries for each section of your work.

What you need to do is start a new chat and use the following prompt with each portion of your text:

After that, you simply combine the summaries to create an abstract. You use ChatGPT to help you structure it with this prompt:

Note that the generated abstract contains phrases typical for ChatGPT, like “delves into.” If your professor decides to check such a text for AI, it will most probably be marked as suspicious. That’s why it is not a good idea to submit it as it is. Consider rewriting such an abstract manually or using an AI humanizer to quickly add a human touch.

Tip : Another easy way to create an abstract is to use our free online abstract generator .

11. Use ChatGPT to Format Your References

Creating a list of references is an essential part of any research. It’s also one of its most challenging and time-consuming aspects. After all, each formatting style has numerous specific characteristics that can easily get confused.

ChatGPT can save your time and help avoid unnecessary mistakes while citing the sources. The most important thing is not to ask the AI tool to generate references from scratch.

Instead, we recommend you find all the necessary data for the references yourself. Then, manually input these data into ChatGPT and ask it to create a reference for you. That way, you’ll ensure everything is formatted correctly and avoid citing nonexistent works in your paper.

🤔 Research Aspects AI Can’t Help You With

The list of research aspects ChatGPT can help you with may look very impressive, but don’t let it fool you! There are still plenty of things that shouldn’t be entrusted to AI tools . It’s essential to know about them since ChatGPT can easily make its users overestimate its abilities regarding research, writing, and editing.

Let’s see why you shouldn’t trust AI with the following:

• Experimental design and methodology,
• Moral reasoning,
• In-depth data analysis,
• Comprehensive literature review,
• Peer review and personalized guidance.

Experimental Design & Methodology

ChatGPT can do many things, but it still lacks the nuanced understanding and the expertise to design experiments and choose the correct methodology. The chatbot can suggest some general ideas or set the direction for your research, but you’ll have to work on your own to achieve the most accurate results.

Moral Reasoning

AI tools like ChatGPT lack moral reasoning and ethical judgment. They can write about ethical principles if you ask them to, but they don’t know how to apply these principles in their writing.

When you work on your research, considering small nuances and adhering to guidelines is very important, especially if your paper involves human subjects. For that reason, you have to rely on yourself to navigate ethical issues in your research.

In-Depth Data Analysis

To analyze or interpret the research data, you need to be well-versed in the subject of your study. While AI models work with a vast amount of data, they still lack in-depth information in certain study fields.

ChatGPT can be helpful if you want to analyze a small amount of data, but for more detailed and nuanced conclusions, it’s best to rely on yourself.

Comprehensive Literature Review

You can use ChatGPT to generate small summaries and lay the basis for your literature review. However, to make your research work, you’ll need an in-depth analysis that discusses the source’s relevance, credibility, and importance in the context of your research. This task is something ChatGPT can’t handle.

Peer Review & Personalized Guidance

Collaboration with other researchers in the same field is a chance to improve your knowledge, learn more about different perspectives, and receive valuable feedback. Surely, ChatGPT can check your paper for mistakes and evaluate it, but it can never replace a real peer review.

Remember to refrain from delegating these aspects to AI. This will help you avoid problems and make the most out of your research experience.

🚀 Use ChatGPT for Research Effectively with Custom GPTs

For a more effective AI-assisted writing process, we suggest you use custom models designed for specific research areas. Check out the best GPTs that can serve as your personal assistants.

Note : To use these custom models, you need a subscription to ChatGPT Plus. For $20 a month, you will access the most advanced LLM to date and enjoy many additional functions.

• SciSpace GPT . With this handy tool, you’ll have access to over 200 million academic articles right at your fingertips. SciSpace will give an accurate response to any scientific question and provide digestible summaries of research papers for a deeper study.
• Consensus . You can use this custom GPT to get an evidence-based answer to your question and conduct an in-depth literature search. Besides, Consensus can give you a proper bibliography list in the APA format.
• Scholar GPT . With this AI model, you can research millions of academic sources quickly and efficiently. Feel free to ask it for graphics, charts, and even real-time updates. It will also help you with problem-solving and NLP tasks.
• Research-Paper Analyzer . Want to have access to simplified summaries of complicated research papers? Try this GPT. It instantly extracts the main points of a study to facilitate easy comprehension. It can also analyze the credibility and relevance of a chosen paper.
• Academic Research Reviewer . Working with this GPT is like having a seasoned professor to help you refine your research paper. It will examine the depth of your literature review, underline the strengths and weaknesses of your paper, highlight gaps, and suggest areas for further research.
• PubMed Buddy . This GPT allows you to search for information in PubMed and UnPaywall databases. With PubMed Buddy, you’ll avoid going through countless irrelevant studies and have more time to spend on the more exciting research aspects.
• Chemistry Lab Partner . Get specific help on difficult chemistry questions with this tool. Analyzing data and explaining concepts are not the only functions of Chemistry Lab Partner. It can also assist with your lab work and even enable virtual experiments.
• Graduate Level Physics GPT . Try this custom GPT to make the advanced physics more understandable. It’s a practical tool that breaks complicated topics into brief and digestible explanations. Besides, it assists with physics problems and research.
• Physics Tutor . Do physics concepts seem too complex and intimidating to you? This GPT is here to sort things out. It will give simple and clear explanations understandable to physics students and laypeople who are just curious about how this world works.
• Math Expert . Working with this GPT is like having a helpful math tutor available anytime. It not only gives you a correct solution to any problem or equation but also provides a step-by-step explanation of how to get there.

💡 How to Use ChatGPT for Research: Key Takeaways

ChatGPT is a smart and helpful tool that can help you simplify some of the steps of your research process. You can use it to:

• Look for fresh and exciting topics,
• Create roadmaps,
• Find sources,
• Find real-life examples,
• Create research questions,
• Identify gaps in your outline,
• Analyze statistics,
• Edit your writing,
• Create abstracts,

One thing to remember is that relying on yourself is always a better option. Even though AI can save you lots of time, it still lacks ethical judgment, critical thinking, and expert knowledge in your field. If you decide to use ChatGPT in your research, make sure to double-check everything it produces and never use generated replies in your texts.

We hope you’ve found this article helpful and learned something new. Now, you know how to use ChatgGPT ethically, so you don’t have to worry about being caught. We suggest you check out your school’s guidelines before using the chatbot. Feel free to share your experiences working with AI tools in the comments below!

Want to know more about using ChatGPT in your studies? Check out our in-depth articles with tips on how to generate longer essays and make AI texts undetectable .

