how to bluebook cite congressional research service

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Bluebook Legal Citation

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Bluebook Rule (21st): 13

Citation of legislative material is covered by rule 13. The Bluebook states that when citing United States legislative material (except debates), you should include the title, if relevant, the abbreviated name of the chamber, the number of the Congress, the number assigned to the material, and the year of publication. State materials are typically cited the same way.

Bills and Resolutions Bluebook Rule (21st): 13.2

Rule 13.2 holds that you should include in your citation the name of the bill, if relevant, the abbreviated name of the house, the number of the bill, the number of the Congress, the section, and the publication year. If there are multiple versions of the same bill, you can indicate such in a parenthetical.

Enacted bills are considered "statutes" for Bluebook purposes, and should be cited as such (except when documenting legislative history).

Example : Orphan Works Act of 2008, H.R. 5889, 110th Cong. § 2 (2008).

Hearings Bluebook Rule (21st): 13.3

To cite committee hearings, you should include the entire title as it appears on the cover, the bill number, the subcommittee name, the committee name, the number of the Congress, the page number of the material cited, and the year of publication. State and federal materials follow the same form. Subcommittee and committee names may be abbreviated according to tables T6 , T9 , and T10 .

Example : Promoting the Use of Orphan Works: Balancing the Interests of Copyright Owners and Users: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property, 110 Cong. 52 (2008) (Statement of Corinne P. Kevorkian). 

Reports, documents, and committee prints Bluebook Rule (21st): 13.4

Citations to reports should include the name of the house, the number of the Congress with the number of the report, the part or page number, and the year of publication.

Legislative reports, like reports from the Congressional Research Service, are cited as reports with institutional authors according to rule 15.1(c) .

Example : H.R. Rep No. 105-452, at 5 (1998).

State materials generally follow the same rules. However, if it is not clear, provide the name of the state parenthetically.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How do i cite a congressional research service report.

A Congressional Research Service report with an individual author:

Woolf, Amy F. (2021, December 14).  U.S. strategic nuclear forces: Background, development, and issues. (CRS Report No. RL33640).  https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33640 . 

A Congressional Research Services report without an individual author:

Congressional Research Services. (Date). Title.  (CRS Report No. RLxxxxx). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdfRLxxxxx.

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Turabian Citation Style Guide: Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports

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N:  1 U.S. Library of Congress, CRS, Intelligence Issues for Congress , by Richard A. Best Jr., CRS Report RL33539 (Washington, DC: Office of Congressional Information and Publishing, June 1, 2010).      B:  U.S. Library of Congress.  Congressional Research Service.   Intelligence Issues for Congress , by Richard A. Best Jr. CRS Report RL33539. Washington, DC: Office of Congressional Information and Publishing, June 1, 2010.

P:  (U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service 2010, 10) R:  U.S. Library of Congress.  Congressional Research Service.  2010. Intelligence Issues for Congress , by Richard A. Best Jr. CRS Report RL33539. Washington, DC: Office of Congressional Information and Publishing, June 1, 2010.

*Cross –referencing between author and department may be appropriate in the bibliography. B:  Best, Richard A., Jr. See U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service.

B: = Biblography

P: =  In-text citations which are enclosed in parentheses.

R: = Reference List

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Q. How do I cite a Congressional Research Services report in APA?

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Answered By: Katie Hutchison Last Updated: Mar 27, 2020     Views: 36649

Author, A. A. (Year).  Title of report in sentence case and italics  (CRS Report No. xxxxxxx). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: URL

Example: 

Erwin, M. C. (2011).  Intelligence issues for Congress  (CRS Report No. RL33539). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf

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• APA 7th doesn't use "retrieved from" and "website" anymore. by Peter Coogan on Sep 24, 2020

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The Publication Manual of the APA does not specifically address citing the Congressional Record . For materials not covered in the  Publication Manual , the APA refers users to  The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation . The recommendations below are based on the 21st edition of  The Bluebook :

The Congressional Record is issued in two editions -- the Daily Edition and the Permanent Edition. Writers should "use the Daily Edition only for matters not yet appearing in the permanent collection." ( The Bluebook , 2020)

Citing to the Permanent Bound Edition:

In text citation:

Following the general APA and Bluebook principles for citing legislative materials, the in-text citation would look like this:

• (142 Cong. Rec. 14979, 1996)

Reference list:

Cite to the volume and page number of the permanent edition of the Congressional Record:

• 142 Cong. Rec. 14979 (1996)
• 142 Cong. Rec 14982 (1996) (statement of Sen. John McCain).

In the example, above, 142 is the volume, 14979 is the page number.

For proceedings that have not yet appeared in the Permanent Edition of the Congressional Record:

*If the text is not yet published in the permanent edition, you will need to cite to the Daily Edition. The Daily Edition includes the prefixes H, S and E.* before page numbers. (The Bluebook, 2020, p. 140).

