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Astronomers spot a highly “eccentric” planet on its way to becoming a hot Jupiter

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Hot Jupiters are some of the most extreme planets in the galaxy. These scorching worlds are as massive as Jupiter, and they swing wildly close to their star, whirling around in a few days compared to our own gas giant’s leisurely 4,000-day orbit around the sun.

Scientists suspect, though, that hot Jupiters weren’t always so hot and in fact may have formed as “cold Jupiters,” in more frigid, distant environs. But how they evolved to be the star-hugging gas giants that astronomers observe today is a big unknown.

Now, astronomers at MIT, Penn State University, and elsewhere have discovered a hot Jupiter “progenitor” — a sort of juvenile planet that is in the midst of becoming a hot Jupiter. And its orbit is providing some answers to how hot Jupiters evolve.

The new planet, which astronomers labeled TIC 241249530 b, orbits a star that is about 1,100 light-years from Earth. The planet circles its star in a highly “eccentric” orbit, meaning that it comes extremely close to the star before slinging far out, then doubling back, in a narrow, elliptical circuit. If the planet was part of our solar system, it would come 10 times closer to the sun than Mercury, before hurtling out, just past Earth, then back around. By the scientists’ estimates, the planet’s stretched-out orbit has the highest eccentricity of any planet detected to date.

The new planet’s orbit is also unique in its “retrograde” orientation. Unlike the Earth and other planets in the solar system, which orbit in the same direction as the sun spins, the new planet travels in a direction that is counter to its star’s rotation.

The team ran simulations of orbital dynamics and found that the planet’s highly eccentric and retrograde orbit are signs that it is likely evolving into a hot Jupiter, through “high-eccentricity migration” — a process by which a planet’s orbit wobbles and progressively shrinks as it interacts with another star or planet on a much wider orbit.

In the case of TIC 241249530 b, the researchers determined that the planet orbits around a primary star that itself orbits around a secondary star, as part of a stellar binary system. The interactions between the two orbits — of the planet and its star — have caused the planet to gradually migrate closer to its star over time.

The planet’s orbit is currently elliptical in shape, and the planet takes about 167 days to complete a lap around its star. The researchers predict that in 1 billion years, the planet will migrate into a much tighter, circular orbit, when it will then circle its star every few days. At that point, the planet will have fully evolved into a hot Jupiter.

“This new planet supports the theory that high eccentricity migration should account for some fraction of hot Jupiters,” says Sarah Millholland, assistant professor of physics in MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research. “We think that when this planet formed, it would have been a frigid world. And because of the dramatic orbital dynamics, it will become a hot Jupiter in about a billion years, with temperatures of several thousand kelvin. So it’s a huge shift from where it started.”

Millholland and her colleagues have published their findings today in the journal Nature . Her co-authors are MIT undergraduate Haedam Im, lead author Arvind Gupta of Penn State University and NSF NOIRLab, and collaborators at multiple other universities, institutions, and observatories.

“Radical seasons”

The new planet was first spotted in data taken by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), an MIT-led mission that monitors the brightness of nearby stars for “transits,” or brief dips in starlight that could signal the presence of a planet passing in front of, and temporarily blocking, a star’s light.

On Jan. 12, 2020, TESS picked up a possible transit of the star TIC 241249530. Gupta and his colleagues at Penn State determined that the transit was consistent with a Jupiter-sized planet crossing in front of the star. They then acquired measurements from other observatories of the star’s radial velocity, which estimates a star’s wobble, or the degree to which it moves back and forth, in response to other nearby objects that might gravitationally tug on the star.

Those measurements confirmed that a Jupiter-sized planet was orbiting the star and that its orbit was highly eccentric, bringing the planet extremely close to the star before flinging it far out.

Prior to this detection, astronomers had known of only one other planet, HD 80606 b, that was thought to be an early hot Jupiter. That planet, discovered in 2001, held the record for having the highest eccentricity, until now.

“This new planet experiences really dramatic changes in starlight throughout its orbit,” Millholland says. “There must be really radical seasons and an absolutely scorched atmosphere every time it passes close to the star.”

“Dance of orbits”

How could a planet have fallen into such an extreme orbit? And how might its eccentricity evolve over time? For answers, Im and Millholland ran simulations of planetary orbital dynamics to model how the planet may have evolved throughout its history and how it might carry on over hundreds of millions of years.

The team modeled the gravitational interactions between the planet, its star, and the second nearby star. Gupta and his colleagues had observed that the two stars orbit each other in a binary system, while the planet is simultaneously orbiting the closer star. The configuration of the two orbits is somewhat like a circus performer twirling a hula hoop around her waist, while spinning a second hula hoop around her wrist.

