Among the numerous forms of biographical research in education, five types are often noted: scholarly chronicles, intellectual biography, life history writing, memoir biography, and narrative biography. These orientations may take the form of articles, vignettes, chapters, monographs, and full-length books. One need not draw fine distinctions among these different approaches, however, and each orientation offers particular strengths for the presentation of the biographical subject. Realms are crossed continually as the intent and purpose of the biographer become more clearly defined during the research process. Ultimately, biographers while engaged in their research are constantly examining their interpretive voices as much as the lives of their biographical subjects.
The scholarly chronicle is the most fundamental (and common) type of biographical research with its focus on the historical portrayal of an individual life. This basic research orientation constitutes telling the subject’s story in chronological order with emphasis upon the development of a quest plot (life pattern-stages) and the description of acts of recognition (or notoriety) as the biographer marches through the life of the biographical subject. The scholarly chronicle is often viewed as synonymous with biography; however, this research orientation is markedly different from other forms of biographical inquiry.
Another genre, intellectual biography, forsakes the need for basic chronological structure and develops a narrative of a life through the conceptual analysis of the subject’s motives and beliefs within the world of ideas. Those who write intellectual biography have overcome the interpretive angst of other educational researchers, what Rollyson (2005) has deemed “the biographical apologia,” who include pages of interviewee narrative and rich description but who refrain from interpreting motives and feelings. In contrast, the intellectual biographer recognizes and accepts the invasive yet justifiable analysis and overcomes the intrusive nature of inquiry with care resulting in self-reflective thoughtfulness and insight.
A third form of biographical research is defined as life history writing (and the narrative study of lives) with strong allegiance to the social science research traditions of oral history and narrative discourse and, specifically, great devotion to theoretical constructs from sociology and psychology. Case study paradigms emerge as life history writers address issues of generalizability, social interaction-social structure, and reliability and validity as well as the biographical quest of any study of a life. This research genre has taken many forms in the field of education, perhaps resonating most in the area of teacher education with the narrative study of teachers’ lives scholarship and, to a lesser degree, with the first-year teacher research that also remains loyal to aspects of intellectual biography (Goodson, 2008; Bullough, 2008).
In recent years a fourth genre, memoir biography (still distinct from autobiography and memoir) has begun to appear in the field of curriculum studies. Attention is devoted to the researcher’s motives in relation to the biographical subject and with emphasis upon the stylistic presentation of the biographer’s reflections and insights in relation to the factual account of the life. An interpretive narrative of the writer, alongside the presentation of the biographical subject, becomes part of the research. A life story is being told, yet in relation to the transactional experiences of the biographer that in turn influences and foreshadows similar experiences for the reader.
A fifth type, narrative biography, represents a dynamic portrayal of a life without the need for absolute facticity or a comprehensive account from birth to grave. Neither is this style burdened by the ultimate interpretation of the subject that must be accepted by the reader. Facts are recognized and some interpretations are accepted as being more significant than others; however, the biographer, though consciously aware of his or her personal emotions and reactions to the subject, acknowledges that the telling of the story is primarily defined by the subject in relation to the reader.
No definitive listing of biographical types can ever be constructed since, fortunately, new forms—content and process oriented—are continually being conceived and explored. Other more content-related designations include feminist biography (Alpern, et al., 1992; Ascher, et. al., 1984; Wagner-Martin, 1994) and black biography (Backscheider, 1997), all with emphasis upon identity and the restoration of the “invisible” subject.
Biography’s relationship to autobiography, memoir, and narrative research in education is well developed and will continually be redefined (Denzin, 1989; Epstein, 1991; Rollyson, 2008) Yet, with the emerging interest in biographical inquiry and with some growing interest in prosopography (group biography), little consensus of terminology exists; for example, it should be noted that while some qualitative researchers view the term as accurate, there are dramatic differences between biography and autobiography—much more than any slash or solidus can convey.
Alpern, S., Antler, J., Perry, E. I. & Scobie, I. W. (Eds.) (1992). . Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. Ascher, C., DeSalvo, L., & Ruddick, S. (Eds.) (1984). . Boston: Beacon Press. Backscheider, P. R. (1997). . New York: Oxford University Press. Bullough, R. V., Jr. (2008). . Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Denzin, N. (1989). . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Epstein, W. (Ed.) (1991). . West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. Garraty, J. (1957). . New York: Knopf. Goodson, I. (2008). . Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Josselson, R. & Lieblich, A. (Eds.) (1993). . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Oates, S. B. (Ed.) (1986). . Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. Roberts, B. (2002). . London: Open University Press. Rollyson, C. (2008). . Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. Rollyson, C. (2005). Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. Wagner-Martin, L. (1994). . New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
By Craig Kridel, University of South Carolina
In terms of bang for your buck, a biography research report packs a punch. It covers a wide range of standards-based skills, and it’s a meaningful student-centered project. Each step of the biographical writing process is outlined below, allowing you to make the most of every minute of instructional time.
Introduction
Kick off the assignment by breaking down the term biography. Lead students in a discussion about the word parts bio and graph. You can also take a moment to focus on the differences between a biography and an autobiography by discussing the meaning of the word part auto. Click here to read more about adding roots, prefixes, and suffixes to your curriculum.
Mentor Text
Start the biographical writing process by examining a mentor text. Mentor texts are pieces of writing that students can return to and reread for different purposes. They are texts that can be studied and imitated. To make sure you don’t overwhelm your students or bombard them with unnecessary information, select a short biographical excerpt (I use the John Muir chapter from Home of the Brave: An American History Book for Kids: 15 Immigrants Who Shaped US History ). After reading through the biographical excerpt together as a class, analyze the major components of a biography using discussion questions that you have prepared ahead of time. Focus your mentor text questions on content, structure, and connection. Three example questions are provided below.
Text Content: What details does the author provide to begin the biography?
Text Structure: How is the information in the text organized?
Text Connection: Which elements from this text would you like to include in your biography?
Biography Research Guide
Completing a biography research guide will help your students remain focused and on task. The format and structure of the research guide is based on the needs of your students. Hopefully, the items listed below will point you in the right direction.
Cover Page : It’s important to review the meaning of the term biography and require students to think critically about who they will research and why. Giving students room to pick the person they will research and write about is what makes this assignment student-centered. Even picking from a list of figures provides students with a sense of choice, helping them take ownership of their learning.
Things To Keep In Mind : Include a page that reviews important details and things to keep in mind during the research and writing process. You may also want to include space for students to record due dates.
Bibliography : A bibliography template with space to record source information is helpful for students to utilize while researching.
Research Template : Guide students through the research process with a comprehensive research template. In order to assist students in crafting a successful biography, include specific criteria for students to fill in while researching.
After completing the research portion of the project, your students will be prepared to start writing their biographies. Providing your students with a structured step-by-step outline will ensure that each paragraph of their biography is organized and focused.
Essay Template
An essay template is nice to have on hand for students that might be struggling with the writing process. It can also be used as a whole-class activity before independent writing begins. Modeling the writing process for students will ease the feelings of stress and provide your students with a roadmap for success. Observing others plays a vital role in how we acquire new knowledge and skills. When applied to this particular project, analyzing the mentor text and modeling the writing process are two ways in which observational learning can be applied.
“Observing others plays a vital role in how we acquire new knowledge and skills.” Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory
Editing Checklist
An editing checklist is extremely helpful for peer or independent editing. Ideally, the checklist will include the assessment of essay content, structure, grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. The revising process is something that students will develop over time. Providing students with an editing checklist is a helpful learning scaffold until students feel comfortable revising their work independently.
Students need to start with the end in mind. Reviewing the rubric before starting the research and writing process gives students a clear understanding of the project expectations.
In addition to reinforcing research and writing skills, the biography project will provide your students with an opportunity to think critically about an influential figure and how they might apply some of the lessons learned to their own lives.
Are you ready to incorporate a biography research report into your curriculum, but don’t have the time to create all of the necessary components? Click here to download everything you need from Literacy in Focus on TpT. Printable and digital formats are included!
This post contains affiliate links. Click here to read my affiliate policy .
Biographical Research: Getting Started
Getting Started
Reference Shelf
Finding Books
Finding Articles
National, Political
Literature, Science, Business, Social Science
Religion, Race, Ethnicity, Gender
Sports, Entertainment & Arts
Time Period & Obituaries
Primary Sources
Internet Resources
Citation & Writing Manuals
Genealogy Books
Genealogy Research Guide This link opens in a new window
Introduction
Before you start your research, check the correct spelling of the person’s name.
While you research, keep in mind that all sources can contain bias; the best biographical information will be signed by an author and will provide bibliographic citations for source material. Research Questions:
What do you already know about the person?
How much information do you want to find about the person?
What is the person's profession or notoriety?
How well known is the person?
Is the person’s nationality, ethnic background, gender, or affiliation significant?
Is the person living or deceased?
What dates are significant for this person?
Do you want autobiography, memoir, or interviews in addition to biographical sources?
www.biography.com
Q: How do I attribute biography.com when I use information from biographies on the site for a class project or for publication?
A: Biography.com includes citation examples in multiple formats at the end of each lengthy biography.
Subject Guide
Reference & Assessment Librarian
Reference & Instruction Department
Reference & Instruction Department Fordham University Libraries Walsh Library ♦ Rose Hill Campus ♦ 718-817-3586 Quinn Library ♦ Lincoln Center Campus ♦ 212-636-6050 Fordham Westchester Library ♦ Fordham Westchester Campus ♦ 914-367-3061 [email protected] ♦ text 71-TXTX-1284 ♦ Ask a Librarian (Chat)
Next: Reference Shelf >>
Last Updated: Aug 27, 2024 3:05 PM
URL: https://fordham.libguides.com/Biography
Biographical Resources: A Research Guide: Introduction
Introduction.
National and International Biographies
Biographical Indexes
K. G. Saur Indexes & Microfiche
Subject Biographies
Dissertations and Theses
Research Help
We purchase access to new online versions of major biographical reference sources as they become available. Many important biographical resources are available in print and on microfilm. This guide combines online titles with the selected microform and print biography titles in the Olin and Africana reference collections. Online databases are available to Cornell users only.
Biography is a branch of the study of history. The reliability of biographical sources varies widely and is subject to the usual vagaries of historical studies: lack of accurate information, too much or conflicting information, too little information, psychological theorizing, etc. But a well-written biographical article in a reliable reference book or database can be a source of both pleasure and enlightenment. Enjoy!
For further information or to locate titles not listed here, always feel free to consult with the reference staff .
Reference Help
Permissions Information
If you wish to use or adapt any or all of the content of this Guide go to Cornell Library's Research Guides Use Conditions to review our use permissions and our Creative Commons license.
Please feel free to email us with questions. We can make an appointment for you to come in, and we can talk at length about your project.
Fred Burchsted , ([email protected]) Research Librarian and Liaison to the Department of the History, Widener Library
Anna Assogba , ([email protected]) Research Librarian, Lamont Library.
Book-length biographies are easily found in the HOLLIS Catalog , but short biographical articles are scattered widely in biographical dictionaries, subject encyclopedias and periodicals.
Try the Resources of First Resort . If you don’t find what you need:
Numerous other biographical sources exist We have listed some major examples, general and by gender, ethnicity, and occupation, on the Biographical Dictionaries page.
Many other specialized sources are listed on the pages of this guide.
Other Guides
Introductory Library Research Guide for History
Library Research Guide for Finding Manuscripts and Archival Collections
United States
Other Countries
To find individual encyclopedia articles in HOLLIS : use Everything Advanced Search, do a Title search on your name and in the results list look for Resource Type under Refine Your Results in the right-hand column. Choose Reference entries . Example .