• How to Use ChatGPT to Do Research for Papers, Presentations, Studies, and More: ZDNet
• Three Ways to Leverage ChatGPT and Other Generative AI in Research: Times Higher Education
• The Top 10 Limitations of ChatGPT – Forbes
• Top 10 Drawbacks of Using ChatGPT in Academics: Analytics Insight
• The Best Custom GPTs to Make ChatGPT Even More Powerful: Digital Trends
• How to Use ChatGPT for Research and Essays: MakeUseOf
• Increase Your Creativity with ChatGPT – Psychology Today
• How Can I Use ChatGPT in My Research Work?: GitHub
• How to Use ChatGPT as a Research Tool: LinkedIn
• The Best AI Tools to Power Your Academic Research: Euronews
• ChatGPT and Fake Citations: Duke University
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When And How To Cite AI In MLA/APA Formats

Declan Gessel

Sep 5, 2024

Artificial intelligence tools can boost the writing process for students and researchers alike, but what happens when you use AI to find sources for your essay? If you're like most people, you need to learn how to cite the AI program that helped you. Fortunately, you're not alone. Many students and academics need help with how to credit artificial intelligence appropriately. 

This guide will allow you to transition from the anxiety of not knowing how to cite AI in your paper to confidently understanding how to do it in no time. Keep reading if you're ready to find sources for essay and learn how to cite them in MLA format. Jotbot's source finder can help you find sources for your essay quickly and easily. It also generates accurate citations in multiple formats, including MLA and APA, so you can properly credit artificial intelligence and any other source that may have influenced your work.

Table Of Contents

Understanding the rise of ai in writing and research, why citing ai tools is important, when to cite ai tools, how to cite ai in apa format, ethical considerations and best practices for using ai in academics, what are the main challenges faced when using ai for academic writing, how jotbot can help you cite ai tools, write smarter with jotbot's source finder — start writing for free today.

Artificial Intelligence , or AI, is quickly changing the academic writing and research world. AI tools can help researchers and writers produce better work in less time, and they’re becoming more accessible and sophisticated by the day. In the early 2000s, grammar and spelling checkers made up the most available AI tools for writers. However, as natural language processing (NLP) technology advanced, more sophisticated AI writing assistants emerged in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Today, AI writing tools are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with the ability to generate entire paragraphs or articles based on a given prompt. The rise of large language models like GPT-3 has further accelerated the development of AI writing tools, making them more powerful and versatile. 

The Importance of Citing AI-Generated Content 

A common misconception about academic writing is that it involves producing an original piece. While originality certainly has its place, academic writing is more about contributing to a larger scholarly conversation. This means that writers need to pay close attention to the work of others and properly cite any sources used. The same goes for AI-generated content. Even if the material produced by an AI tool is unique, it may still contain information gleaned from external sources. Citing these sources is crucial for maintaining academic integrity.

Related Reading

• Citing ChatGPT • How To Find Academic Sources • Using AI For Research • Essay Sources • How To Find Good Sources • AI In Academic Writing • Most Reliable Sources For Research • AI For Research Paper Writing • How To Get ChatGPT To Cite Sources

The Ethical Implications of AI in Academic Work

The increasing use of AI tools in academic writing and research raises several ethical concerns that must be addressed. 

Plagiarism and Academic Dishonesty

AI tools like ChatGPT can generate essays, solve problems, and produce content that is difficult to distinguish from human-written work. This makes it easier for students to engage in academic dishonesty by passing off AI-generated content as their own, which undermines the learning process and erodes academic integrity. 

Bias and Lack of Transparency

AI systems are trained on large datasets that may contain biases and inaccuracies. The inner workings of AI models are often opaque, making it challenging to identify and mitigate biases in the generated content. This can perpetuate biased or misleading information in academic work. 

Overreliance and Deskilling

Excessive use of AI tools in academic writing and research may lead to declining critical thinking and writing skills among students and researchers. There is a risk of over-relying on AI-generated content and losing the ability to engage in independent, original research and writing. 

Privacy and Data Protection

AI in education often involves collecting and analyzing large amounts of student data. Ensuring the privacy and security of this data is crucial, as any breaches or misuse could have severe consequences for students. 

Equity and Access

AI tools may not be equally accessible to all students, potentially exacerbating educational inequalities. The cost of AI tools and the digital divide may limit access for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. 

Implications of Not Addressing Ethical Concerns 

Failure to address these ethical concerns can lead to several negative consequences: 

Erosion of Academic Integrity

If left unchecked, using AI-generated content in academic work can undermine the credibility of educational institutions and the value of degrees and qualifications. 

Perpetuation of Biases and Misinformation

The unethical use of AI in academic work can contribute to the spread of biased and misleading information, which can have far-reaching consequences in various fields. 

Legal and Reputational Risks

Institutions that fail to protect student data and ensure ethical AI practices may face legal consequences and reputational damage. 

Widening of Educational Inequalities

If AI tools are not accessible to all students, using these technologies in education may exacerbate existing inequalities and limit opportunities for disadvantaged students. 

Best Practices for Ethical AI Use in Academia 

To mitigate these ethical concerns and ensure the responsible use of AI in academic work, the following best practices should be implemented: 

Develop Clear Policies and Guidelines

Institutions should establish clear policies and guidelines for using AI tools in academic work, including requirements for disclosure and attribution. 

Provide Training and Education

Students and faculty should receive training on the ethical use of AI tools, including identifying AI-generated content and correctly citing and attributing such content. Implement 

Detection and Monitoring Systems

Institutions should invest in tools and systems to detect AI-generated content and monitor academic dishonesty. 

Foster a Culture of Academic Integrity

Institutions should promote an academic integrity culture emphasizing the importance of original work, critical thinking, and ethical research practices. 

Ensure Algorithmic Transparency and Fairness

AI tools used in educational work should be designed with transparency and fairness, and measures should be in place to identify and mitigate biases.

The Necessity of Giving Credit to AI Tools as Contributors to Research and Writing

As AI tools become increasingly integrated into academic writing and research, it is crucial to acknowledge their contributions. Failing to give credit to AI tools undermines transparency, erodes trust in research findings, and violates ethical principles of academic integrity. Here's a step-by-step guide on properly crediting AI tools, their importance, potential problems, and solutions. 

How to Credit AI Tools Identify AI Tools Used

List all AI tools utilized in the research process, including writing assistance, data analysis, literature review, and experimental design. 

Specify Contributions

Describe the specific contributions of each AI tool, such as generating text, analyzing data, or optimizing experimental parameters. 

Provide Details

Include relevant details about the AI tools, such as the version, developer, and any customization or fine-tuning performed. 