Millholland and Im ran multiple simulations, each with a different set of starting conditions, to see which condition, when run forward over several billions of years, produced the configuration of planetary and stellar orbits that Gupta’s team observed in the present day. They then ran the best match even further into the future to predict how the system will evolve over the next several billion years.

These simulations revealed that the new planet is likely in the midst of evolving into a hot Jupiter: Several billion years ago, the planet formed as a cold Jupiter, far from its star, in a region cold enough to condense and take shape. Newly formed, the planet likely orbited the star in a circular path. This conventional orbit, however, gradually stretched and grew eccentric, as it experienced gravitational forces from the star’s misaligned orbit with its second, binary star.

“It’s a pretty extreme process in that the changes to the planet’s orbit are massive,” Millholland says. “It’s a big dance of orbits that’s happening over billions of years, and the planet’s just going along for the ride.”

In another billion years, the simulations show that the planet’s orbit will stabilize in a close-in, circular path around its star.

“Then, the planet will fully become a hot Jupiter,” Millholland says.

The team’s observations, along with their simulations of the planet’s evolution, support the theory that hot Jupiters can form through high eccentricity migration, a process by which a planet gradually moves into place via extreme changes to its orbit over time.

“It’s clear not only from this, but other statistical studies too, that high eccentricity migration should account for some fraction of hot Jupiters,” Millholland notes. “This system highlights how incredibly diverse exoplanets can be. They are mysterious other worlds that can have wild orbits that tell a story of how they got that way and where they’re going. For this planet, it’s not quite finished its journey yet.”

“It is really hard to catch these hot Jupiter progenitors ‘in the act’ as they undergo their super eccentric episodes, so it is very exciting to find a system that undergoes this process,” says Smadar Naoz, a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California at Los Angeles, who was not involved with the study. “I believe that this discovery opens the door to a deeper understanding of the birth configuration of the exoplanetary system.”

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CNN’s Ashley Strickland reports on the discovery of an exoplanet on the path to becoming a “hot Jupiter,” providing clues about the evolution of these massive Jupiter-like planets closely orbiting their host stars. As Prof. Sarah Millholland explains: “This system highlights how incredibly diverse exoplanets can be. They are mysterious other worlds that can have wild orbits that tell a story of how they got that way and where they’re going.”

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From physical to virtual classroom overnight – how Orbital schools are leading the way in online learning

• 24th marec 2020

As schools close due to Covid-19, teachers and students at Orbital schools across the globe have moved seamlessly from the physical classroom to online learning overnight ensuring no gap in their student’s education.

Three years ago, Orbital invested in a state-of-the–art, robust Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) for their schools to enable smooth communication between teachers and students and to enhance learning by offering a powerful tool to implement blended learning. Today, in our quickly changed world, it has proven to a critical resource enabling all the Orbital schools to transition teaching and learning from the classroom to the online environment.

Zsófia Alibaux-Jakab, Orbital’s Group eLearning Manager said "Orbital’s VLE has been the ideal platform in this unprecedented situation and it was ready for us to deploy full time to our students immediately. As our teachers and students use it all the time it has made the transition even easier and ensured that our students are able to receive continuous education seamlessly.”

For the past two months, in China, Britannica International School, Shanghai has been using the VLE platform for distance learning receiving extremely positive feedback from parents and students alike. Principal David Goodwin said, “our students have been able to continue their education from the moment the schools in China closed. The platform is so versatile it has enabled students to be as engaged in their online learning as they are in the classroom and has brought a lot of relief to parents who were concerned that their children might miss out.”

As other schools in the Orbital group have then subsequently been forced to close, they have been able to easily follow the processes already deployed in Shanghai enabling them to deliver the best educational experience to their students.

Zsófia said “The Orbital VLE makes e-learning simple. It keeps everything in one place, enhances the learning experience and provides valuable tools for teachers to enable blended learning. Teachers can also gamify their courses with badges and give online lessons via the conferencing tool, which is invaluable in times of remote learning. For students, the Orbital VLE makes all materials available anywhere, they can quickly and easily access their grades, read and write comments, participate in discussions and use the calendar to get organized.

It also allows students to learn at their own pace, to review materials, presentations and videos at any time, to create content by editing class pages and recording videos. It puts the learning into the hands of the learner and allows for differentiation by choice and enhances leadership skills."

David Pottinger CEO of Orbital said ", from a group of bricks and mortar schools, Orbital has become, overnight, a global e-learning organisation. Our VLE, globally accessible to teachers and students wherever they are, gives us the unrivalled ability to share expertise and build collaboration as we move from the physical to the virtual classroom. Providing the best learning experience to our students is at the heart of what we do, and Orbital’s VLE has certainly supported that mission, particularly at this time.”