Current Biography Illustrated (1946- ) includes biographical sketches and obituaries, with portraits, of persons deceased since 1946.
Gale In Context: Biography (formerly Biography in Context) includes full text of many reference books, including Contemporary Authors, Contemporary Black Biography, Directory of American Scholars (10th (2002) ed.), Dictionary of American Biography, Marquis Who’s Who on the Web since 1985. The Biographical Facts Search allows search by occupation, nationality, ethnicity (African-American, Asian- American, Hispanic- American, Native- American only), gender, birth/death year, and place. Available to Massachusetts residents via the State Library of Massachusetts.
Marquis Who’s Who includes all biographies in the 24 Marquis Who's Who print titles since 1985, together with all biographies from Who Was Who in America, 1607–1985 .
Notable American women . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971-2004. 5 v. LOCATION: Widener: RR 1711. 34 --Covers women deceased before 1999. Articles include extensive source lists giving particular attention to unpublished sources. Classified index (by field) in each vol. Vols. 1-4 indexed in Biography and genealogy master index. Full text in Women and Social Movements in the United States: 1600-2000
World Biographical Information System includes full text of thousands of biographical dictionaries accessible by name of biographee. Largely online full text, partly microfiche or print. What to do if a biographical article is not available online and further information .
World Who’s Who
Thousands of works of collective biography and many biographical periodical articles are indexed in a few general biographical indexes which are listed below. These are not full text; one must do HOLLIS searches for retrieved sources.
Biography and Genealogy Master Index indexes thousands of English-language biographical dictionaries and other compendia, many more than Biography Resource Center. Includes Biography Index , which indexes biographical periodical articles as well as collective biography. Indexes Contemporary Authors and Dictionary of Literary Biography .
IBN: Index bio-bibliographicus notorum hominum . Online Version LOCATION: Widener: RR 1501.15 --Indexes 2000 biographical dictionaries and related works, including non-European publications, published through the 1960s. Gives names, dates, nationalities, and occupations in addition to references to the indexed biographical works, listed in volumes labeled "Key to Sources". Currently extends only to Reulbach, Bernhard. -- The online version does not include well-known persons with numerous entries and book-length biographies.
Internationale Personalbibliographie , by Max Arnim. 2nd ed. Stuttgart, Anton Hiersemann, 1952-1987. LOCATION: Widener: RR 1501.7 Library has: 5 Bd. --v. 1-2: 1800-1943; v. 3-5: 1944-1959. --Indexes biographical dictionaries and many scholarly/scientific journals.
American National Biography
African American national biography , ed. by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Evelyn Brooks-Higginbotham. NY: Oxford University Press, 2013, 12 v. Andover-Harv. Theol | Ref. | E185.96 .A4466 2008 (1st ed.) Lamont | REFERENCE | E185.96 .A4466 2008 (1st ed.) Widener RR 4781.60 (2nd ed.; 2013) Online version (Continuously updated)
Canadian biography , part of the Library and Archives Canada site, contains the Dictionary of Canadian Biography
Biography Literature (1962-2016) China. In Chinese
Germany and German-speaking
Deutsche biographie
Deutsche biographische Enzyklopädie online Online version is more up-to-date than print. Print version: Widener: RR 1786.5
English version: Dictionary of German biography . München: K.G. Saur, 2001-2006. 10 v. Widener: WID-LC CT759 .D4813 2001x
Datenbank Schriftstellerinnen in Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz 1945-2008
Biographische Nachschlagewerke . List of sources with links to full text
Women writers of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland : an annotated bio-bibliographical guide , ed. by Elke Frederiksen. NY: Greenwood Press, 1989, 323 p. Schlesinger | Harvard Depository | 016.83 F852w Widener | Harvard Depository | PT167.Z99 W66 x, 1989
Dictionary of Irish biography
Netherlands
Biografisch Portaal van Nederland
Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland (BWN)
Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland (DVN) (Online Dictionary of Dutch Women)
South Africa
Dictionary of South African biography . Cape Town: Published for the National Council for Social Research, Dept. of Higher Education by Nasionale Boekhandel, 1968-1987. 5 v. Widener | Afr 8055.50 103554
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (UK)
A biographical encyclopedia of early modern Englishwomen: exemplary lives and memorable acts, 1500-1650 , ed. by Carole Levin, Anna Riehl Bertolet, and Jo Eldridge Carney. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017, 630 pages : HOLLIS Record
Next: WBIS >>
Last Updated: Aug 26, 2024 11:38 AM
URL: https://guides.library.harvard.edu/biography
Harvard University Digital Accessibility Policy
Find My Rep
You are here
Biographical Research Methods
Marta J. Eichsteller - University College Dublin
Howard H. Davis - Bangor University, UK
Description
This book is a practical and thought-provoking account of the use of biographical methods in social science research. The case studies are useful for advanced students and researchers, and for anyone interested in how we tell stories about our lives.
An accessible and lively text, drawing on numerous examples to demonstrate biographical narrative research in action. The fascinating and complex world of biographical research is presented in a highly accessible way. Students and researchers will learn a great deal from reading this before embarking on research projects with any degree of biographical focus.
Anchored in studies drawn from a wide variety of disciplines, Biographical Research Methods fills glaring gaps in the literature through balanced sympathetic consideration of a wide range of methodological approaches and its illumination of both established and innovative research techniques.
Narrative research in social science has come a long way since its urban life heyday. Biographical Research Methods takes this forward, deftly focusing on concepts and techniques for analyzing the contours of personal experience. Outstanding is a view to the context-specific whats and processual hows of biographical construction.
The book of Eichsteller and Davis is an extremely instructive and inviting guide for getting introduced into the social world of biography research. On the one hand, the book is an empirically grounded and unbiased “sociology of knowledge” of distinctive approaches in biography research). It lucidly contrasts different basic assumptions and their implications for concrete methodical guidelines and practical research activities. On the other hand, it is an integrative guideline for the whole arc of work in accomplishing the research act of unravelling the intimate relations between individual and society and for deciphering the features and problems of society and other collective entities as seen and experienced from the perspective of individual members of society and of other collective entities. -The book is written in an elegant and deliberate style of language and presentation; it makes you want to start your own practical research work in biography analysis.
A great, incremental, up-to-date, accessible, comprehensive research methods text for any novice or experienced qualitative researcher contemplating narrative/biographical methods. I personally found this text invaluable for my own PhD - thanks
A supplementary book but a must for those who write their dissertations with the use of Narrative Inquiry.
Preview this book
For instructors, select a purchasing option.
Electronic Order Options VitalSource Amazon Kindle Google Play eBooks.com Kobo
SAGE Research Methods is a research methods tool created to help researchers, faculty and students with their research projects. SAGE Research Methods links over 175,000 pages of SAGE’s renowned book, journal and reference content with truly advanced search and discovery tools. Researchers can explore methods concepts to help them design research projects, understand particular methods or identify a new method, conduct their research, and write up their findings. Since SAGE Research Methods focuses on methodology rather than disciplines, it can be used across the social sciences, health sciences, and more.
With SAGE Research Methods, researchers can explore their chosen method across the depth and breadth of content, expanding or refining their search as needed; read online, print, or email full-text content; utilize suggested related methods and links to related authors from SAGE Research Methods' robust library and unique features; and even share their own collections of content through Methods Lists. SAGE Research Methods contains content from over 720 books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and handbooks, the entire “Little Green Book,” and "Little Blue Book” series, two Major Works collating a selection of journal articles, and specially commissioned videos.
Libraries | Research Guides
Biographical information.
Biographical Sources
Searching for Biographical Sources in NUsearch
Biographical resources
Online resources
Print resources
American National Biography This link opens in a new window There is no need to sign in at website to access this resource. Begin searching or browsing for articles. The American National Biography is the premier, authoritative, historical biographical encyclopedia for the United States. Over 18,700 men and women are included, and the resource is updated quarterly with new entries and revisions of previously published entries to enhance their accuracy and currency. Articles are by established scholars. Living individuals are not included.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography This link opens in a new window The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography provides biographies of over 50,000 individuals worldwide who have shaped the history of the British Isles. Access restricted to 3 simultaneous users at a time.
Gale in Context: Biography This link opens in a new window Gale In Context: Biography is an engaging online experience for those seeking contextual information on the world's most influential people. Biography merges Gale's authoritative reference content with periodicals and multimedia organized into a user-friendly portal experience while allowing users to search for people based on name, occupation, nationality, ethnicity, birth/death dates and places, or gender as well as keyword and full text.
Current Biography Illustrated This link opens in a new window Current Biography Illustrated contains profiles of individuals living at the time of publication, often at the height of, or even the beginning of, their fame or notoriety. Occasionally a revised biography will be published, and a brief obituary, but published biographies are never revised in light of later events, so a useful source for seeing how individuals were perceived at the time they were active. Illustrations for most individuals are included.
Chambers Biographical Dictionary International and historical coverage of all areas of human achievement including the arts, science, technology, sport, politics, philosophy and business.
World Biographical Information System WBIS This link opens in a new window Over 3.6 million short biographical entries for individuals who lived across the world from ancient times to the present. Includes full text images of the original sources, usually older biographical dictionaries. Especially valuable for locating information on hard-to-find individuals from the past.
Almanac of American Politics Includes profiles of every member of Congress and every governor. It offers in-depth and completely up-to-date narrative profiles of all 50 states and 435 House districts.
African American Biographical Database This link opens in a new window From July 1, 2023 AABD became a component of ProQuest Black Studies Center. Biographical sketches and essays on African Americans from 1790 to 1950. The Database corresponds to the printed Black Biographical Dictionaries. These sketches have been assembled from biographical dictionaries, yearbooks, directories, histories, personal accounts, and other published sources. The full text of 300 rare books is displayed and searchable in page images, intact with images and illustrations.
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Provides information on the history of science through articles on the professional lives of scientists. Covers all periods of science from classical antiquity to modern times.
Gale Literature Resource Center This link opens in a new window Provides access to biographies, bibliographies, and critical analayses of authors from every age and literary discipline. Covers more than 120,000 novelists, essayist, poets, journalists, and other writers, with in-depth coverage of 2,500 of the most-studied authors. Includes links to: Dictionary of literary biography, Contemporary authors, Contemporary literary criticism, and more.
Palgrave MacMillan Dictionary of Women’s Biography Biographical information about women: historical, current, and worldwide.
Next: Searching for Biographical Sources in NUsearch >>
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
Publications
Account settings
Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .
Advanced Search
Journal List
SAGE - PMC COVID-19 Collection
Biographical research through the looking glass of social distancing: Reflections on biographical interviewing and online technologies in pandemic times
Department of Social Sciences, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
This paper asks critical questions about biographical interviewing during the coronavirus disease 2019 era and the age of social distancing. How do we ‘do’ biographical research when we are more physically distant from interview participants than ever before? What kinds of challenges and issues emerge when doing biographical research in online spaces? How do we form rapport and strong trusting bonds with interviewees in the current context? This paper provides a critical commentary on these questions, focusing on the limitations and possibilities of online interviewing during pandemic times.
Introduction
In biographical interviewing, building rapport and trust with participants, through direct face-to-face interactions, is critical. However, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) calls into question the continuity of co-presence research as researchers increasingly adopt online interviewing. The mobilisation of digital inquiry is by no means new ( Fielding et al., 2017 ); nonetheless, the need for social distancing (SD) means that video conferencing is being more frequently utilised in qualitative research ( Dodds and Hess, 2021 ; Lupton, 2020 ). This presents serious challenges in how we ‘do’ biographical research, how we forge trusting bonds with participants whilst negotiating unprecedented social and temporal distancing.