Citing this in text is not specifically addressed in either The Bluebook or the APA Publication Manual. Following general APA and Bluebook principles for citing legislative materials:

• (159 Cong. Rec. H227, 2013)
• 159 Cong. Rec. H227 (daily ed. Jan. 23, 2013) (statement of  Rep. Yarmuth)  

These abbreviations refer to sections of the Daily Edition: H=House; S=Senate; E=Extension of Remarks

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Example: the author has referenced a letter published in a multivolume work.

Letter from James Madison to Thomas Jefferson (Oct. 24 and Nov. 1, 1787), in 8 Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution   , 97, 105 (John P. Kaminski & Gaspare J. Saladino eds., 1988)

See Rule 15.5.2(b)

Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 24 October and 1 November 1787, in Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution , eds. John P. Kaminski and Gaspare J. Saladino, vol. 8 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1988), 105.

See Rules 14.117 & 14.123

Note:  Chicago does not include the first page of the document, in contrast with The Bluebook. Some author/publishers might prefer to include that first page information, so ask. If in doubt, err on the side of the inclusion, and be consistent. Flag any such decision for the author. 

If the researcher relied on the electronic version of this source, availble from Rotunda Press, the citations would look even more different.  The Bluebook (see Rule 18.2.1) wouldn't require any indication of the online source since Rotunda Press provides the researcher with an exact copy of the print source (i.e., you can actually pull up the image of page 105).  

Chicago, on the other hand, recommends inclusion of a URL or DOI to indicate that a work was consulted online (Rule 14.10). Thus, the following URL should be included with the Chicago citation above, with a comma after the page number: accessed Jun. 30 2014, http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/RNCN-02-08-02-0001-0067.

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How to Cite U.S. Government Documents in APA Citation Style: Federal Laws/Statutes

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Statute (law/act) appears in a single section of the United States Code

Statute (act/law) spans a range of sections in the united states code, statute (public law/act) is spread out among different sections of the code, law (statute) does not yet appear in the united states code.

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Statutes (laws/acts) are "codified" on a continuous basis in the online United States Code (U.S.C.) by the Office of Law Revision Counsel. In general, you should cite statutes (laws/act) to their location in the online United States Code (U.S.C.)

You can find the relevant U.S.C. title and section(s) in the text of the law. You can find official sources of the law in:

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In the U.S.C., or in the Public Law, look for statements about where the law applies to the Code ( U.S.C. "Titles" and "sections" ) .

• If the law spans a ranges of sections, add "et seq." after the U.S.C. number to indicate "and what follows." Note: You do not include U.S.C. "chapters" in citations.
• If the statute (law/act) is spread out among scattered sections of the U.S.C . , and you wish to cite the law as a whole, cite using the Public Law number, and include the parallel citation to the law's location in the Statutes at Large , when available.
• If the statute (law/act) does not appear in the United States Code , cite using the Public Law number, and include the parallel citation to its location in Statutes at Large, when available.

See examples, below.

When a statute is codified in a single section of the United States Code (U.S.C.), cite to the U.S.C..

Example: Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act .

In the header for this Act, you will see the U.S.C. citation: 20 U.S.C. § 6301. This is the start of the range of sections it applies to, but if you read this Act closely, you will see that the Act itself appears in section 7705, Impact Aid .

In Reference List:

• Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act. 20 U.S.C § 7705 (2020).

Explanation: This Act appears (was codified) in a single section of the the U.S.C. in Title 20, section 7705, in 2020.

Note: You can find the section symbol in Word > Insert > Symbols > Special Characters

• (Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act, 2020)
• Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act (2020)

If the law spans a ranges of sections, add " et seq. " after the U.S.C. number to indicate "and what follows."

Tip: Browse and search the official United States Code to find the "reference notes: "

Pub. L. 111–260, §1(a), Oct. 8, 2010, 124 Stat. 2751 , provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 615c and 616 to 620 of this title , amending sections 153, 225, 303, 330, 402, 503, 610, and 613 of this title , and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 153, 303, 613, and 619 of this title ] may be cited as the 'Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010'."

• (Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act, 2020)
• Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (2020)

Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2020. 47 USC 609  et seq. (2009). URL

When a statute applies to numerous sections of the Code , and you wish to cite the Act as a whole, cite using the Public law number.

To determine where the statute is codified (where it appears in the United States Code ), follow this process:

• Find the U.S.C. number listed in the header of the law. For example, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 includes this location in the United States Code: 42 U.S.C. § 15801 .

Energy Policy Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-58, 119 Stat. 594 (2005). https://www.congress.gov/109/plaws/publ58/PLAW-109publ58.pdf

Explanation: In the example above, Pub. L. No. 109-58 refers to Public Law number 58  from the 109th Congress, with a parallel citation to its location in volume 119, page 594 of the US Statutes at Large (119 Stat. 594). Because I retrieved this from a publicly available website, rather than an academic database, the URL is appended to the end.