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From physical to virtual classroom overnight – how Orbital schools are leading the way in online learning

• 25th March 2020

As schools close due to Covid-19, teachers and students at Orbital schools across the globe have moved seamlessly from the physical classroom to online learning overnight ensuring no gap in their student’s education.

Three years ago, Orbital invested in a state-of-the–art, robust Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) for their schools to enable smooth communication between teachers and students and to enhance learning by offering a powerful tool to implement blended learning. Today, in our quickly changed world, it has proven to be a critical resource enabling all the Orbital schools to transition teaching and learning from the classroom to the online environment.

Zsófia Alibaux-Jakab, Orbital’s Group eLearning Manager said "Orbital’s VLE has been the ideal platform in this unprecedented situation and it was ready for us to deploy full time to our students immediately. As our teachers and students use it all the time it has made the transition even easier and ensured that our students are able to receive continuous education seamlessly.”

For the past two months Britannica International School, Shanghai has been using the VLE platform for distance learning receiving extremely positive feedback from parents and students alike. Principal David Goodwin said, “our students have been able to continue their education from the moment the schools in China closed. The platform is so versatile it has enabled students to be as engaged in their online learning as they are in the classroom and has brought a lot of relief to parents who were concerned that their children might miss out.”

As other schools in the Orbital group have then subsequently been forced to close, they have been able to easily follow the processes already deployed in Shanghai enabling them to deliver the best educational experience to their students.

Zsófia said “The Orbital VLE makes e-learning simple. It keeps everything in one place, enhances the learning experience and provides valuable tools for teachers to enable blended learning. Teachers can also gamify their courses with badges and give online lessons via the conferencing tool, which is invaluable in times of remote learning. For students, the Orbital VLE makes all materials available anywhere, they can quickly and easily access their grades, read and write comments, participate in discussions and use the calendar to get organised.

It also allows students to learn at their own pace, to review materials, presentations and videos at any time, to create content by editing class pages and recording videos. It puts the learning into the hands of the learner and allows for differentiation by choice and enhances leadership skills."

David Pottinger CEO of Orbital said ", from a group of bricks and mortar schools, Orbital has become, overnight, a global e-learning organisation. Our VLE, globally accessible to teachers and students wherever they are, gives us the unrivalled ability to share expertise and build collaboration as we move from the physical to the virtual classroom. Providing the best learning experience to our students is at the heart of what we do, and Orbital’s VLE has certainly supported that mission, particularly at this time.”

First day of virtual classrooms were amazing! I’m so impressed by the work given from school and how well the classes went. The children are so lucky not to have missed any work during the closure of school. It was an actual school day but at home."

Thankfully, the school management has been preparing everyone for this situation. We shall all be fine with the material and virtual classrooms. A big thank you for the school management and personnel for this great business continuity planning."

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NASA Aims to Restore Space Station Traffic After SpaceX and Boeing Problems

With the Falcon 9 rocket set to fly again, and testing of the Starliner capsule progressing, the agency is seeking to turn the page on a brief, troubled chapter in orbit.

By Kenneth Chang

NASA officials on Friday said they expected congestion at the International Space Station in the coming month, following a couple of weeks in which it seemed that the agency’s ability to transport astronauts to and from orbit was stuck in a holding pattern.

But the officials portrayed the orbital traffic jam as a good thing.

“We have never had so many vehicles and so many options,” Ken Bowersox, the associate administrator who leads NASA’s space operations mission directorate, said during a news conference on Friday. “It complicates our lives, but in a really good way.”

Operations at the space station have been more eventful than usual lately. A new Boeing spacecraft experienced propulsion problems en route to the space station . The astronauts on the station had to shelter for a while after a defunct Russian satellite disintegrated . A couple of spacewalks were called off because of problems with the spacesuits . And the question of when SpaceX could next fly more astronauts emerged after a rocket’s failure in orbit .

Those problems may now be clearing up.

Agency officials said the next launch of a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft, the ninth mission by SpaceX to take four astronauts for a six-month stay at the space station, or Crew-9, is scheduled for no earlier than Aug. 18.

But before that crew can head to space, the plan is for Starliner, a troubled spacecraft built by the aerospace giant Boeing that is now docked at the space station, to finally return to Earth with two NASA astronauts. The astronauts on the Starliner test flight, Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore, have been on the space station for weeks longer than originally planned as engineers diagnosed issues with the spacecraft’s propulsion system.