As the switch from co-presence to mediated presence happened rapidly, researchers must question if it is still possible to do biographical research in a pandemic under the same theoretical principles? What kinds of opportunities and challenges emerge? Is it ethically permissible to do research that frequently evokes complex, negative emotions when we are more physically distant from interviewees than ever before? We reflect on these questions by highlighting some possibilities and challenges to biographical research during COVID-19.
Transforming research realities during COVID-19: New entanglements and Social Distancing
New COVID realities have been transforming our research praxis, creating novel emotional and physical entanglements, and changing our understandings of non-human impacts on human sociability. As a result, researchers face serious challenges with regards to accessing and communicating with participants. Unlike pre-COVID times when we could explore people's lived spaces, we are substantially limited in where, when and how we do our research. In these challenging contexts, mobile technologies are the most viable solution to qualitative interviewing. Digital communication was widely used in research pre-COVID, so its possibilities and limitations are already identified ( Fielding et al., 2017 ; Jenner and Myers, 2019 ). Nevertheless, ongoing research in pandemic contexts that switch to technological data collection faces different challenges from studies that originally plan on applying digital methods.
How far can we reach? The hazards of biographical online interviewing
Building rapport, empathy and trust are central to our ethical commitments. However, these processes may be more difficult online, when our exposure to body language, and the specificities of research encounters, is limited. Even in video interviews that more closely resemble face-to-face interviews, we usually can see only people's faces and upper bodies, which narrow our observation of the rich palette of participants’ gestures and postures ( Seitz, 2016 ). The same is true for interviewees, regarding their interpretation of our body hexis . Network connection problems can also impact negatively on interactional flows ( Howlett, 2021 ), causing ‘disruptions’ in narrations, which can adversely impact data reliability and analysis.
The situation is more complex when doing ethically sensitive research ( Seitz, 2016 ). While ethical protocols regulate our research encounters in virtual and face-to-face settings, we are limited in what we can do if a participant becomes upset while reliving traumatic memories, with which they cannot cope. Extant literature makes practical suggestions on what researchers can do to alleviate emotional harm. However, these strategies, formulated pre-COVID do not account for SD. It can be more difficult to display empathy online and even when researchers are empathetic their emotional displays may be limited due to weak internet or if they switch cameras off.
In face-to-face interactions, we are able to see what surrounds us and what may affect the encounter. In online interviews, we can only see what participants and their electronic devices permit us to observe. With audio interviews, we are not able to see anything at all. We cannot ensure that the interview location is the most suitable place to share intimate matters and that there is no one else in the room, which raise concerns over privacy issues. Anonymity and confidentiality are problematic in recorded video interviews, as participants are exposing more than their voices; they share the privacy of their homes and other private spaces ( Lobe et al., 2020 ). Even if we ensure anonymity and confidentiality, participants may feel they are at risk of revealing intimate aspects of their experiences that they may not want us to know about.
Access to online platforms is also critical ( Deakin and Wakefield, 2014 ). The use of videoconferencing may further exclude populations with limited or no internet access, as well as individuals less familiarised with social networking apps and software. This implies alternative ways of contacting people, for example, through telephone or even postponing research.
Closing doors, opening windows: The possibilities of online interviewing
Despite being, in some contexts, a forced alternative, online interviewing should not be exclusively regarded as negative. Recent accounts from the field suggest that researchers and participants build strong, empathetic relationships. During a lockdown, interviews take place at participants’ homes. The fact that researchers are not physically present, but instead are in their own homes can have two interconnected positive effects. First, it can reinforce the informal, relaxed nature of the interview, making interviewees feel more comfortable to share intimacies with researchers ( Jenner and Myers, 2019 ). Second, it may be pivotal to developing more symmetrical relationships between researchers and participants ( O’Connor and Madge, 2017 ): they are both confined to their homes, experiencing the pandemic's impacts, albeit in different ways, and they are both partially exposing the privacy of their living spaces. Domestic environments may also have important triggers, facilitating narrative flows which could allow researchers to observe biographical elements that would remain concealed using audio interviews ( Howlett, 2021 ). Videoconferencing enables participants to share biographical materials with us, including photographs and videos. Messaging applications can extend contact with participants through exchanging short messages (saying hello, showing concern) which can strengthen research relationships in and across time.
There are several ethical issues in conducting interviews during COVID-19. Researchers may consider it ‘risky’ to interview people in such circumstances, considering that participants may have contracted the virus or family members may have passed away. However, in the face of crises, people tend to be more reflexive as they lose major points of reference, inciting personal reflection on everyday life events ( Caetano, 2019 ). This can manifest in biographical interviews, as people make sense of current contexts. Instead of being a burden, interview encounters can be enjoyable moments of sharing and unburdening. Similarly, the negative limitations of domestic confinement can positively affect research because some people (e.g. youth, retired, unemployed persons) may have greater availability to share their experiences, with fewer constraints.
Which biographical research?
The issues addressed in this paper will incite further discussion as this pandemic continues to unfold. In the immediacy of this moment, however, researchers need time to process and step back ( Nico, 2021 ), remaining mindful that there are many ways of adapting biographical research, whilst staying faithful to core principles of biographical interviewing (e.g. rapport, trust, empathy). Nonetheless, the changed context requires the increased reflexivity on our part to monitor our practices, as an epistemological surveillance tool ( Bourdieu, 2004 ). We must be aware of the implications of SD to data collection; what videoconferencing enables us to observe and what is hidden from view.
We face unprecedented challenges as researchers. There is no way of knowing now if, in the long term, the increased adoption of online platforms becomes an established trend, or how the pandemic might change biographical research in other ways. For now, we can only testify how novel and creative biographical research is ( Caetano and Nico, 2019 ; Moran et al., 2019 ), enabling us to adapt methodological toolkits to understand biographies in new ways in increasingly complex realities.
Declaration of conflicting interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
ORCID iD: Lisa Moran https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6437-9732
Bourdieu P. (2004 [2001]) Science of Science and Reflexivity . Cambridge: Polity Press. [ Google Scholar ]
Caetano A. (2019) Designing social action: the impact of reflexivity on practice . Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 49 ( 2 ): 146–160. [ Google Scholar ]
Caetano A, Nico M. (2019) Forever young: creative responses to challenging issues in biographical research . Contemporary Social Science 14 ( 3-4 ): 361–378. [ Google Scholar ]
Deakin H, Wakefield K. (2014) Skype interviewing: Reflections of two PhD researchers . Qualitative Research 14 ( 5 ): 603–616. [ Google Scholar ]
Dodds S, Hess AC. (2021) Adapting research methodology during COVID-19: Lessons for transformative service research . Journal of Service Management 32 ( 2 ): 203–217. [ Google Scholar ]
Fielding N, Lee R, Blank G. (eds) (2017) The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods . London: SAGE Publications. [ Google Scholar ]
Howlett M. (2021) Looking at the ‘field’ through a Zoom lens: Methodological reflections on conducting online research during a global pandemic . Qualitative Research 1–16. DOI: 10.1177/1468794120985691 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Jenner B, Myers K. (2019) Intimacy, rapport, and exceptional disclosure: A comparison on in-person and mediated interview contexts . International Journal of Social Research Methodology 22 ( 2 ): 165–177. [ Google Scholar ]
Lobe B, Morgan D, Hoffman K. (2020) Qualitative data collection in an era of social distancing . International Journal of Qualitative Methods 19 : 1–8. DOI: 10.1177/1609406920937875 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Lupton D. (ed) (2020) Doing fieldwork in a pandemic (crowd-sourced document). Available at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1clGjGABB2h2qbduTgfqribHmog9B6P0NvMgVuiHZCl8/edit# (accessed 19 February 2020).
Moran L, McGregor C, Devaney C. (2019) Exploring the multi-dimensionality of permanence and stability: emotions, experiences and temporality in young people’s discourses about long-term foster care in Ireland . Qualitative Social Work 19 ( 5–6 ): 1111–1129. [ Google Scholar ]
Nico M. (2020) Ordinary lives, extraordinary times? The terrible opportunity for sociological inquietude. The European Sociologist 45(1) (downloaded via https://www.europeansociologist.org/issue-45-pandemic-impossibilities-vol-1/ordinary-lives-extraordinary-times-terrible-opportunity , accessed 1 March 2021).
O’Connor H, Madge C. (2017) Online interviewing . In: Fielding N, Lee R, Blank G. (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods . London: SAGE Publications, pp.416–434. [ Google Scholar ]
Seitz S. (2016) Pixilated partnerships, overcoming obstacles in qualitative interviews via skype: A research note . Qualitative Research 16 ( 2 ): 229–235. [ Google Scholar ]
MOVING SALE — Save 50% Off Select Books This Month
How To Do Biography
Nigel Hamilton
Harvard University Press books are not shipped directly to India due to regional distribution arrangements. Buy from your local bookstore, Amazon.co.in, or Flipkart.com.
This book is not shipped directly to country due to regional distribution arrangements.
Pre-order for this book isn't available yet on our website.
This book is currently out of stock.
Edit shipping location
Dropdown items
Barnes and Noble
Bookshop.org
Waterstones
ISBN 9780674066151
Publication date: 10/22/2012
Request exam copy
It is not surprising that biography is one of the most popular literary genres of our day. What is remarkable is that there is no accessible guide for how to write one. Now, following his recent Biography: A Brief History (from Harvard), award-winning biographer and teacher Nigel Hamilton tackles the practicalities of doing biography in this first succinct primer to elucidate the tools of the biographer’s craft.
Hamilton invites the reader to join him on a fascinating journey through the art of biographical composition. Starting with personal motivation, he charts the making of a modern biography from the inside: from conception to fulfillment. He emphasizes the need to know one’s audience, rehearses the excitement and perils of modern research, delves into the secrets of good and great biography, and guides the reader through the essential components of life narrative.
With examples taken from the finest modern biographies, Hamilton shows how to portray the ages of man—birth, childhood, love, life’s work, the evening of life, and death. In addition, he suggests effective ways to start and close a life story. He clarifies the difference between autobiography and memoir—and addresses the sometimes awkward ethical, legal, and personal consequences of truth-telling in modern life writing. He concludes with the publication and reception of biography—its afterlife, so to speak.
Written with humor, insight, and compassion, How To Do Biography is the manual that would-be biographers have long been awaiting.
This marvelous work--basically, a how-to book--is comprehensive in its treatment of everything necessary to creating a published biography. Hamilton, who has authored biographies of Field Marshall Montgomery, John F. Kennedy, and Bill Clinton, here leaves nothing unsaid on the subject. He thoroughly details biography's agenda and motivation and describes its target audience, who will expect something of a revelation concerning the human condition...He additionally scrutinizes autobiography and memoir writing, the consequence of telling the truth, and biography's afterlife. The exceptional excerpts Hamilton selects from published biographies to illustrate his points are both edifying and entertaining. —Robert Kelly, Library Journal
Drawing instruction from his own lifetime of biographic work and others'--including Samuel Johnson, Robert Caro, David McCullough, Hermione Lee, Edmund Morris, and others whom Hamilton has admired, known and worked with--the author takes readers on an intellectual journey through the creative process, from conception to publishing...Hamilton's passion, lyricism and collection of telling anecdotes make this "short book of advice" an unexpected page-turner; it's hard not to get caught up in the author's romantic vision of biography, a form he believes has nearly as many permutations as music. Elucidating not just the dos and don'ts of biography, but also the whys and hows, Hamilton has created a motivating, empowering guide for writers (and fans) of the genre. —Publishers Weekly (starred review)
No one writing biography can afford to ignore this edifying book. Nigel Hamilton has the depth and breadth of experience to write about a genre that he champions...While this is a “how-to” book, even the most seasoned biographer will find much of value about choosing a subject; doing proposals for biographies; handling interviewing; negotiating the perils of publishing unauthorized biographies; managing biographical narratives; writing with an audience in mind; and the nexus between memoir, autobiography, and biography. —Carl Rollyson, thebiographerscraft.com
[ How To Do Biography ] offers a well-written, sensible, and, given its brevity, fairly encompassing assessment of what it is that a biographer does and how he goes about doing it...Hamilton is quite eloquent and persuasive in discussing how things come around at the end, not only at death, but after, when the life meets posterity. —Sven Birkerts, Boston Globe
The book is full of good advice and interesting stories. —Owen Richardson, The Age
Nigel Hamilton is the author of prize-winning biographies of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and of John F. Kennedy. He is currently a Senior Fellow of the John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Boston.