Cite Sources

Provide citations for any published papers or documentation related to the AI tools. 

Acknowledge Limitations

Discuss any limitations or potential biases introduced by the AI tools and how they were mitigated. 

Include in Acknowledgments

List the AI tools in the acknowledgments section of the paper, along with a brief description of their contributions. 

Why Credit AI Tools? Transparency

Crediting AI tools promotes transparency in the research process, allowing readers to understand the role of technology in the study. 

Acknowledging AI contributions upholds the principles of academic integrity by providing a complete and accurate account of the research methods. 

Replicability

Proper attribution enables other researchers to replicate the study using the same AI tools, ensuring consistency and comparability of results. 

Ethical Compliance

Many institutions and journals have policies requiring the disclosure of AI use in research. Crediting AI tools demonstrates compliance with these guidelines. 

Accountability

Acknowledging AI contributions holds researchers accountable for the responsible use of technology in their work. 

Potential Problems and Solutions Lack of Awareness

Some researchers may need to be made aware of the need to credit AI tools. Providing clear guidelines and training can help address this issue. 

Uncertainty about Contributions

Researchers may need help to determine AI tools' specific contributions. Collaborating with AI experts and documenting the research process can help clarify these contributions. 

Concerns about Diminishing Human Contributions

Researchers may worry that crediting AI tools overshadows or diminishes the importance of human contributions. Striking a balance in the acknowledgments and emphasizing the complementary roles of humans and AI can mitigate this concern. 

Resistance to Change

Some researchers may be reluctant to adopt new practices of crediting AI tools. Fostering a culture of transparency and ethical AI use, as well as providing incentives for compliance, can help overcome this resistance. 

Expert pinion 

Expert opinion on using AI tools in academic writing and research , drawing from the provided search results, The increasing use of AI tools in academic writing and study presents both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, AI can enhance efficiency, improve writing quality, and facilitate collaboration. AI tools can assist in idea generation, content structuring, literature synthesis, data management, editing, and ethical compliance. 

They can save researchers time by quickly locating relevant information in research articles, identifying key sections, and generating summaries. However, the use of AI tools also raises significant ethical concerns. Scholars have been caught incorporating verbatim text from AI language models like ChatGPT into peer-reviewed articles, which erodes academic integrity. There are risks of plagiarism, perpetuating biases, and over-relying on AI to the detriment of critical thinking skills. 

Multi-Faceted Approach 

Develop clear policies and guidelines for using AI tools in academic work, including requirements for disclosure and attribution. Provide training and education to students and faculty on AI's ethical use, including identifying AI-generated content and properly citing sources. Implement detection and monitoring systems to identify AI-generated text and prevent academic dishonesty. 

Critically evaluate the output of AI tools rather than blindly accept them as accurate, supplement AI-generated summaries by reading sources. Use AI tools to assist in writing by paraphrasing and summarizing information, but avoid simply copying and pasting AI-generated text. View AI as a tool to enhance human capabilities, not replace them entirely. Originality, creativity, and critical thinking are crucial for scientific progress. 

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Understanding When to Cite AI-Generated Content in Academic Writing

As artificial intelligence continues to gain traction, it is becoming more prevalent in academic writing. The emergence of AI-generated content is already raising questions about academic integrity, forcing researchers to consider how to address this new technology in their work. One of the most pressing concerns is whether AI tools should be cited as a source. So, do you cite AI? The answer is it depends. Here’s a closer look at when and how to cite AI-generated content in academic writing. 

When AI-Generated Content Must Be Cited

AI-generated content has become increasingly prevalent in academic writing and research, necessitating clear guidelines for when and how to cite such content. Understanding the situations where AI-generated content must be noted is crucial for maintaining academic integrity. Here’s a detailed explanation of these situations and a step-by-step guide on how to cite AI-generated content. 

Situations Where AI-Generated Content Must Be Cited

Direct text generation.

It must be cited when you use text generated directly by an AI tool, such as paragraphs, sentences, or phrases. This includes any verbatim text that you incorporate into your work. 

Summaries and Paraphrasing

If you summarize or paraphrase content produced by an AI tool, you must still provide a citation. This acknowledges that the underlying ideas or information originated from the AI. 

Ideas and Concepts

These should also be credited when AI tools generate unique ideas or concepts that influence your research or writing. This is particularly relevant if the AI tool provides insights that shape your arguments or conclusions. 

Data and Analysis

If AI tools assist in analyzing data or generating findings, the output should be cited. This includes any statistical analysis, visualizations, or interpretations the AI produces. 

Images and Visual Content

When using AI-generated images or graphics, it is essential to cite the tool that created them and provide details about the prompt used to generate the content. 

Interactive Content

If you engage with AI tools in a way that generates responses or content (e.g., chatbots), any significant output from these interactions should be cited. 

Step-by-Step Guide to Citing AI-Generated Content

Determine the type of content.

Identify whether the content is text, summary, idea, data, or visual material generated by AI. 

Choose the Appropriate Citation Style

Decide which citation style you use (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.), as guidelines for citing AI-generated content may vary. 

Format the Citation

Follow the specific format for the chosen citation style. Here are examples of different styles: 

APA Style: 

Format: Author. (Year). Title of tool (Version) [Description]. URL Example: OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat 

MLA Style: Format: "Description of prompt." Name of AI tool, version, Company, Date, URL. Example: "Explain the process of photosynthesis." ChatGPT, OpenAI, Mar. 14, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. 

Chicago Style: Format: Text generated by [AI tool], Date, Company, URL. Example: Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, Mar. 14, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. 

Include In-Text Citations: Whenever you reference AI-generated content in your writing, include an in-text citation corresponding to your full citation. 

Document the Context: In your writing, provide context about how you used the AI tool, such as specifying the prompt or the nature of the interaction. 

Review and Verify: Check your citations against the latest guidelines from your institution or relevant style guides to ensure accuracy. 

Why You Should Cite AI-Generated Content

Maintain academic integrity.

Citing AI-generated content upholds the ethical standards of academic work by acknowledging the contributions of the technology. 

Enhance Credibility

Proper citations enhance the credibility of your work by demonstrating thoroughness in research and respect for intellectual property. 

Facilitate Verification

Citing sources allows readers to verify the information and understand the context in which the AI was used. 

Problems That Might Be Faced

Lack of familiarity.

Researchers may need to become more familiar with the nuances of citing AI-generated content, leading to potential errors. 

Evolving Guidelines

Citation guidelines for AI still need to be developed, creating confusion about best practices. 

Overreliance on AI

There may be a tendency to over-rely on AI-generated content, leading to insufficient critical engagement with the material. 

