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IGNOU: BPSC -131 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 (INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY)
- 1 Assignment – I
- 2 Answer the following in about 500 words each.
- 3 1.Write a note on politics as a political activity.
- 4 2. Examine if political theory is dead.
- 5 Assignment – II
- 6 Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.
- 7 3. What are J.S. Mill’s notions of Liberty’? Explain.
- 8 4. Discuss equality of opportunity.
- 9 5. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis.
- 10 Assignment – III
- 11 Answer the following questions in about 100 words each.
- 12 6. Theory of Natural Rights
- 13 7. Substantive democracy
- 14 8. Gender mainstreaming as a strategy
- 15 9. Libertarian theory of citizenship
- 16.1 How to Download BPSC -131 Solved Assignment?
- 16.2 Is the BPSC -131 Assignment Free?
- 16.3 What is the last submission date for BPSC -131 Assignment?
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IGNOU: BPSC -131 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 (INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY) | |
Bachelor Degree Programme | |
BPSC -131 | |
INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY | |
Bachelor of Arts (General) | |
BAG | |
100 | |
2022-2023 | |
English | |
BPSC-131/ASST/TMA/2022-23 | |
31st April 30th September |
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Assignment – I
Answer the following in about 500 words each., 1.write a note on politics as a political activity..
Ans: Politics is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that has a significant impact on our lives and society. It is the process of making decisions and taking actions that affect a group of people or a community. Politics as a political activity refers to the use of power and influence to shape the policies and outcomes of a society.
Politics can be classified into two main categories: formal politics and informal politics. Formal politics refers to the structured and institutionalized process of decision-making that takes place in government institutions and political parties. This type of politics is guided by rules, laws, and regulations that ensure a degree of fairness and transparency. On the other hand, informal politics refers to the more informal and personal ways of influencing decision-making that occur outside of formal political institutions. This type of politics includes political activism, lobbying, and interest groups.
Politics is a central aspect of democratic societies, where citizens have the right to participate in the political process and influence decision-making. In democratic societies, citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, and political parties compete for power through elections. However, politics is not limited to democratic societies. Even in authoritarian regimes, politics plays a crucial role in shaping policies and outcomes.
Politics can have a significant impact on various aspects of our lives, such as economic policies, social policies, and foreign policies. For example, political decisions can affect the distribution of wealth and resources, the provision of public services, and the regulation of markets. In addition, political decisions can shape the way we interact with other countries and the international community, such as through trade agreements, diplomatic relations, and military interventions.
The study of politics is known as political science, which seeks to understand the ways in which power and influence are exercised in society. Political science aims to provide insights into the functioning of political systems, the behavior of political actors, and the outcomes of political decisions. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws on a variety of disciplines, including economics, history, sociology, and psychology.
2. Examine if political theory is dead.
Ans: Political theory has been an essential part of the study of politics for centuries. It is the systematic and critical examination of the concepts and principles that shape our political systems, institutions, and practices. Political theory seeks to understand the nature of power, authority, justice, and freedom, and how these concepts are reflected in our political arrangements. In recent years, however, there have been debates about the relevance and vitality of political theory, with some arguing that it is dead or in a state of crisis.
One of the main criticisms of political theory is that it has become too abstract and disconnected from the reality of politics. Some argue that political theory has become overly focused on abstract concepts and idealized models, neglecting the practical realities of politics and the complexity of social and political problems. This has led to a lack of engagement with contemporary political issues, making political theory less relevant and useful to policymakers and citizens.
Another criticism is that political theory has become too narrow and exclusionary. Some argue that the dominant traditions in political theory, such as liberalism and conservatism, have failed to fully embrace diversity and the experiences of marginalized groups. As a result, political theory has become disconnected from the realities of those who experience the consequences of political decisions, leading to a lack of representation and accountability.
Despite these criticisms, political theory remains an essential aspect of the study of politics. Political theory provides a framework for understanding the values and principles that underpin our political systems and practices, and helps us to reflect on the ethical and moral implications of political decisions. By providing a critical examination of political concepts and principles, political theory can help to promote democratic discourse and accountability, and ensure that political decisions are informed by a deeper understanding of justice and freedom.
Furthermore, political theory is not static and continues to evolve in response to new political challenges and developments. New political theories, such as critical theory, feminist theory, and post-colonial theory, have emerged to challenge dominant traditions and provide a more inclusive and diverse understanding of politics. These new theories have opened up new avenues for understanding the complexity of contemporary political problems, such as globalization, inequality, and environmental degradation.
Assignment – II
Answer the following questions in about 250 words each., 3. what are j.s. mill’s notions of liberty’ explain..
Ans: John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher and economist who lived in the 19th century. He is most famous for his works on political philosophy, particularly for his ideas on liberty. Mill’s notions of liberty can be understood by considering two distinct but interrelated concepts: individual liberty and social liberty.
Individual liberty refers to the idea that each person should be free to act as they see fit, so long as they do not harm others. Mill believed that individuals should have the freedom to pursue their own goals and interests, as long as they do not infringe on the rights of others. He argued that limiting individual freedom should only be done in extreme circumstances where it is necessary to prevent harm to others.
Social liberty, on the other hand, refers to the idea that society should be structured in such a way that it provides individuals with the greatest possible amount of freedom. Mill believed that this could be achieved through a system of representative democracy, in which individuals have a say in the decisions that affect their lives. He argued that democracy is the best form of government because it allows individuals to have a voice in the political process and protects their rights and freedoms.
4. Discuss equality of opportunity.
Ans: Equality of opportunity refers to the idea that everyone should have a fair and equal chance to succeed in life, regardless of their background, ethnicity, race, gender, or other factors. It is the belief that everyone should have the same chances to achieve their goals and aspirations, and that no one should be unfairly disadvantaged based on their circumstances.
This concept is closely related to the idea of meritocracy, which holds that people should be selected and promoted based on their abilities and achievements, rather than their social status or connections. Equality of opportunity is important because it ensures that everyone has an equal shot at success, regardless of where they come from or what they look like. It is seen as a cornerstone of liberal democracies, as it provides individuals with the freedom to pursue their own goals and aspirations.