Book Details
5-1/2 x 7 inches
Harvard University Press
From this author
Recommendations
To Save and to Destroy
Super Gay Poems
The Conscience of the Party
The Ancient Shore
Shelley and his circle, 1773-1822, volumes 11 and 12.
Sorry, there was an error adding the item to your shopping bag.
Expired session
Sorry, your session has expired. Please refresh your browser's tab.
Main navigation
An item has been added to the cart
Added to shopping bag
Copy to clipboard
Set your location
It looks like you're in . Would you like to update your location?
Unavailable
Harvard University Press titles are not shipped directly to India due to local distribution arrangements.
Unavailable in country .
Shopping Bag
Your shopping bag is currently empty. Add items to your shopping bag, to complete check out.
Biography Research Report
Report generator.
Compare “He died at his birthplace” with “He spent the remainder of his days in the place where he took his first gasp of air.” Which of those sentences does poetic justice on the life of our John Doe? A good biography report paints a person’s life with the same brio and vibrancy, a facsimile of how the person lived.
A biography research report requires extensive research on the person and a writer’s creative touch to put to life an otherwise mere list of facts. Even if the information is presented in a digestible format, the entire narrative does not abandon accurate data. The essay will usually put the spotlight on the pivotal instances of the person’s life that makes him or her noteworthy.
Things To Remember
Unlike autobiography, you are writing about someone else. That isn’t an assignment that you take lightly. As scribes that document a person’s time on Earth, you should put life into the biography. A person’s time is limited, but a biography immortalizes him or her.
Do your research
With its birth during the 5th century BCE , a biography is first a historical account of a person’s life before an entertaining read. Poets and scribes wrote praises for the lives of famous personalities in the Ancient World. Today, extensive research is necessary before drafting a biographical essay . Authors should avoid misrepresenting facts for a good story.
Illustrate, don’t state
Speak of your subject in a titillating soiree of information that engages your readers’ senses. The news of the death of the subject’s greatest love should be as if frost started to spread inside your readers’ chest during the warmest afternoon of May, that every breath makes them wince as if they were breathing broken glass.
Don’t alienate the readers
You should write with your audience in mind. A wordsmith should avoid employing ostentatious and magniloquent words for the mere satiety of one’s fancy. If the words do nothing to augment the anecdote of a person’s life and only exist to bloat the author’s ego on his presumed astuteness, they do not belong in the narrative .
7+ Biography Research Report Examples
The following are biography report examples that you may find useful in your assignment.
1. Biography Report Template
Google Docs
2. Biography Book Research Report Example
Size: 110 KB
3. Biography Research Project Report Example
Size: 554 KB
4. Sample Biography Research Report Example
Size: 25 KB
5. Author Biography Research Report Example
6. Basic Biography Research Report Example
Size: 482 KB
7. Cereal Box Biography Research Reports Example
Size: 61 KB
8. Formal Biography Research Report Example
Size: 590 KB
9. Standard Biography of Research Report Example
Size: 650 KB
Preparing Your Report
Whether you are in middle school, high school, college, or you have already graduated, at some point in your life, you will be asked to write a biography about someone important to you or the community. Writing non-fictional essays can be challenging, especially since it needs prior research about the subject. You would have to be knowledgeable about a topic to expound on it.
Before anything, you have to draft an outline . Outlines are like task maps that get you from point A to point B. They don’t contain all the specifics of the topic, but they provide a reliable framework on what you need to do. Hence, they can be called a rough sketch. You can start with the biography research questions which you can generate ideas from later on. You can also identify important phases in the life of your John or Jane Doe and work his or her biography with those dates.
2. Introduction
Normally, writers will start from the moment the subject is born. A common mistake the new writers make after conducting their research about the subject is just avalanching facts and figures into the reader’s way. Instead of saying that he or she was born on April 24, 1997, you can start by describing what the town or city would have been like on that day. Then you lead the readers to the home of our little John or Jane. Try making the audience feel involved in the story, rather than just being spectators.
Remember, biographies are factual historical accounts. When writers are writing about someone famous, they tend to pour in praises about his or her life. Instead of dressing the subject as a saint, make the audience see that this personality is also like them. Don’t immortalize someone as a god who could do no wrong. Show that despite the human side of our John or Jane Doe, he or she made choices that landed him or her this biography that you’re preparing.
4. Conclusion
In our lives, death can mean the end. But that doesn’t have to be the case for our biography. Instead of cutting the narrative at the point when he or she died, speak about the ripples the subject has made in his or her life that affected the people around him or her. Show how he or she has touched the lives of others. Make the conclusion memorable for your audience.
The first draft should not be your final draft. Review what you prepared and check for possible revisions. There might be errors you missed the first time. You can have your friends or colleagues check your biography report. Go over the entire thing several times to make sure that the report’s quality is ready for submission.
Text prompt
Instructive
Professional
Generate a report on the impact of technology in the classroom on student learning outcomes
Prepare a report analyzing the trends in student participation in sports and arts programs over the last five years at your school.
How to Write a Biography in 8 Steps (The Non-Boring Way!)
Compelling biographies help us better connect with others while fostering empathy and understanding. Discover the steps to write one that captivates your audience!
Subscribe to our weekly newsletter
Have you ever been captivated by someone’s life story? From the ancient tales of great conquerors to the modern accounts of influential figures, biographies have enchanted readers and viewers for centuries.
The stories of real people’s lives not only entertain and educate but also provide a unique window into the human experience. In fact, according to research 1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8796048/ , human stories like biographies can help us better connect with others while fostering empathy and understanding.
In this article, let’s dive into how to write a compelling biography, from the research phase to delivery.
What Are the Key Elements of a Biography?
The key elements of a well-written biography bring characters to life. They include thorough research, relevant interviews, clear structure, captivating prose, compelling themes, and a balance between objectivity and empathy.
Thorough research: Helps create an accurate portrayal of your subject
Relevant interviews: Insights help provide a deeper understanding of your subject
Clear structure: Helps you outline your ideas for a compelling narrative
Captivating prose: Provides descriptive language to paint a picture of your subject
Compelling themes: Showcases the motivations and desires behind your subject
A balance between objectivity and empathy: Keeps biases in check and allows your subject to shine for who they are
As you develop your biography, remember that these stories hold an enduring appeal because they offer people an opportunity to explore the depths of the human psyche, unravel extraordinary accomplishments, and discover the vulnerabilities and triumphs of individuals who have left their mark on the world.
Here are the topics a biography typically covers:
Early life and background : Provide context about the subject’s upbringing, family, and cultural influences.
Achievements and milestones: Highlight notable accomplishments, contributions, and significant events throughout their life.
Challenges and struggles: Explore the obstacles they faced, the lessons learned, and how they overcame adversity.
Personal characteristics: Describe their personality traits, values, beliefs, and motivations that shaped their actions and decisions.
Impact and legacy: Discuss the lasting influence and contributions of the subject, both during their lifetime and beyond.
Ready to start crafting your biography? Find greater success with this helpful goal-setting resource!
How To Set Better Goals Using Science
Do you set the same goals over and over again? If you’re not achieving your goals – it’s not your fault! Let me show you the science-based goal-setting framework to help you achieve your biggest goals.
Let’s look at the six key elements of a well-written biography more closely and the steps you can follow to develop your own.
How to Write a Biography in 8 Steps Using Key Elements
Choose your presentation format.
Presenting your biography can take on various forms, the most traditional being written form. The basis for this article assumes you’re writing a conventional biography; however, this foundation can also help you create a multimedia presentation or website as well.
Consider these various formats to present your biography:
Traditional Written Biographies: This classic approach provides a comprehensive account of a person’s life through the written word. Traditional biographies can be published in print or ebooks , allowing readers to engage deeply with the subject’s story.
Multimedia Presentations: In the digital age, multimedia presentations offer a dynamic way to present biographies. Incorporate audio, video, photographs, and interactive elements to enhance the audience’s experience.
Online Platforms: Online platforms, such as blogs or dedicated biography websites, provide accessible avenues for sharing biographies. They allow for easy updates, reader engagement, and the incorporation of multimedia elements.
Choose your subject and conduct research
To create a vivid and accurate portrayal of a person’s life, conduct extensive research. Dive into archives, read letters, examine diaries, explore photographs, and immerse yourself in the historical and cultural context surrounding your subject. This will help you unearth the small details that breathe life into your biography.
Whether you’re writing a biography about a historical figure, contemporary icon, or everyday individual, you’ll want to consider the different factors to focus on. Here are some examples of three types of individuals and the kind of research that will be most helpful.
Historical Figures: When writing about historical figures, immerse yourself in their era. Understand the social, political, and cultural forces that shaped their lives. I recommend visiting your local library and connecting with a research librarian for support. Otherwise, other tools for historical research include Google Scholar. Analyze primary sources and multiple perspectives to present a well-rounded account.
Contemporary Icons: Biographies of modern icons offer a chance to delve into their ongoing impact. Conduct interviews or gather insights from their close associates to understand their present-day influence. Stay current with the latest developments, and be prepared to update your work as the subject’s story unfolds.
Everyday Individuals: Biographies need not be reserved for the famous. Every day individuals possess stories that can be just as compelling. Uncover the extraordinary within the ordinary, highlighting the struggles, triumphs, and personal growth of individuals who might otherwise remain unsung.
Yourself! Want to write a biography on yourself? Autobiographies are a great way to explore who you are. Get ready to do some serious self-reflection with the steps below.
Pro Tip: Compile your research digitally using helpful cloud filings systems like Google Drive , OneDrive , or Dropbox . Organize your files by category, including information about their youth, family, achievements, and life lessons. You may also choose to write down research references or collect paper clippings on note cards, categorizing your physical files of research along the way.
Develop compelling themes and motifs
Identify overarching themes or motifs that emerge from the subject’s life. These could be resilience, ambition, love, or societal change. Weave these elements into the narrative, highlighting their significance and impact on the person’s journey. Here are some examples:
Overcoming Adversity: These biographies feature perseverance, resilience, and determination. Examples include Helen Keller, Nelson Mandela, and Malala Yousafzai.
Pursuit of Excellence: These biographies highlight people who have worked tirelessly to achieve their goals. Examples include Steve Jobs, Serena Williams, and Michael Jordan.
Quest for Knowledge: These biographies focus on the curiosity that led to significant contributions to our world. Examples include Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, and Charles Darwin.
Personal Transformation: These biographies explore a change in beliefs, values, or priorities. Examples include Malcolm X, Oprah Winfrey, and Maya Angelou.
Legacy and Impact: These biographies examine a body of work that made a lasting contribution to society. Examples include Martin Luther King Jr., Mother Teresa, and Mahatma Gandhi.
Conduct relevant interviews
Whenever possible, seek firsthand accounts from those who knew or interacted with the subject. Conduct interviews with family members, friends, colleagues, or experts in the field. Their insights and anecdotes can provide a deeper understanding of the person’s character and experiences.
When conducting interviews for a biography, consider the following tips to ensure a productive and insightful conversation:
Familiarize yourself with the interviewee’s background and accomplishments.
