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Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Journal scope statement

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ® publishes original papers in all areas of personality and social psychology and emphasizes empirical reports, but may include specialized theoretical, methodological, and review papers.

The journal is divided into three independently edited sections.

Attitudes and Social Cognition publishes articles concerning attitudinal and social cognitive processes (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, stereotyping and prejudice, cognition, emotion, and motivation) that take place in micro- and macrolevel social contexts.

Topics include, but are not limited to, attitudes, persuasion, attributions, stereotypes, prejudice, person memory, motivation and self-regulation, communication, social development, cultural processes, and the interplay of moods and emotions with cognition.

We accept papers using traditional social-personality psychology methods. However, we also strongly welcome innovative, theory-driven papers that utilize novel methods (e.g., biological methods, neuroscience, large-scale interventions, social network analyses, or "big data" approaches).

All papers will be evaluated with criteria that are consistent with those of the best empirical outlets in social, behavioral, and biological sciences.

Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes focuses on the psychology of (interpersonal, intragroup, intergroup) social relations and relationships, whether enduring or fleeting.

Submissions may address one type of social relation (e.g., close romantic relationships) or they may address multiple types of social relation (e.g., status within a team and across an institution). Submissions may employ one method or multiple methods. Submissions may examine one context or multiple contexts (e.g., countries, developmental period).

Although a multiplicity of methods and contexts will likely be considered a strength, all submissions should address the implications of the chosen method and context for the power and quality of inference.

For more on the orientation of the section please refer to the Editor's Editorial: Colin Wayne Leach, editor, JPSP-IRGP section, December 2019 (PDF, 85KB) .

Personality Processes and Individual Differences publishes research on all aspects of personality psychology. It includes studies of individual differences and basic processes in behavior, emotions, coping, health, motivation, and other phenomena that reflect personality.

Articles in areas such as personality structure, personality development, and personality assessment are also appropriate to this section of the journal, as are studies of the interplay of culture and personality and manifestations of personality in everyday behavior.

Disclaimer: APA and the editors of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology assume no responsibility for statements and opinions advanced by the authors of its articles.

Equity, diversity, and inclusion

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology supports equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in its practices. More information on these initiatives is available under EDI Efforts .

Open science

The APA Journals Program is committed to publishing transparent, rigorous research; improving reproducibility in science; and aiding research discovery. Open science practices vary per editor discretion. View the initiatives implemented by this journal .

Editor’s Choice

Each issue of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ® will honor one accepted manuscript per issue by selecting it as an “ Editor’s Choice ” paper. Selection is based on the discretion of the editor if the paper offers an unusually large potential impact to the field and/or elevates an important future direction for science.

Call for papers

• Generative AI as a New Human Relationship ( Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes )

Author and editor spotlights

Explore journal highlights : free article summaries, editor interviews and editorials, journal awards, mentorship opportunities, and more.

Prior to submission, please carefully read and follow the submission guidelines detailed below. Manuscripts that do not conform to the submission guidelines may be returned without review.

General submission guidelines

The editorial team of the  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology is committed to both transparency and rigor in conducting and reporting research. We believe that science advances through a cyclical and recursive process that includes both (i) a theory-building, exploratory/descriptive phase and (ii) a theory-testing, confirmatory phase. Further, we recognize that replication efforts are the part and parcel of the science that is empirically valid and socially responsible. We therefore support and encourage research that is informed by both phases. Guided by this overarching philosophy, we set out some concrete submission standards.

Transparency and openness

APA endorses the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines by a community working group in conjunction with the Center for Open Science ( Nosek et al. 2015 ). Effective July 1, 2021, empirical research, including meta-analyses, submitted to the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology must at least meet the “requirement” level (Level 2) for citation; data, code, and materials transparency; design and analysis transparency; and study and analysis plan preregistration. Authors should include a subsection in the method section titled “Transparency and Openness.” This subsection should detail the efforts the authors have made to comply with the TOP guidelines.

For example:

• We report how we determined our sample size, all data exclusions (if any), all manipulations, and all measures in the study, and we follow JARS (Appelbaum et al., 2018). All data, analysis code, and research materials are available at [stable link to repository]. Data were analyzed using R, version 4.0.0 (R Core Team, 2020) and the package ggplot , version 3.2.1 (Wickham, 2016). This study’s design and its analysis were not pre-registered.

Links to preregistrations and data, code, and materials should also be included in the author note.

Data, materials, and code

Authors must state whether data, code, and study materials are posted to a trusted repository and, if so, how to access them, including their location and any limitations on use. If they cannot be made available, authors must state the legal or ethical reasons why they are not available. Trusted repositories adhere to policies that make data discoverable, accessible, usable, and preserved for the long term. Trusted repositories also assign unique and persistent identifiers. Recommended repositories include APA’s repository on the Open Science Framework (OSF), ResearchBox.org, or authors can access a full list of other recommended repositories .

In a subsection titled “Transparency and Openness” at the end of the method section, specify whether and where the data and materials are available or note the legal or ethical reasons for not doing so. For submissions with quantitative or simulation analytic methods, state whether the study analysis code is posted to a trusted repository, and, if so, how to access it (or the legal or ethical reason why it is not available).

• All data have been made publicly available at the [trusted repository name] and can be accessed at [persistent URL or DOI].
• Materials and analysis code for this study are not available.
• The code behind this analysis/simulation has been made publicly available at the [trusted repository name] and can be accessed at [persistent URL or DOI].

If you cannot make your data available on a public site, authors are required to follow current APA policy to make the materials and data used in a published study available in a timely manner to other researchers upon request.

If an author has multiple studies, the repository landing page should clearly identify how to access the specific type of information for each study and the links.

• Download a quick guide on how to organize this information (PDF, 310KB)

Disclosure of prior uses of data

Upon submission of a manuscript, the authors must disclose any prior uses in published, accepted, or under review papers of data reported in the manuscript. The cover letter should include a complete reference list of these articles as well as a description of the extent and nature of any overlap between the present submission and the previous work.

Citation standards

Upon submission, all data sets, materials, and program code created by others must be appropriately cited in the text and listed in the reference section. Such materials should be recognized as original intellectual contributions and afforded recognition through citation.

Where possible, references for data sets and program code should include a persistent identifier assigned by digital archives, such as a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).

Data set citation example: Campbell, Angus, and Robert L. Kahn. American National Election Study, 1948. ICPSR07218v3. Ann Arbor, MI: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1999. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR07218.v3

Design and analysis transparency

Authors must adhere to the  Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS) (PDF, 220KB) . See also the specific section editorials and instructions on information to include in method and results sections. It is particularly important to provide justifiable power considerations and specific details related to sample characteristics.

Preregistration of studies and analysis plans

Preregistration of studies and specific hypotheses can be a useful tool for making strong theoretical claims. Likewise, preregistration of analysis plans can be useful for distinguishing confirmatory and exploratory analyses. Investigators may preregister prior to conducting the research via a publicly accessible registry system (e.g., OSF, ClinicalTrials.gov, or other trial registries in the WHO Registry Network). There are many available templates; for example, AsPredicted.org; and APA, the British Psychological Society, and the German Psychological Society partnered with the Leibniz Institute for Psychology and Center for Open Science to create Preregistration Standards for Quantitative Research in Psychology (Bosnjak et al., 2022).

At the same time, we recognize that there may be good reasons to change a study or analysis plan after it has been preregistered, and thus encourage authors to do so when appropriate so long as all changes are clearly and transparently disclosed in the manuscript.

The journal also acknowledges that preregistration may not always be appropriate, especially in the exploratory phases of a research project. If authors choose to preregister their research and analyses plans, all documents should be succinct, specific, and targeted, as well as anonymized to maintain double-blind peer review.

Articles must state whether or not any work was preregistered and, if so, where to access the preregistration. Preregistrations must be available to reviewers; authors may submit a masked copy via stable link or supplemental material. Links in the method section should be replaced with an identifiable copy on acceptance.

• This study’s design was preregistered; see [STABLE LINK OR DOI].
• This study’s design and hypotheses were preregistered; see [STABLE LINK OR DOI].
• This study’s analysis plan was preregistered; see [STABLE LINK OR DOI].
• This study was not preregistered.

Whether or not a study is preregistered, the  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  stresses the importance of transparency in reporting and expects researchers to fully disclose in their manuscript all decisions that were data-dependent (e.g., deciding when to stop data collection, what observations to exclude, what covariates to include, and what analyses to conduct after rather than before seeing the data).

Replication and Registered Reports

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology acknowledges the significance of replication in building a cumulative knowledge base in our field. We therefore encourage submissions that attempt to replicate important findings, especially research previously published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology .

Major criteria for publication of replication papers include (i) theoretical significance of the finding being replicated, (ii) statistical power of the study that is carried out, and (iii) the number and power of previous replications of the same finding.

Other factors that would weigh in favor of a replication submission include: pre-registration of hypotheses, design, and analysis; submissions by researchers other than the authors of the original findings; and attempts to replicate more than one study of a multi-study original publication.

Please note in the Manuscript Submission Portal that the submission is a replication article; submissions should include “A Replication of XX Study” in the subtitle of the manuscript as well as in the abstract. Replication manuscripts, if accepted, will be published online only and will be listed in the Table of Contents in the print journal.

Papers that make a substantial novel conceptual contribution and also incorporate replications of previous findings continue to be welcome as regular submissions.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology will also publish Registered Reports. Such submissions will consist of a detailed research proposal, including an abstract, introduction, hypotheses, method, planned analyses, and implications of the expected results.

We recommend that authors initially contact the editor before submitting a Registered Report. The proposed research will be reviewed and, if approved, should then be carried out in accordance with the proposed plan. For the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Attitudes and Social Cognition section, all manuscripts and preregistered reports/proposals should be submitted only through the portal and not via email to the editorial office. We cannot provide feedback based on emails to the office or the editor. Instead, the triage/ preliminary review is designed to make rapid determinations of fit for the journal. In addition, the sample manuscripts may be useful for potential authors who wish to determine the types of papers that might be appropriate for JPSP: ASC .

To the extent that the study is judged to have been competently performed, the paper will be accepted (pending any necessary revisions) regardless of the outcome of the study.

Section submission guidelines

Submit manuscripts to the appropriate section editor. Section editors reserve the right to redirect papers as appropriate. When papers are judged as better suited for another section, editors ordinarily will return papers to authors and suggest resubmission to the more appropriate section.

Rejection by one section editor is considered rejection by all; therefore a manuscript rejected by one section editor should not be submitted to another.