Education and Training

Institutions should provide resources and training on how to cite AI-generated content effectively. 

Develop Clear Guidelines

Academic institutions and publishers should establish clear, updated guidelines for citing AI-generated content to reduce confusion. 

Encourage Critical Engagement

Researchers should be encouraged to critically evaluate and synthesize AI-generated content rather than simply incorporating it into their work. 

Distinguishing Between When to Cite AI-Generated Content and AI Assistance

There is a clear distinction between AI-generated content that requires citation and AI assistance that does not. 

Situations Not Requiring Citation

Essential Idea Generation: If you use AI tools to brainstorm ideas or generate outlines without directly incorporating specific text or ideas, a citation may not be necessary. However, it is good practice to acknowledge the use of AI assistance in the writing process. 

Editing and Proofreading: If AI tools are used solely for grammar checks, spelling corrections, or style suggestions without generating new content, you typically do not need to cite these contributions. 

Common Knowledge: Information that is widely known and accepted (e.g., facts like "water boils at 100 degrees Celsius") does not require citation, regardless of whether it was generated by AI or found through traditional research. 

Case Studies Illustrating When AI-Generated Content Should Be Cited

Here are a few case studies illustrating situations where AI-generated content should be cited in academic writing: 

1. Using AI for Idea Generation

A researcher is working on a paper exploring the potential of renewable energy sources. They use an AI tool to brainstorm ideas and generate an outline for the paper. AI Involvement: The AI tool provides a list of potential renewable energy sources to consider and a suggested outline for the paper. 

The researcher reviews and refines the ideas and outlines. Is a direct citation needed? No direct citation is required for the AI-generated ideas and outline, as they were used as a starting point for the researcher's work. However, it is good practice to acknowledge the use of the AI tool in the paper's methods section or acknowledgments. 

2. Incorporating AI-Generated Text

A student is writing a paper on the history of the Internet. They use an AI tool to summarize the key events and milestones. AI Involvement: The AI tool generates a paragraph-length summary of the history of the Internet based on the student's prompt. The student incorporates portions of the summary into their paper. 

Citation Needed?: Yes, the student should cite the AI-generated text using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) and include the prompt used to generate the text in the citation. 

3. Using AI for Data Analysis

A researcher is analyzing a large dataset on global temperature trends. They use an AI tool to identify patterns, generate visualizations, and interpret the findings. AI Involvement: The AI tool processes the dataset, creates various data visualizations, and provides insights into the temperature trends. The researcher incorporates the AI-generated visualizations and findings into their paper. 

Citation Needed?: Yes, the researcher should cite the AI tool used for data analysis and include details about the specific tasks performed by the AI (e.g., data processing, visualization generation, interpretation). Citations and figure captions should be included in the methods section. 

4. Editing with AI Assistance

A graduate student is proofreading their thesis. They use an AI-powered writing assistant to check for grammar, spelling, and style errors. AI Involvement: The AI tool identifies and suggests corrections for various grammatical and stylistic issues in the thesis. The student reviews and implements the proposed changes. 

Citation Needed?: No citation is needed for AI-powered editing assistance, as the AI tool does not generate new content but provides suggestions for improvement. However, the student should acknowledge the use of the AI tool in their methods section or acknowledgments. 

These case studies illustrate that while AI can be a valuable tool in various stages of the writing process, it is essential to understand when and how to cite AI-generated content to maintain academic integrity. 

Recognizing AI Involvement in Different Stages of Writing 

AI can be involved in various stages of the writing process, from ideation to final editing. Here's a detailed explanation of how AI can be used at each stage: 

Idea Generation 

AI tools can assist in brainstorming ideas and generating paper outlines. They can provide prompts, suggest topics, and help structure the argument. For example, an AI tool might help explore the potential of renewable energy sources or provide a suggested outline for a paper on the history of the Internet. 

Research and Literature Review 

AI can help researchers gather and synthesize information from various sources. AI-powered search engines and research assistants can quickly locate relevant literature, identify key findings, and generate summaries. However, verifying the accuracy of the AI-generated information and citing the sources is crucial. 

Drafting and Writing 

AI tools can help generate text for various sections of a paper, such as introductions, literature reviews, and conclusions. They can also assist in rephrasing and paraphrasing content. However, any AI-generated text should be carefully reviewed, edited, and cited appropriately. 

Data Analysis and Visualization 

AI can process large datasets, identify patterns, and generate visualizations. Researchers can use AI tools to create graphs, charts, and other visual representations of their findings. These AI-generated visualizations should be cited in the paper, along with details about the specific tasks performed by the AI. 

Editing and Proofreading 

AI-powered writing assistants can help identify and correct grammar, spelling, and style errors. They can also suggest improvements to sentence structure and clarity. While these tools can be helpful, they should be used judiciously and acknowledged in the paper.

How to Cite AI in MLA Format

The Modern Language Association (MLA) has provided rules for citing AI-generated content in academic writing. While AI tools can assist in various stages of the writing process, acknowledging their contributions is crucial to maintaining transparency and academic integrity. 

Cite AI-generated content whenever you directly quote, paraphrase, or incorporate it into your work, regardless of whether it is text, images, or data. 

Treat AI tools as the "author" of the generated content, using the tool's name and the company that created it. Include the version of the AI tool and the date you accessed it in your citation. Provide the URL of the AI tool in your citation. Alphabetize AI citations in your works cited list by the first word in the citation, typically the name of the AI tool. 

Creating an MLA Citation for AI Tools

Here's a step-by-step guide on how to format AI-generated content in MLA style: 

Begin the citation with the prompt or description of the AI-generated content in quotation marks. 

Follow the prompt with the name of the AI tool in italics. 

Include the version of the AI tool (if available) and the company that created it. 4. Provide the date you accessed the AI tool. 

5 End the citation with the URL of the AI tool. 

Example MLA Citation for ChatGPT

Explain the process of photosynthesis." ChatGPT, GPT-4, OpenAI, 30 Jun. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat. 

Example MLA Citation for Jotbot

Generate a haiku about nature." Jotbot, Anthropic, 15 May 2023, www.anthropic.com/jotbot. 

Integrating AI Citations Into Your MLA-Formatted Paper

Use parenthetical citations to reference AI-generated content within your text, following the same format as you would for a human author. 

(ChatGPT, GPT-4) If the AI-generated content is short, you can incorporate it directly into your paragraph. Consider including it in an appendix or as a supplementary file for longer content. Maintain consistency in your citation style throughout your paper, following the guidelines set forth by the MLA Handbook. If you need help citing a specific type of AI-generated content, include a note in your text explaining how you used the tool and the purpose of the content. 