Develop a list of well-thought-out questions that cover key aspects of their lives and experiences, including questions about your subject’s youth, family, achievements, and life transitions or struggles.
Begin the interview by establishing a comfortable and friendly atmosphere to put the interviewee at ease.
Show genuine interest in their story and listen actively to their responses.
Ask open-ended questions encouraging detailed and reflective responses.
Avoid yes/no questions and ask for their insights, memories, and personal perspectives.
Some topics you might consider for your questions include early life, achievements, challenges, motivations, values, relationships, lessons learned, and advice.
Pay close attention to the interviewee’s answers, body language, and tone of voice.
Ask follow-up questions to clarify or delve deeper into specific topics.
Show empathy and understanding, creating a safe space for the interviewee to share personal or sensitive information.
Remain flexible during the interview, allowing the conversation to flow naturally.
Be prepared to deviate from your prepared questions if unexpected but relevant topics arise.
Respect the interviewee’s boundaries and be mindful of any topics they may not wish to discuss.
Take thorough and organized notes during the interview to capture important details.
Consider recording the interview (with permission) to ensure accurate quotes and references.
Ask for permission to follow up with additional questions or for clarification.
Doing a biography on yourself? Ask yourself deep questions to harvest new stories and anecdotes.
Remember, the goal of the interview is to gather valuable information and personal perspectives that will contribute to the authenticity and depth of your biography. Approach the interview process with sensitivity, respect, and genuine curiosity about the interviewee’s life and experiences.
Develop a clear structure
Outline your biography, ensuring a logical and engaging narrative flow. Consider the chronological order, significant milestones, and turning points in the subject’s life. Organize your gathered information to capture the essence of their journey while maintaining a compelling rhythm throughout.
A good outline for a biography can vary depending on the specific subject and the desired structure of the narrative. However, here’s a general outline that can serve as a starting point:
A. Introduction
a) Hook or engaging opening to capture the reader’s attention
b) Background information (birthplace, date, family, etc.)
c) A brief overview of the subject’s significance or why they are worth exploring
B. Early Life and Background
a) Childhood and upbringing
b) Influences, such as family, education, or cultural factors
c) Formative experiences or events that shaped the subject’s character or interests
C. Major Achievements and Milestones
a) A chronological exploration of the subject’s notable accomplishments, contributions, or milestones
b) Focus on key moments or achievements that highlight their impact or significance.
c) Provide context and details to paint a vivid picture of their achievements
D. Challenges and Obstacles
a) Discussion of the challenges, setbacks, or adversities the subject encountered
b) How they overcame obstacles or grew through difficult experiences
c) Insights into their resilience, determination, or problem-solving abilities
E. Personal Life and Relationships
a) Exploration of the subject’s relationships, such as family, friends, or romantic partners
b) Insights into their personal joys, struggles, or transformative experiences
c) How their personal life intersected with their professional or public achievements
F. Legacy and Impact
a) Examination of the subject’s lasting influence, contributions, or impact on society
b) Discuss how their work or actions continue to resonate or shape the world today
c) Reflection on their legacy and the lessons we can learn from their life story
G. Conclusion
a) Summarize the key aspects of the subject’s life and their significance
b) Provide a final reflection or insight on their overall journey or impact
c) Leave the reader with a lasting impression or call to action
Pro Tip: Looking for help drafting an outline to get you started? Use free tools like ChatGPT to jumpstart your outline by putting in a prompt request like, “Write an outline for a biography about X, including any relevant details on the subject that should be included.”
Craft captivating prose
Employ descriptive language to transport readers into the subject’s world. Paint vivid portraits of their physical appearance, mannerisms, and surroundings. Use sensory details to evoke emotions and create a strong connection between the reader and the subject.
Here are some examples:
“She was a force of nature, with a fierce determination and an unwavering commitment to justice.” (Ruth Bader Ginsburg)
“His piercing blue eyes seemed to look right through you, and his voice had a commanding presence that demanded attention.” (Winston Churchill)
“She moved with a grace and elegance that belied her inner strength and resilience.” (Audrey Hepburn)
“His rugged features and piercing gaze made him a natural leading man, but it was his depth and vulnerability that set him apart.” (Marlon Brando)
“She had a contagious energy and a magnetic personality that drew people to her like a moth to a flame.” (Princess Diana)
“His quiet intensity and unwavering dedication to his craft made him one of the greatest artists of his time.” (Leonardo da Vinci)
Action Step: While writing descriptive prose takes some practice, it’s an art you can master with little creative writing skills. To help you write descriptive prose, practice closing your eyes and imagining your subject.
What expression is on their face?
How are they dressed?
What does their body language express?
How do they smell?
How do they make you feel?
How do they make others feel?
What’s in their surroundings?
What are they doing with their hands?
What do you imagine they’re thinking about?
With questions like these, you’ll start to use descriptive language to bring your subject to life.
Build a balance of objectivity and empathy
Strive for an objective portrayal while infusing empathy and understanding into your writing. Remain aware of biases and preconceived notions, giving your subject the space to shine in their unique light.
To check yourself, filter your writing and interviewing with these tips:
Verify Information: Cross-reference information from various sources to ensure accuracy. Use tools like Fact Check Explorer to fact-check claims, dates, and events to avoid errors or inaccuracies that could skew the narrative.
Multiple Perspectives: Seek out different viewpoints on the subject. This includes interviewing or reaching out to people with significant interactions or relationships with the subject. Incorporating diverse perspectives can counterbalance biases and provide a broader understanding.
Empathetic Listening: During interviews or conversations, practice active listening and empathize with the interviewee’s experiences and emotions. This allows you to understand the subject’s perspective and incorporate their insights and feelings into the narrative.
Contextualize Emotions: When sharing the subject’s emotional experiences or personal struggles, provide sufficient context and background. This helps readers understand the motivations and circumstances behind their actions and allows for empathetic understanding without veering into excessive sentimentality.
Credible Interpretation: While interpreting the subject’s thoughts, motives, or intentions, be clear about what is factual and what is speculative. Clearly distinguish between evidence-based information and your interpretations to maintain objectivity.
Respect Boundaries: Be mindful of the subject’s privacy and any requests they may have regarding sensitive or personal information. Respecting their boundaries shows empathy and allows for a respectful portrayal while maintaining the necessary level of objectivity.
Acknowledge Limitations: Recognize that achieving complete objectivity in a biography is challenging. Biases can inadvertently seep into the narrative. However, by being aware of your biases and consciously presenting a fair and balanced account, you can mitigate their influence.
Respect truth, privacy, and sensitivity
Remember, writing biographies carries ethical responsibilities. It’s important to maintain accuracy through credible research and gain consent while being sensitive to controversial or difficult topics. Here are some considerations:
Accuracy: Maintain a commitment to truth and accuracy. Verify facts and corroborate information from multiple sources to ensure the reliability of your narrative. Cite your sources and be transparent about any uncertainties or gaps in knowledge.
Privacy and Consent: Respect the privacy of living individuals mentioned in your biography. Seek consent when sharing personal details or sensitive information. Balance the subject’s right to privacy with the importance of honesty and transparency.
Sensitivity: Approach sensitive or controversial topics with care and empathy. Consider the potential impact of your words on the subject’s loved ones or affected communities—present differing perspectives without sensationalism or bias.
Writing a Biography FAQs
The length of a biography can vary greatly, depending on the subject and the depth of exploration. Some biographies span a few hundred pages, while others extend to multiple volumes. Focus on capturing the subject’s life’s essence rather than strictly adhering to a predetermined length.
Some common mistakes to avoid when writing a biography include the following: Lack of thorough research or reliance on a single source. Inaccurate or misleading information. Excessive personal bias or projection onto the subject. Neglecting to verify facts or failing to cite sources. Poor organization or a disjointed narrative flow. Neglecting to balance objectivity with empathy. Overloading the biography with irrelevant details or digressions. Failing to respect privacy or ethical considerations.
While chronological order is commonly used in biographies, it is not required. Some biographers employ a thematic approach or explore specific periods or events in the subject’s life. Experiment with different structures to find the most engaging way to tell your subject’s story.
The purpose of writing a biography is to capture and share an individual’s life story. Biographies provide insights into a person’s experiences, achievements, and challenges, offering readers inspiration, knowledge, and understanding. They preserve the legacy of individuals, contribute to historical records, and celebrate the diversity of human lives.
When choosing a subject for your biography, consider someone who inspires you, interests you, or has significantly impacted society. It could be a historical figure, a contemporary icon, or even an everyday individual with a remarkable story. Choose a subject with sufficient available information, access to primary sources or interviews, and a narrative that resonates with you and potential readers.
Key elements to include in a biography are: Early life and background: Provide context about the subject’s upbringing, family, and cultural influences. Achievements and milestones: Highlight notable accomplishments, contributions, and significant events throughout their life. Challenges and struggles: Explore the obstacles they faced, the lessons learned, and how they overcame adversity. Personal characteristics: Describe their personality traits, values, beliefs, and motivations that shaped their actions and decisions. Impact and legacy: Discuss the lasting influence and contributions of the subject, both during their lifetime and beyond.
Including personal anecdotes can add depth and humanize the subject of your biography. However, be selective and ensure that the stories are relevant, contribute to understanding the person’s character or experiences, and align with the overall narrative. Balancing personal anecdotes with factual information is critical to maintaining accuracy and credibility.
Conducting research for a biography involves exploring a variety of sources. Start with primary sources such as personal papers, letters, journals, and interviews with the subject or people who knew them. Secondary sources such as books, articles, and academic papers provide additional context and perspectives. Online databases, archives, libraries, and museums are valuable resources for finding relevant information.
Consult a wide range of sources to ensure a comprehensive and accurate biography. Primary sources, such as personal documents, letters, diaries, and interviews, offer firsthand accounts and unique insights. Secondary sources provide broader context and analysis, including books, articles, scholarly works, and historical records. Remember to evaluate the credibility and reliability of your sources critically.
Organize the information in your biography logically and engagingly. Consider using a chronological structure, starting with the subject’s early life and progressing through significant events and milestones. Alternatively, adopt a thematic approach, grouping related information based on themes or significant aspects of their life. Use clear headings, subheadings, and transitions to guide readers through the narrative flow.
Writing Biographies Key Takeaways
In summary, take note of these ideas and tips before you start writing your biography:
Biographies hold enduring appeal, offering a glimpse into the human experience across time.
Thorough research, interviews, and captivating prose are essential for crafting compelling biographies.
Ethical considerations, such as accuracy, privacy, and sensitivity, are crucial when writing about real people’s lives.
Choose subjects that genuinely inspire and resonate with you.
Immerse yourself in the subject’s world to understand their motivations and challenges.
Develop strong research skills and utilize a wide range of sources.
Craft a compelling narrative that engages readers from the very first page.
Seek feedback from trusted sources to refine your writing and storytelling abilities.
Continuously explore new biographies to broaden your understanding of different styles and approaches.
Embrace the unique voice and perspective you bring to the storytelling process.
Writing a biography book? Check out this helpful article, How to Write a Book: 10 Questions to Ask Before You Start Writing !
Article sources
Popular guides, how to deal with difficult people at work.
Do you have a difficult boss? Colleague? Client? Learn how to transform your difficult relationship. I’ll show you my science-based approach to building a strong, productive relationship with even the most difficult people.
Related Articles
Science of People offers over 1000+ articles on people skills and nonverbal behavior.
Get our latest insights and advice delivered to your inbox.
It’s a privilege to be in your inbox. We promise only to send the good stuff.
How to Write a Good Academic Biography (Part 1)
When your journal article gets accepted or you are preparing for a public presentation, you will often be asked for a short academic biography. For many people, these academic bios are more difficult to write than a dissertation. How do you sum up yourself and your work in 3-5 sentences? What do you need to include? What should you leave out?