All three sections of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology are now using a software system to screen submitted content for similarity with other published content.

The system compares the initial version of each submitted manuscript against a database of 40+ million scholarly documents, as well as content appearing on the open web.

This allows APA to check submissions for potential overlap with material previously published in scholarly journals (e.g., lifted or republished material).

Attitudes and Social Cognition

To submit to the editorial office of Dolores Albarracín, please submit manuscripts electronically through the Manuscript Submission Portal in Word Document format (.doc).

Submit Manuscript to Attitudes and Social Cognition Section

Dolores Albarracín, PhD University of Pennsylvania Annenberg Public Policy Center 200 S. 36th Street Philadelphia, PA 19104

General correspondence may be directed to the editor's office .

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Attitudes and Social Cognition publishes articles concerning attitudinal and social cognitive processes (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, stereotyping and prejudice, cognition, emotion, and motivation) that take place in micro- and macrolevel social contexts.

Type of manuscripts

• Empirical : Experimental, correlational, and qualitative studies may be considered, and a combination of different methods is strongly encouraged.
• Meta-analysis : Quantitative research synthesis.

Publication criteria

Major theoretical contribution and/or discovery demonstrated with rigorous methods.

Articles can make a major theoretical contribution by:               

• developing a new theory (new theory);
• developing a conceptualization of social-psychological phenomenon not previously studied within the field (new theory for new phenomenon);
• using an existing theory to explain a new phenomenon (existing theory for new phenomenon);
• making novel connections between two theories to address new empirical questions (combination of theories to address new phenomenon);
• providing a novel integration of phenomena under an existing theory originally designed to understand a different phenomenon in another area of research (theoretical integration to explain multiple phenomena);
• establishing the operation of psychological processes to explain a phenomenon that’s currently understood as implicating different processes (new processes to explain prior understanding of a phenomenon);
• conceptualizing the conditions that give way to different processes previously studied independently (novel identification of conditions under which different processes occur);
• conceptualizing moderators that explain conflicting predictions in the literature (identification of conditions that reconcile prior theoretical conflicts);
• introducing a new moderator that help us to understand the conditions under which a previously established phenomenon occurs (new moderator);
• introducing new elements to a theory that failed to explain a phenomenon (increasing generalizability via theoretical development);
• introducing a new theoretical construct and demonstrate its import (new construct);
• replicating seminal research that has made any of the contributions above, ideally contributing to explaining variability in past findings; or
• another theoretical contribution specified by the author (other).

Articles may also make empirical contributions via discovery , which involves the demonstration of a new, significant empirical phenomenon (e.g., a particular pattern of social behavior; a type of response not previously identified; and a new, surprising implication of an existing theory). Sometimes a new discovery goes hand in hand with a new conceptual development, but other times prior theories are used to draw new empirical implications. Given the scope of JPSP: ASC, discovery articles should still provide evidence of psychological processes.

Rigorous methods are defined by the literature at a particular time and include the validation of measures and experimental manipulation, sound statistical methods, and adequate statistical power.

Findings that have the potential to impact societal outcomes are encouraged. For example, a theoretical innovation or discovery will be seen as more significant if it has the potential to change how aspects of the social world may be modified with this knowledge. The inclusion of diverse samples, nationally representative samples, interventions, and behavioral endpoints or objective outcomes increase the potential impact of the research on contemporary society.

Of note, authors and reviewers will be asked to describe what criterion/a met by each manuscript. JPSP-ASC seeks to acknowledge the research context in evaluating manuscripts. In some cases, a single large-scale survey accompanied by a well-powered, pre-registered experiment may be appropriate for publication without further data. Similarly, studies with smaller, difficult to obtain samples may be appropriate in the context of other studies.

Statement of limitations following the abstract

A statement of limitations should follow the abstract. Using up to 200 words, this statement should detail the internal, construct, statistical, and external validity limitations of the research for nonspecialized audiences.

Statement of authors contributions

Please provide a statement of the contributions of each author in terms of conceptualization, design and data collection, and writing.

We strongly recommend that introductory materials (the introduction and any introduction to studies) along with the discussion of findings ( Discussion and General Discussion sections) total no more than 3,500 words .

General conciseness of Methods and Results Sections

The Methods and Results sections should be as concise as possible and details that might be of interest when replicating the study should appear in a supplement. For example, headings for each dependent measure within the Results section should typically be avoided. Materials should not be included in the Methods sections.

Statement and table of limitations

All empirical research has limitations, and we strive to avoid overclaiming and communicate the boundaries of our knowledge to the public, including the press. The examples of a statement and a table of limitations below were developed based on a published paper. Authors may find different ways of conveying the same information and provide further details as required by the research they report. The general goal is to convey limitations as completely and succinctly as possible.

Connor, P., Weeks, M., Glaser, J., Chen, S., & Keltner, D. (2023). Intersectional implicit bias: Evidence for asymmetrically compounding bias and the predominance of target gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 124(1) :22-48. 10.1037/pspa0000314. Epub 2022 May 19. PMID: 35587425.

Statement of limitations

Our research examined implicit evaluations of complex social targets who differ in demographic dimensions such as gender, race, and social class. Although we examined implicit measures of bias, the absence of behavioral measures makes our results silent to overt consequences of bias or interpersonal interactions in the real world. Our conclusions about the dominance of gender and class had high statistical power and should be reproducible with similar US samples in the short term. However, evolving social conditions for different demographic groups may change these findings in the longer term. The analyses concerning the absence of interactions among dimensions are less highly powered and need to be replicated with larger samples or more sensitive experimental methods. Also, although the studies were conducted with both headshots and full-body photographs, we did not study target differences in behavior, including how members of different groups communicate and themselves respond to different perceivers. Similarly, we did not study the different contexts of social targets, including differential levels of exclusion that can affect how they are perceived beyond their photographs.

Assessment of limitations

Internal validity.

Dimension: Is the phenomenon diagnosed with experimental methods? Assessment: Yes

Dimension: Is the phenomenon diagnosed with longitudinal methods? Assessment: No

Dimension: Were the manipulations validated with manipulation checks, pretest data, or outcome data? Assessment: Outcome data in Study 1 and pretest data in Study 2

Dimension: What possible artifacts were ruled out? Assessment: We ruled out the possibility that our results were due to using headshots instead of full-body photographs displaying richer information. We also ruled out the possibility that low levels of racial bias produced our results.

Statistical validity

Dimension: Was the statistical power at least 80%? Assessment: It was for the main effects but not for interactions

Dimension: Was the reliability of the dependent measure established in this publication or elsewhere in the literature? Assessment: Yes, we obtained split-half reliability coefficients in this paper.

Dimension: If covariates are used, have the researchers ensured they are no affected by the experimental manipulation before including them in comparisons across experimental groups? Assessment: Not applicable

Dimension: Were the distributional properties of the variables examined and did the variables have sufficient variability to verify effects? Assessment: Yes

Generalizability to different methods

Dimension: Were different experimental manipulations used? Assessment: We used headshots and full-body photos. However, we did used a single measure of bias, which is implicit. We used only the IAT and no other measures of attitudes. We did not use measures of behavior.

Generalizability to field settings

Dimension: Was the phenomenon assessed in a field setting? Assessment: No

Dimension: Are the methods artificial? Assessment: Yes, the methods are highly artificial

Generalizability to times and populations

Dimension: Are the results generalizable to different years and historic periods? Assessment: This was not tested, but, given changing contexts of social biases, results may be different for other historic periods.

Dimension: Are the results generalizable across populations (e.g., different ages, cultures, or nationalities)? Assessment: This was not tested, but, given that all studies included US samples, results will likely differ in other populations.

Theoretical limitations

Dimension: What are the main theoretical limitations? Assessment: Our studies tested hypotheses about additive and interactive combinations of demographic attributes as well as differences in the dominance of some attributes versus others. However, imitations include (a) the lack of consideration of different contexts in which intersectional biases might emerge and (b) lack of investigation of the underlying processes leading to our results.

Table of limitations

To ensure that limitations are properly considered and concisely communicated, the manuscript should include a table of limitations in which authors will list points of uncertainty, including aspects of reproducibility and generalizability to future and different settings as well as different samples. One paragraph of the General Discussion should complement the content of the table, explaining how the methods and sampling may shape the conclusions that can be drawn from the present work, boundaries of the current theory, and/or new hypotheses stemming from these considerations. This table, which does not count toward the limit of 3,500 words, should be creatively used to offset the word limit and respond to reviewers’ concerns.

Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes

Sandra L. Murray, PhD Department of Psychology University at Buffalo, State University of New York Buffalo, NY, 14260-4110

Submit Manuscript to Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes Section

Please submit manuscripts to the editorial office of Sandra L. Murray, PhD, electronically through the Manuscript Submission Portal in Microsoft Word (.docx) or LaTex (.tex) as a zip file with an accompanied Portable Document Format (.pdf) of the manuscript file.

Relationships between people, whether between friends, romantic partners, parents and children, coworkers, ingroups, outgroups, communities, or cultural groups, constitute the essential fabric of human existence. Submissions to JPSP:IRGP should advance understanding of how such relationships function; submissions that increase our understanding of how such relationships function in different sociocultural contexts will be especially welcomed.

In evaluating submissions (both original research and meta-analyses), our editorial team will prioritize science that offers novel theoretical insights and makes new and important discoveries that further our understanding of the relationships that unite/ divide humanity. Published articles will represent the best (i.e., most theoretically innovative and empirically rigorous) of the papers that our community of scholars submits.

Published articles will be written to reach the widest possible audience, putting a premium on the concise and clear communication of theory and limiting the number of studies presented in the manuscript itself to those that provide the most methodologically rigorous tests of the study hypotheses (to a maximum of 5). In evaluating submissions, our editorial team will hold high, but attainable standards. We will heavily weigh the difficulty of the hypothesis test, recognizing that especially rigorous/intensive methodologies may yield compelling conclusions with fewer than 5 studies. That is, all else being equal, we will prioritize the quality of the studies over the quantity of the studies. We will also recognize that papers can make innovative theoretical contributions without addressing every alternative or mechanism and that nonsignificant or anomalous effects can arise even when the overall support for the study hypotheses is robust.