• (Energy Policy Act, 2005)
• Energy Policy Act (2005)

If the law has just passed and does not yet appear in the United States Code, cite to the Public Law Number with a parallel citation to its location in Statutes at Large.

Example: If you were citing this law shortly after it passed in 2005, and it had not yet appeared in the United States Code.*

* There may be only a few months lag between when a law is passed and when it appears in the United States Code. See Office of Law Revision Council, Currency and Updating .

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How to Cite Legal Documents in Bluebook

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Legal Cases

When citing legal cases, you need to include as much information about the case as possible.

The general format of citations will look like this:

American Cancer Association v. Mowly, 148 U.S. 267, 303-305 (2023).

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The following color coding was applied:

• Red – First party vs. Second party
• Blue – Reporter volume number
• Pink – Reporter abbreviation
• Green – First page of the case
• Black – Specific page referred to
• Sienna – Deciding court (omit when it coincides with the reporter)
• Peach – Date of decision

Constitutions

When citing constitutions, include its abbreviation, the abbreviation for “amendment” (amend.), “article” (art.) or “clause” (cl.), the number of the amendment, and section symbol or number:

NY. Const. art. III, § 18, cl. 9. U.S. Const. amend. §7.

Include the official name of the act, the source where it is located, the section with appropriate symbols, and the year of publication if available:

An Act to amend An Act to Amend the Criminal Code (Medical Assistance in Dying), 317 §7 (2023).

Bills and Resolutions

For bills and resolutions, mention the name of the bill (if applicable), the abbreviation of the house, bill number, congress number, section number, and year of publication:

H.R. Res. 652, 118th Cong. (2024). S. Res. 55, 117th Cong. (2023).

Give the full subject matter title in italics, bill number (if applicable), subcommittee name (if applicable), committee name, congress number, session number (for state committee hearings), page number (if citing a specific page), year:

United States-China science cooperation: Hearings before the Subcomm. on Science, Research, and Technology of the Comm. on Science and Technology , U.S. House of Representatives, 118th Cong. (2022).

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The Bluebook contains rules that prescribe how to cite a variety of legal documents. There are too many rules for this introductory guide to cover.  However, the following are rules and examples for other types of legal documents that many first-year law students may need to cite in addition to cases and statutes.

Constitutions

Rule 11 covers how to cite the U.S. Constitution and state constitutions.

A citation to a constitution includes three elements:

• U.S. or the state abbreviation (see Table 10)
• Const. ( The Bluebook 's abbreviation for constitution)
• Section or subdivision 

For example, here is how you would cite the provision of the U.S. Constitution that says that each state shall have two Senators:

U.S. Const. art. I, § 3, cl. 1

Regulations

Rule 14 covers how to cite administrative and executive materials, including U.S. federal regulations. For more information on federal regulations and other types of administrative (i.e., agency) materials, see our Administrative Law Research Guide . 

A citation to a U.S. federal regulation in the  Code of Federal Regulations  (C.F.R.) includes four elements:

• C.F.R. title number
• C.F.R. ( The Bluebook 's abbreviation for the Code of Federal Regulations)
• Section symbol and specific section cited
• Date of code edition cited

For example, here is how you would cite a federal regulation that prescribes rules for pets in National Parks in the United States:

36 C.F.R. § 2.15 (2017)

For state regulations, follow the citation format provided for the state in Table 1.

Books and Reports

Rule 15 covers how to cite books, reports, and other non-periodic materials, such as encyclopedias.

A basic citation to a book includes the following six elements:

• Volume number (for multivolume works)
• Author's full name as it appears on the title page
• Title of the book (italicized or underlined)
• Page, section, or paragraph cited
• Edition (for works with multiple editions)
• Year of publication

For example, here is a citation to a section in a well-known treatise on federal procedure:

9C Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure  § 2552 (3d ed. 2008)

Citations to books vary based on the features of a particular publication. For example, the format is slightly different if a book has an editor rather than an author (Rule 15.2). Be sure to carefully review the publication and consult Rule 15 in order to cite it correctly. Additionally, the typeface used for books is different in academic writing. Rather than underlining the title, use small caps (Rule 15).

Tip : Rule 15.8 provides citation formats for several publications commonly used by first-year law students, such as Black's Law Dictionary and legal encyclopedias.

Law Reviews & Other Periodicals

Rule 16 covers how to cite law reviews and journals, newspapers, and other periodic materials.

A citation to a consecutively paginated* journal article includes the following six elements:

• Author's full name as it appears on the article
• Title of the article (underlined or italicized)
• Volume number
• Journal title abbreviation (see Table 13)
• First page of the article
• Date of publication

*A consecutively paginated journal is one in which the page numbers continue throughout a volume as opposed to starting at the number one for each issue.  Most law reviews and academic journals are consecutively paginated.