What You Should Do
Start with your full name followed by your current position, your general interests, and your current project, keeping them all very brief.
If you are within a year of receiving a prestigious award, mention that as well.
Finally, finish with a sentence that’s personal: add a hobby, a pet’s name, the city you live in—whatever you are comfortable with that is personal but not too private.
What You Should Avoid
Avoid speaking in the first person, i.e., don’t use “I.”
Don’t divulge details beyond your current position.
In a longer bio of multiple paragraphs, you may add more awards and information about your master’s and bachelor’s degrees, but not in a short bio. Moreover, don’t add anything that happened before grad school—including your place of birth. For example:
Hi! My name is Scott. I was originally born in Vermont and now I’m a professor at North Yankee University in Fargone, New York (in upstate New York). I study antelopes’ migration patterns and their impact of native grain growth. My interest in antelopes began as a teenager when I first saw one in the wild. I did my undergrad degree in biology at SUNY and my masters and UCLA and my PhD in Forestry at Hunter College.
Related: Finished drafting your academic biography and heading for an international conference? Check out this post now!
The above example is far too casual and Scott’s work and current position are overshadowed by all the other random details. This can be written in a much better way:
Scott Sampson is a professor of Wildlife Biology at North Yankee University. His work focuses specifically on the migration patterns of antelope and their impact on the growth of native grain. His favorite place to do research in his backyard, which opens to the Akron National Forest.
This improvised version is concise, relevant, and makes Scott’s bio appear professional while giving a short description of his personal details.
Longer Bios
For longer bios, follow the same basic rules, but go into a bit more depth about your work, your education, and your future projects or interests. You may also consider adding a line about your immediate family. But as always, leave the personal details for a short and friendly mention at the end of the bio.
Mostly, your bio will be used by someone to introduce you at a conference or public event so if you write your bio using these tips, you will help them give a smooth and accurate introduction. Remember that the bio is the first thing that people know about you so pack it full of the most important things about yourself!
If you would like to know more about different formats of academic biography, read the next article in this series!
Appreciating the dedication you put into your blog and detailed information you provide. It’s good to come across a blog every once in a while that isn’t the same out of date rehashed material. Fantastic read! I’ve bookmarked your site and I’m including your RSS feeds to my Google account.
Greeting from Enago Academy! Thank you for your positive comment. We are glad to know that you found our resources useful. Your feedback is very valuable to us. Happy reading!
Super helpful! Thank you for writing about this.
wow great article. I got lots of new ideas from this post. Thanks a lot.
Thank you! Really a short and precise description of how to write short biographic sentence.
Excellent! Just what I needed; thank you.
Thanks for sharing this post, It is a very helpful article.
Excellent information…
Comparing to my introduction and yours, there is a huge difference and mine is like grade R?. Thank you so much for developing such content and helping disadvantaged students like me, hence holding Honours. Once again thank you
it is good, i learnt something new
Your articles are so much meaningful and informative.
Rate this article Cancel Reply
Your email address will not be published.
Enago Academy's Most Popular Articles
Manuscripts & Grants
Reporting Research
How to Write a Good Academic Biography (Part 2)
Writing an academic biography is part of many academic activities. Whether your paper is accepted…
Sign-up to read more
Subscribe for free to get unrestricted access to all our resources on research writing and academic publishing including:
2000+ blog articles
50+ Webinars
10+ Expert podcasts
50+ Infographics
10+ Checklists
Research Guides
We hate spam too. We promise to protect your privacy and never spam you.
Industry News
Publishing Research
AI in Academia
Promoting Research
Career Corner
Diversity and Inclusion
Infographics
Expert Video Library
Other Resources
Enago Learn
Upcoming & On-Demand Webinars
Peer Review Week 2024
Open Access Week 2023
Conference Videos
Enago Report
Journal Finder
Enago Plagiarism & AI Grammar Check
Editing Services
Publication Support Services
Research Impact
Translation Services
Publication solutions
AI-Based Solutions
Thought Leadership
Call for Articles
Call for Speakers
Author Training
Edit Profile
I am looking for Editing/ Proofreading services for my manuscript Tentative date of next journal submission:
In your opinion, what is the most effective way to improve integrity in the peer review process?
How to Write a Short Bio: 5 Examples and Templates
How to Write a Short Bio Part 1
What to Include in a Short Professional Bio Part 2
Example of a Formal Short Bio Part 3
Example of a Casual Short Bio Part 4
Examples of Well-Written Short Bios Part 5
Short Bio: Best Templates Part 6
Tips for Writing a Short Bio Part 7
Optimizing Your Bio for Different Platforms Part 8
A short bio is a concise and informative summary of your professional background, accomplishments, and personal interests. It’s an opportunity for you to introduce yourself to others, whether it’s for networking, job applications, or social media profiles. By writing a short bio, you allow others to quickly understand your expertise, strengths, and personality.
As you write your short bio, consider your audience and tailor the content accordingly. You might want to have different versions of your bio for varying contexts, such as a professional conference, a job application, or a social media platform. Regardless of the situation, strive to be authentic and maintain a tone that reflects your personality while also adhering to professional standards.
Part 1 How to Write a Short Bio
When writing a short bio, first focus on being concise and relevant. A short bio should be approximately 4-6 sentences or about 150 words. Be sure to highlight your achievements, experience, and expertise with confidence and clarity.
To start, introduce yourself briefly, including your name, title, and current role or profession. Next, mention your most significant accomplishments in your field thus far. This can include awards, certifications, publications, or any other relevant milestones. Discuss your current work and projects, providing the reader with a snapshot of your professional life. Make sure to emphasize your unique strengths and specialties. Then, touch upon your education or any other credentials that showcase your expertise.
“Jeremiah Smith, an award-winning graphic designer, specializes in creating visually stunning websites and marketing materials for a diverse clientele. With over 10 years of experience, Jeremiah has led branding projects for major corporations and small businesses alike, receiving accolades for his innovative design solutions. Currently, he serves as the Creative Director at X Design Studio, where he is dedicated to helping clients grow their digital presence. Jeremiah holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Graphic Design from the prestigious Art Institute of Chicago.”
For a stronger impact, customize your short bio by tailoring it to the specific platform, audience, or purpose. By prioritizing information and emphasizing the most relevant points, you can create a brief, engaging bio that showcases your unique skills and accomplishments.
Part 2 What to Include in a Short Professional Bio
Your job title and current role : Start by mentioning your current role and the industry you’re working in. This helps to establish your expertise and gives readers an immediate understanding of your professional focus.
Career accomplishments and milestones : Highlight a few significant achievements in your career thus far. These can be successful projects, promotions, or awards you’ve received. Be specific about what you’ve accomplished and how it demonstrates your expertise.
Skills and qualifications : Briefly mention the key skills and qualifications you possess that make you an expert in your field. This can include technical abilities, soft skills, certifications, or degrees.
Interests and personal touch : Add a few personal details that showcase your interests and passions outside of work. This can humanize your professional persona and help you connect with readers on a more personal level. However, be careful not to share too much personal information.
LinkedIn and networking opportunities : Include a link to your LinkedIn profile or other professional social media accounts. This provides readers with an opportunity to connect with you and discover more about your background.
To present this information effectively, write your short professional bio in the third person and maintain a confident, knowledgeable, and clear tone of voice. Keep the content concise and easy to understand by breaking it into paragraphs and using formatting elements such as bullet points and bold text when necessary.
Here is one more example of a well-crafted short professional bio:
“John Smith is a seasoned marketing manager with over 10 years of experience in the tech industry. He currently leads product marketing efforts at X Company, where he has successfully launched new products and significantly increased market share.
John holds a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration and is certified in digital marketing. His expertise includes strategic planning, content creation, and driving brand awareness through innovative campaigns.
In his free time, John enjoys hiking, photography, and volunteering at the local animal shelter. Connect with him on LinkedIn to learn more about his professional experience and accomplishments.”
Taking Into Account Personal and Professional Aspects
Try to strike a balance between your personal and professional aspects:
Make sure to mention any relevant professional accomplishments and skills that showcase your expertise in your field. If you are a student or a working professional, add details about your university, current position, or professional experiences that give readers an insight into your capabilities.
Don’t forget to add a touch of personality to your bio. Including personal details, interests, and hobbies will make you more relatable and create a connection with your audience. However, try to keep these personal elements brief and relevant to your overall bio. For example, if you are writing a bio for a personal website or Twitter, you could mention that you are an avid painter or a dedicated volunteer at a local animal shelter.
When writing in the second person, use short paragraphs to make your bio easy to read and understand. For instance:
Full name: Briefly mention your full name at the beginning of your bio.
Professional skills: List your core skills and accomplishments in bullet points or a table format.
Personal interests: Share some hobbies or interests related to your profession or that showcase your values.
Personal goals or mission statement: Include a sentence or two about your professional philosophy and core values to give readers a sense of your personal brand.
Related: How to Write a Personal Mission Statement (20 Examples)
Be cautious with the contact information you provide, especially if your bio will be accessible to the public on your personal website or social media profiles. Make sure only the necessary details are included to avoid any privacy concerns.
In summary, your short bio should be a reflection of both your personal and professional self. Showcase your skills and accomplishments while adding personal touches to make it engaging and relatable. Keep the text concise, use appropriate formatting, and remember to maintain a confident, knowledgeable, neutral, and clear tone throughout your bio.
Related: What Are Your Values? How to Discover Your Values
Selecting the Tone for Your Short Bio
Selecting the right tone for your short bio is crucial to portraying yourself in the way you want to be perceived. Consider the context in which the bio will be read and choose a tone accordingly. There are two main tones you can adopt: formal and casual.
Part 3 Example of a Formal Short Bio
Formal Tone : If you’re writing a bio for a professional context, such as a job, conference, or publication, opt for a formal tone. This means using more sophisticated language, avoiding slang, and maintaining a professional vibe throughout the bio. To achieve this, write in complete sentences, utilize proper grammar and punctuation, and highlight your achievements and expertise. Be sure to remain confident and clear in your writing. Example: “Dr. Jane Doe is a renowned expert in the field of molecular biology, with over 15 years of research experience to her credit. As the recipient of several prestigious awards, Dr. Doe’s groundbreaking work has had a significant impact on the scientific community.”
Part 4 Example of a Casual Short Bio
Casual Tone : A casual tone works well for less formal situations, such as bios on personal websites, blogs, or social media profiles. Here, you can use more relaxed language and showcase your personality. However, it’s still important to sound knowledgeable and approachable. Feel free to use contractions, incorporate humor, and speak directly to your audience to create an engaging tone.
“Hey there! I’m John, a travel enthusiast who loves exploring new cultures and tasting exotic dishes. When I’m not backpacking across the globe, you can find me geeking out about the latest tech gadgets or sipping on a well-crafted cocktail.”
In both cases, whether formal or casual, always ensure that your voice is confident, neutral, and clear. Remember to keep it concise, avoid exaggeration or false claims, and maintain a second-person point of view.
Part 5 Examples of Well-Written Short Bios
Short bio example 1.
Jane Smith is a marketing expert with over 10 years of experience in helping brands elevate their online presence. With a passion for storytelling, Jane excels in creating content that engages and inspires. In her free time, she enjoys hiking, photography, and exploring her city’s local coffee shops. Connect with Jane on LinkedIn or follow her on Twitter @JaneSmith.
Short Bio Example 2
John Doe is an experienced software engineer with a knack for developing cutting-edge applications. Specializing in full-stack web development, John’s expertise lies in JavaScript, Python, and Node.js. When he’s not coding, John can be found playing the guitar, tutoring local students in programming, or cheering on his favorite esports team.