However, in practice, equality of opportunity can be difficult to achieve, as there are often systemic barriers and inequalities that prevent some people from having an equal shot at success. For example, racism, sexism, and poverty can all create significant barriers that make it difficult for some individuals to succeed. To address these inequalities, many countries have implemented policies and programs aimed at promoting equal opportunities, such as affirmative action programs, diversity initiatives, and anti-discrimination laws.
5. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis.
Ans: Justice is a term that refers to the principle of fairness and impartiality in the treatment of individuals and groups. It is often used as a term of synthesis to describe a holistic concept that encompasses a wide range of values, including equality, fairness, and respect for individual rights.
One way to understand justice as a term of synthesis is to consider it as a way of bringing together different values and principles in a coherent and harmonious way. In this sense, justice can be seen as a way of balancing competing interests and ensuring that everyone is treated fairly and equitably. For example, justice may require balancing the rights of individuals with the needs of the community, or balancing the needs of the present with the interests of future generations.
Another way to understand justice as a term of synthesis is to consider it as a way of reconciling different perspectives and world views. For example, justice may require balancing the interests of different ethnic or religious groups, or balancing the interests of different social classes or economic groups. In this sense, justice can be seen as a way of fostering cooperation and collaboration between different groups and ensuring that everyone has a voice in the decisions that affect their lives.
Assignment – III
Answer the following questions in about 100 words each., 6. theory of natural rights.
Ans: The Theory of Natural Rights is a political philosophy that argues that individuals have inherent rights that are not derived from governments or societies but exist independently. These rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, are considered natural and unalienable and are seen as the foundation of a just and free society. The theory was first articulated by Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke and was a central principle of the American Revolution. Natural rights theory holds that the primary role of government is to protect these rights and that individuals have the right to overthrow a government that fails to do so. The theory remains influential in contemporary political discourse, particularly in debates about individual freedoms and the proper role of government.
7. Substantive democracy
Ans: Substantive democracy is a concept that emphasizes the substance or outcomes of democracy, rather than just the procedural aspect of democratic decision-making. In substantive democracy, the focus is on ensuring that the distribution of power and resources within a society is equitable and that all individuals have a meaningful say in the decisions that affect their lives. This approach views democracy not just as a form of government, but as a way of life that requires the active participation of citizens in the political process and the promotion of social justice. Proponents of substantive democracy argue that traditional liberal democracies have failed to address the underlying inequalities that limit the effective exercise of democratic rights and that a more robust form of democracy is necessary to address these challenges. Substantive democracy remains a subject of debate and an important aspect of democratic theory and practice.
8. Gender mainstreaming as a strategy
Ans: Gender mainstreaming is a strategy aimed at promoting gender equality by integrating a gender perspective into all aspects of political, economic, and social policies and programs. This approach seeks to address the root causes of gender inequalities by challenging the assumptions, norms, and structures that sustain them. The goal of gender mainstreaming is to ensure that both women and men have equal opportunities, rights, and responsibilities, and that the concerns and experiences of women are fully considered in all policy decisions. To implement gender mainstreaming effectively, it is necessary to involve both women and men in the process, build capacities and knowledge on gender issues, and monitor and evaluate the outcomes of gender-mainstreamed policies and programs. Gender mainstreaming has been widely adopted as a strategy by governments and international organizations, but its effectiveness in promoting gender equality remains a subject of debate and ongoing evaluation.
9. Libertarian theory of citizenship
Ans: The Libertarian theory of citizenship is a political philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom and autonomy as the fundamental principles of a just society. According to this theory, the role of the state is limited to the protection of individual rights, including the right to life, liberty, and property. Libertarians believe that the state should not interfere with the lives of individuals unless necessary to protect the rights of others. In this view, the ideal society is one in which individuals are free to pursue their own goals and ambitions without interference from the state or other individuals. The theory also places a strong emphasis on the importance of property rights and limited government, as it is believed that these are essential for ensuring individual freedom and protecting against tyranny and oppression. Overall, the Libertarian theory of citizenship values individual liberty and self-determination above all else and views the role of the state as being limited to the protection of these rights.
10. Censorship
Ans: Censorship is the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. It is the act of controlling or limiting access to information or ideas that are deemed to be harmful or offensive. Censorship can take many forms, including government censorship, media censorship, and self-censorship. Censorship is often justified on the grounds of protecting public morality, national security, or the rights of individuals. However, censorship can also have negative effects, such as limiting free speech, stifling creativity, and suppressing important information that is essential for informed public debate and decision-making. The issue of censorship continues to be a subject of intense debate and discussion, with many people calling for greater freedom of expression and others advocating for greater restrictions on speech to protect vulnerable individuals and communities.
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IGNOU BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2023 2024
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Title Name | IGNOU BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2023 2024 |
---|---|
Type | Soft Copy (E-Assignment) .pdf |
University | IGNOU |
Degree | BACHELOR DEGREE PROGRAMMES |
Course Code | BAG |
Course Name | BACHELOR OF ARTS |
Subject Code | BPSC 131 |
Subject Name | Introduction to Political Theory |
Year | 2023 2024 |
Session | |
Language | English Medium |
Assignment Code | BPSC-131/Assignmentt-1//2023-24 |
Product Description | Assignment of BAG (BACHELOR OF ARTS) 2023-24. Latest BPSC 131 2023-24 Solved Assignment Solutions |
Last Date of IGNOU Assignment Submission | 30th September, 2023 (for December 2023 Term End Exam). January 2023 Session: 30th March, 2024 (for June 2024 Term End Exam). 30th September, 2023 (for December 2023 Term End Exam). |
Write a note on politics as a political activity
Examine the interface of political theory and inter –related terms
What is J.S. Mill’s notion of Liberty’? Explain.
Discuss equality of opportunity
Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis.