Here is an example of how to cite an article in the Harvard Journal of Law and Technology:

Dan L. Burk & Julie E. Cohen, Fair Use Infrastructure for Rights Management Systems , 15 Harv. J.L. & Tech. 41 (2001).

For more information on citing law journal articles, watch our  Law Review Citations  tutorial.

Tip : Rule 16.7.6 describes how to cite annotations in American Law Reports (A.L.R.) . 

Online Sources

Rule 18 covers when and how to cite online sources as well as other non-print sources (e.g., films). The rules for specific types of documents often also include a section on how to cite the online version.  For example, Rule 12.5 describes how to cite statutes on Westlaw and Lexis.

Citation formats to online sources are too varied to provide meaningful examples here, so be sure to consult Rule 18 carefully.

Citing to the Record

First-year law students will likely need to cite to depositions, interrogatories, or trial transcripts in the record in order to develop facts for briefs.  As a general rule of thumb, you must cite to the record for every factual assertion you make in a brief.

Bluepages Rule B17 covers how to cite to the record, and the abbreviations that are used in citing to the record are listed in Bluepages Table BT1  (e.g., brief = br.)

The key elements of a citation to the record are as follows:

• Name of the document (abbreviated according to BT1)
• Page number where the fact can be found in the document
• Date of the document, if required (see Rule B17.1.3)

For example, suppose you are asserting as a fact in your brief that a witness, Mr. Dames, saw a blue car speeding through the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue NW and New Jersey Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. The source of this fact is Mr. Dames' deposition testimony.

Your citation for this fact would approximate the following example:

According to Mr. Dames, he was waiting to cross New Jersey Avenue NW outside the Edward Bennett Williams Law Library at approximately 6:15 p.m. on Sept. 3, 2009, when he saw a blue car traveling at approximately 70 miles per hour through the intersection of New Jersey Avenue NW and Massachusetts Avenue NW. Dames Dep. 12, Aug. 7, 2002.

Writing "at" before the page number is generally not required, although it is generally used when citing documents in an appellate record (see Rule B17.1.2).

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Sample Bluebook Citations

• Citing Federal Legislative History Sources
• Introduction to Sample Bluebook Citations
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Citing to Committee Reports

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Citation to Entire Committee Report:  R. 13.4(a) (p. 138).

Cite to the report type, report number, year.

• S. Rep. No. 95-797, at 1 (1978).
• H.R. Rep. No. 105-796, at 14 (1998) (Conf. Rep.).
• H.R. Rep. No. 102-40 (1991).

Citation to Entire Committee Report (reprinted by a private publisher) : R. 13.4(a) (p. 138).

Cite to the report type, report number, year, use the phrase ‘ reprinted in ’, year on volume, set name abbreviated properly, and beginning page number of the report.

• S. Rep. No. 95-797 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 9260.
• H.R. Rep. No. 102-40 (1991), reprinted in 1991 U.S.C.C.A.N. 549.
• H.R. Rep. No. 105-796 (1998) (Conf. Rep.), reprinted in 1998 U.S.C.C.A.N. 639.

Pinpoint Citation to Committee Report (reprinted by a private publisher):

Same as above, but add pinpoint page references for the original document and the "reprinted in U.S.C.C.A.N."

• S. Rep. No. 95-797, at 4 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 9260, 9263.
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Citing government information can be a daunting task. Citation managers do not always know how to handle government documents and there isn't really an agreed-upon standard for citing all types of government publications. Always check the style manual for your particular citation style and use this guide for general advice.

The following information was taken from The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information Resources (ed. 3) Revised by Debora Cheney, 2002 . The examples were taken from various resources found at the Government Information Library at the University of Colorado-Boulder.

If your project or assignment requires citations in MLA style , please see the following document:

• Citing Samples for Government Information Sources: MLA This guide to citing Government Publications is provided by the University of Nevada, Reno and provides guidance on citing Government Information resources in MLA

Citing Government Publications by Type

• Legislation (Bills)
• Congressional Research Service Reports
• Laws & Regulations
• Books & Reports

General Format Should Include:

• Legislative body
• Session number
• Bill number
• Title (may be abbreviated)
• Version with date (if known)
• Accession source and date of accession

U.S. Congress

State Congress

• Legislative body, committee
• Title of Hearing
• Date of hearing/testimony
• Unique identifying numbers
• Publishing information (if print)
• Source information and date accessed

House of Representatives Hearing

• Congressional Research Service
• (Publication/Report Number)
• Prepared by Personal Author
• Publishing information
• Abbreviation (P.L. for public law, Pvt. L for private law)
• Popular title or abbreviated title

P.L. 113-5 -- Pandemic and All- Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013

• Section heading
• Title number
• U.S. Code or Code of Federal Regulations
• Section number (within title number)
• Edition/date of the last update, if known
• Publishing information, if print
• Source of information and date accessed

“Time for election of senators,” Title 2 U.S. Code , Pt. 1. 1934 ed. Available at: FDsys, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionUScode; Accessed: 7/22/2013

Code of Federal Regulations

“Equal Access to Justice Act,” Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations , Sec. 16. Revised as of 7/1/2007. Available at: FDsys; http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR; Accessed: 7/16/2013.