Submissions can make innovative theoretical contributions in a number of ways (adapted from JPSP: ASC ), including:

(a) developing a new theory and offering new evidence to support it, (b) using an existing theory to explain a new phenomenon, (c) making novel connections between two theories to address new empirical questions, (d) using an existing theory to integrate previously unconnected phenomena, (e) providing a new mechanistic explanation for established phenomena, (f) conceptualizing moderators that explain conflicting predictions in the literature or help us understand the conditions under which an established phenomenon occurs,(g) introducing new elements to a theory that failed to explain a phenomenon, (h) introducing a new theoretical construct and demonstrating its importance, and (i) examining an existing/new theory or phenomenon in an understudied population because the power of our explanatory models rests on research that represents the diversity of human experiences.

Submission guidelines

• Submissions can report a maximum of 5 studies in the manuscript text. Any studies conducted to test the study hypotheses that are not reported in the manuscript must be reported in the supplemental materials, with the results of these studies summarized briefly in the manuscript text. The reports of any such studies in the supplemental document should be complete, with the main measures of interest (those overlapping with measures reported in the main text) and associated results reported first, followed by a listing of any additional measures collected.
• Introductory and discussion sections are limited to no more than 5,000 words in total (including general and study-specific introductions and discussions). This word count must be noted on the title page.
• Results sections are to be written to be accessible to readers with general statistical expertise, relying on figures and explanatory text to communicate the findings and relegating any more complex and detailed justification of the statistical methods to tables, notes, and/or supplementary materials. Authors are to prioritize integrative analyses across data sets and/or meta-analyses whenever possible, also including the main measures of interest from any studies reported only in the supplemental materials.
• Authors are to include a focused discussion of salient alternative explanations for the reported findings. Alternative explanations may include questions of construct validity (e.g., an alternative conceptualization of the meaning of a manipulation/measure), alternative/additional mechanisms or mediators, or alternative causal models, etc. Whenever possible, authors are to describe how the reported study design/data can be used to address such limitations and/or the type of study design/data needed to address such alternatives in the future. Details about analyses conducted to rule out alternative explanations can be provided in the supplementary online materials. Alternative explanations can be raised/addressed in the discussion text and/or tables. Information provided in tables will not contribute to the word limit.
• Authors are to acknowledge (a) points of theoretical connection/disconnection to related theories and (b) how readily the findings may generalize to non-studied populations.
• Authors are to embed tables and figures in the manuscript text.
• Any supplementary online materials must include a table of contents.

Personality Processes and Individual Differences

To submit to the editorial office of Richard Lucas, PhD, please submit manuscripts electronically through the Manuscript Submission Portal in Word Document format (.doc).

Submit Manuscript to Personality Processes and Individual Differences Section

Richard Lucas Department of Psychology  Michigan State University  East Lansing, MI 48824

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Personality Processes and Individual Differences now requires that a cover letter be submitted with all new submissions.

The cover letters should:

• Include the author's postal address, e-mail address, telephone number, and fax number for future correspondence
• State that the manuscript is original, not previously published, and not under concurrent consideration elsewhere
• Indicate whether a previous version of the submitted manuscript was previously rejected from any section of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ; and if so, identify the action editor handling the previous submission, provide the prior manuscript #, and describe how the present article differs from the previously rejected one
• State that the data were collected in a manner consistent with ethical standards for the treatment of human subjects
• Inform the journal editor of the existence of any published work using the same data (in whole or in part) as was used in the present manuscript; if such publications exist, describe the extent and nature of any overlap between the present submission and the previously published work
• Mention any supplemental material being submitting for the online version of the article

Authors are also required to embed tables and figures within the manuscript, instead of providing these after the references.

Manuscript preparation

Review APA's Journal Manuscript Preparation Guidelines before submitting your article.

Double-space all copy. Other formatting instructions, as well as instructions on preparing tables, figures, references, metrics, and abstracts, appear in the Manual . Additional guidance on APA Style is available on the APA Style website .

Cumulative line numbers must be included with all submissions.

Masked review policy

The journal has adopted a policy of masked review for all submissions. The cover letter should include all authors' names and institutional affiliations. The first page of text should omit this information but should include the title of the manuscript and the date it is submitted. Every effort should be made to see that the manuscript itself contains no clues to the authors' identity, including grant numbers, names of institutions providing IRB approval, self-citations, and links to online repositories for data, materials, code, or preregistrations (e.g., Create a View-only Link for a Project ).

Word limits

Although papers should be written as succinctly as possible, there is no formal word limit on submissions.

Author contributions statements using CRediT

The APA Publication Manual (7th ed.) stipulates that “authorship encompasses…not only persons who do the writing but also those who have made substantial scientific contributions to a study.” In the spirit of transparency and openness, the  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  has adopted the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to describe each author's individual contributions to the work. CRediT offers authors the opportunity to share an accurate and detailed description of their diverse contributions to a manuscript.

Submitting authors will be asked to identify the contributions of all authors at initial submission according to this taxonomy. If the manuscript is accepted for publication, the CRediT designations will be published as an author contributions statement in the author note of the final article. All authors should have reviewed and agreed to their individual contribution(s) before submission.

CRediT includes 14 contributor roles, as described below:

• Conceptualization: Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims.
• Data curation: Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later reuse.
• Formal analysis: Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data.
• Funding acquisition: Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.
• Investigation: Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection.
• Methodology: Development or design of methodology; creation of models.
• Project administration: Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution.
• Resources: Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools.
• Software: Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components.
• Supervision: Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team.
• Validation: Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs.
• Visualization: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/data presentation.
• Writing—original draft: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation).
• Writing—review and editing: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision—including pre- or post-publication stages.

Authors can claim credit for more than one contributor role, and the same role can be attributed to more than one author.

Abstract and keywords

All manuscripts must include an abstract containing a maximum of 250 words typed on a separate page. After the abstract, please supply up to five keywords or brief phrases.

List references in alphabetical order. Each listed reference should be cited in text, and each text citation should be listed in the references section.

Examples of basic reference formats:

Journal article

McCauley, S. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychological Review , 126 (1), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126

Authored book

Brown, L. S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000

Chapter in an edited book

Balsam, K. F., Martell, C. R., Jones. K. P., & Safren, S. A. (2019). Affirmative cognitive behavior therapy with sexual and gender minority people. In G. Y. Iwamasa & P. A. Hays (Eds.), Culturally responsive cognitive behavior therapy: Practice and supervision (2nd ed., pp. 287–314). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000119-012

All data, program code and other methods must be cited in the text and listed in the References section.

Data set citation

Alegria, M., Jackson, J. S., Kessler, R. C., & Takeuchi, D. (2016). Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES), 2001–2003 [Data set]. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR20240.v8

Software/Code citation

Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package.  Journal of Statistical Software , 36(3), 1–48. https://www.jstatsoft.org/v36/i03/

Wickham, H. et al., (2019). Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software, 4 (43), 1686, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686

All data, program code, and other methods must be appropriately cited in the text and listed in the references section.

Use Word's insert table function when you create tables. Using spaces or tabs in your table will create problems when the table is typeset and may result in errors.

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• Published: 22 August 2023

Social psychology: The hidden toll of social isolation

• Alina M. Sartorius 1 , 2 &
• Daniel S. Quintana 1 , 2 , 3 , 4  

Communications Psychology volume  1 , Article number:  11 ( 2023 ) Cite this article

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Long-term social isolation can negatively impact health. Recent work in Psychological Science suggests that even a few hours of isolation may have negative consequences by disrupting internal regulatory mechanisms.

Many people experienced periods of social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Long-term social isolation has been linked to various somatic and psychological health issues and an increased risk for mortality. One explanation for the adverse effect of a lack of social interaction is that this disrupts a regulatory mechanism that maintains the quality and quantity of social interaction, much like how food intake is regulated. This raises the question: what—if any—are the effects of short-term social isolation in humans and are these effects comparable to food deprivation?

In a new study, Stijovic and colleagues (University of Vienna) 1 addressed this question by comparing outcomes after the short-term disturbance of physiological and social regulatory mechanisms by withdrawing food or social contact, respectively. In a laboratory environment, they first investigated the effects of social isolation or food deprivation relative to a baseline condition on different variables including loneliness, hunger, mood, fatigue, and heart rate in a sample of 30 women. Participants reported lower energetic arousal and increased fatigue in both conditions. Based on these results, the authors performed a subsequent pre-registered field study during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, in which male and female participants naturally experienced both days in which they had no social interaction and days with some social interaction. Their feelings of loneliness, fatigue levels, and mood were measured along with other variables such as personality attributes and living situation. However, unlike the laboratory study there was no food deprivation condition and physiological variables were not assessed. The field study revealed that individuals with sociable dispositions or those who lived alone reported lower energetic arousal during social isolation.

By triangulating laboratory and field data, Stijovic and colleagues provide additional evidence for a link between energy regulation and social behaviour. This regulatory system has been referred to as “social homeostasis”. In line with the concept of social homeostasis, they suggest that lower energy can be interpreted as a homeostatic response to short-term reduced social contact. The health consequences of social isolation associated with the COVID-19 pandemic are still yet to be fully understood. Social homeostasis can provide a useful framework for understanding the negative health consequences of social isolation, particularly in terms of metabolic and cardiovascular dysregulation.

Stijovic, A. et al. Homeostatic regulation of energetic arousal during acute social isolation: evidence from the lab and the field. Psychol. Sci. 34 , 537–551 (2023).

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Sartorius, A.M., Quintana, D.S. Social psychology: The hidden toll of social isolation. Commun Psychol 1 , 11 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-023-00007-y

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Social psychology.

• ISSN L: 1864-9335
• ISSN Print: 1864-9335
• ISSN Online: 2151-2590

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Social Psychology publishes innovative and methodologically sound research and serves as an international forum for scientific discussion and debate in the field of social psychology. Topics include all basic social psychological research themes, methodological advances in social psychology, as well as research in applied fields of social psychology. The journal focuses on original empirical contributions to social psychological research, but is open to theoretical articles, critical reviews, and replications of published research. 

The journal was published until volume 38 (2007) as the Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie (ISSN 0044-3514). Drawing on nearly 50 years of experience and tradition in publishing high-quality, innovative science , Social Psychology has an internationally renowned team of editors and consulting editors from all areas of basic and applied social psychology, thus ensuring that the highest international standards are maintained. 

Social Psychology offers a transparent peer-review process and a short time-lag between acceptance of papers and publication.

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New Editor-in-Chief Hogrefe Publishing is delighted to announce that Adam Fetterman, PhD (Houston, TX) has agreed to step up from his associate editor role to become the Editor-in-Chief of Social Psychology starting September 1, 2024. At this point we wish to extend our heartfelt thanks to Prof. Mario Gollwitzer, PhD (Munich) and Prof. Michael Häfner, PhD (Berlin) for their outstanding contributions as temporary additional editors-in-chief over recent months, as well as outgoing editor-in-chief Prof. Anja Achtziger (Friedrichshafen) for her work over the past 4 years at the helm of the journal.  