Human Rights
People’s Democracy
Determining factors of citizenship
Civil Society
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Write a note on politics as a political activity. Expert Answer1. introduction. Politics as a Political Activity: Understanding Its Significance Politics, as a political activity, is a fundamental aspect of human society and governance. It involves the exercise of power, decision-making, and the management of resources and institutions within a society. In this comprehensive discussion, we will delve into the multifaceted nature of politics as a political activity, exploring its role in shaping societies, economies, and the functioning of governments. 2. The Essence of Politics2.1. Defining Politics At its core, politics refers to the activities and processes through which individuals and groups make decisions, allocate resources, and exercise authority in a society or within a government. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from policy formulation to governance and the resolution of conflicts. 2.2. Power Dynamics One of the central elements of politics is the distribution and exercise of power. Politics often involves struggles for control, influence, and authority, whether at the local, national, or international level. 2.3. Decision-Making and Policy Formation Politics involves the development and implementation of policies and laws that impact various aspects of society, including the economy, education, healthcare, and social welfare. Decision-making is a critical component of political activity. 3. Political Actors and Institutions3.1. Political Actors Political activity includes a wide array of actors, from elected officials and government bureaucrats to interest groups, activists, and citizens. Each group plays a unique role in the political process. 3.2. Political Institutions Political institutions, such as legislatures, executives, and judiciaries, provide the framework for governing and making decisions within a society. They are essential for the functioning of a political system. 3.3. Political Parties Political parties are pivotal in politics as they represent the interests and ideologies of various segments of society. They compete in elections, form governments, and influence policy outcomes. 4. Political Systems and Governance4.1. Types of Political Systems The nature of political activity varies across different political systems, including democracies, authoritarian regimes, and monarchies. Each system has its own set of rules, norms, and power structures. 4.2. Governance and Public Administration The practice of politics often involves the administration of public affairs, including the provision of public services, law enforcement, and the maintenance of infrastructure. Good governance is crucial for the well-being of a society. 4.3. Political Accountability Accountability mechanisms, such as elections, oversight, and checks and balances, are integral to politics. They ensure that those in power are held accountable for their actions and decisions. 5. Political Activity and Public Policy5.1. Policy Formulation and Implementation Political activity is closely linked to the creation and implementation of public policies. Policymakers, influenced by political dynamics, develop strategies to address societal challenges and promote the common good. 5.2. Ideology and Public Policy Ideological perspectives, such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and libertarianism, play a significant role in shaping public policies. Different ideologies lead to distinct approaches to governance and policy priorities. 5.3. Lobbying and Interest Groups Interest groups and lobbyists are essential components of political activity, advocating for specific policy changes or representing the interests of particular industries, communities, or causes. 6. International Relations and Diplomacy6.1. International Politics The realm of politics extends beyond national borders. International politics involves the interactions and negotiations among sovereign states, international organizations, and non-state actors. 6.2. Diplomatic Activity Diplomacy is a crucial aspect of international politics, facilitating peaceful resolution of conflicts, negotiation of treaties, and the promotion of international cooperation on various issues, including trade, security, and climate change. 6.3. Global Governance Global governance institutions, such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and International Monetary Fund, play a central role in addressing global challenges and coordinating international efforts. 7. Political Activism and Civil Society7.1. Civil Society Organizations Civil society organizations, including NGOs, advocacy groups, and grassroots movements, engage in political activism to advance various causes, from human rights and environmental protection to gender equality and social justice. 7.2. Protest Movements Political activism often includes protest movements that aim to raise awareness, challenge authority, and effect change. Protests can take various forms, from peaceful demonstrations to civil disobedience. 7.3. Social and Political Change Throughout history, political activism has played a critical role in driving social and political change. Movements like the Civil Rights Movement, the suffragette movement, and anti-apartheid activism are examples of how political activity can transform societies. 8. Challenges and Controversies8.1. Corruption Corruption remains a significant challenge in politics, eroding public trust and hindering effective governance. Efforts to combat corruption often involve political reforms, transparency, and accountability measures. 8.2. Political Polarization Political polarization, characterized by deep ideological divides and partisan gridlock, can impede the functioning of political systems and hinder cooperation on pressing issues. 8.3. Manipulation and Disinformation The digital age has given rise to new challenges, including the spread of disinformation and the manipulation of public opinion through social media and online platforms. These issues raise questions about the integrity of political processes. 9. ConclusionPolitics as a political activity is a dynamic and multifaceted aspect of human societies and governance. It encompasses the exercise of power, decision-making, governance, and the interactions between individuals, groups, and institutions. Understanding the nature of politics is crucial for informed citizenship, effective governance, and addressing the challenges and opportunities of the modern world. Politics shapes our societies, economies, and the way we navigate the complexities of the globalized world. As such, it remains a fundamental and ever-evolving force in human affairs. Examine the interface of political theory and inter-related terms. Exploring the Interface of Political Theory and Inter-Related Terms Political theory is a multifaceted field that delves into the conceptualization, analysis, and evaluation of political ideas, principles, and practices. It interacts with various inter-related terms and concepts, which help shape our understanding of politics and governance. In this comprehensive examination, we will explore the interface of political theory and several key inter-related terms, shedding light on their significance and impact within the realm of political thought and practice. 2. Political Ideology2.1. Defining Political Ideology Political ideology refers to a set of coherent and interconnected beliefs, values, and principles that guide an individual or a group's understanding of politics and their approach to governance. Ideologies serve as frameworks for interpreting and shaping political reality. 2.2. Interface with Political Theory Political theory engages with various political ideologies, analyzing their underlying assumptions, normative principles, and implications for governance. Scholars in this field critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of different ideologies, contributing to the evolution of political thought. 