problem solving in research definition

Problems: Definition, Types, and Evidence

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• Norbert M. Seel 2  

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Problem solving

A distinction can be made between “task” and “problem.” Generally, a task is a well-defined piece of work that is usually imposed by another person and may be burdensome. A problem is generally considered to be a task, a situation, or person which is difficult to deal with or control due to complexity and intransparency. In everyday language, a problem is a question proposed for solution, a matter stated for examination or proof. In each case, a problem is considered to be a matter which is difficult to solve or settle, a doubtful case, or a complex task involving doubt and uncertainty.

Theoretical Background

The nature of human problem solving has been studied by psychologists over the past hundred years. Beginning with the early experimental work of the Gestalt psychologists in Germany, and continuing through the 1960s and early 1970s, research on problem solving typically operated with relatively simple laboratory problems, such as Duncker’s...

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Berry, D. C., & Broadbent, D. E. (1995). Implicit learning in the control of complex systems: A reconsideration of some of the earlier claims. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European perspective (pp. 131–150). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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Seel, N.M. (2012). Problems: Definition, Types, and Evidence. In: Seel, N.M. (eds) Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_914

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Home » Research Problem – Examples, Types and Guide

Research Problem – Examples, Types and Guide

Table of Contents

A research problem is the starting point of any study, as it defines the issue or challenge that the research intends to address. Clearly articulating a research problem is essential because it shapes the direction of the study, influencing research design, methodology, and analysis. This guide explores what a research problem is, the types of research problems, and how to develop one with clear examples to aid in understanding.

Research Problem

A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, or gap in knowledge that prompts the need for investigation. It reflects the purpose of the research and the questions that the study aims to answer. Without a clear research problem, it is difficult to determine the scope, goals, and relevance of the research.

For example, in social sciences, a research problem might involve understanding factors that influence student motivation. In business, it could involve identifying reasons behind declining customer satisfaction.

Why is a Research Problem Important?

The research problem is the foundation of the research process because it:

• Defines the Study’s Purpose : It helps clarify what the research is trying to achieve.
• Guides the Research Design : It determines which methodologies and data collection techniques are suitable.
• Provides Focus and Direction : It prevents the study from being overly broad or unfocused.
• Establishes Relevance : A well-defined problem highlights the research’s significance and its contribution to knowledge.

Types of Research Problems

• Example : What are the psychological factors influencing digital addiction among young adults?
• Example : How can customer service training improve client retention in the hospitality industry?
• Example : How do rural and urban educational outcomes compare in terms of student performance?
• Example : What are the emerging behaviors associated with the use of augmented reality in retail shopping?
• Example : What are the common characteristics of high-performing teams in technology companies?
• Example : What effect does daily exercise have on reducing stress levels among college students?

Steps to Formulate a Research Problem

• Identify a Broad Topic Area Start by choosing a general area of interest. This could be anything from mental health and marketing to technology or education. Focusing on a topic you’re passionate about can make the research process more engaging.
• Conduct Preliminary Research Conducting initial research helps you understand existing knowledge and identify gaps. Look at recent studies, articles, or reports in your field to find areas that need further exploration.
• Narrow Down the Topic A broad topic needs to be narrowed to a specific issue. Consider the aspects of the topic that interest you most or that have limited research available. Narrowing the focus prevents the study from being too general and enhances its depth.
• Identify the Problem Clearly define the problem or gap that the research aims to address. Frame it as a statement that indicates the issue, its context, and its importance.
• Formulate Research Questions Develop research questions that provide a basis for investigating the problem. Good research questions are specific, clear, and feasible, guiding the research process and helping focus data collection.
• Assess Feasibility Evaluate if the research problem is manageable given available resources, time, and access to data. Feasibility ensures that the study is achievable and practical within constraints.

Examples of Research Problems

Example 1 : In Education

• Problem : Declining student engagement in online learning environments.
• Research Question : What factors contribute to decreased engagement in online courses compared to in-person learning?

Example 2 : In Business

• Problem : High employee turnover in customer service departments.
• Research Question : How does job satisfaction impact turnover rates among customer service employees?

Example 3 : In Healthcare

• Problem : Rising obesity rates among children in urban areas.
• Research Question : What are the primary lifestyle factors contributing to obesity among urban children?

Example 4 : In Psychology

• Problem : Increased rates of social media addiction among teenagers.
• Research Question : What psychological factors lead to social media addiction in teenagers?

Example 5 : In Environmental Studies

• Problem : Rapid decline in pollinator populations affecting crop yields.
• Research Question : What impact does pesticide usage have on pollinator populations in agricultural areas?

Tips for Defining a Strong Research Problem

• Make It Specific : Clearly state the issue you intend to investigate. Avoid overly broad topics that are difficult to address.
• Identify Relevance : Choose a problem that has practical, theoretical, or social importance, demonstrating why the study matters.
• Align with Research Goals : Ensure that the problem aligns with the overall objectives of your research or field of study.
• Keep It Manageable : Be realistic about what you can accomplish within your time frame, resources, and skills.
• Consider Originality : Aim to address a gap in the current literature, focusing on issues that have not been explored in depth.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Overly Broad Problems : A vague or broad problem can make it difficult to formulate research questions or collect relevant data.
• Irrelevant or Trivial Problems : Choose a problem that has value and contributes meaningfully to your field of study.
• Unfeasible Problems : Ensure that your research problem is practical and can be addressed with available resources.
• Confusing the Problem with the Method : Define the issue clearly instead of describing the method. For example, “Using interviews to study…” is a method, not a problem.

A well-defined research problem is crucial to successful research. By selecting a relevant, specific, and feasible problem, researchers set a strong foundation for their study. Whether you are studying education, business, psychology, or any other field, understanding the types and examples of research problems can help you structure a clear and focused investigation. Defining the problem carefully and creating focused research questions ultimately guides the research process, making your work impactful and meaningful.

• Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . Sage Publications.
• Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach . Sage Publications.
• Kumar, R. (2019). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners . Sage Publications.
• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research Methods for Business Students . Pearson Education.
• Punch, K. F. (2014). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches . Sage Publications.

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