Message from the new Editor-in-Chief  “ Social Psychology has been an excellent outlet for not only a wide range of topics in social psychology, but also for critical examinations of our field, as was seen with the successful special issue on replicability. I am excited to continue developing this identity by creating good controversy and debate within its pages. My goal is to further establish Social Psychology as a leading journal for quality, open and transparent, and exciting science, befitting of its name. I am excited for the next 4 years of journal and to see what new discoveries it helps produce.” Adam Fetterman, September 2024 Department of Psychology, University of Houston, TX  

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“Understanding Others in Moments of Crisis” A Special Issue of Social Psychology Dana Schneider, Pascal Burgmer, Thorsten M. Erle, and Heather Ferguson Social Psychology, Vol. 54, No. 1-2, pp. 1-3

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Social psychology as a natural kind

Jason p. mitchell.

Harvard University

Although typically defined as the study of how people and groups interact, the field of social psychology comprises a number of disparate domains that make only indirect contributions to understanding interpersonal interaction, such as emotion, attitudes, and the self. Although these various phenomena may appear to have little in common, recent evidence suggests that the topics at the core of social psychology form a natural group of domains with a common functional neuroanatomy, centered on the medial prefrontal cortex. That self-referential, attitudinal, affective, and other social phenomena converge on this region may reflect their shared reliance on inexact and internally-generated estimates that differ from the more precise representations underlying other psychological phenomena.

What is social psychology?

A common definition of social psychology suggests that the field represents “an attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others” 1 . However, as practiced today, social psychology as often focuses on the cognitive workings of an individual in isolation as on those specific to interpersonal interaction. Beginning with the social cognition movement in the 1970s, social psychology has emerged as the primary headwater for the study of three intra personal phenomena that rely little on the “presence of others”: (i) the structure of knowledge about the self; (ii) attitudes and their influence on one’s choices; and (iii) the subjective experience of emotion. Indeed, the 4 th edition of The Handbook of Social Psychology – widely considered the definitive encyclopedia of the field – devotes its first two topical sections to such intrapersonal cognition, postponing its review of phenomena that occur in social contexts until the second of its two volumes.

How have these intrapersonal topics emerged as the central province of social psychology, ostensibly the science of understanding humans in interpersonal contexts? Why instead have these topics not formed a core part of cognitive psychology, which explicitly attempts to model the mental operations that support other such within-person abilities such as perception, attention, and memory? Moreover, why have several phenomena with clear implications for interpersonal behavior, such as face identification and language, become central pursuits within cognitive science while remaining comparatively peripheral to social psychology? Although a coherent sense of self, stable attitudes, and a rich repertoire of emotional experience doubtlessly play vital roles in interpersonal interaction, it is unclear how they bear more directly on social behavior than some of the abilities that have been relatively neglected by social psychology.

Over the past decade and a half, studies using neuroimaging and neuropsychological patients have provided a surprising but consistent answer to the question of what, if anything, binds these disparate topics within social psychology: a common neural basis. This work has demonstrated that four seemingly-distinct cognitive phenomena – thinking about oneself, accessing one’s attitudes, the experience of emotion, and inferring the contents of another person’s mind – all converge on a single brain region, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Such observations suggest that contemporary social psychology, far from being a patchwork of unrelated research questions, is the science of a set of closely related phenomena with a common functional neuroanatomy. Indeed, the neural confluence of self, attitudes, emotional experience, and mental state inference implies that these phenomena may pose a common cognitive challenge to the human mind, met by a common processing solution 2 . Rather than being the result of historical accident, social psychology appears to be a “natural kind” – a genuine set defined by deep and nonarbitrary characteristics.

MPFC contributions to “social” phenomena

Here, I review findings that suggest the ubiquity of MPFC involvement in four topics of central interest to social psychologists: the self-concept, attitudes and evaluation, emotional experience, and understanding the minds of others. The goal is to provide an impressionistic – rather than exhaustive – overview of the surprising convergence of such ‘social’ abilities in the MPFC, and, accordingly, discussion of other brain regions known to contribute to these phenomena is deferred (see Box 3 ).

Box 3Interactions between the MPFC and other brain regions

Although the MPFC plays a critical role in subserving several phenomena of interest to social psychologists, several other brain regions also contribute importantly to the self-concept (e.g., medial parietal cortex), evaluation (the orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum), mentalizing (the medial parietal cortex and bilateral temporo-parietal junction), and emotional experience (e.g., the amygdala and anterior insula). In many cases, little is known about the independent contributions made by these other brain regions to such phenomena; for example, although the medial parietal cortex is frequently observed in conjunction with MPFC during self-referential processing and mentalizing, little is known about how the processes subserved by this region specifically contribute to such phenomena. At the same time, a critical but unresolved issue in cognitive neuroscience is how the particular computations performed by a brain region may vary as a function of the other regions active during a particular cognitive task. For example, in what way might the particular computations performed by the MPFC differ when interacting more prominently with medial parietal cortex in contrast to the anterior insula? An important direction for future research will be to understand how networks of interacting brain regions together subserve our cognitive abilities, rather than focusing on single brain regions in isolation.

Self-concept

More than a dozen neuroimaging studies have examined the neural basis of the self-concept, as traditionally operationalized by social psychologists ( Box 1 ), and these studies have ubiquitously linked self-referential processing to activity in MPFC ( Fig 1a ). In the preponderance of such studies, participants have been asked to introspect about their own personality characteristics, either by reporting how well they are described by a trait adjective ( curious , intelligent , impatient ) or by responding to questions about their dispositions (e.g., I have a quick temper ). Reflecting on one’s own dispositions in this manner consistently prompts greater MPFC activity than a variety of control conditions, including judging the personality traits of another person 3 – 10 ; judging the social desirability of a personality trait ( is being “curious” generally considered positive or negative? ) 9 , 11 – 14 ; answering questions based on semantic knowledge ( is 10 seconds longer than a minute? ) 15 ; or judging lexical/orthographic features of words 16 , 17 . Moreover, MPFC activity correlates with successful memory for information processed in a self-referential manner 18 , suggesting that this region supports the well-documented mnemonic benefits of linking information to the self-concept 19 . Consistent with these neuroimaging observations, patients with frontotemporal dementia – a progressive disorder associated with disproportionately high atrophy in MPFC – demonstrate profound changes in the self-concept, including an impaired ability to judge their own personality traits 20 .

Box 1The self in social psychology

Research on the self encompasses a variety of phenomena, from self-referential thought and self-initiated behavior to self-regulation and self-esteem. Although there is no single definition of the self, social psychology has paid special attention to one particular aspect of selfhood: one’s concept of self 82 . The self-concept refers to person’s understanding of what she “is like” as a person, that is, what personality characteristics she manifests, what idiosyncratic abilities and proclivities define her as an individual, and to what extent she regards herself positively (i.e., has high or low self-esteem). Social psychological research on the self-concept has included (i) determining what information people use as a primary basis for judging what they are like; (ii) documenting the consequences of processing events in a self-referential manner; (iii) demonstrating the extent to which people distort information to maintain a consistent self-concept; and (iv) detailing individuals’ attempts to maintain high regard for the self.

A rough sense of the importance of this topic to social psychology can be estimated from the prevalence of the word “self” in titles of articles published in the field’s journals. Between 1965 and 2008, “self” appeared in the title of roughly every eighth article published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1,056 of 8,539 total) and the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (255 of 2,235 total). In contrast, over the same span of time, all subtitles of the Journal of Experimental Psychology have included a mere 82 articles with “self” in the title (of more than 16,000 articles published; ~0.5%), and Cognition has published only 15 such articles (~0.7%).

One important line of research on the self has focused on the demonstration of enhanced processing for information encoded self-referentially. This “self-reference effect” 19 has typically been observed as better memory for stimuli that participants initially judge in relation to the self (e.g., “how well does the word curious describe you?”) than those they initially judge in relation to another person (“how well does the word honest describe Bill Clinton?”) or about which they make semantic judgments (“was Bill Clinton the 40 th president of the United States?”). Tellingly, although by definition this work focuses on an inherently intrapersonal phenomenon (the self) and examines a phenomenon of central interest to cognitive psychologists (memory), it has overwhelmingly appeared in social psychology (and, to some extent, clinical psychology) journals, rather than in mainstream cognitive psychology outlets.

Location of peak MPFC activations associated with “social” phenomena. Each of the four images displays the midline of a canonical right hemisphere with the peak MPFC coordinates observed by studies of different classes of psychological phenonemon primarily studied by social psychologists. (a) The self-concept refers to a person’s introspective awareness of her own personality traits and idiosyncratic dispositions 3 – 18 . (b) Attitudes entail positive or negative evaluations of an object, idea, other person, or group, and may be reported explicitly through language or revealed through actual behavior 6 , 10 , 22 – 28 , 30 , 31 (for attitudes, only studies identifying MPFC, rather than OFC, were plotted). (c) The subjective experience of emotion refers to the subjective awareness of one’s affective states, such as the degree to which one is experiencing happiness, sadness, disgust, or fear 37 – 48 . (d) Theory-of-mind or mentalizing refers to the ability to infer the thoughts, feelings, and desires of other people 53 – 68 . Although each of these phenomena differs superficially from the others, all ultimately rely on the internal generation of probabilistic and malleable estimates – rather than exact representations that correspond veridically and stably to external reality – a set of functions previously linked to MPFC.

Attitudes and evaluation

A central concept in social psychology has been that of attitude , defined as “a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor” 21 ( Box 2 ). As for the self-concept, a series of recent neuroimaging studies has suggested that the MPFC plays a critical role in the ability to access and explicitly report one’s attitudes ( Fig 1b ). A fairly circumscribed region of ventral MPFC is preferentially engaged when individuals respond to questions about their own preferences (e.g., “I enjoy doing laundry over going grocery shopping”) than about those of another person 6 , 10 , 22 , 23 . Likewise, explicitly evaluating a stimulus as positive or negative produces greater response in this region than judging semantic 24 , 25 , perceptual 26 , 27 , or other nonevaluative 28 aspects of a stimulus. Consistent with these neuroimaging observations, patients with damage to the ventral MPFC show impairments in reporting their preferences in a consistent manner. For example, such an individual might evaluate one person as more positive than a second and that second person as more positive than a third, but then also judge, incompatibly, the third to be more positive than the first 29 .