3. Democracy3.1. Conceptualizing Democracy Democracy is a form of government in which power is vested in the hands of the people, who participate in decision-making processes through elections, representation, and civic engagement. It embodies principles of equality, accountability, and popular sovereignty. 3.2. Interface with Political Theory Political theory grapples with the concept of democracy, exploring its philosophical foundations, historical development, and normative ideals. Debates within political theory revolve around questions of democratic legitimacy, participation, and the role of institutions in preserving democratic values. 4.1. Understanding Justice Justice is a foundational concept in political theory, encompassing notions of fairness, equity, and the distribution of benefits and burdens within a society. It serves as a moral and ethical framework for evaluating political systems and policies. 4.2. Interface with Political Theory Political theory engages deeply with the concept of justice, offering various theories of justice that guide ethical considerations in politics. These theories, including utilitarianism, egalitarianism, and communitarianism, inform debates about distributive justice, social equality, and the role of the state in ensuring justice. 5.1. The Nature of Power Power is a central element of political theory, encompassing the ability to influence and shape the behavior of others. It can be exercised through coercion, persuasion, authority, or legitimacy and plays a crucial role in politics. 5.2. Interface with Political Theory Political theory delves into the nature and dynamics of power, exploring questions of its sources, limitations, and ethical implications. Theories of power, such as pluralism, elitism, and Marxism, inform our understanding of power structures within societies. 6.1. Defining Rights Rights refer to legally or morally recognized entitlements and protections that individuals possess in a society. They encompass civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights and are fundamental to individual liberty and human dignity. 6.2. Interface with Political Theory Political theory examines the concept of rights from various perspectives, including natural rights, human rights, and legal rights. It grapples with questions of the origins of rights, their moral foundations, and the role of the state in protecting and promoting them. 7.1. The Meaning of Freedom Freedom represents the absence of coercion or constraints on individuals' choices and actions. It is a core value in political theory, with different conceptions, such as negative freedom (freedom from interference) and positive freedom (freedom to achieve one's goals). 7.2. Interface with Political Theory Political theory engages in profound discussions about freedom, exploring its philosophical underpinnings and implications for political arrangements. It addresses issues of individual autonomy, state intervention, and the balance between freedom and social justice. 8. Equality8.1. Understanding Equality Equality entails the absence of unjust discrimination or disparities among individuals or groups. It is a foundational principle in political theory and can pertain to various dimensions, including social, economic, and political equality. 8.2. Interface with Political Theory Political theory grapples with the concept of equality, examining its ethical justifications, policy implications, and the tension between equality and other political values. Theories of justice often intersect with discussions of equality. 9. Sovereignty9.1. The Notion of Sovereignty Sovereignty refers to the supreme authority or self-governing capacity of a political entity, typically a state. It involves the ability to make and enforce laws within a defined territory and is a foundational concept in international relations. 9.2. Interface with Political Theory Political theory engages with questions of sovereignty, particularly in the context of political legitimacy, authority, and the relationship between states and individuals. Debates center on the limits of state sovereignty in an interconnected world. 10. Citizenship10.1. Defining Citizenship Citizenship denotes membership in a political community, conferring both rights and responsibilities. It encompasses legal, political, and social dimensions and plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals' identities and roles in society. 10.2. Interface with Political Theory Political theory explores the concept of citizenship, examining its normative foundations, the obligations it entails, and debates about inclusive citizenship, political participation, and the rights of non-citizens. 11. Globalization11.1. The Phenomenon of Globalization Globalization involves the interconnectedness and interdependence of societies, economies, and cultures across national borders. It has profound implications for political theory, as it challenges traditional notions of sovereignty and governance. 11.2. Interface with Political Theory Political theory grapples with the challenges posed by globalization, including issues of global justice, transnational governance, and the erosion of state sovereignty. It seeks to address questions of political authority and legitimacy in a globalized world. 12. ConclusionThe interface of political theory with inter-related terms and concepts provides a rich and nuanced framework for understanding the complexities of politics and governance. These interconnections reveal the depth and breadth of political theory as it engages with foundational concepts like ideology, democracy, justice, power, rights, freedom, equality, sovereignty, citizenship, and globalization. By exploring these intersections, we gain valuable insights into the evolving landscape of political thought and practice, enabling us to navigate the complex challenges and opportunities of the contemporary political world. What is J.S. Mill’s notion of Liberty’? Explain. John Stuart Mill's concept of liberty is a foundational idea in political philosophy and liberalism. He articulated his notion of liberty in his famous essay "On Liberty," published in 1859. Mill's view of liberty can be understood through several key principles: Individual Freedom : Mill championed individual liberty as the fundamental principle of a just and free society. He argued that individuals should be free to think, speak, and act as they please, as long as their actions do not harm others. Harm Principle : Mill's central idea of liberty is encapsulated in what he called the "harm principle." According to this principle, the only legitimate reason for society to interfere with an individual's liberty is to prevent harm to others. In other words, individuals have the right to pursue their own happiness and interests, as long as they do not infringe upon the rights and well-being of others. Self-Development : Mill believed that individual liberty is crucial for personal development and self-realization. He argued that people must have the freedom to experiment, express their opinions, and make choices, even if those choices are unconventional or unpopular. This freedom allows individuals to learn, grow, and develop their full potential. Tyranny of the Majority : Mill was highly critical of the "tyranny of the majority," where the majority in a society imposes its will and values on minority groups. He saw this as a threat to individual liberty and advocated for safeguards to protect minority opinions and lifestyles. Freedom of Expression : Mill was a strong advocate for freedom of speech and expression. He believed that even unpopular or offensive ideas should be allowed to be expressed, as open debate and discussion are essential for societal progress and the discovery of truth. Limits to State Intervention : While Mill championed individual liberty, he also recognized that there are limits to state intervention. He believed that the state could only intervene to prevent harm and protect