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Journal of Materials Chemistry C

Highly versatile and accurate machine learning methods for predicting perovskite properties †.

* Corresponding authors

a State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected]

b School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail: [email protected]

c School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

d Huangpu Hydrogen Innovation Center/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China E-mail: [email protected]

The determination of band gaps in unidentified materials has substantial importance for photovoltaic applications. In this research we used machine learning techniques to predict the band gap of perovskite materials within an acceptable margin of error. We developed a model to predict the band gaps of inorganic perovskites using machine learning algorithms. Our methodology utilizes a comprehensive dataset of 3720 ABX3-type perovskites and 2660 A 2 B(I)B(II)X 6 -type double perovskites, encompassing key properties such as band gap and formation energy. The features include nearly 300 descriptors generated by Matminer python. We applied six machine learning models, including XGBoost. The most effective model, XGBoost, demonstrated a notable R 2 coefficient of 0.873 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.5868 eV. Lastly, we conducted SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation) analysis to identify the most influential descriptors. The findings indicate that a higher formation energy, a significant proportion of transition metals, and a large number of d orbital valence electrons contribute to the formation of narrow bandgap perovskites. Conversely, a substantial number of f-orbital electrons and electronegativity differences between elements tend to result in wide-bandgap perovskites. This comprehensive analysis not only offers insights into the fundamental factors influencing the band gap of perovskite materials but also underscores the potential of machine learning in expediting materials research.

• This article is part of the themed collection: Journal of Materials Chemistry C HOT Papers

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Highly versatile and accurate machine learning methods for predicting perovskite properties

Z. Chen, J. Wang, C. Li, B. Liu, D. Luo, Y. Min, N. Fu and Q. Xue, J. Mater. Chem. C , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4TC02268H

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When the eye’s unwanted guest becomes the main attraction: a massive primary orbital retinoblastoma

• Mark Complete

A 4-year-old child from a remote part of Kashmir presents with a primary fungating orbital retinoblastoma. This case involves the orbital extension of an intraocular retinoblastoma at the initial clinical presentation, characterized by massive proptosis of the right eye and significant tissue necrosis.

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Founded by Kevin McNeany in 2008, Orbital Education's internationally acclaimed schools is unique but we are united in our aim, to deliver an outstanding education. We build welcoming communities that celebrate diversity and encourage a global perspective. Our students and employees are supported and challenged to achieve their ambitions. We are innovative, adapting and continuously improving our schools to ensure that they deliver the highest quality. We own and operate a fast-growing group of British style international schools in Hungary, Slovenia, Spain, Qatar, China, Ecuador, and Mexico with further expansion planned in the GCC. Based in our UK head office in Cheshire, our highly qualified and experienced team guide and develop our schools with their expertise, supporting across a wide range of operational functions.

We want students in our schools to be happy, safe, and challenged in their learning. Our schools are non-selective, and our UK-qualified teachers are dedicated to working with families to support and nurture each student to achieve their potential . This may be through outstanding academic success, or by development of a student’s unique talents through a range of co-curricular activities.

Our leadership team members have a shared passion for the education sector, with many starting their careers as teachers and all serving as governors, inspectors and school advisors outside of Orbital. It is this that makes us unique within the sector. We are continuously learning and bringing new ideas to improve our offer and the quality of education for the most important people, our students.

Our British schools cater for students between the ages of 2 and 18 years and specialise in delivering the English National Curriculum, specifically enhanced for our diverse student population and the unique context of each school’s location.

Our schools are also resourced to provide language support for those who are learning in English for the first time and deliver innovative digital technology solutions to promote personalised and collaborative learning.

We ensure that the highest standards are delivered with the support of our Orbital experts and through accreditation bodies such as the Council of British International Schools (COBIS) and the Council of International Schools (CIS).

In 2019, Orbital Education was honoured with the Queen’s Award for Enterprise: International Trade.

Record Breaking IGCSE Examination Results

Britannica International is proud to share news of outstanding IGCSE examination results. Our Year 11 students have worked tirelessly over the past two years.

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CCNA certification

Validate your knowledge and skills in network fundamentals and access, IP connectivity, IP services, security fundamentals, and more. Take your IT career in any direction by earning a Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification.

Your career in networking begins with CCNA

CCNA Certification

Take your IT career in any direction by earning a CCNA. CCNA validates a broad range of fundamentals for all IT careers - from networking technologies, to security, to software development - proving you have the skills businesses need to meet market demands.

Networking fundamentals

Showcase your knowledge of networking equipment and configuration. Be able to troubleshoot connectivity issues and effectively manage networks.