Best Practices for Citing AI-Generated Content

Be transparent.

Indicate when AI tools have contributed to your work. 

Document Your Process

Record how you used the AI tool, including prompts and responses. 

Consult Institutional Guidelines

Always check your institution’s guidelines regarding AI tools and citation practices. 

Use Consistent Formatting

Ensure all citations, including those for AI-generated content, follow the same formatting rules throughout your paper. 

If the AI-generated content has limitations or biases, mention this in your work to maintain transparency.

Potential Problems and Solutions

Uncertainty about citation requirements.

Problem: Students may need help to cite AI-generated content properly. 

Solution: Consult citation guides, institutional resources, or instructors to clarify citation practices. 

Problem: Citation styles for AI-generated content still need to be developed, leading to confusion. 

Solution: Stay updated on the latest citation guidelines from reputable sources and adapt as necessary. 

Problem: There may be a tendency to rely too heavily on AI-generated content, diminishing original thought. Solution: Use AI as a supplementary tool rather than a primary content source. Engage critically with the material generated. 

Plagiarism Concerns 

Problem: Misusing AI-generated content without proper citation can lead to accusations of plagiarism. 

Solution: Always attribute AI-generated content appropriately and ensure it is integrated into your work ethically. 

Technical Issues 

Problem: Technical difficulties accessing or using AI tools may hinder the citation process. 

Solution: Familiarize yourself with the AI tool’s functionalities and seek help from technical support if needed. 

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Overview of APA Guidelines for AI-Generated Content

The American Psychological Association has begun to establish guidelines for citing AI-generated content. The AI tool's developer or organization is considered the author. This approach emphasizes transparency and proper attribution in academic work. 

General Rules for Citing AI Tools in APA Format

Cite AI-generated content whenever you directly quote, paraphrase, or incorporate it into your work. Treat the AI tool's developer as the author of the generated content. Include the version of the AI tool and the date of access. Provide the URL of the AI tool. In-text citations should include the name of the AI tool, its developer, and the year of publication. 

Creating an APA Citation for AI Tools

Step-by-step guide.

Identify the Prompt: Write down the exact prompt or query you provided to the AI tool.

Gather Citation Information: Author: The developer or organization of the AI tool (e.g., OpenAI). Date: The year the AI-generated content was created. Name of Tool: The name of the AI tool (e.g., ChatGPT). Version: Note the version of the AI tool if applicable. URL: Include the URL for the AI tool. 

Format the Citation: Format: Author. (Year). Name of tool (Version) [Description]. URL Example: OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. 

Include In-Text Citations: Use parenthetical citations within your text to reference the AI-generated content. 

Example: (OpenAI, 2023) Create a References Page: List all AI-generated content citations at the end of your paper according to APA guidelines. 

Integrating AI Citations into Your APA-Formatted Paper

Seamless inclusion.

When referencing AI-generated content in your text, include it naturally within your discussion. For example, "According to the AI-generated summary, 'photosynthesis is the process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy' (OpenAI, 2023)." 

Clarity and Consistency

Maintain clarity by ensuring that AI citations are formatted consistently with other citations in your paper. Contextual Explanation: Provide context for how the AI tool was used if necessary. For example," Using ChatGPT, I generated a summary of photosynthesis to understand the topic better."

Always check your institution’s guidelines regarding using AI tools and citation practices. 

If the AI-generated content has limitations or biases, mention this in your work to maintain transparency. 

Potential Challenges and Solutions

Problem: Students may need help citing AI-generated content properly. 

Problem: There may be a tendency to rely too heavily on AI-generated content, diminishing original thought. 

Solution: Use AI as a supplementary tool rather than a primary content source. Engage critically with the material generated. 

Plagiarism Concerns

Problem: Misusing AI-generated content without proper citation can lead to accusations of plagiarism. Solution: Always attribute AI-generated content appropriately and ensure it is ethically integrated into your work. 

Technical Issues

Problem: Technical difficulties accessing or using AI tools may hinder the citation process. Solution: Familiarize yourself with the AI tool’s functionalities and seek help from technical support if needed. 

Expert Opinion 

According to a guide from the University of Oregon, “When citing AI-generated content using APA style, you should treat that content as the output of an algorithm, with the author of the content being the company or organization that created the model.” This perspective emphasizes the importance of proper attribution and the evolving nature of citation practices as AI technology develops.

The Importance of Transparency When Using AI in Academic Work

Transparency establishes trust between researchers, institutions, and the public. When AI tools are used in research, stakeholders must understand how these tools operate, what data they use, and how they arrive at their conclusions. Clear communication about the AI's functions helps mitigate bias, reliability, and ethical use concerns. 

Ensuring Accountability

Transparent AI practices allow for research accountability. When researchers disclose the AI tools they use and how they integrate them into their work, it becomes easier to identify who is responsible for the research's outcomes. This accountability is crucial, especially in high-stakes healthcare fields where AI can influence patient outcomes.

Promoting Ethical Standards

Transparency in AI usage aligns with ethical research practices. By openly discussing AI tools' limitations and potential biases, researchers can ensure that their work adheres to moral standards. This transparency helps to prevent the misuse of AI-generated content and promotes a culture of integrity within academic institutions.

Facilitating Collaboration

Transparent practices encourage collaboration among researchers, AI developers, and other stakeholders. When everyone understands how AI tools work and their potential impacts, it fosters a collaborative environment where knowledge can be shared and best practices can be developed. 

Enhancing Public Understanding

Transparency helps demystify AI technology for the general public. Institutions can enhance public understanding and acceptance of AI in academia by providing clear explanations of how AI tools function and their role in research.

Best Practices for Acknowledging AI Assistance in Research and Writing

Document ai usage .

Keep detailed records of how AI tools were used in your research process , including prompts, generated content, and the specific tasks performed by the AI. This documentation will be helpful for transparency and accountability. 

Cite AI Tools Appropriately 

To properly cite AI-generated content in your work, follow established citation guidelines (such as APA or MLA). This includes providing the name of the AI tool, the organization behind it, the version, and the date of access. 

Include Contextual Information 

When discussing AI-generated content in your writing, provide context about how the AI was utilized. Explain the AI tool's purpose and how it contributed to your research or writing.

Be upfront about your AI tools' limitations and potential biases. Discuss how these limitations may affect your research findings or conclusions.

Educate Stakeholders

Conduct workshops or informational sessions to educate colleagues and students about the ethical use of AI in research. This can foster a culture of transparency and accountability within the academic community. 