the common good. Excessive state control and paternalism were seen as threats to liberty. Social and Moral Freedom : Mill extended the idea of liberty beyond political and legal constraints to encompass social and moral freedom. He argued that societal pressures and conventions could be just as oppressive as government restrictions, and individuals should be free from these constraints as well. In summary, John Stuart Mill's notion of liberty revolves around the principle that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and happiness as long as they do not harm others. His harm principle, emphasis on individual self-development, and defense of freedom of expression remain influential in discussions of civil liberties and individual rights in modern liberal democracies. Discuss equality of opportunity. Equality of opportunity is a fundamental principle in the realm of social and political philosophy that advocates for fair and just access to opportunities for individuals regardless of their background, characteristics, or circumstances. This concept is central to the idea of a just and equitable society, where individuals can achieve their goals based on their merit and effort rather than factors beyond their control. Here are key aspects of equality of opportunity: Meritocracy : Equality of opportunity promotes the concept of meritocracy, where individuals are rewarded based on their skills, talents, and hard work. It asserts that positions, opportunities, and rewards should be distributed based on an individual's abilities and efforts rather than factors like race, gender, socioeconomic status, or family connections. Elimination of Discrimination : To achieve equality of opportunity, societies must actively work to eliminate discrimination and bias. Discriminatory practices, whether overt or subtle, can prevent certain groups from accessing the same opportunities as others. Legal protections and anti-discrimination policies are often put in place to address these issues. Access to Education : Education is a key component of equality of opportunity. Ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their background, have access to quality education allows them to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to compete on a level playing field. Economic Equality : Economic disparities can be a barrier to equal opportunity. Policies aimed at reducing income inequality, providing social safety nets, and ensuring a living wage are ways to promote economic equality and enhance opportunity for all. Social Mobility : Equality of opportunity is closely linked to social mobility—the ability of individuals to move up the social and economic ladder. When people are afforded equal opportunities, they have a better chance of improving their social and economic status and that of their future generations. Affirmative Action : In some cases, affirmative action programs are implemented to address historical and systemic inequalities. These programs may temporarily provide advantages to historically disadvantaged groups to level the playing field and promote equal opportunity. Challenges and Critiques : Critics argue that achieving true equality of opportunity is challenging due to deeply entrenched structural inequalities and systemic biases. They contend that even with the best intentions, it can be difficult to eliminate all barriers to equal opportunity. In summary, equality of opportunity is a principle that advocates for fair access to opportunities, regardless of an individual's background or circumstances. It promotes meritocracy, seeks to eliminate discrimination, and recognizes the importance of education, economic equality, and social mobility in creating a just and equitable society. While achieving perfect equality of opportunity may be a complex and ongoing process, it remains a fundamental goal in the pursuit of social justice and fairness. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis. Justice, as a term of synthesis, embodies the idea of bringing together diverse and sometimes conflicting principles, values, or interests in a balanced and equitable manner. It serves as a means to reconcile competing claims and create a harmonious and fair resolution that takes into account the complexities of a situation. Here are some key aspects of justice as a term of synthesis: Balancing Conflicting Rights : In society, different individuals and groups may assert their rights and interests, and these claims can sometimes clash. Justice as a term of synthesis seeks to find a middle ground that respects the rights of all parties involved. For example, in debates over freedom of speech and hate speech, justice may involve striking a balance that protects both the right to free expression and the need to prevent harm or discrimination. Ethical Dilemmas : Ethical dilemmas often present situations where there is no clear-cut solution, and competing ethical principles are in conflict. Justice, in this context, entails navigating the complexities of ethical choices and seeking a resolution that honors multiple moral considerations. For instance, in medical ethics, the principle of patient autonomy may need to be balanced with the principle of beneficence when making difficult medical decisions. Social Equity : Justice as a term of synthesis also applies to issues of social equity. It involves addressing societal disparities and inequalities by finding ways to reconcile the interests of disadvantaged and privileged groups. Achieving social justice may require redistributive policies that balance the needs of various segments of society to promote overall fairness. Legal Interpretation : In legal contexts, the synthesis of justice can be seen in the interpretation and application of laws. Judges and legal scholars often grapple with the task of reconciling legal precedents, statutes, and constitutional principles to arrive at a just outcome in specific cases. Conflict Resolution : Justice plays a crucial role in conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts. It seeks to synthesize the demands and grievances of conflicting parties in a way that leads to a peaceful resolution and prevents further violence or harm. Ethical Frameworks : Various ethical frameworks, such as deontology, consequentialism, and virtue ethics, may come into play when considering what is just. The synthesis of these ethical theories can help provide a comprehensive and nuanced perspective on justice in complex situations. In essence, justice as a term of synthesis involves the art of finding common ground and creating resolutions that are fair, balanced, and considerate of the often competing values and interests at play in a given situation. It recognizes the complexity of ethical, legal, and social dilemmas and seeks to arrive at solutions that reflect the principles of equity, fairness, and morality. Human Rights Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms that every individual is entitled to by virtue of being a human being, regardless of their nationality, race, religion, gender, or other characteristics. These rights are recognized and protected under international law, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948. Key principles of human rights include: Universality: Human rights are applicable to all individuals, without discrimination. They are considered inherent to every human being. Inalienability: Human rights cannot be taken away or surrendered, even by an individual's own choice. Indivisibility: Human rights are interrelated and interdependent. Civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights are all equally important and cannot be separated. Equality and Non-Discrimination: Human rights protect against discrimination and promote equality for all, regardless of race, gender, religion, or other factors. Accountability: States and governments are responsible for upholding and protecting the human rights of their citizens and are held accountable for any violations. Human rights encompass a wide range