IP Services

Demonstrate your ability to configure routing for different IP versions and describe the purpose of redundancy protocols. Be able to interpret the components of a routing table.

Security fundamentals

Understand threats and ways to prevent them. Identify key elements of a security program, like user awareness and training. Demonstrate practical skills like setting up secure access to devices and networks.

Understand how automation affects network management, and compare traditional networks with controller-based networking. Leverage APIs, and understand configuration management tools.

How it works

No formal prerequisites.

CCNA is an asset to IT professionals of all experience levels, but learners often benefit from one or more years of experience implementing and administering Cisco solutions.

Example learner profiles

• Individuals looking to move into the IT field
• IT professionals looking to stand out in the job market
• IT professionals looking to enrich their current roles with additional networking skills

Getting started

To earn this certification, you’ll need to pass a single required exam.

A variety of resources are available to help you study - from guided learning to self-study and a community forum.

Unlock your career potential

Because CCNA covers so many IT fundamentals, it’s a great way to stand out no matter where your career takes you.

Potential roles

Network engineer.

Apply a range of technologies to connect, secure, and automate complex networks.

Network administrator

Install, maintain, monitor, and troubleshoot networks and keep them secure.

Help desk administrator

Diagnose and troubleshoot technical issues for clients and employees.

Alumni testimonials

Ccna moved elvin up the career ladder.

"Passing that CCNA exam triggered a chain of events I could never have predicted. First, I was a student, then a teacher, then a Cisco instructor, and I eventually became a Cisco VIP."

Elvin Arias Soto, CloudOps engineer

CCNA, CCDP, CCDA, CCNP, CCIE

Certifications give Kevin instant credibility at work

"People always want to know who they're talking to. They want to know if you’re qualified. Certifications give you instant credibility."

Kevin Brown, CyberOps analyst

CCNA, CyberOps Associate

Ben made a career change with a Cisco certification

"I chose to pursue Cisco certifications because I knew it would put me in the best position to start a career in networking."

Ben Harting, Configuration engineer

Maintain your certification

Your certification is valid for three years. You can renew with Continuing Education credits or retake exams before they expire.

CCNA essentials webinar series

Learn what to expect from the CCNA exam, and chart your path to certification success.

CCNA certification guide

Get familiar with Cisco’s learning environment, find study resources, and discover helpful hints for earning your CCNA.

CCNA Prep Program

Packed with 50+ hours of resources, webinars, and practice quizzes, CCNA Prep On Demand is your ultimate study buddy.

Enhance your learning journey

Stay up to date.

Get the latest news about Cisco certifications, plus tools and insights to help you get where you want to go.

CCNA community

Not sure where to begin? Head to the Cisco CCNA community to get advice and connect with experts.

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Elektrostal

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Elektrostal , city, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia . It lies 36 miles (58 km) east of Moscow city. The name, meaning “electric steel,” derives from the high-quality-steel industry established there soon after the October Revolution in 1917. During World War II , parts of the heavy-machine-building industry were relocated there from Ukraine, and Elektrostal is now a centre for the production of metallurgical equipment. Pop. (2006 est.) 146,189.

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Geographic coordinates of Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia

Coordinates of elektrostal in decimal degrees, coordinates of elektrostal in degrees and decimal minutes, utm coordinates of elektrostal, geographic coordinate systems.

WGS 84 coordinate reference system is the latest revision of the World Geodetic System, which is used in mapping and navigation, including GPS satellite navigation system (the Global Positioning System).

Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) define a position on the Earth’s surface. Coordinates are angular units. The canonical form of latitude and longitude representation uses degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). GPS systems widely use coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes, or in decimal degrees.

Latitude varies from −90° to 90°. The latitude of the Equator is 0°; the latitude of the South Pole is −90°; the latitude of the North Pole is 90°. Positive latitude values correspond to the geographic locations north of the Equator (abbrev. N). Negative latitude values correspond to the geographic locations south of the Equator (abbrev. S).

Longitude is counted from the prime meridian ( IERS Reference Meridian for WGS 84) and varies from −180° to 180°. Positive longitude values correspond to the geographic locations east of the prime meridian (abbrev. E). Negative longitude values correspond to the geographic locations west of the prime meridian (abbrev. W).

UTM or Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system divides the Earth’s surface into 60 longitudinal zones. The coordinates of a location within each zone are defined as a planar coordinate pair related to the intersection of the equator and the zone’s central meridian, and measured in meters.

Elevation above sea level is a measure of a geographic location’s height. We are using the global digital elevation model GTOPO30 .

Elektrostal , Moscow Oblast, Russia