Engage in Continuous Reflection 

Regularly reflect on the impact of AI tools on your research and writing processes. Consider how they influence your conclusions and whether your reliance on AI is appropriate. 

Collaborate with AI Experts 

Work with AI developers or specialists to understand the tools better and their implications for your work. This collaboration can enhance the quality of your research and ensure ethical practices.

According to a report by the European Commission, “Transparency is one of the key requirements for trustworthy AI, as it fosters trust and accountability in AI systems.” This highlights the importance of transparency in building trust and ensuring that AI is used responsibly in various fields, including academia. By prioritizing transparency, researchers can harness the benefits of AI while upholding the highest ethical standards. 

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The Ethical Quagmire: Honest Work and AI

AI tools can facilitate academic dishonesty, including plagiarism and the unauthorized use of AI-generated content. The ease with which students can generate papers or sections of documents using AI raises concerns about the authenticity of their work. 

The Quality of AI: Does It Even Understand What It’s Writing About?

AI-generated content may lack depth, accuracy, and context. While AI tools can produce grammatically correct text, they may need to fully grasp the nuances of complex academic topics, leading to superficial or misleading conclusions. 

Don’t Let AI Do the Thinking for You

Students and researchers may become overly dependent on AI tools, undermining their critical thinking and writing skills. This reliance can stifle creativity and original thought, essential components of academic research. 

The Biases of AI: Garbage In, Garbage Out

AI tools are trained on existing datasets, which may contain biases. Consequently, the outputs generated by these tools can reflect and perpetuate those biases, leading to skewed or unbalanced perspectives in academic writing. 

The Black Box of AI: Transparency or Mystery? 

Many AI tools operate as black boxes, where the internal workings are not visible to users. This lack of transparency can make it difficult for researchers to understand how conclusions are drawn, complicating the evaluation of the reliability of the generated content. 

The Technical Limitations of AI: One Size Doesn’t Fit All

AI tools may only sometimes understand the specific requirements of different academic disciplines. This can lead to inappropriate or irrelevant content generation, requiring significant editing and revision by the user. 

Step-By-Step Guide to Avoiding Challenges

Educate users .

Provide training on the ethical use of AI tools and the importance of academic integrity. Institutions should hold workshops to inform students about the risks associated with AI-generated content. 

Establish Clear Guidelines 

Develop institutional policies regarding the acceptable use of AI in academic writing . These guidelines should clarify ethical use and how to properly cite AI-generated content. 

Encourage Critical Thinking 

Promote the development of critical thinking and writing skills by encouraging students to engage deeply with their topics rather than relying solely on AI-generated content. 

Use AI as a Supplement 

Encourage students to use AI tools as supplementary aids rather than primary content sources. This approach helps maintain originality and personal engagement with the material. 

Review AI Outputs 

Implement a review process for AI-generated content, ensuring students critically assess and edit the material before submission. 

Monitor for Bias 

Educate users about the potential biases in AI-generated content. Encourage diverse sources and perspectives to counteract any bias present in AI outputs. 

The Risks of Relying on AI in Academic Writing

The use of AI-generated content in academic publications carries several risks that can affect the credibility and integrity of research. Here are the main risks: 

Plagiarism and Intellectual Dishonesty

AI tools can produce text that closely resembles existing works, leading to unintentional plagiarism. This can result in severe academic penalties and damage to reputations. 

Misrepresentation of Research

AI-generated content may misrepresent research findings or context, leading to misinformation. This misrepresentation can have profound implications, especially in fields like medicine or social sciences, where accuracy is critical. 

Loss of Authorship Credibility 

Relying on AI-generated content can undermine the credibility of authors. If it becomes known that AI generates a significant portion of a paper, it may raise questions about the author's expertise and originality. 

Decreased Quality of Research

The use of AI tools may lead to a decline in the quality of research output. AI-generated content may need more depth, critical analysis, and contextual understanding than human authors provide. 

Legal and Ethical Issues

Using AI-generated content without proper attribution can lead to legal repercussions, including copyright infringement claims. Additionally, ethical concerns arise when the use of AI is not disclosed. 

Step-By-Step Guide to Mitigating Risks

Implement strict citation practices .

Establish clear guidelines for citing AI-generated content. Ensure that all AI contributions are correctly attributed to avoid plagiarism. 

Conduct Peer Reviews 

Encourage thorough peer reviews of academic papers that utilize AI-generated content. This process can help identify potential issues with accuracy and originality. 

Promote Transparency 

Require authors to disclose their use of AI tools in their research methodology sections. This transparency fosters accountability and allows readers to evaluate the work critically. 

Educate on Ethical Use 

Provide resources and training on the ethical implications of using AI in research. This education should emphasize the importance of maintaining integrity in academic work. 

Encourage Original Research 

Foster an environment that values original thought and research. Encourage students and researchers to engage with their topics deeply and critically. 

Monitor AI Use 

Institutions should monitor the use of AI tools in academic writing and research, ensuring compliance with established guidelines and ethical standards. 

JotBot AI is an advanced writing assistant that offers a range of features to simplify the process of citing AI-generated content in academic writing. By integrating source finding and citation generation directly into the writing workflow, JotBot helps users maintain transparency and academic integrity while enhancing efficiency.  

How JotBot Assists with AI Citations

JotBot's AI Source Management feature allows users to easily incorporate sources into their writing, including AI-generated content. Users can upload PDFs, links, or plain text. JotBot will automatically read and understand the content, incorporating it into the document while generating accurate citations in the desired format (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). 

This streamlined approach saves researchers and students significantly more time than manually finding sources and formatting citations. By handling the technical aspects of citation, JotBot enables users to focus on the substance of their writing while ensuring proper attribution of AI contributions. 

Step-by-Step Guide to Using JotBot for AI Citations

Upload your sources .

Provide JotBot with the AI-generated content you wish to cite, whether PDFs, links, or plain text. JotBot will analyze the content and incorporate it into your document. 

Specify Citation Style

You must choose the citation style you must use (APA, MLA, Chicago), and JotBot will format the citations accordingly. 

Generate Citations

As JotBot incorporates AI-generated content into your writing, it will automatically create citations in the specified style and include them in a bibliography at the end of your document.

Review and Edit

Check the generated citations for accuracy and make any necessary adjustments. JotBot's AI-powered editing tools allow you to refine the content and citations with simple commands. Here are examples of how JotBot generates citations for AI-generated content in MLA and APA formats: 

MLA Example

"Explain the process of photosynthesis." ChatGPT, GPT-4, OpenAI, 30 Jun. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat. 

APA Example

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. 

Benefits of Using JotBot for Academic Writing

By automating the process of finding sources and generating citations, JotBot significantly reduces the time and effort required for academic writing tasks. 