of rights, including the right to life, liberty, security, freedom of speech, religion, and assembly, as well as economic and social rights like the right to education, healthcare, and an adequate standard of living. Promoting and protecting human rights is a fundamental goal of international organizations and governments worldwide, aimed at ensuring the dignity and well-being of all individuals. People’s Democracy "People's Democracy" is a political concept and form of government that emphasizes the involvement and participation of the people in decision-making and governance. It is often associated with socialist and communist ideologies and aims to create a more egalitarian and just society. Here are some key characteristics of People's Democracy: Popular Participation: People's Democracy places a strong emphasis on the active participation of citizens in the political process, including elections, policymaking, and governance. Social and Economic Equality: It seeks to reduce social and economic inequalities by implementing policies that promote wealth redistribution and provide equal opportunities for all members of society. Public Ownership: It often advocates for public ownership or control of key industries and resources to prevent private monopolies and ensure the equitable distribution of resources. Emphasis on Welfare: People's Democracy typically prioritizes social welfare programs, including healthcare, education, and social security, to improve the well-being of all citizens. Rule of Law: It upholds the rule of law and protects individual rights while ensuring that the government serves the interests of the majority. People's Democracy has been implemented in various forms in different countries, with examples including the socialist democracies in Scandinavian countries and the communist systems in countries like China and Cuba. The specific policies and approaches to People's Democracy can vary widely depending on the political, cultural, and historical context of each nation. Patriarchy is a social and cultural system in which men hold primary power and authority, both in the public sphere and within the family unit, while women are often subordinated and marginalized. It is a deeply ingrained system that has persisted throughout history in many societies. Key characteristics of patriarchy include: Gender Inequality: Patriarchy enforces rigid gender roles and norms, limiting women's access to political, economic, and social power. Male Dominance: Men typically occupy leadership roles in government, business, and religious institutions, resulting in a male-dominated society. Discrimination and Oppression: Women often face discrimination, violence, and limited opportunities in patriarchal systems, both in the workplace and at home. Cultural Reinforcement: Patriarchal values and beliefs are often perpetuated through cultural norms, traditions, and social conditioning. Intersectionality: Patriarchy interacts with other forms of discrimination, such as racism and classism, leading to compounded disadvantages for marginalized women. Efforts to combat patriarchy include advocating for gender equality, challenging sexist attitudes and behaviors, and promoting policies and initiatives that empower women and dismantle systemic gender-based discrimination. Achieving gender equality is essential for fostering inclusive, just, and equitable societies. Determining factors of citizenship The determination of citizenship is influenced by various factors, which can vary from one country to another due to differences in legal systems, historical contexts, and government policies. Here are some common determining factors of citizenship: Birthright: In many countries, individuals acquire citizenship automatically if they are born within the country's territory, a principle known as "jus soli." Others may acquire citizenship through birth to citizens, known as "jus sanguinis." Descent: Citizenship can be passed down from parent to child through descent, particularly in countries that follow the principle of "jus sanguinis," where ancestry plays a key role in determining citizenship. Naturalization: Many countries allow foreign nationals to become citizens through a legal process called naturalization. Requirements often include a residency period, language proficiency, knowledge of the country's history and government, and good moral character. Marriage: In some countries, individuals can gain citizenship through marriage to a citizen, but the requirements and processes vary widely. Investment and Economic Contributions: Some countries offer citizenship or residency in exchange for significant investments or contributions to the country's economy, such as purchasing real estate or creating jobs. Refugees and Asylum: Persons granted refugee or asylum status in a country may eventually become citizens through a legal process after meeting specific conditions. Special Circumstances: Some countries have unique citizenship provisions, such as granting citizenship to individuals born on specific territories like military bases or diplomatic missions. It's important to note that citizenship laws can change over time, and each country has its own criteria and procedures. The determination of citizenship often involves a combination of these factors, reflecting the legal and social values of the nation in question. Civil Society Civil society refers to the space in a society where individuals, organizations, and groups come together to engage in activities and discussions related to public issues, often independent of the government. It plays a crucial role in promoting democracy, civic engagement, and social change. Key characteristics of civil society include: Voluntary Associations: Civil society is characterized by voluntary participation in various forms, such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, advocacy networks, and grassroots movements. Advocacy and Activism: Civil society often engages in advocacy and activism to address social, political, and environmental issues, working to influence public policies and hold governments and institutions accountable. Civic Engagement: It encourages active citizenship, fostering a sense of responsibility and participation among individuals in decision-making processes. Social Services: Civil society organizations often provide essential social services, such as education, healthcare, and humanitarian aid, complementing government efforts. Pluralism and Diversity: Civil society represents a diversity of interests, ideologies, and values, allowing for a wide range of perspectives and voices. Bridge Between Government and Citizens: Civil society acts as a bridge between citizens and the government, facilitating dialogue and cooperation. Civil society plays a critical role in promoting social justice, human rights, and democratic values. It serves as a check on government power and contributes to the overall well-being and development of a society. 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BPSC 131 Assignment Download PDFYou will have to do three Tutor Marked Assignments (TMA) for a six credit course and two TMAs for a four credit course. Assignment I has Descriptive Category Questions (DCQs). These are meant for writing essay type answers, with an introduction and a conclusion. Assignment II has Middle Category Questions (MCQs). These questions require you to first analyze the topic in terms of arguments and explanations and then write the answers in a concise manner. Assignment III has Short Category Questions (SCQs). These questions are meant to improve your skill of recall in brief the relevant/precise information about persons, writing, events, or clear understanding of concepts and processes. Before you attempt the assignments, please read the instructions carefully provided in the Programme Guide. Important Notes on BPSC 131 Introduction to Political Theory