For Government Publications, the citation generally begins with the issuing agency rather than the author. One exception is if the work is part of a larger piece.

General Format

Geographic or Political Designation. Issuing Agency. Title: Subtitle (Medium). (Publication/Report Number). Edition. By Personal Author. (Series).(Notes).

Work by the Issuing Agency

U.S. Department of the Interior. Craters of the Moon: a guide to Craters of the Moon National Monument , Idaho. (Handbook).Washington: National Park Service, Division of Publications, 1991 (139).

One Personal Author

U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. On the Moon with Apollo 16, guidebook to Descartes region [with bibliographies] . By Gene Simmons. Washington, Apr. 1972. (NASA EP Series  No. 95).

More than Three Authors

U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Project Fog Drops 5, Task 1, Numerical model of advection fog, Task 2, Recommendation for simplified individual zero-gravity cloud physics experiments (Paper). By C. William Rogers et. al. Washington D.C., Dec. 1975. (NASA contractor report series No. 2633).

Chapter in a Larger Work

“Eastern Europe Region: Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence to Helms to President Johnson,” pp. 65-66. In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968 . (Vol. XVII). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1996.

Website as the Source of Information

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Advances in HIV/AIDS Research . Feb. 25, 2011. Available at: http://www.nih.gov/science/hiv/index.htm . Accessed: 6/20/2013.

For citing local, state, and federal court decisions, consult the Blue Book: A Uniform System of Citation . The following websites will take you to citation guides for the Blue Book.

• Georgetown Library Bluebook Guide The purpose of this guide is to introduce The Bluebook and basic concepts of legal citation to new law students.
• Introduction to Basic Legal Citation: Cornell The content of this guide is available in three different eBook versions, and the website also provides video tutorials
• Suffolk University Boston: Bluebook Guide for Students This guide provides commentary, models and tips on the Bluebook (19th Edition) for law students.
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• University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
• Research Guides
• Location: Rare and Distinctive Collections
• U.S. Federal Government
• Last Updated: Jul 17, 2024 2:21 PM
• URL: https://libguides.colorado.edu/federal
• © Regents of the University of Colorado

SW 318: Policy, Programs, and Issues

• Identifying Policies and Finding Background Information
• Ohio Information
• Agency & Think Tank Reports
• Find Socio-economic Data and Statistics
• Additional Resources
• Citing Statutes, Congressional Record, and Hearings

A Guide to APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Government Documents

• Boston College Libraries Boston College library has put together a very detailed list of how to cite publications, laws, reports, and much more from the Federal and State Governments.

Citing a Congressional Report

Congressional Reports list their relevant citation information on their front page headers.  Your citation will say if the report is from the House (H) or Senate (S), give the number, part (if applicable--part number will be listed beneath the report number), and year.  If relevant, include "at [page number]" to signify a particular area.

Example (reference list):

• S. Report No. 110-449, (2008).

Example (in-text):

• (S. Rep. No. 110-449, at 34, 2008)

Citing a Hearing

The CIS Index has pointed you to a Congressional Hearing about your law.  You access the full text from the GPO database.  Now what?

To cite a hearing, list its title, including the committee it is presented before, whether it is a House or Senate hearing, the Congress number, page number if applicable, and date.  If citing a particular section, indicate after the date.

Battling the Backlog: Challenges Facing the VA Claims Adjudication and Appeal Process: A Hearing Before the Committee on Veterans' Affairs , Senate, 109th Cong., 38 (2008) (statement of Robert Chisolm).

• (Battling the Backlog, 38, 2008)

Congressional Research Services Reports

With author:

Sacco, L. (2014, March 6).  Violence Against Women Act: Overview, legislation, and federal funding  (CRS Report No. R42499). Hein Online.

Without author:

Congressional Research Services. (2015, May 26).  Violence Against Women Act: Overview, legislation, and federal funding  (CRS Report No. R42499).  https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42499

(Sacco, 2014)

Sacco (2014) stated that ... (p. 18)

(Congressional Research Services, 2014)

Congressional Research Services (2014) stated that... (p. 18)

Citing Federal Statutes

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• Last Updated: Jul 25, 2024 3:30 PM
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Congressional Information

• Legislative Process
• Legislation
• News Resources
• Government Information
• Think Tanks
• Congressional Research Service
• Congressional Budget Office
• Government Accountability Office
• Citing Gov Info

Citing Sources

Citation manuals, citation managers, citation guides.