Enhances Accuracy

JotBot's AI-powered tools ensure accurate citations, reducing the risk of errors or inconsistencies in referencing AI-generated content. 

Promotes Transparency

Proper citation of AI contributions using JotBot demonstrates a commitment to transparency and academic integrity, which is crucial for maintaining credibility in research. 

Streamlines Workflow

JotBot's integrated approach to writing , research, and citation generation creates a seamless workflow, allowing users to focus on the substance of their work without getting bogged down in technical details. 

Testimonials from Users

"JotBot has been an advance for my academic writing . Its ability to quickly find and cite sources, including AI-generated content, has saved me countless hours and helped me produce higher-quality work." 

Jane Doe, Graduate Student "As a researcher, I appreciate JotBot's commitment to transparency and accuracy in citing AI contributions. It gives me confidence that my work is properly attributed and meets the highest standards of academic integrity." - John Smith, Professor of Computer Science.  

Jotbot is your personal document assistant and source finder . It does AI note-taking, AI video summarizing, and AI citation/source finder. It also writes AI outlines for essays and even writes entire essays with Jotbot’s AI essay writer . Join 500,000+ writers, students, teams, and researchers worldwide to write more, write better, and write faster with Jotbot's AI writing assistant. 

Write more brilliantly, not harder, with Jotbot's AI writing assistant. Start finding sources that are accessible with Jotbot's source finder today. Sign in with Google and get started in seconds.

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Transform teamwork with Confluence. See why Confluence is the content collaboration hub for all teams.  Get it free

• Project management
• Project planning
• Proposal outline

What is a project proposal outline? Steps and best practices

Browse topics.

Every significant project begins with a proposal. But before you learn how to write a project proposal , you must master how to build an effective outline. 

To create a project proposal outline, start by understanding the project goal and scope , its key stakeholders, their concerns, and the project's anticipated benefits. This will help provide a framework for the outline.

This article explores the importance and key components of a project proposal outline, highlights best practices for creating a solid outline, and explains how to write one. Write your project proposal outline in Confluence for free.

Understanding a project proposal outline

A project proposal outline aims to clearly explain a project in a way that convinces readers to support it. An effective project proposal outline is essential to strategic planning and influences your company’s decision-making process . 

To create an effective project proposal outline, you must understand the stakeholders' primary goals and concerns. Draft your proposal outline to align with and address what those stakeholders care about and can expect from your project. 

That effort begins with the outline’s title, which should persuade your audience to continue reading the outline. This approach will result in a project proposal outline that engages and persuades participants, stakeholders, and influencers to support your project.

Types of proposals

There are multiple types of project proposals, including academic proposals, business proposals, project proposals, and research proposals. 

• Academic proposals intend to gain support for creating a specific dissertation, research paper, or thesis. 
• Business proposals aim to secure funding from investors, persuade clients to sign a contract or gain support for a project. 
• Research proposals aim to gain resources and support for a specific research project. 
• Project proposals intend to garner support for a particular project from colleagues, decision-makers, and stakeholders. 

The structure and components of each project proposal outline may vary depending on the type of proposal involved. Most of your proposals will likely be project management proposals, which aim to address a specific operational business need or pursue a specific business opportunity.

Components of a proposal outline

Every project proposal outline should include several key components. Use this project proposal format to write an effective outline: 

• Title : Give your outline a title that captures the critical focus of your project. Don’t try to summarize the entire project; instead, provide a few words of incentive for people to continue reading the outline.
• Executive summary : This succinct project proposal overview focuses on its goals, objectives, and anticipated outcomes. This should be no more than one to two short paragraphs.
• Introduction : This section should cover the same grounds as the executive summary and provide more details centered on the content of the proposal outline. It should be brief and encourage further reading.
• Problem statement : Include a brief, clear statement of the business problem or opportunity the proposed project intends to address.
• Objectives : Provide details of the specific goals of the proposed project. Focus on stakeholder and company-wide benefits.
• Methodology : Briefly describe how the proposed project will achieve its objectives. Give information on which roles and teams will be active participants, and list all stakeholders.
• Budget : Detail the money, people, and other resources needed to complete the proposed project successfully. Where appropriate, include information about the source or sources of budgeted resources.
• Timeline : Detail the planned schedule for all stages of the proposed project. Highlight any anticipated decision or inflection points.
• Evaluation : Describe how you’ll evaluate the results and outcomes of the proposed project and what the next steps will be.
• Conclusion : Summarize the key points and include a call to action requesting feedback and questions from readers.
• Appendices : Add any appropriate supporting documents and links to online resources. Label each appendix and include a brief description of why you included it.

Steps to create a project proposal outline

Now that you have a usable structure, you can start creating your outline. Here’s a summary of the critical steps.

Conduct preliminary research

Start by researching your audience, their primary goals and concerns, and how your proposed project can align most closely with these. Gather information through surveys, interviews, and informal conversations to shape the structure and content of your proposal outline.

Take good notes and record conversations where possible, which will help ensure you capture all the valuable information your research unearths.

Structure the outline

Structure your outline by using your primary research and the list of components above. Organize information logically and create headings and subheadings for each section to help enhance readability. Focus on presenting your project proposal outline clearly and concisely.

Write the proposal outline

Once you have a structure in place, start writing. Draft each section in clear and professional language while incorporating terms familiar to or essential to your primary audience wherever appropriate. 

Review and revise each outline section to achieve maximum accuracy and completeness. If time and circumstances permit, try to get at least one or two members of your primary audience to review and comment on your outline before developing and sharing your final version.

Best practices for creating proposal outlines

When creating a project proposal outline, it’s crucial to keep your work concise, focused, and aligned with your goals and objectives (and those of your primary audience). Use familiar, comfortable language and include credible supporting data within the body of your outline or as appendices. Use consistent formatting and fonts to prevent visual disruption and focus your readers’ experience on the content of your outline.

Create effective project proposal outlines with Confluence

The right software can ease and speed up your entire project proposal creation process, including collaborative review and editing. This is where Confluence shines.

Confluence brings everyone together in a connected workspace to move projects forward. Teams can create, edit, and share project plans so everyone is on the same page. Every project, proposal, and outline can include multiple types of information, including action items, assignees, dates, tables, and more.  Confluence offers a range of available templates, including a project proposal template , to help you start quickly and efficiently. Explore the project poster template in Confluence, and use Confluence to write your project proposal outline for free .

Proposal outline: Frequently asked questions

Why is a proposal outline important.