Box 2Attitudes, evaluation, and preferences

How do humans form opinions about novel objects and people? How do we store and access such evaluations? And how do we update our attitudes in response to new or contradictory information? The origins of social psychology are so closely linked to these questions that some early commentators equated the entire field with the study of attitudes and evaluation 83 . By 1935, the concept of an attitude had been proclaimed the principal foundation on which social psychology rests, and throughout the 1960s and 70s, the study of attitudes and attitude change dominated research in social psychology. Even today, the lead section of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology is devoted to “attitudes and social cognition.” Consistent with their position at the center of the field, a wide-ranging array of evaluative responses have been studied by social psychologists. Although much of this work has focused on respondents’ attitudes toward social groups, individuals, and social policies (e.g., Communism, the right-to-life, or affirmative action), researchers have also commonly examined less overtly interpersonal attitudinal responses, such as those regarding personal behavior or idiosyncratic preferences (the value of tooth-brushing, the taste of anchovies, etc.).

Although social psychologists have traditionally relied on what respondents explicitly report about an attitude object, more recent work has focused on unconscious or implicit forms of evaluation that unfold automatically and without subjective awareness. Whether such implicit evaluations arise from the same processes as one’s conscious opinions and preferences continues to be a matter of some debate within the social psychological literature, although recent neuroimaging findings have suggested that implicit forms of evaluation may be distinct from explicitly-reported attitudes in relying on a neural system centered around the amygdala 84 . Such dissociations are reminiscent of the distinctions between explicit and implicit memory, which likewise appear to be two different systems of memory that rely on distinct neural systems.

Whereas social psychologists have often relied on what respondents explicitly articulate about an attitude object – that is their reported preferences – several other research traditions have studied preferences as they are revealed by an individual’s observable choices ( Box 2 ). These literatures confirm the functional importance of ventral aspects of the MPFC for evaluating the desirability of a stimulus. Activity in this region has been observed to correlate with participants’ preference for one taste over another as revealed in a blind “taste test” 30 , as well as with their relative preference for immediate over delayed monetary rewards in an intertemporal choice paradigm (e.g., opting to receive $20 now versus a larger amount in a week) 31 . Moreover, beginning with the well-known case of Phineas Gage, neuropsychological research has repeatedly demonstrated that damage to ventral MPFC impairs one’s abilities both to evaluate competing courses of action 32 and to revise earlier evaluations of a stimulus 33 .

Emotional experience

Both social and clinical psychology have been centrally concerned with understanding the nature of emotional experience , that is, one’s subjective awareness of affective states and the consequences of such experience on behavior. The topics addressed by such researchers have ranged from the source of subjective emotional experience to the maladaptive effects of emotion that define many clinical disorders to the relation between emotion and “colder”, less affectively-based, mental operations. In addition, a sizeable literature has examined emotional expression, cataloguing the discrete types of facial expressions that accompany different emotions and examining how perceivers recognize the emotions of others 34 .

Although several brain regions make well-characterized contributions to the experience and recognition of particular emotions (such as the anterior insula to disgust and the amygdala to fear and anxiety) 35 , a somewhat underappreciated finding has been the generality of the response in MPFC during emotional experience. In a review of 55 neuroimaging experiments through 2002 36 , the MPFC was the brain region most commonly associated with affective processing, regardless of the specific emotion being targeted (disgust, fear, sadness, anger, happiness). Interestingly, manipulations that induce particularly rich emotional experience were those most likely to engage MPFC 37 – 48 ( Fig 1c ). For example, MPFC modulation is particularly likely when a person engages in extended affective processing that allows for genuine, subjective experience of emotion, such as by recalling an evocative autobiographical memory or viewing emotionally-charged films (in contrast to passively viewing affective words or still photographs). This observation suggests that the MPFC may specifically contribute to emotion by subserving the subjective experience of one’s affective state. More recently, neuropsychological research has confirmed the important role of MPFC in emotion, demonstrating that lesions to this region impair emotional experience as well as the recognition of emotional expressions 49 . Together, these results suggest that, although specific brain regions like the amygdala and insula may play critical roles in specific emotions, the MPFC plays a broad – albeit incompletely specified – role in emotional experience more generally.

Understanding the minds of others

Notwithstanding frequent forays into purely intrapersonal phenomena, social psychologists have long examined the question of how perceivers make sense of the behavior of others. For more than three decades starting in the 1960s, a sizeable literature developed around questions of attribution , such as how one determines whether an individual’s behavior (Mary is biting her finger nails) is better ascribed to her internal mental states and dispositions (she must be a nervous person) or to situational influences and constraints (she is waiting for the results of an important exam; for a comprehensive review of social psychological research on attribution, see Ref 50 ). More recently, researchers have begun to concentrate on one aspect of attribution, examining how perceivers generate their initial inferences about others’ mental states in the first place (e.g., how does one infer that Mary is feeling nervous to start with?), an ability referred to as “mentalizing” or “theory-of-mind”.

For all intents and purposes, neuroimaging studies have unanimously implicated MPFC in tasks that require perceivers to mentalize about the thoughts or feelings of others ( Fig 1d ). Recent reviews of the functional neuroanatomy underlying social cognition 51 , 52 have catalogued the wide range of contexts in which MPFC activity accompanies mentalizing. Greater response in this region has been observed when (i) perceivers regard stories or cartoons whose comprehension requires inferring the mental states of their protagonists (compared to understanding physical causality) 53 – 55 ; (ii) answer questions about another person’s knowledge 56 – 59 ; (iii) watch abstract cartoons that imply the presence of a mental agent 60 – 62 ; or (iv) play a competitive game against a human (compared to a computer) opponent 63 , 64 . Moreover, similar MPFC modulation has been associated with tasks originally developed within the social psychological literature on attribution, such as those designed to favor dispositional over situational attributions 65 or during explicit attempts to form an impression of another person’s personality 66 – 68 . Neuropsychological results also confirm that, at least for nontrivial theory-of-mind tasks, damage to the MPFC impairs the ability to apprehend others’ mental states 69 , 70 . And autism, which is marked by severe impairments in understanding others’ mental states, has been linked by at least two studies to abnormal activity in MPFC 71 , 72 (although the functional neuroanatomy underlying this disorder is far from completely understood).

Social psychology as the study of ‘fuzzy’ cognition

To the extent that shared functional neuroanatomy implies shared cognitive processing 2 , the overlapping MPFC basis for the self-concept, attitudes, emotional experience, and mentalizing suggests that these seemingly diverse phenomena all draw on a common set of underlying mental operations. But what does the fact that the MPFC in particular subserves these social phenomena – and not some other brain region – imply about the nature of the processes underlying them? Interestingly, the MPFC has been implicated in a number of additional abilities that call for nonliteral, counterfactual, or probabilistic processing, such as understanding figurative linguistic constructions like metaphor and analogy 73 , 74 , simulating hypothetical future events 75 , and reasoning about ambiguous moral conflicts 76 , 77 . In sharp contrast, the MPFC has not only been only rarely implicated in most other cognitive activities but routinely demonstrates reduced response (i.e., “deactivation”) when participants engage in tasks involving semantic memory, executive function, perception, and many of the other types of processes studied by cognitive psychology 78 . Such deactivations have been argued to mark the suspension of an internally-focused mode of processing that would otherwise interfere with attention to the external environment 75 , 78 .

Together, these neural observations support the view that ‘social’ phenomena can be distinguished from other kinds of cognitive processing by their dependence on a qualitatively distinct class of mental representation. Most cognitive abilities require exact representations that correspond veridically to the external world: people are generally surprised and consternated when they generate inexact or fallacious representations of the outside world; for example, misreaching for a wine glass and knocking it over, intending one word but blurting out another, or feeling confident in memories that prove to be false or distorted. In contrast, when it comes to our self-concept, attitudes, emotional experience, and understanding of others minds, we readily handle – indeed, may insist upon – considerably less exactitude and accuracy. Although we know roughly what defines us as a person, how much we like or dislike something, the strength of our current emotional experience, or what is going on inside the head of another person, the functional utility of these social processes does not rely on the ability to pinpoint an exact representation that corresponds precisely to an actual “fact of the matter” in the external world. Instead, social phenomena demand an ability to operate over ‘fuzzy’ mental estimates that are inexact, probabilistic, internally-generated, and subject to revision. Whereas abilities like motor control, language, and perception require the generation of discrete, specific representations, we typically experience our selves, our attitudes, our emotions, and the minds of others more like continuously shifting and indefinite approximations. Reifying these fuzzy experiences by assigning them specific labels (through language, Likert scales, etc.) either acutely disrupts normal functioning, as in the case of affective processing 79 , or else provides flawed or inadequate insights into their workings, as for our self-concept, attitudes, and social inferences 80 .

A possible exception might be our inferences about mental states, which can sometimes pertain to specific information that another person may or may not know. Indeed, a good deal of research in social cognition has examined tasks that imply “correct” answers about another person’s knowledge (such as the “Sally-Anne” false belief task). Interestingly, these tasks are most closely associated with activity in a region outside the MPFC, the temporo-parietal junction 81 . In contrast, many of our mental state inferences may center around fuzzier, more probabilistic estimates of others’ experience. For example, we might infer that someone is sad, but rarely need to estimate exactly how dysphoric. Or we might consider someone to possess a certain personality trait (intelligence), but rarely consider exactly to what extent.

By increasingly adopting the methods of cognitive neuroscience, social psychologists have discovered a previously unsuspected correspondence among many of the important phenomena at the core of the field. Such observations underscore the unique power of functional localization methods, such as neuroimaging, to uncover links among researchers who once believed themselves to be studying disparate empirical issues, but we now understand to have been probing different manifestations of a common underlying system. This neurally-inspired ‘lumping’ of seemingly disparate phenomena promises not only to help underscore what makes social psychology distinctive, but suggests the need to rethink the assumption that the field studies phenomena at a “higher” or more “macro” level than cognitive psychology. Rather than equating the study of social phenomena with a particular level of analysis, these findings suggest a view of social psychology as a unique branch of cognitive science, specialized for examining a distinct and natural grouping of approximate, shifting, and internally-generated – in other words, ‘fuzzy’ – cognitive operations.