The primary reasons for citing sources in a research paper are to give credit to the authors whose work you have drawn upon and to allow readers to track down your sources , should they wish to do so.

There are many style guides for formatting citations and creating bibliographies.  Turabian (a simplified version of Chicago) is frequently used, but you may be called upon to use others.

See the box at the right for tools to help you format citations and bibliographies.

• Bluebook: a Uniform System of Citation by Harvard Law Review Association Call Number: KF246 .U5 ISBN: 1062-9971 The authoritative guide for citing legal materials.
• RefWorks This link opens in a new window RefWorks is an online research management, writing, and collaboration tool designed to help researchers gather, manage, store, and share information and generate citations and bibliographies.
• Zotero Zotero is a free tool designed to help you gather, manage and share information about books, articles, web pages and other digital objects that you are using in your research, and to generate citations and bibliographies. Zotero is a Mozilla browser plugin. You can choose to gather your data on your hard drive (if you are working mainly from one computer), or on a flash drive or a network (if you frequently access your data at multiple workstations).
• Mendeley Mendeley is a free reference manager and academic social network that can help you organize your research, collaborate with others online, and discover the latest research. You can automatically generate bibliographies, collaborate with other researchers online, import papers from other research software, find relevant papers based on what you’re reading, and access your papers from anywhere online.

Many libraries and other institutions have compiled guides of best practices for citing government information in various styles. Although the "official" manuals of style remain the authoritative source, you might find the guides below have helpful examples:

• Purdue's OWL Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) provides guides to MLA, APA, and Chicago styles, as well as advice on research, writing and citation.
• How to Cite US Government Documents in MLA, APA Citation Style This guide from Cornell University Library covers a variety of government documents for both MLA and APA styles.
• APA Style - Government Report PDF from Trinity College on citing government reports in APA format.
• Citing Government Information Sources Using MLA Style This style sheet from the University of Nevado Reno Library details how to cite government information using the Modern Language Association.
• Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications Citation examples for laws, agency reports, and other types of government publications. In Chicago/Turabian format. From the University of Memphis.
• Chicago Quick Guide to Government Documents A 9-page PDF on citing government publications according to the Chicago Manual of Style (15th). From Bowdoin College.
• Citing Records in the National Archives of the United States In response to frequent requests from researchers, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) offers the following guidelines for citing unpublished records it holds. The guidelines cover citations to textual records, microform records, nontextual archives (i.e., photographic records, posters, motion pictures, tape recordings, cartographic records, and architectural drawings), electronic records, and online references.
• << Previous: Citations & Bibliography
• Last Updated: Jul 10, 2024 5:01 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.georgetown.edu/Congress

• Library of Congress
• Research Guides
• Law Library

Legal Research: A Guide to Administrative Law

Federal register.

• Introduction
• Rules and Rulemaking
• Checking Currency
• Administrative Decisions
• Secondary Sources
• Online Sources

The Federal Register is the official daily publication of the federal government's proposed, interim, and final rules; Presidential Documents and Executive Orders; and notices (documents other than rules that are applicable to the public). The Federal Register has been printed daily (Monday to Friday) since 1936.

A basic citation to a rule in the Federal Register using Bluebook * citation style is as follows:

Authorization of Representative Fees, 74 Fed. Reg. 48381 (Sept. 23, 2009) (amending 20 C.F.R. § 404.1720) .

The citation tells you that the title of the rule is "Authorization of Representative Fees." It can be found in volume 74, page 48381 of the Federal Register issued for September 23, 2009. The second parenthetical tells you that the rule will amend Title 20, Section 404.1720, of the Code of Federal Regulations .

* The rules governing the most widely used legal citation style are found in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation .

Free Online Resources

Several websites offer free access to the Federal Register online.

• GovInfo's Federal Register A collection of Federal Register issues from 1936 to the present, in digitally certified PDF format. Appears as it does in print. Helpful resources and finding aids are also available on the Government Publishing Office's GovInfo .
• federalregister.gov Contains content from 1994 to the present. An unofficial but highly searchable HTML version of the Federal Register designed to facilitate public engagement. A project of the Office of the Federal Register within the National Archives, and the Government Publishing Office.
• Regulations.gov Contains Federal Register content from 2002 to the present. A project of the eRulemaking Program of the General Services Administration designed to facilitate the submission of comments from members of the public.
• Law Library of Congress Federal Register collection A digitized historical collection spanning the years 1936-1993.