Part 6 Short Bio: Best Templates
Short bio template 1.
[Your Name] is a [industry or profession] expert with [number of years] of experience in [specific skills or areas of expertise]. [He/She/They] specializes in [technical skills or industry knowledge] and has a passion for [relevant interests]. In [his/her/their] free time, [your name] enjoys [hobbies or activities]. Connect with [your name] on [social media platforms] or through [his/her/their] website.
Short Bio Template 2
As a [occupation or field], [Your Name] incorporates [unique qualities or skills] to produce [specific type of work]. With a background in [relevant experience], [He/She/They] has been able to [achievement or accomplishment] through [personal path or passion]. When not [working or creating], [Your Name] spends [his/her/their] time [hobbies or activities], always seeking new inspiration.
[Your name] is a [profession or role] with a background in [relevant expertise or industry]. [He/She/They] earned a [degree] in [field] from [institution]. [Your name] has [number of years] experience in [profession/industry], providing [valuable service or skill]. Outside of work, [your name] enjoys [hobbies or personal interests]. Connect with [your name] on [social media platform] or visit [your website or portfolio].
Customize these examples and templates to fit your own unique skills, experiences, and personality. Using a second person point of view, focus on the key aspects you want your audience to know about. Be confident and transparent about your achievements and interests, and let your short bio speak for itself. Happy writing!
Part 7 Tips for Writing a Short Bio
Know your target audience : Consider the people who will be reading your bio and focus on the information that will be most relevant to them. Tailor your bio to best serve their needs and expectations.
Highlight your accomplishments : Share information on your achievements, awards, and notable experiences. This will give your audience an understanding of your expertise and success in your field.
Include your goals and mission statement : Tell your audience what drives you and what you hope to achieve. This can help create a connection with the reader and showcase your dedication to your work.
Maintain a professional tone : Write in a clear and concise manner, avoiding casual language and slang. A confident and knowledgeable tone will convey your competence in your field.
Keep personal information to a minimum : While you may choose to mention some personal tidbits, be mindful of what you share. Focus on information that enhances your professional image, rather than oversharing personal details.
Promote your brand and company : If you represent a business or have a personal brand, mention your company name and mission statement. This can help reinforce your brand identity and make a stronger impression on your audience.
Prioritize transparency and authenticity : Be honest about your experience and qualifications. Avoid exaggerating or making false claims in order to maintain trust with your audience.
Limit self-promotion : While it’s important to show off your accomplishments, be sure to keep the focus on meaningful information rather than excessive self-promotion. This will help engage readers and build credibility.
Use formatting to enhance readability : Break up your bio into paragraphs, use bullet points for lists, and bold text for important details. This will make it easier for your audience to read and understand your bio.
Include contact information : Provide a way for your audience to get in touch with you, whether it’s an email address, phone number, or a link to your website.
Part 8 Optimizing Your Bio for Different Platforms
On LinkedIn , focus on your professional achievements and skills. Use bullet points or a table to highlight your most significant accomplishments. Feel free to include any relevant certifications, courses, or awards. Remember that LinkedIn is a professional networking platform, so maintaining a professional tone is crucial.
For a resume , your bio should be concise and focus on summarizing your career history and specific expertise. Make it easy for potential employers to grasp your main strengths quickly. Use bold text to emphasize crucial information, such as your job title, years of experience, or industry-specific skills.
On a personal website , you have more freedom to express your personality and showcase unique aspects of your life. Consider adding anecdotes, hobbies, or personal achievements to give visitors a glimpse of who you are outside of your professional life. You can also touch on your professional capabilities but keep it concise.
For Twitter , keep in mind the character limit for bios and make every word count. Capture your profession or industry, and maybe add a touch of your personality or interests through emojis or hashtags. It’s common to see authors and celebrities mention their latest projects, books, or achievements here.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the essential elements of a short bio.
A short bio should include:
Your name and current role or profession.
Brief background information including education and relevant work experience.
Notable accomplishments or skills relevant to your profession.
Personal interests or ambitions that showcase your personality.
A call-to-action, such as directing readers to your portfolio or LinkedIn profile.
How can I create a compelling short professional bio?
To create a compelling short professional bio, follow these steps:
Start strong with a clear and concise introduction.
Focus on your most relevant qualifications and experience.
Highlight key achievements and successes.
Provide a personal touch that showcases your unique attributes.
Keep it brief and easy to read, aiming for around 100-150 words.
What are some tips to make my short bio stand out?
Use vivid language and strong, active verbs.
Tailor your bio to your audience, emphasizing information that is most relevant to them.
Share a unique or unexpected personal interest to pique interest.
Edit and proofread your bio carefully, ensuring it is free of errors and reads smoothly.
How can I tailor my short bio to different contexts?
Adjust your short bio for different contexts by:
Focusing on relevant skills, experience, or accomplishments for each specific audience.
Adjusting the tone or language to suit the platform (e.g., more casual for a social media profile or more formal for a conference bio).
Emphasizing specific personal interests or accomplishments that align with the context or audience.
Updating your call-to-action as needed to direct readers to relevant content or profiles.
Related: 150+ Awesome Examples of Personal Values
20 Inspiring Examples: How to Write a Personal Mission Statement
How to Live By Your Values
This device is too small
If you're on a Galaxy Fold, consider unfolding your phone or viewing it in full screen to best optimize your experience.
Do You Want $2 Million in Your Retirement Portfolio? Here's How to Do It
Published on Aug. 30, 2024
By: Chris Neiger
Many workers think they need $1.8 million in retirement savings.
Most people don't need that much.
Starting early and making significant investments can help you achieve your goal.
Many Americans have aspirations for how much they want in their retirement investment accounts , but a recent Charles Schwab survey put a number to workers' nest-egg ambitions. The survey found that most American workers think they need $1.8 million for retirement.
How to reach $2 million in retirement savings
While many Americans may think they need $2 million for retirement, everyone's budget is different. If you live a frugal lifestyle, you'll likely be fine with far less than $2 million in your portfolio.
But if you're determined to save that much, you can do so by investing in a low-cost index fund that tracks the S&P 500. The historic annual rate of return for the S&P 500 is 10.2%. While you won't earn that every year, it's a good benchmark percentage to use for calculating hypothetical future returns.
Here's what that might look like if you do:
Original investment
Years invested
Annual rate of return
Monthly contribution
Final amount
$15,000
20
10%
$2,800
$2,025,352
$15,000
25
10%
$1,570
$2,015,379
$25,000
20
10%
$2,700
$2,023,897
$25,000
25
10%
$1,475
$2,011,610
$50,000
20
10%
$2,425
$2,003,077
$50,000
25
10%
$1,250
$2,016,941
As you can see, it'll take at least 20 to 25 years of investing and significant monthly contributions to reach a $2 million retirement savings balance. But the longer you're invested, the less you'll have to contribute each month.
It's also worth mentioning that some of your money will lose value over time because of inflation. And depending on which types of tax-advantaged accounts you use -- like a 401(k) or individual retirement account (IRA) -- you'll likely owe some taxes on the total amount, as well.
How to save for retirement no matter what your goal
Having $2 million in your nest egg might be a good financial goal for some, but most Americans retire with far less. The average retirement brokerage account balance for Americans aged 65 to 74 is $426,070, according to Edward Jones.
So, how do you get started? Here are some of the best ways to begin building your retirement balance, no matter how much you want to end up with.
1. Prioritize investing as soon as you can afford to
One of the best ways to maximize your investment potential is to start as early as you can. The earlier, the better. Compounding interest, where the money you've earned from investing earns even more money, helps you earn big gains -- if you give it time to work.
2. Invest in low-cost index funds
As I mentioned earlier, these funds are one of the best ways to grow your money over time. An index fund that tracks the S&P 500 will allow your money to grow as the stock market grows over time. I own an index fund with an expense ratio of only 0.03%, which means it charges just $3 for every $10,000 of investments.
3. Sign up for your company's 401(k) matching
If your employer offers a 401(k) with a matching contribution plan, don't pass up the free money! Many companies will match your contributions (or half of them) up to a certain percentage of your salary.
For example, if your employer contributes $0.50 for every $1 you contribute, then an annual contribution of $5,000 would be matched by $2,500 in contributions from your employer, giving you $7,500 into your 401(k) plan for the year.
Saving $2 million for retirement isn't necessary for everyone, and you shouldn't fret if you're nowhere near that amount. Speaking with a financial planner can help you determine your own financial goals and how to achieve them.
Our Research Expert
Chris Neiger is a full-time freelance writer with more than 10 years' experience covering personal finance and investing-related topics. He was also a writer for the BBC for three years and marketing manager for two non-profits.
Share this page
We're firm believers in the Golden Rule, which is why editorial opinions are ours alone and have not been previously reviewed, approved, or endorsed by included advertisers. The Ascent, a Motley Fool service, does not cover all offers on the market. The Ascent has a dedicated team of editors and analysts focused on personal finance, and they follow the same set of publishing standards and editorial integrity while maintaining professional separation from the analysts and editors on other Motley Fool brands.
Related Articles
By: Cole Tretheway | Published on June 7, 2024
By: Lyle Daly | Published on June 5, 2024
By: Christy Bieber | Published on June 5, 2024
By: Lyle Daly | Published on June 4, 2024
The Ascent is a Motley Fool service that rates and reviews essential products for your everyday money matters.
This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies . Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility:
fact-checked
trusted source
written by researcher(s)
Do cats grieve? Research suggests they do
by Grace Carroll, The Conversation
As we grieve the loss of a pet, we may not be the only ones feeling the pain. Research is showing that cats who are left behind when another animal in their home dies could be mourning along with us.
Grief is a well-documented human response to loss—but its roots may be far more ancient as some scientists believe it evolved in extinct species of humans. Corvids—members of the crow family—primates, and marine mammals like dolphins and whales, have all been observed to change their behavior when one of their own dies, from carrying dead offspring for days, to staying close by the body, as if keeping vigil.
One theory is that grief is a by-product of the natural stress response to separation seen in social animals . According to this idea, distress and searching behavior probably evolved to encourage animals to reunite with lost group members , which was beneficial for survival. These responses persist when separation is permanent, like in death, leading to the enduring pain of grief.
While there's plenty of research on how losing a pet affects humans, much less is known about how cats cope with loss, something recent research by US-based comparative psychologists Brittany Greene and Jennifer Vonk investigated.
Unlike typical social species, the cat's wild ancestor was largely solitary. However, domestication has reshaped their behavior, enabling them to live in groups and form social bonds.
Green and Vonk's study suggests that cats can grieve the loss of a fellow pet. In their study of 452 cats, many displayed signs of distress, such as increased attention-seeking, vocalizing and reduced appetite, following the death of a companion. The study found that the strength of the bond between the animals, their time spent together, and daily interactions were key factors in this grief-like behavior.
This study builds on earlier research by animal welfare researcher Jessica Walker and her team in 2016, which examined how cats and dogs react to the loss of a companion. Walker's study, conducted in New Zealand and Australia, found that 75% of surviving pets showed noticeable behavioral changes, with cats showing increased affection, clinginess and anxiety-related vocalizations.
It should be noted that both studies relied on owner perceptions to assess changes in pet behavior, which presents a potential problem. While pet owners are often the most attuned to subtle changes in their animals, their observations may also be influenced by their own grief and emotional state.
Is it really grief?
There is an alternative explanation for changes in behavior of the owners in studies observed after a companion's death. The presence of a deceased animal can signal danger in the environment , causing pets to change their behavior as a safety measure, rather than being a grief response. Although this hasn't been studied in domestic cats , 2012 research on western scrub-jays revealed that seeing a dead member of their species can prompt alarm calls and behavior aimed at avoiding danger, much like how they would react to a predator.