Box 4Questions and future directions

• Although research has established that many concepts of interest to social psychologists rely on the MPFC, little is known about the neural basis of many other important social psychological phenomena, such as self-esteem, motivation, persuasion, and stereotyping. An open question remains whether the MPFC also subserves these other lines of social psychological inquiry, or if such phenomena rely on distinct forms of cognitive processing.
• Most neuroimaging and neuropsychological research on revealed preferences has implicated particularly inferior regions of MPFC that extend into the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) 85 . The distinction between the evaluative processing subserved by ventral MPFC and OFC is not yet fully understood.
• Somewhat ironically, the concept of ‘fuzzy’ cognition is itself vague and imprecise. Although likely to be somewhat controversial, the use of the term reflects the current lack of a more appropriate one with which to describe the putative distinction between the ‘social’ processing subserved by the MPFC and other forms of processing that have been of primary interest to cognitive psychologists. An important direction for future research will be to illuminate the exact contours of the attributes that underlie social psychological phenomena and their difference from other branches of cognitive science.

Acknowledgments

The preparation of this article was supported by NSF and NIA grants to the author. Thanks to Mahzarin Banaji, Wendy Berry Mendes, Randy Buckner, Dan Gilbert, Abby Klima, Neil Macrae, Lindsey Powell, Rebecca Saxe, Diana Tamir, Dan Wegner, and Jamil Zaki for helpful comments and discussion and Dave Johnson and Jessica Schirmer for their assistance in preparing the manuscript.