Subscription Databases

• Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory: includes the historical archive from its inception in 1868 to 1963.
• BUSINESS Company Dossier service, including detailed financial and operating data on over 43 million US and international companies Business and trade publications SEC filings
• Hearings 1824-present: published, temporary and unpublished hearings, including written and oral statements of witnesses, transcripts, reports, exhibits, correspondence and other materials.
• CRS Reports 1916-present: Reports from the Congressional Research Service provide nonpartisan research and analysis on public policy issues and news events​.
• House and Senate Documents/Reports 1789-present: Reports on legislation and documents included for Congress​. Includes documents and reports from the Congressional Serial Set​.
• Legislative Histories 1969-present: trace the development of a public law from early consideration to enactment​.
• Bills and Laws 1776-present: legislative proposals and enacted legislation​.
• Miscellaneous publications 1789-present: Includes publications from Congressional Committees and other government entities such as GAO, CBO, the American State Papers and the House and Senate Journals.
• Vote reports 1987-present: vote reports on bills with details by member, party and sponsor​.
• Maps 1789-2007: Includes maps from the Congressional Serial Set​.
• Congressional Record 1789-present: provides a record of debates and remarks given on the floor of the House and Senate.
• Executive Branch 1789-1948: Includes material issued by federal departments and agencies, including annual reports, general publications, serials, instructions, rules, circulars, decisions, and registers​.
• Federal Register documents for 1936-present
• Code of Federal Regulations from 1938-current
• Regulatory Histories for Public Laws enacted from 1935-current and Executive Orders for 1936-current.

Print Resources

The Federal Register is available onsite at the Library of Congress and some federal depository libraries . The following title(s) link to fuller bibliographic information in the Library of Congress Online Catalog . Links to additional digital content are provided when available.

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• Next: Code of Federal Regulations >>
• Last Updated: Apr 9, 2024 10:22 AM
• URL: https://guides.loc.gov/administrative-law

How do I cite a congressional document in print and online?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Cite a congressional document by following the MLA format template . Begin by listing the government entity as the author, followed by the title of the source. Then list the name of the publisher and the date:

United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006.

Following 2.1.3 of the MLA Handbook , you might include information about the congressional session from which the document emerged or specify the document’s type and number in the optional-element slot at the end of the entry:

United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006. 109th Congress, 2nd session, House Report 615.

To cite a congressional document found online, provide the information for the document in one container. Then provide the name of the website on which the document appears, along with the URL or DOI:

United States, Congress. Public Law 111-122.  United States Statutes at Large , vol. 123, 2009, pp. 3480-82.  U.S. Government Publishing Office , www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-123/pdf/STATUTE-123.pdf.

See more examples of citations for government and legal works .

Guide to Researching US Tax Policy

• Choosing a Topic
• Finding Books

Congressional Research Service Reports

• Finding Articles
• Finding Statutes
• Legislative History & Bill Tracking
• Finding Cases by Headnote
• Federal Administrative Law
• Web Resources
• Evaluating Sources
• Decoding Abbreviations
• Bluebook Citation 101 -- Academic Format
• Citation Management Services
• Law Student Guide to Identifying & Preventing Plagiarism
• Law Library Useful Links
• Accessing Databases & E-Resources
• Get Help & About the Author

The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a division of the Library of Congress. They produce analytical, non-partisan reports on topics of interest to members of Congress. While they do not maintain a public website for dissemination of these reports, there are a number of free and subscription sites where you can find CRS reports. You can also request copies from your Congressional Representative.

• University of Maryland, Thurgood Marshall Law Library CRS Reports

Tax Specific CRS Reports are also available on:

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• Last Updated: Aug 15, 2024 3:48 PM
• URL: https://guides.libraries.uc.edu/taxpolicy

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(Article from a book in CQ Press Library)

Article title. (date published). In Book title . City: Publisher. Retrieved from CQ Press Library, CQ Database Name, full URL. Document ID: document id number.

For example: The political year, 1982 chronology. (1985). In Congress and the nation , 1981-1984 (Vol. 6). Washington, DC: CQ Press. Retrieved from CQ Press Library, CQ Public Affairs Collection, http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/catn81-0011175445. Document ID: catn81-0011175445.

(Article from a journal in CQ Press Library)

Author Last Name, Author's First Initial (Year, Month Day published). Article title. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue number), [page number-page number]. Retrieved from full URL. Document ID: document id number.

For example: Glazer, S. (1997, January 10). Combating scientific misconduct. The CQ Researcher , 7. Retrieved from http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/cqresrre1997011000. Document ID: cqresrre1997011000

(CQ Press Library Document)

Author Last Name, Author’s First Initial, & Author Last Name, Author’s First Initial. Article Title. (Year, Month day published). In CQ Press Library . Retrieved from CQ Press Library, CQ Database Name, full URL. Document ID: document id number.

U.S. Census report on the decrease in health insurance coverage. (2003). In CQ Press Library . Retrieved from CQ Press Library, CQ Public Affairs Collection, http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/hsdc03-157-9172-559456. Document ID: hsdc03-157-9172-559456.