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Follow my blog with Bloglovin Disclaimer: The information provided here is just for reference. We do not guarantee the accuracy and relevance of the information. All the visitors are advised to verify the information mentioned here with the official source. Privacy Policy | Follow Us on: Google Plus | Twitter ![]() IGNOU BPSC-131 Study Material & Textbook DownloadIf you are looking for BPSC-131 IGNOU Study Material or Textbook entitled Introduction to Political Theory you have come to the right place. This is because eGyankosh allows you to download single units at a time but we provide you with the fully combined pdf with all blocks and units. Click on the image or the button below to download the study material for free! We have also provided you with an option to get verified and easy to understand guide books from Gyaniversity Publications which contain answers to previous year questions, predicted list of most important questions for upcoming term end exams, paper pattern, etc. The books are applicable for the following course(s) in IGNOU: Bachelor of Arts (General) (BAG) BPSC-131: Introduction to Political Theory ![]() IGNOU Study Guide Book ![]() IGNOU Textbook BPSC-131 Guidebook v/s TextbookIGNOU textbook for BPSC-131: Introduction to Political Theory is freely available to all students. However, it is very long, confusing and hard to understand. If you are a busy working professional looking to pass your exams easily, we suggest you to go for Guidebooks made by Gyaniversity Publications instead as they are prepared using historical data from previous 20 question papers. They provide you with accurate list of the important questions are most likely to appear in your upcoming exams along with proof points based on previous year exam questions. The answers are written in simple English too. This helps you pass your exams easily! 100% Verified solved assignments from ₹ 40 written in our own words so that you get the best marks!Don't have time to write your assignment neatly? Get it written by experts and get free home delivery Get Guidebooks and Help books to pass your exams easily. Get home delivery or download instantly! Download IGNOU's official study material combined into a single PDF file absolutely free! Download latest Assignment Question Papers for free in PDF format at the click of a button! Download Previous year Question Papers for reference and Exam Preparation for free! Need More Help?To get additional help, please post your question in our student community forum. Our IGNOU Advisors will respond to you within 48 hours. ![]() IGNOU BPSC-131 Study Material: Latest e-book Download Free
If you are in search of IGNOU BPSC-131 Study Material titled “Introduction to Political Theory/राजनीतिक सिद्धांत का परिचय” to support your studies in IGNOU BAG Political Science, you’ve arrived at the perfect destination. We have made available the Study Material in PDF Format for easy access. if you do not have the physical copies of the BPSC-131 course materials, worry not, as you can conveniently download them from here in PDF format. Download the BPSC-131 Study Material in English Language From Below Links
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IGNOU BPSC 131 HINDI SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-24क्या आप इग्नू हल असाइनमेंट प्राप्त करना चहेते है ? हम हल कार्य प्रदान कर रहे हैं। याहा दे गया लिंक से इग्नू बेवे 181 हिंदी हल असाइनमेंट पब्लिश किया गया है . इग्नू ने असाइनमेंट बेवई 181 हिंदी 2023-24 हल किया.IGNOU BPSC 131 HINDI Title Name BHIC 131 Hindi Solved Assignment 2023-24 Service Type Solved Assignment (Soft copy/PDF) Course Bachelor’s Degree Programme Under CBCS Language HINDI MEDIUM Course: BA(Hindi) Session 2023-24 Assignment Code BHIC 131/TMA/2023-24 Submission Date For the students enrolled in July 2023- 30th April 2024 For the students enrolled in January 2024- 31st October 2024 Read more www.ignou.ac.in Read more: Solved Assignments Archives – IGNOU Assignment Wala प्रोग्राम गाइड में असाइनमेंट पर अनुभाग पढ़ें जो इग्नू ने आपको आपके नामांकन के बाद भेजा था। 30 प्रतिशत का वेटेज,जैसा कि आप जानते हैं, निरंतर मूल्यांकन के लिए निर्धारित किया गया है, जिसमें इस पाठ्यक्रम के लिए एकट्यूटर-चिन्हित असाइनमेंट शामिल होगा। असाइनमेंट इस पुस्तिका में है, और इसमें दो भाग होते हैं, भाग ए और बी।सभी भागों के कुल अंक 100 हैं, जिनमें से इसे पास करने के लिए 35% की आवश्यकता होती है।उम्मीदवारों को महत्वपूर्ण बात पता होनी चाहिए कि IGNOU BHIC 131 HINDI टर्म एंड परीक्षा (TEE) में भाग लेने के लिए, IGNOU के क्षेत्रीय केंद्र में IGNOU असाइनमेंट जमा करना आवश्यक है। असाइनमेंट के बिना, उम्मीदवारों को परीक्षा में बैठने की अनुमति नहीं दी जाएगी। इसलिए, इसके लिए छात्रों को पहले अपना असाइनमेंट डाउनलोड करना होगा, उन्हें पूरा करना होगा और फिर इसे इग्नू के क्षेत्रीय केंद्र में जमा करना होगा। उम्मीदवार इग्नू द्वारा उपलब्ध कराई गई पुस्तकों या अध्ययन सामग्री का उपयोग करके इग्नू IGNOU BHIC 131 HINDI के अपने संबंधित कार्यों को हल कर सकते हैं। ये अध्ययन सामग्री/पुस्तकें न केवल सत्रीय कार्यों के लिए बल्कि उनकी संबंधित सत्रांत परीक्षा की तैयारी के लिए भी लाभकारी हैं। इग्नू असाइनमेंट BHIC 131 हिंदी मीडियम 2023-24 हल![]() contact us : [email protected] You Might Also Like![]() IGNOU BPSE 146 HINDI SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-24![]() IGNOU BPCC 108 HINDI SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-24![]() IGNOU BPSC 102 HINDI SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-24Leave a reply cancel reply. You must be logged in to post a comment. Chat on WhatsApp![]()
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IGNOU study material is a valuable resource for students pursuing courses at the university. It offers convenience, accessibility, and comprehensive content, enabling students to learn effectively and prepare for exams. By following the methods mentioned in this article, you can easily download IGNOU study material and enhance your learning experience. Can I access IGNOU study material offline?Yes, once you download the study material from the official website or eGyankosh, you can access it offline on your device. Are there any limitations on downloading IGNOU study material?There are no limitations on downloading study material from official sources. However, some websites or Telegram groups may have restrictions or limitations. Can I download IGNOU study material for all courses?Yes, IGNOU provides study material for all the courses it offers. You can find the relevant study material on the official website or IGNOU Assignment GURU . Are there any alternatives to downloading IGNOU study material?Apart from downloading, IGNOU study material can also be accessed through the eGyankosh portal online. This allows you to read the material without downloading it to your device. RELATED ARTICLES![]() ONR-002 जल विज्ञान के मौलिक सिद्धांत in Hindi Study Material Download![]() ONR-002 Basics of Hydrology in English Study Material Download![]() ONR-001 जल संचयन का परिचय in Hindi Study Material DownloadNo comments, leave a reply cancel reply. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
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TMAs for a four credit course. This Assignment booklet has TMAs for the core course BPSC 131: Introduction to Political Theory, which is a six credit course. The booklet therefore has three TMAs whose total marks add up to 100 and carry a weightage of 30 %. Assignment One has Descriptive Category Questions (DCQs). These are meant for writing
assignments of a course carry 30% weightage while 70% weightage is given for term-end examination. You will have to do three Tutor Marked Assignments (TMAs) for a six credit course and two TMAs for a four credit course. This Assignment booklet has TMAs for the core course BPSC 131 Introduction to Political Theory, which is a six credit course ...
result, assignments of a course carry 30% weightage while 70% weightage is given for term-end examination. You will have to do three Tutor Marked Assignments (TMAs) for a six credit course and two TMAs for a four credit course. This Assignment booklet has TMAs for the core course BPSC 131 Introduction to Political Theory, which is a six credit ...