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Study Reveals What Has Worked to Fight Climate Change Ozempic-Like Weight Loss Drugs May Protect Against Alzheimer's Inflammation in Childhood Linked to Mental Health Issues in Adulthood Blood Tests Revolutionize Alzheimer's Diagnosis Vaccination Could Shield Against Mental Issues After Severe COVID Americans Have Mixed Feelings About AI in Healthcare, Poll Finds New App Might Help Young Adults Handle Anxiety How Excessive Heat Can Affect Your Mental Health Source: Psychology News Center Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities. ® Digital Commons Network ™ / Social and Behavioral Sciences / Psychology Social Psychology Commons ™ Popular Articles Based on downloads in July 2024 Social Cognitive Theory , iSALT Team Minnesota State University - Mankato Social Cognitive Theory , Isalt Team Isalt resources: theories, concepts, and measures. No abstract provided. Go to article How Men And Women Differ: Gender Differences In Communication Styles, Influence Tactics, And Leadership Styles , Karima Merchant Claremont McKenna College How Men And Women Differ: Gender Differences In Communication Styles, Influence Tactics, And Leadership Styles , Karima Merchant Cmc senior theses. This paper lays the historical background for why women and leadership is an important topic today in order to discuss gender differences in communication styles, influence tactics, and leadership styles. This paper also outlines barriers women face when trying to attain and succeed in leadership positions. The analysis should provide a greater understanding of how men and women differ, especially in leadership and management positions, and what companies can do to help women overcome gender bias and discrimination in the workplace. Depression, Anxiety, And Stress Severity Impact Social Media Use And Tiktok Addiction , Skylar L. Maguire, Hollie Pellosmaa University of Tennessee, Knoxville Depression, Anxiety, And Stress Severity Impact Social Media Use And Tiktok Addiction , Skylar L. Maguire, Hollie Pellosmaa Chancellor’s honors program projects. Laughing Through The Pain: An Analysis Of Dark Humor In Trauma-And-Crisis-Centered Occupations , Zoe R. Potter Portland State University Laughing Through The Pain: An Analysis Of Dark Humor In Trauma-And-Crisis-Centered Occupations , Zoe R. Potter University honors theses. The use of dark, or "black" humor by professionals in trauma-and-crisis-centered occupations is common, with fields such as healthcare, crime, emergency response, and social work reporting frequent use of dark humor on the job. Using a literature review approach, peer-review articles were examined to understand the function that dark humor plays in trauma-and-crisis-centered fields. The findings suggest that dark humor acts as a coping mechanism, and contributes to various group dynamics between colleagues. The literature was also reviewed for the effects that dark humor has on patients or people in contact with trauma-and-crisis personnel. While some preliminary findings point to … Happiness Index Methodology , Laura Musikanski, Scott Cloutier, Erica Bejarano, Davi Briggs, Julia Colbert, Gracie Strasser, Steven Russell Happiness Alliance Happiness Index Methodology , Laura Musikanski, Scott Cloutier, Erica Bejarano, Davi Briggs, Julia Colbert, Gracie Strasser, Steven Russell Journal of sustainable social change. The Happiness Index is a comprehensive survey instrument that assesses happiness, well-being, and aspects of sustainability and resilience. The Happiness Alliance developed the Happiness Index to provide a survey instrument to community organizers, researchers, and others seeking to use a subjective well-being index and data. It is the only instrument of its kind freely available worldwide and translated into over ten languages. This instrument can be used to measure satisfaction with life and the conditions of life. It can also be used to define income inequality, trust in government, sense of community and other aspects of well-being within specific demographics … Alibi Generation And Discriminability: Improving Innocent Suspects' Accuracy And Examining Alibi Discriminability , Kureva Pritchard Matuku Florida International University Alibi Generation And Discriminability: Improving Innocent Suspects' Accuracy And Examining Alibi Discriminability , Kureva Pritchard Matuku Fiu electronic theses and dissertations. The literature on the generation and evaluation of alibis reveals two main findings: (a) Innocent alibi providers are often inaccurate when reporting their alibis, and (b) people are poor at discriminating true from deceptive alibis. Across two experiments, this research adopted a system variables approach to addressing these two problems. Study 1 examined whether a theory-driven intervention involving preparation time with phone access would enhance the accuracy of innocent suspects’ alibis. Additionally, Study 1 explored cues to deception that could differentiate honest and deceptive alibi providers. Study 1 conformed to a 2 (Alibi Type: Honest, Deceptive) x 3 (Interview Approach: … The Relationship Between Social Media And Empathy , Franklin M. Collins Georgia Southern University The Relationship Between Social Media And Empathy , Franklin M. Collins Electronic theses and dissertations. The relationship between social media and empathy has not been explored extensively. Research on the expression of emotion and the association with empathy displayed on social media websites have been minimally explored. This study sought to support findings that chatting online leads to expressions of empathy (Rosen, 2012) and a positive relationship exists between conversing with others online and empathic expression (Ivcevic & Ambady, 2012. Empathic concern was hypothesized to show a positive relationship with one’s likelihood to chat, time on Facebook, and emotional connection to Facebook or Facebook usage. Empathic concern also was predicted to be greater among computer … A 50-Year Review Of Psychological Reactance Theory: Do Not Read This Article , Benjamin Rosenberg, Jason T. Siegel Chapman University A 50-Year Review Of Psychological Reactance Theory: Do Not Read This Article , Benjamin Rosenberg, Jason T. Siegel Psychology | faculty scholarship. Psychological reactance theory (PRT; Brehm, 1966) posits that when something threatens or eliminates people’s freedom of behavior, they experience psychological reactance, a motivational state that drives freedom restoration. Complementing recent, discipline-specific reviews (e.g., Quick, Shen, & Dillard, 2013; Steindl, Jonas, Sittenthaler, Traut-Mattausch, & Greenberg, 2015), the current analysis integrates PRT research across fields in which it has flourished: social psychology and clinical psychology, as well as communication research. Moreover, the current review offers a rare synthesis of existing reactance measures. We outline five overlapping waves in the PRT literature: Wave 1: Theory proposal and testing, Wave 2: Contributions from clinical … Big Five Personality Traits And Political Orientation: An Inquiry Into Political Beliefs , Ian E. Phillips Cleveland State University Big Five Personality Traits And Political Orientation: An Inquiry Into Political Beliefs , Ian E. Phillips The downtown review. Personality research centered on the Big Five personality traits has heavily impacted our understanding in regards to what forces orient a person on a political spectrum. Examining how personality differences interact with political orientation, this research seeks to provide information on what makes someone either more or less likely to be liberal or conservative based on their temperament. In this paper, previous personality research is synthesized into one discussion, centered on what the effects of each trait are and how they impact political orientation, the heritability of personality, and what implications there are for such research in the realm of … Money Beliefs And Financial Behaviors: Development Of The Klontz Money Script Inventory , Bradley Klontz, Sonya L. Britt, Jennifer Mentzer, Ted Klontz Klontz Consulting Group Money Beliefs And Financial Behaviors: Development Of The Klontz Money Script Inventory , Bradley Klontz, Sonya L. Britt, Jennifer Mentzer, Ted Klontz Journal of financial therapy. Financial matters have been identified in the literature as a significant source of stress for individuals and families. However, little is known about the psychological issues related to money that may be contributing to individual and family problems. Using a sample of 422 individuals who identified their level of agreement on 72 money-related beliefs, this study identified four distinct money belief patterns. Three of these belief systems were significantly correlated with income and net worth. Demographic features associated with the four money belief scales are provided. The results of this study may be useful for practitioners interested in quickly and … All Articles in Social Psychology 6,540 full-text articles. Page 1 of 273 . Anger And Disgust Shape Judgments Of Social Sanctions Across Cultures, Especially In High Individual Autonomy Societies , Per A. Andersson, Andree HARTANTO, et al 2024 Singapore Management University Anger And Disgust Shape Judgments Of Social Sanctions Across Cultures, Especially In High Individual Autonomy Societies , Per A. Andersson, Andree Hartanto, Et Al Research collection school of social sciences. When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between … Psychology And The Digital Everywhere: Artificial Intelligence , Cassie van Stolk Assistant Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology 2024 SUNY Geneseo Psychology And The Digital Everywhere: Artificial Intelligence , Cassie Van Stolk Assistant Professor Of Psychology, Department Of Psychology Artificial intelligence, 2024-25. This module within the PSYC 390: Psychology and the Digital Everywhere course investigates the the implications of AI on human experiences using a biopsychosocial lens. Topics covered include an exploration of AI as a tool versus as an autonomous mind, ethical considerations of AI usage, and the promises and pitfalls of AI as a tool within the field of psychology. This module aligns with the "Contemporary Global Challenges, Creativity and Innovation" Participation in a Global Society outcome within the Geneseo GLOBE Curriculum. Experiences Of Dungeons & Dragons Players , Tim Daniel 2024 University of Denver Experiences Of Dungeons & Dragons Players , Tim Daniel Graduate school of professional psychology: doctoral papers and masters projects. This was a qualitative study of the experiences of Dungeons & Dragons players at the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) club at a private university in the Western United States. Previous research has shown that the benefits of playing Tabletop Roleplaying Games (TTRPGs) include developing social skills, developing empathy, and finding respite from reality. The goal of this research was to identify how role-players perceive they are affected by TTRPGs and what is appealing about TTRPGs. The participants in this study identified that, as a result of playing TTRPGs, they learned to develop better social skills and empathy. Their top reasons … College Students Learn How To “Take Action!” To Disrupt Racial Microaggressions , Justine N. Egan-Kunicki, Renee N. Saris-Baglama 2024 Community College of Rhode Island College Students Learn How To “Take Action!” To Disrupt Racial Microaggressions , Justine N. Egan-Kunicki, Renee N. Saris-Baglama Feminist pedagogy. The topic of prejudice and discrimination may be addressed in a variety of disciplines. When these topics are discussed in the classroom, students may not recognize microaggressions as acts of explicit or implicit prejudice. We designed and evaluated an Apply and Take Action! assignment to help students recognize microaggressions and learn techniques to disrupt them. Students were asked to identify definitions, key terms, and examples of microaggressions and microinterventions, and apply this knowledge to address a hypothetical scenario. Students favorably evaluated and recommended the assignment’s use. This assignment may benefit students who are targets of microaggressions, as well as those … How Can Dei Training Change The Culture Of An Organization To Achieve Belonging And Retain Diverse Employees? , KAISA S. HOLT 2024 Portland State University How Can Dei Training Change The Culture Of An Organization To Achieve Belonging And Retain Diverse Employees? , Kaisa S. Holt Studies show the need for innovation and higher productivity yields can be best achieved through workforce heterogeneity. Creating effective DEI training frameworks is crucial for belonging, sustainable social well-being and enacting real change. This is key to proactively shifting our current system from one that responds to the need for DEI on a surface level to something that is regenerative. The aim of this review is to evaluate characteristics and enhancements added to evidence-based DEI training between 2020 and 2024. Studies were identified using the Portland State advanced database of academic journals on the DEI training and impacts of the … Workplace Bullying And Its Relation To Anxiety About Professional Futureالتنمر الوظيفي وعلاقته بقلق المستقبل المهني دراسة ميدانية على عينة من العاملين في جامعة دمشق , Ezzat Arabe Katbee 2024 Professor in the Department of Psychology College of Education - Damascus University - Syrian Arab Republic Workplace Bullying And Its Relation To Anxiety About Professional Futureالتنمر الوظيفي وعلاقته بقلق المستقبل المهني دراسة ميدانية على عينة من العاملين في جامعة دمشق , Ezzat Arabe Katbee Association of arab universities journal for education and psychology. This research aims to identify the relationship between workplace bullying and anxiety about professional among a sample of Damascus university employees. The sample consists of 500 employees, (235) females and (265) males.The results came as follows:There is a significant statically relation between workplace bullying and anxiety about professional among the sample.There are no significant statically differences in the scores of the sample at anxiety about professional future questionnaire according to the gender variable.There are significant statically differences in the scores of the sample at questionnaire according to the gender variable. workplace bullyingTo investigate the hypotheses the researcher used workplace bullying … Healing A Broken Spirit: A Look Into Institutional Trauma And Spiritual Resilience , Cederstrom Christian 2024 Concordia University St. Paul Healing A Broken Spirit: A Look Into Institutional Trauma And Spiritual Resilience , Cederstrom Christian Master of arts in human services. This paper focused on the relationship between spirituality, therapy, and those who are affected and traumatized by religious institutions. It sought to cover the hypothesis that exposure to positive spirituality can help those who have been affected by religious institutional trauma to recover. Studies have shown a positive correlation between religiosity and recovery from traumatic experiences and that therapy can also increase one spirituality and relationship with God or other higher powers. This article sought to highlight that this strength of a spiritual coping mechanism may be increased by a person’s education in the field of theology and spirituality meaning … The Cultural Mismatch Between Latinas' Interdependent Self-Concept And The Independent Culture Of Stem , Maria Guadalupe Velasco 2024 California State University, San Bernardino The Cultural Mismatch Between Latinas' Interdependent Self-Concept And The Independent Culture Of Stem , Maria Guadalupe Velasco Electronic theses, projects, and dissertations. I assessed the role of self-concept fit, as outlined in the SAFE model (Schmader & Sedikides, 2018), in Latina college students’ feelings toward pursuing a STEM course. Research on the underrepresentation of certain social groups in STEM has mainly focused on the role of goal fit. More specifically, researchers have found that portraying STEM environments as affording communal goals promotes goal fit, which is related to positive outcomes like interest, belonging, and favorable ratings for STEM courses, careers, and lab positions (Belanger et al., 2017; Belanger et al., 2020; Diekman et al., 2011). Because Latinas are socialized within an interdependent … Examining Construal Level Priming As A Potentional Intervention For Misinformation Sharing , Xiangyu Cui 2024 California State University, San Bernardino Examining Construal Level Priming As A Potentional Intervention For Misinformation Sharing , Xiangyu Cui Misinformation has become increasingly difficult to combat in the digital age. The current study tested a model exploring the relationships between self-regulation, habitual social media use, construal level, and propagation of misinformation. Drawing from previous research, I hypothesized that individuals with higher self-regulation would exhibit lower susceptibility to misinformation sharing. I also hypothesized that habitual social media use mediates the relationship between self-regulation and misinformation sharing. In addition, I introduced construal level priming as an experimental intervention, where individuals primed with abstract construal levels may demonstrate more discerning information processing, thereby reducing the likelihood of misinformation sharing. Results from data … Beyond Initial Engagement: Investigating Factors That Contribute To Continued Participation In Social Movements , Alejandro Garcia 2024 California State University, San Bernardino Beyond Initial Engagement: Investigating Factors That Contribute To Continued Participation In Social Movements , Alejandro Garcia Historically, social movements have been important in addressing social issues and driving social change, particularly in challenging both systemic racism and structural inequalities faced by minority groups. However, these movements require sustained participation to be effective. While it is important to understand the psychological factors as to how and why one engages in social movements, few empirical studies have evaluated the psychological factors that influence ongoing participation in social movements. This study examines predictors of continued engagement in social movements among individuals who have participated in two or more in-person demonstrations. A sample of 305 participants involved in four different … General Psychology 2e , Will Stutterheim 2024 Fort Hays State University General Psychology 2e , Will Stutterheim All open educational resources. General Psychology 2e offers an insightful exploration into the complexities of the field of psychology and all that it has to offer. This book provides a thorough introduction to the foundational principles of psychology, covering essential