AUTHOR FIRST NAME AUTHOR LAST NAME & AUTHOR FIRST NAME AUTHOR LAST NAME, Article Title, in BOOK TITLE (VOL. #, year published), available in CQ Press Library, CQ Database Name, full URL (last visited Mon Day, Year). Document ID: document id number.

For example: The Political Year , 1982 Chronology, in CONGRESS AND THE NATION, 1981-1984 (VOL. 6, 1985), available in CQ Press Library, CQ Public Affairs Collection, http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/catn81-0011175445 (last visited Jun 9, 2004). Document ID: catn81-0011175445.

Author First Name Author Last Name, Article Title , [Volume Number] JOURNAL TITLE (Mon Day, Year published), available at full URL (last visited Mon Day, Year). Document ID: document id number.

For example: Sarah Glazer, Combating Scientific Misconduct , 7 CQ RESEARCHER (Jan 10, 1997), available at http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/cqresrre1997011000 (last visited Jun 9, 2004). Document ID: cqresrre1997011000.

Article Title , in CQ PRESS LIBRARY, available in CQ PRESS LIBRARY, CQ DATABASE NAME, full URL (last visited Mon Day, Year). Document ID: document id number.

For example: U.S. Census Report on the Decrease in Health Insurance Coverage , in CQ PRESS LIBRARY (2003), available in CQ PRESS LIBRARY, CQ PUBLIC AFFAIRS COLLECTION, http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/hsdc03-157-9172-559456 (last visited Jun 11, 2004). Document ID: hsdc03-157-9172-559456.

Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Article Title." In Book Title . City: Publisher, Year. Accessed electronically from CQ Database Name in CQ Press Library , document id. Accessed Month Day, Year, full URL.

For example: "The Political Year, 1982 Chronology." In Congress and the Nation , 1981-1984, Vol. 6. Washington: CQ Press, 1985. Accessed electronically from CQ Public Affairs Collection in CQ Press Library , catn81-0011175445. Accessed June 4, 2005, http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/catn81-0011175445.

Author Last Name, Author First Name, and Author First Name Author Last Name. "Article Title." Journal Title [volume number], no. [issue number] (Month Day, Year). Accessed Month Day, Year, full URL.

For example: Glazer, Sarah. "Combating Scientific Misconduct." CQ Researcher 7, no. 1 (January 10, 1997). Accessed June 4, 2005, http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/cqresrre1997011000.

Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Article Title." CQ Database Name . In CQ Press Library , document id number. Accessed Month Day, Year, full URL.

For example: "U.S. Census Report on the Decrease in Health Insurance Coverage." CQ Public Affairs Collection . In CQ Press Library , hsdc03-157-9172-559456. Accessed June 4, 2005, http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/hsdc03-157-9172-559456.

"Article Title." Book Title . Vol. [number]. Publisher, Year. From CQ Press Library, CQ Database. Document ID: document id number. Full URL. Accessed Day Mon. Year.

For example: "The Political Year, 1982 Chronology." Congress and the Nation , 1981-1984. Vol. 6. CQ Press, 1985. From CQ Press Library, CQ Public Affairs Collection. Document ID: catn81-0011175445. http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/catn81-0011175445. Accessed 9 Jun. 2004.

Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Article Title." Journal Title , vol. [number], no. [issue], [Year], pp. page number-page number, [URL]. Document ID: [document id number]. Accessed Day Mon. Year.

For example: Glazer, Sarah. "Combating Scientific Misconduct." CQ Researcher , vol. 7, no. 1, 1997, https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1997011000. Document ID: cqresrre1997011000. Accessed 9 Jun. 2004.

Author Last Name, Author First Name, and Author First Name Author Last Name. "Article Title." CQ Database Name , Day Mon. Year. CQ Press Library , full URL. Document ID: document id number. Accessed Day, Mon. Year.

For example: "U.S. Census Report on the Decrease in Health Insurance Coverage." CQ Public Affairs Collection , 30 Sep. 2003. CQ Press Library , http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/document.php?id=hsdcp03-229-9887-637875&type=hitlist&num=2. Document ID: hsdc03-157-9172-559456. Accessed 11 Jun. 2004.

CiteNow! Citation Generator

CiteNow! is a feature that generates a citation for a specific document. It can be found in the document navigation bar within any document in the collection. To create a citation for a document, simply click on the CiteNow! icon and choose the citation style that is appropriate for your research. Four citation styles are offered: APA, Chicago, MLA, and Bluebook.

Citation styles for online materials are continually evolving. To provide the most up-to-date citation examples, the CQ Press editorial staff consulted the following:

• The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, 20th ed. (2015)
• The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. (2017)
• MLA Handbook , 8th ed. (2016)
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. (2010)

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