A project proposal outline helps you organize your thoughts and ensure that you cover all critical points. It also makes the writing process more efficient and enables you to clearly communicate the proposal's objectives and methodology to reviewers and stakeholders. A solid project proposal outline can benefit all of your project management phases , including project planning .

Can you use the same proposal outline for different types of proposals?

You can use the same basic proposal outline structure for different types of proposals. Tailor each outline to fit the specific context and goals of each proposal and the needs and expectations of your primary audience and stakeholders. Primary research can help you select the best proposal type and structure for your specific outline.

What common mistakes should you avoid when creating a proposal outline?

Some common mistakes to avoid when creating a proposal outline include overloading the outline with information, unclear directions, or a lack of precision. Others include ignoring your primary audience's needs and expectations, lack of cohesion, and poor information flow.

Sticking closely to a well-crafted structure such as the one outlined in this article can help you avoid these and other pitfalls. Soliciting reviews and comments from select audience members and stakeholders while crafting your outline can help ensure that your final version resonates with and positively persuades your audience.

You may also like

Project poster template.

A collaborative one-pager that keeps your project team and stakeholders aligned

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the  MLA Handbook  and in chapter 7 of the  MLA Style Manual . Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

Basic in-text citation rules

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations . This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

In-text citations: Author-page style

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads . Oxford UP, 1967.

In-text citations for print sources with known author

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method . University of California Press, 1966.

In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author

When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat'l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations.

In-text citations for sources with non-standard labeling systems

If a source uses a labeling or numbering system other than page numbers, such as a script or poetry, precede the citation with said label. When citing a poem, for instance, the parenthetical would begin with the word “line”, and then the line number or range. For example, the examination of William Blake’s poem “The Tyger” would be cited as such:

The speaker makes an ardent call for the exploration of the connection between the violence of nature and the divinity of creation. “In what distant deeps or skies. / Burnt the fire of thine eyes," they ask in reference to the tiger as they attempt to reconcile their intimidation with their relationship to creationism (lines 5-6).

Longer labels, such as chapters (ch.) and scenes (sc.), should be abbreviated.

In-text citations for print sources with no known author

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name, following these guidelines.

Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number if it is available.

Titles longer than a standard noun phrase should be shortened into a noun phrase by excluding articles. For example, To the Lighthouse would be shortened to Lighthouse .

If the title cannot be easily shortened into a noun phrase, the title should be cut after the first clause, phrase, or punctuation:

In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title appears in the parenthetical citation, and the full title of the article appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry on the Works Cited page. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:

"The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs . 1999. www.climatehotmap.org/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.

If the title of the work begins with a quotation mark, such as a title that refers to another work, that quote or quoted title can be used as the shortened title. The single quotation marks must be included in the parenthetical, rather than the double quotation.

Parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages, used in conjunction, allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work.

Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions

Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, like Marx and Engels's  The Communist Manifesto . In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example:

Author-page citation for works in an anthology, periodical, or collection

When you cite a work that appears inside a larger source (for instance, an article in a periodical or an essay in a collection), cite the author of the  internal source (i.e., the article or essay). For example, to cite Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity," which was published in  Nature  in 1921, you might write something like this:

See also our page on documenting periodicals in the Works Cited .

Citing authors with same last names

Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example:

Citing a work by multiple authors

For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:

Corresponding Works Cited entry:

Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.” Representations , vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1

For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name, and replace the additional names with et al.

Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine , vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.

Citing multiple works by the same author

If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.

Citing two articles by the same author :

Citing two books by the same author :

Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number(s):

Citing multivolume works

If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)

Citing the Bible

In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or underline), chapter, and verse. For example:

If future references employ the same edition of the Bible you’re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation:

John of Patmos echoes this passage when describing his vision (Rev. 4.6-8).

Citing indirect sources

Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example:

Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.

Citing transcripts, plays, or screenplays

Sources that take the form of a dialogue involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation. Each line of dialogue should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name (e.g., JAMES.) . After the period, write the dialogue. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch. Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes. You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source.

Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Usually, the author and title of the source can be given in a signal phrase before quoting the excerpt, so the concluding parenthetical will often just contain location information like page numbers or act/scene indicators.

Here is an example from O'Neill's  The Iceman Cometh.

WILLIE. (Pleadingly) Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink.

ROCKY. Den grab it. It's right under your nose.

WILLIE. (Avidly) Thanks. (He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps down the whiskey in big swallows.) (1.1)

Citing non-print or sources from the Internet

With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL's  Evaluating Sources of Information  resource), some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your Works Cited page.

Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers. However, these sorts of entries often do not require a page number in the parenthetical citation. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:

• Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).
• Do not provide paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browser’s print preview function.
• Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like  CNN.com  or  Forbes.com,  as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.

Miscellaneous non-print sources

Two types of non-print sources you may encounter are films and lectures/presentations:

In the two examples above “Herzog” (a film’s director) and “Yates” (a presentor) lead the reader to the first item in each citation’s respective entry on the Works Cited page:

Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo . Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982.

Yates, Jane. "Invention in Rhetoric and Composition." Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002. Address.

Electronic sources

Electronic sources may include web pages and online news or magazine articles:

In the first example (an online magazine article), the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author’s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below).

In the second example (a web page), a parenthetical citation is not necessary because the page does not list an author, and the title of the article, “MLA Formatting and Style Guide,” is used as a signal phrase within the sentence. If the title of the article was not named in the sentence, an abbreviated version would appear in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:

Taylor, Rumsey. "Fitzcarraldo." Slant , 13 Jun. 2003, www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/fitzcarraldo/. Accessed 29 Sep. 2009. 

"MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL , 2 Aug. 2016, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/. Accessed 2 April 2018.

Multiple citations

To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:

Time-based media sources

When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference. For example: (00:02:15-00:02:35).

When a citation is not needed

Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations, or common knowledge (For example, it is expected that U.S. citizens know that George Washington was the first President.). Remember that citing sources is a rhetorical task, and, as such, can vary based on your audience. If you’re writing for an expert audience of a scholarly journal, for example, you may need to deal with expectations of what constitutes “common knowledge” that differ from common norms.

Other Sources

The MLA Handbook describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the handbook does not describe, making the best way to proceed can be unclear.

In these cases, it's typically acceptable to apply the general principles of MLA citation to the new kind of source in a way that's consistent and sensible. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard MLA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite.

You may also want to investigate whether a third-party organization has provided directions for how to cite this kind of source. For example, Norquest College provides guidelines for citing Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers⁠ —an author category that does not appear in the MLA Handbook . In cases like this, however, it's a good idea to ask your instructor or supervisor whether using third-party citation guidelines might present problems.