theories, research findings, and applications that illustrate the intricate workings of the mind. The text begins with a historical overview of psychology, tracing its evolution from philosophical roots to its establishment as a scientific discipline. It then delves into essential topics regarding stress and mental health disorders and concludes with therapy and treatment approaches. It then covers research in psychology, biopsychology, consciousness, and perception. … Evaluating The Impact Of An Experimental Intervention On Reducing Social Anxiety Through Impression Efficacy Changes , Alexandria Dismuke 2024 East Tennessee State University Evaluating The Impact Of An Experimental Intervention On Reducing Social Anxiety Through Impression Efficacy Changes , Alexandria Dismuke Social anxiety is a prevalent and harmful experience, predicting negative outcomes even for those not reaching clinical levels. While evidence-based treatments are well-documented for Social Anxiety Disorder, simple and accessible interventions for subclinical samples are a valuable endeavor for research. The current study aimed to test an experimental task for reducing social anxiety through increasing participants’ impression self-efficacy. A secondary goal was to explore the impacts of and responses to positive and neutral feedback. The primary hypothesis was that condition would predict changes in social anxiety indirectly through changes in impression self-efficacy. Participants (n=127) completed a structured interaction with a … The Influence Of Dispositions And Everyday Social Factors On The Hostile Attribution Bias , Mackenzie C. Smith 2024 Western University The Influence Of Dispositions And Everyday Social Factors On The Hostile Attribution Bias , Mackenzie C. Smith Electronic thesis and dissertation repository. Interpersonal conflict in ambiguous social situations can instigate aggressive responses in individuals with the hostile attribution bias (HAB). However, the nature of the psychological properties of these situations needs to be explored more extensively, including the specific social-contextual properties. One individual difference that few studies have explored with the HAB is dispositional trust, which is proposed to be the opposing side of HAB. The current vignette study aimed to explore this, along with improving previous measures and creating a new measure of HAB. Factor analyses and multilevel modeling were used for establishing a hostile composite and exploring both individual differences, … Aging As Online Faculty: Attitudes Toward Work And Retirement , Lee Stadtlander, Amy Sickel 2024 Walden University Aging As Online Faculty: Attitudes Toward Work And Retirement , Lee Stadtlander, Amy Sickel Journal of educational research and practice. Aging, an often-neglected aspect of diversity in universities, is an important issue, as the rate of people working who are 75 and older is growing faster than the rate for any other age group. The present sequential explanatory mixed-method study explored 129 older online faculty’s attitudes and opinions on work and retirement in an online survey and in 13 faculty interviews. Data were examined cross-sectionally to assess differences by decade: 50s, 60s, and 70s and above. The results indicated that while older faculty were collecting some form of retirement payment, money was not a primary motivator for working. These individuals … Leading With Joy: Lessons From The Literature , Jennifer A. Keach, Jenne M. Klotz, Galen J. Talis 2024 James Madison University Leading With Joy: Lessons From The Literature , Jennifer A. Keach, Jenne M. Klotz, Galen J. Talis This article provides an introduction for library leaders at all levels to support equitable conditions for joy in the workplace, as well as for anyone who wants to develop their personal practice of joy through lessons discovered in popular, academic, and professional writing and multimedia. Joy has a place in contemporary libraries’ conversations about burnout, vocational awe, and care. The article begins with a guide to the annotated bibliography which explores five themes: defining joy, finding individual joy, work and organizational joy, empowering change with joy, and joy-adjacent emotions. The thematic guide may be read alone or used as an … Employing Reflexivity In Sexuality Socialisation Research: A Methodological Contribution From Psychosocial Studies , Lisa Saville Young Dr, Yanela Ndabula Ms, Catriona Ida Macleod Prof 2024 Murdoch University Employing Reflexivity In Sexuality Socialisation Research: A Methodological Contribution From Psychosocial Studies , Lisa Saville Young Dr, Yanela Ndabula Ms, Catriona Ida Macleod Prof The qualitative report. In this paper, we describe and demonstrate the value of adopting a psychosocial methodology to explore unique sexual socialisation experiences emphasising the role of reflexivity. Psychosocial methodology emerges from Psychosocial Studies, a “transdisciplinary” area interested in phenomena from “both” a social and personal perspective and in this paper is employed to investigate how sexual socialisation is shaped by psychological processes “and” social relations, and how these can be “thought together” (Frosh & Vyrgioti, 2022). Psychosocial data analytic strategies involve applying narrative and discursive psychology alongside psychoanalytic concepts to understand the possible reasons for a participant’s investment in particular discourses, understanding … The Influence Of Misconceptions On Pedagogical Choices Of Secondary Science Teachers: An Embedded Case Study , Tracey Beyer 2024 Kennesaw State University The Influence Of Misconceptions On Pedagogical Choices Of Secondary Science Teachers: An Embedded Case Study , Tracey Beyer Dissertations. This case study, using phenomenography within science disciplines, examines how educators' experiences with misconceptions affect teaching methods in high school physics, chemistry, and biology. Based on constructivist and interpretive theories it highlights that personal experiences shape learning and involve continuously reconstructing knowledge. The shared misconceptions of 13 educators across science disciplines reveal how those experiences influenced both their content knowledge and instructional practices. The findings indicate that educators who openly acknowledge and learn from their past experiences with misconceptions are better equipped to recognize and address gaps in understanding, an asset to furthering student learning. This research highlights the importance … A Cross-Classified Multilevel Study Investigating Perceptions Of Misogyny In Popular Music Presented In The Format Of Lyrics , Michelle Schwier 2024 Western University A Cross-Classified Multilevel Study Investigating Perceptions Of Misogyny In Popular Music Presented In The Format Of Lyrics , Michelle Schwier Several sexist and misogynistic themes in music surround gendered power differences, gaslighting, and objectification (Hill et al., 2021), with a focus on sexual objectification, abuse, violence, distrust, and distain for women (Adams & Fuller, 2006). Thus, the current study investigated university students and adults’ perception of these messages. Using the 2022 Billboard Hot 100 Year-End chart, participants read lyrics from 36 songs and rated the content on six themes of misogyny. Participants then completed a Benevolent and Hostile sexism inventory. Through a cross-classified multilevel modelling design, the results indicated that participants who liked the lyrics rated them with less misogyny. … Online Self-Presentation And Its Relationship To The Level Of Exposure To Cyber-Harassment Among A Sample Of The University Of Jordan Students , Randah Odeh Barakat, Islam F. Alzu'bi 2024 Department of Counseling and Mental Health, Faculty of Educational Sciences, International Islamic Sciences University, Jordan Online Self-Presentation And Its Relationship To The Level Of Exposure To Cyber-Harassment Among A Sample Of The University Of Jordan Students , Randah Odeh Barakat, Islam F. Alzu'bi An-najah university journal for research - b (humanities). The study aimed to identify the level of online self-presentation and its relationship to the level of exposure to cyber-harassment among a sample of the University of Jordan students consisting of (385) male and female bachelor's students from the Faculty of Arts. The questionnaires that are built for the level of online self-presentation and level of exposure to cyber-harassment were constructed and evaluated for their validity and reliability. The results indicated that the level of online self-presentation and the level of exposure to cyber-harassment among students were moderate, the level of online self-presentation was positively correlated with the level of … Romantic Resilience: Fractal Conflict Dynamics And Network Flexibility Predict Dating Satisfaction And Commitment , David Pincus 2024 Chapman University Romantic Resilience: Fractal Conflict Dynamics And Network Flexibility Predict Dating Satisfaction And Commitment , David Pincus Psychology faculty articles and research. Previous research has demonstrated that interpersonal dynamics are fractal, and that conflict is a key control parameter that drives fractal complexity. The present study aimed to extend this line of research to examine the putative fractal structure of conflict dynamics over time, and the role that this self-organizing fractal structure may play in the resilience of romantic relationships. An experience sampling methodology was used to assess levels of conflict, satisfaction, and commitment in the dating relationships of undergraduate students, three times per day for 30 days. Hypothesis 1 was supported, with conflict ratings over time generally conforming to an inverse … Popular Institutions Featured Publications Popular authors. 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Lesley J. Rogers Lesley J. Rogers University of New England, School of Science and Technology https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.728 Published online: 21 August 2024 The left and right hemispheres of the brain process sensory information in different ways and function differently in controlling behavior. This lateralization of brain function, originally thought to be unique to humans, is now known to occur in a broad range of non-human vertebrates and even in invertebrates, indicating that it is an essential feature of both large and small brains. Some evidence indicates that lateralization of brain function improves cognitive capacity of the brain. Many, often unrelated, brain functions are lateralized. In humans, these include differential specialization of the hemispheres to process language and produce speech, express emotions, respond to faces, attend to spatial information, and control hand use. As now clear for handedness, both genetic expression and environmental influences are involved in complex ways. Since lateral division of function in the brains of non-human animals has sufficient similarity to that of humans, it is probable that at least some asymmetries were evolutionary precursors to language and speech. It is notable that lateralization is in no species totally in a single direction. Some evidence from studies of animal species provides support for the hypothesis that alignment of laterality in most individuals in a species occurs only for control of behavior that requires one lateralized individual to interact with another lateralized individual (i.e., in social interaction). In humans, individuals with non-right-handedness (left-handed and mixed-handed) are more prone to a number of psychiatric conditions or other behavioral conditions, including autism, schizophrenia, and dyslexia. hemispheres corpus callosum atypical lateralization non-human species development epigenetic effects You do not currently have access to this article Please login to access the full content. Access to the full content requires a subscription Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Psychology. 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Anthropology (General) by Cece Lasley Last Updated Aug 19, 2024 114 views this year Biology (General) by Sean Corning Last Updated Aug 14, 2024 77 views this year Child Study & Human Development (General) by Cece Lasley Last Updated Aug 1, 2024 228 views this year Classical Studies (General) by Micah Saxton Last Updated Jul 31, 2024 221 views this year Computer Science (General) by David Fristrom Last Updated Jul 15, 2024 58 views this year Mathematics (General) by David Fristrom Last Updated Jul 10, 2024 418 views this year Neurology by Judy Rabinowitz Last Updated Jul 9, 2024 43 views this year Philosophy (General) by Jennifer Ferguson Last Updated Jul 10, 2024 312 views this year Psychology (General) by Cece Lasley Last Updated Aug 21, 2024 221 views this year Social Science Librarian Hirsch Health Sciences Library Hirsch Health Sciences Library: Ask Us a Question Discover all of the ways to get help from a Hirsch librarian as well as access FAQs on this page. << Previous: Clinical Psychology Next: Developmental Psychology >> Last Updated: Aug 21, 2024 11:56 AM URL: https://researchguides.library.tufts.edu/psychology News & Insights All News & Insights Jessica DeCuir-Gunby named president of the APA’s Educational Psychology Division In the new role, DeCuir-Gunby aims to expand the group’s membership, improve the integration of DEI into the field and better connect research to practice. Professor of Education and the Robert H. Naslund Chair in Curriculum and Teaching, Jessica DeCuir-Gunby has been elected as the new president of the American Psychological Association’s Educational Psychology Division. In the new role, DeCuir-Gunby will oversee all division business including presiding over meetings, setting an annual organizational theme, inviting speakers to and designating sessions for the annual APA convention, as well as focusing on three key initiatives. The APA is the preeminent professional and scientific organization in the United States dedicated to advancing the wide and varied disciplines within the field of psychology. The organization publishes over 90 peer-reviewed journals, maintains essential scholarly databases, educates the general public about key issues in mental health, and advocates for various federal policies and legislation, among many other activities. The organization has 54 divisions, including one dedicated to educational psychology, Division 15, which serves as a hub for professionals in a range of fields. The Educational Psychology division which DeCuir-Gunby leads aims to “expand psychological knowledge and theory relevant to education, extend the application of psychological knowledge and services to all aspects of education, develop professional opportunities in educational psychology [and] further the development of psychological theory.”  Presidential candidates for the Educational Psychology Division are first selected by the division’s Nomination Committee. The president is then decided upon by popular vote by the division’s membership. Presidents, DeCuir-Gunby explains, “serve in a three-year presidential line—president-elect, president and past-president to maintain continuity and organizational history.” DeCuir-Gunby is a leading scholar in the field of educational psychology, and her research focuses on the impact of race and racism on the educational experiences of African Americans, critical race theory, mixed methods research, as well as emotions and coping related to racism. Currently a fellow at both the APA and the American Educational Research Association, she has also long been a leader. She’s served in various leadership roles since she was an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University. Within academia, she’s served as a department head, and she’s also held leadership positions at other professional organizations. In 2019, she was named as the inaugural chair of the Educational Psychology Division’s Race and Diversity Committee, a committee she helped create. During her term, DeCuir-Gunby will “build upon the accomplishments of the past president who focused on rehumanizing educational psychology to address past harm and focus on doing good, especially when working with marginalized populations,” as well as three of her own initiatives. She aims to expand the division’s membership by “focusing on recruitment of graduate students and members from marginalized groups” and devise ways to “improve the integration of DEI in the division and the field.” Third on DeCuir-Gunby’s list is to help the field “better connect research to practice, policy and/or advocacy,” citing what she sees as an urgent need in the field to better translate educational psychology research for those on the ground: practitioners, parents and policymakers, she says.  “In this new role, Jessica DeCuir-Gunby will continue her impressive work as a leader in the field of educational psychology. At USC Rossier, we are proud to support her as she works toward her vital and timely goals as president of the APA’s Educational Psychology Division,” says USC Rossier Dean Pedro Noguera. As DeCuir-Gunby looks beyond the immediate year in front of her and to the future of educational psychology, she says that DEI will continue to be a major focus of the field, “particularly issues regarding race and racism.” She also notes the rise in artificial intelligence and its increasing impact on how we teach, learn and conduct research. Citing the growing population shifts across the globe due to climate change, war and political upheaval, DeCuir-Gunby says that “it’s imperative for the field to focus on the impact of globalization and immigration on schools, student development, school policy, teaching and learning.” Jessica T. DeCuir-Gunby Professor of Education Article Type Article topics. 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Faculty op-ed Stephen Krashen Nooshan Ashtari 123 IMAGES (PDF) Methodological Articles Reading a Scientific Paper for Psychology Methods in social psychology Journal of Experimental Social Psychology / journal-of-experimental Examples of social psychology research papers in 2021 Issue Information Toward a Pluralistic Understanding of Social Psychology COMMENTS The Journal of Social Psychology Journal overview. Since John Dewey and Carl Murchison founded it in 1929, The Journal of Social Psychology has published original empirical research in all areas of basic and applied social psychology. Most articles report laboratory or field research in core areas of social and organizational psychology including the self and social identity ... The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol 164, No 4 (Current issue) Influence of meaningfulness of work and leadership characteristics on customer-directed counterproductive work behavior resulting from customer mistreatment. Cynthia Atamba et al. 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