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IGNOU: BPSC -131 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 (INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY) 2 Answer the following in about 500 words each. 3 1.Write a note on politics as a political activity. 4 2. Examine if political theory is dead. 6 Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. 7 3.
This content is donated by Gyaniversity Publications and is verified by professors. It is plagiarism-free, so you can be assured to learn well and get the highest marks! BPSC-131 Introduction to Political Theory Bachelors BAG Bachelor of Arts (General) assignment question paper download, qp, ignou BPSC131 2023-24
May 15, 2023. Shiva. If you are looking for IGNOU BPSC-131 previous year question papers entitled " Introduction to Political Theory " for the IGNOU BAG Political Science, then you have come to the right place!, here We've uploaded the last years' question papers for your convenience. these BPSC-131 previous year question papers will ...
IGNOU BA Hindi (BAHDH) SOLVED ASSIGNMENT; IGNOU B.A English SOLVED ASSIGNMENT; IGNOU B.A Sociology SOLVED ASSIGNMENT; IGNOU B.A History SOLVED ASSIGNMENT; ... Paper of BPSC-131 (IGNOU) Also, Buy Solved Papers and Guess Paper of BPSC-131 - CLICK HERE Download Now. BPSC-131: December 2020: Download Now: BPSC-131: December 2021:
Assignment - I Answer the following in about 500 words each. 1. Write a note on politics as a political activity. 20 2. Examine the interface of political theory and inter -related terms. 20 Assignment - II Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. 1.
IGNOU Self Learning Material (SLM) 02. School of Social Sciences (SOSS) Levels; Bachelor's Degree Programmes; Current; Bachelor of Arts (BAG) Political Science; BPSC-131 राजनीतिक सिद्धांत का परिचय Community home page. Browse.
Last Date of Submission of IGNOU BPSC-131 (BAG) 2023-24 Assignment is for January 2023 Session: 30th September, 2023 (for December 2023 Term End Exam). Semester Wise January 2023 Session: 30th March, 2024 (for June 2024 Term End Exam).
BPSC-131 1 P.T.O. No. of Printed Pages : BPSC-131 BACHELOR OF ARTS POLITICAL SCIENCE (BAG) (CBCS) Term-End Examination June, 2022 BPSC-131 : INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY Time : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 100 Note : Answer any five questions, selecting at least two from each section. Answer each question in about 500 words.
Download Now. There are three Sections in the Assignment. You have to answer all questions in the Sections. Assignment - I Answer the following in about 500 words each. 1. Write a note on politics as a political activity. 20 2. Examine if political theory is dead. 20 Assignment - II Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. 1.
Freedom represents the absence of coercion or constraints on individuals' choices and actions. It is a core value in political theory, with different conceptions, such as negative freedom (freedom from interference) and positive freedom (freedom to achieve one's goals). 7.2. Interface with Political Theory.
BPSC 131 Assignment Solutions Download in English. This is a Core Course for students who have opted program BAG under IGNOU BPSC 131 Introduction to Political Theory 2023-2024 With CBCS Pattern. We Provide the All Assignment Questions And Their Solutions. IGNOU BAG BPSC 131 SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS have been uploaded.
Course Code: BPSC 131. Course Name: Introduction to Political Theory. Assignment code: BPSC-131/TMA/2020-21. Validity of Assignment: These assignments will remain valid for July 2020 and January 2021 session. IGNOU BPSC 131 assignment is of 100 marks.There are total of 3 sections- A, B abd C. Students have to answer all the questions.
If you are looking for BPSC-131 IGNOU Study Material or Textbook entitled Introduction to Political Theory you have come to the right place. This is because eGyankosh allows you to download single units at a time but we provide you with the fully combined pdf with all blocks and units. Click on the image or the button below to download the study material for free!
IGNOU, New Delhi. We expect you to answer each question as per guidelines for each category as mentioned in the assignment. You will find it useful to keep the following points in mind: ... Course Code: BPSC-131 Assignment Code: ASST /TMA /July 2019 & January 2020 Total Marks: 100 Assignment A Answer the following in about 500 words each.
We have made available the Study Material in PDF Format for easy access. if you do not have the physical copies of the BPSC-131 course materials, worry not, as you can conveniently download them from here in PDF format. Download the BPSC-131 Study Material in English Language From Below Links. BLOCK 1. Download.
ASSIGNMENT 2021-22 BPSC -131: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY Faculty of Political Science SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ... MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI-68 . Dear Student, As we have informed you in the Programme Guide, evaluation in IGNOU consists of two parts: i) continuous evaluation through assignments, and ii) term-endexamination. In the final
BPSC-131 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2022-2023 Download in English Download in Hindi Title Name BPSC-131 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 University IGNOU Service Type Solved Assignment (Soft copy/PDF) Course BAG(Pol Science) Language ENGLISH AND HINDI Semester 2022-2023 Course: BA(Pol Science) Session July 2022 - January 2023 Short Name BPSC-131 Assignment Code BPSC-131 ...
Service Type Solved Assignment (Soft copy/PDF) Course Bachelor's Degree Programme Under CBCS. Language HINDI MEDIUM. Course: BA (Hindi) Session 2023-24. Assignment Code BHIC 131/TMA/2023-24. Submission Date For the students enrolled in July 2023- 30th April 2024. For the students enrolled in January 2024- 31st October 2024.
Also, Buy Solved Papers and Guess Paper of BPSC-131 - CLICK HERE. Candidates should also solve their respective assignments of IGNOU BPSC-131 by using the available books provided by IGNOU. These study materials/ books are not only beneficial for the assignments but for the preparation of their respective TEE.