Similarly, a 2006 study on bumblebees found that they were less likely to visit flowers that contained a freshly-killed bee or its scent, probably reducing their own risk of being attacked.
This suggests that what we interpret as grief might, in some cases, be a survival instinct. Some behavior the owners in the studies noticed after the death of a companion, such as their cat hiding or seeking higher vantage points, could support this idea.
A question you might be asking is whether cats mourn the deaths of their owners. Though we would like to think that our cat would mourn our death, at the minute, we simply don't know. There seems to be little to no research on how cats react to the death of their owner.
One unsettling behavior that has been well documented upon death of an animals' owner is the consumption of their remains. While cats often get a bad reputation for this, dog lovers should note that both cats and dogs have been known to scavenge human remains. In fact, pet dogs are more frequently documented doing so.
Some scientists suggest this behavior might stem from hunger, but it has also happened when food was plentiful . Another theory, better aligned with the idea of grief, is that scavenging might start as an attempt to revive an unresponsive owner. When nudging or licking doesn't work, the animal may escalate to nipping or biting in an effort to rouse them .
So the jury is still out on whether cats grieve in response to loss, or if they are responding to changes in their environment that we have yet to fully understand.
Provided by The Conversation
Explore further
Feedback to editors
Researchers identify genes for low glycemic index and high protein in rice
New discoveries about how mosquitoes mate may help the fight against malaria
New study highlights expansion of drylands amidst impact of climate change
2 hours ago
Novel chemical tool aims to streamline drug-making process
Heat waves impair bumblebees' ability to detect floral scents, study finds
Higher-order topological simulation unlocks new potential in quantum computers
Fungus gnat entombed in a 40-million-year-old piece of amber is a rare gem
Enhancing microbe memory to better upcycle excess CO₂
Scientists discover molecular mechanism that plays key role in gene transcription and macrophage functional activation
3 hours ago
Geophysicist's method could give months' warning of major earthquakes
Relevant physicsforums posts, will cryosleep ever be a reality.
17 hours ago
Any suggestions to dampen the sounds of a colostomy bag?
Aug 28, 2024
The predictive brain (Stimulus-Specific Error Prediction Neurons)
Aug 27, 2024
Any stereo audio learning resources for other languages?
Aug 25, 2024
Cannot find a comfortable side-sleeping position
Therapeutic interfering particle.
Aug 24, 2024
More from Biology and Medical
Related Stories
Study: Dogs may show grieving behavior after death of canine companion
Feb 24, 2022
Have cats become more affectionate in lockdown? New research shows the impact of the pandemic on pets
Jun 28, 2021
Paws for thought: Is your pet feeling a complex emotion?
Jun 19, 2023
Why cats meow at humans more than each other
Jul 3, 2024
Cats distinguish between speech directed at them and humans
Oct 24, 2022
Cats don't avoid strangers who behave badly toward their owners, unlike dogs
Mar 3, 2021
Recommended for you
Groups of weaver birds found to have their own distinct nest-building styles
Uncovering the secret communication of marmoset monkeys: They have names
22 hours ago
Number of fish species at risk of extinction five-fold higher than previous estimates according to new prediction
Ancient gene gives spiders their narrow waist, research reveals
Let us know if there is a problem with our content.
Use this form if you have come across a typo, inaccuracy or would like to send an edit request for the content on this page. For general inquiries, please use our contact form . For general feedback, use the public comments section below (please adhere to guidelines ).
Please select the most appropriate category to facilitate processing of your request
Thank you for taking time to provide your feedback to the editors.
Your feedback is important to us. However, we do not guarantee individual replies due to the high volume of messages.
E-mail the story
Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. The information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Phys.org in any form.
Newsletter sign up
Get weekly and/or daily updates delivered to your inbox. You can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties.
More information Privacy policy
Donate and enjoy an ad-free experience
We keep our content available to everyone. Consider supporting Science X's mission by getting a premium account.
E-mail newsletter
SEASTAR: Enhancing Tidal Stream Environmental Monitoring and Sustainability
Building on the success of Nova Innovation’s 6-turbine array in Shetland, Scotland, the ‘Sustainable European Advanced Subsea Tidal Array’ (SEASTAR) project will use Nova’s well-proven turbines to deliver a 4 MW tidal farm of 16 turbines. SEASTAR, located at the European Marine Energy Centre’s (EMEC) Fall of Warness tidal site in Orkney, Scotland, will be home to the largest number of tidal stream turbines ever deployed in a single location.
Jointly funded by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Programme and the UK Research Institute, the SEASTAR project launched in December 2023 and will be complete in February 2029. With Nova at the helm, the SEASTAR consortium has brought together 13 partners with expertise in the commercial, technical and environmental aspects of delivering a sustainable large-scale tidal stream array.
The overall mission of SEASTAR is to showcase the viability of a sustainable large-scale tidal energy farm. Key project objectives include:
Delivering the tidal energy farm with the most turbines in a single location globally.
Demonstrating increased insurability and bankability of tidal stream energy.
Reducing the cost of tidal energy by a third.
Mitigating environmental risks associated with future large-scale tidal farms globally.
All key learning from SEASTAR, including significant results and transferable knowledge, will be shared and communicated widely. Project partner Ocean Energy Europe will lead this dissemination effort with support from Nova, EMEC, and other project partners.
Sustainability is at the core of the SEASTAR project. From array design, to build and operation, SEASTAR aims to set the standard for the generation of clean energy, integrating sustainability principles into every aspect of the project, including:
Technology Innovation: Demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of large-scale tidal energy generation.
Environmental Responsibility: Minimising environmental impact by considering sustainability at every stage - from turbine design through to operation and maintenance. Environmental monitoring is carried out simultaneously to increase understanding of tidal energy on biodiversity.
Clean Energy: Contributing to global efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and transition to a low-carbon economy by lowering the cost of energy from the tides.
Community Engagement: Actively involving local communities and stakeholders to ensure their needs and perspectives are integrated into the project.
Strong Governance: Ensuring transparency in all project activities and decision-making processes.
A key aspect of demonstrating the sustainability of tidal energy is to address critical environmental evidence gaps and develop monitoring solutions for future tidal energy farms. SEASTAR will contribute through the design and implementation of rigorous environmental monitoring – gathering critical environmental data and knowledge to aid commercial scale tidal development.
The focus of the SEASTAR monitoring programme will be understanding collision risk, which continues to be the single greatest barrier to gaining consent for tidal stream projects globally. This will build on Nova’s ground-breaking monitoring at the Shetland Tidal Array, Scotland, where in 9 years, no collision events have been observed between the turbines and marine wildlife. The SEASTAR project will enable knowledge to progress from the effects of single devices and small arrays to larger arrays. This will be achieved using a variety of sensors, including turbine-mounted cameras and a Remote Observation Platform, equipped with optical cameras and an imaging sonar.
In addition to improving knowledge on collision risk, the SEASTAR monitoring programme will also improve the evidence base on the potential effects of disturbance or displacement, resulting from larger arrays of turbines. It will do this in part by measuring the noise generated by the turbines to build up a sound map of the array and assess any likely effects on marine wildlife. The noise generated by Nova’s turbines in Shetland has already been measured. This showed that sound levels are below thresholds that might cause harm to marine mammals, but at the same time appear to be of sufficient magnitude to deter animals from approaching the turbines, thus reducing collision risk.
A key aim of SEASTAR is to generate transferable environmental and consenting knowledge to de-risk and accelerate future large arrays globally. To help achieve this, an Environmental and Regulatory Steering Group (ERSG) comprising international representatives from regulatory and advisory bodies with a key role in tidal consenting, environmental assessment, and evidence dissemination will provide advice and input to the project. The ERSG will:
Advise on opportunities to share experience and cross-fertilization to develop consenting and monitoring best practice.
Give advice and support the dissemination of SEASTAR outputs to de-risk future tidal projects.
Exchange knowledge and information on similar initiatives to avoid duplication and establish links with other relevant monitoring and research programmes at national and international level.
Identify sources of funding to advance the generation and sharing of transferable environmental and consenting knowledge through the SEASTAR project.
For further details on the SEASTAR project, contact Janis Leung ( [email protected] ) or visit the project website SEASTAR Project (seastar-tidal.eu) .
An Introduction to Biographical Research. Biographical research in education may be conceived in many different ways; however, typically the topic constitutes the study of a single life, focusing primarily upon an individual who in some way is affiliated with the professional field of education, broadly conceived (Garraty, 1957; Oates, 1986).
Biographical research
Biographical research is a qualitative research approach aligned to the social interpretive paradigm of research. The biographical research is concerned with the reconstruction of life histories and the constitution of meaning based on biographical narratives and documents. The material for analysis consists of interview protocols (memorandums), video recordings, photographs, and a diversity ...
How To Structure A Successful Biography Research Project
Completing a biography research guide will help your students remain focused and on task. The format and structure of the research guide is based on the needs of your students. Hopefully, the items listed below will point you in the right direction. Cover Page: It's important to review the meaning of the term biography and require students to ...
Getting Started
Before you start your research, check the correct spelling of the person's name. While you research, keep in mind that all sources can contain bias; the best biographical information will be signed by an author and will provide bibliographic citations for source material. Research Questions:
Biographical Resources: A Research Guide: Introduction
Introduction. We purchase access to new online versions of major biographical reference sources as they become available. Many important biographical resources are available in print and on microfilm. This guide combines online titles with the selected microform and print biography titles in the Olin and Africana reference collections.
PDF Introduction to Biographical Research
Analysis of the (objective) biographical data. Text and thematic field analysis (structure of self-presentation; reconstruction of the life story; narrated life). Reconstruction of the life history (lived life as experienced). Microanalysis of individual text segments.
Tips for Creating a Successful Biographical Research Study
In this video, we'll give you tips for creating a successful biographical research study.A biography is a great way to learn about someone else's life, and i...
Doing Biographical Research in Challenging Times
The second area for the development of biographical research concerns where we source biographical data from. We often have our favourites in the more traditional approaches; some of us will choose face-to-face interviews, and others will dive into archives. As the pandemic has highlighted, however, sometimes researchers have to find creative ...
Research Guides: Finding Biographical Information: Introduction and
General; United States; Other Countries; General. To find individual encyclopedia articles in HOLLIS: use Everything Advanced Search, do a Title search on your name and in the results list look for Resource Type under Refine Your Results in the right-hand column.Choose Reference entries.Example.. Current Biography Illustrated (1946- ) includes biographical sketches and obituaries, with ...
Introduction: Reconstructive biographical research
Reconstructive biographical research is a distinct sociological approach to social analysis. It explores the interrelation between 'biography' and 'society' and thus belongs to those sociological approaches that are linked to the assumption that 'society' is made up of individuals and cannot be conceived independently of their interpretations and actions.
Sage Research Methods
Chapters. Chapter 1: Discovering biographical narrative research. Chapter 2: Theoretical approaches to biographical narratives. Chapter 3: Interview process and ethics. Chapter 4: Autobiographical narrative interview method. Chapter 5: Narrative ethnography. Chapter 6: Logical systems, qualitative comparative analysis and quantitative coding.
Biographical Research Methods
Drawing upon the authors' own research, as well as case studies from a range of international contexts and disciplines, the book illustrates how biographical approaches can be tailored to different research questions and environments. This book will help you to: · Navigate any complexities or missteps when undertaking real-world research.
Introduction to Biographical Methods
She catalogues how research into learning and teaching has drawn upon biographical methods since the 1970s and demonstrates the link to the 'reflexive turn' in society. Hazel also explores key ethical and methodological issues: the difficulty of protecting identities; the challenge of analysing and representing rich narrative data; and. the ...
Biographical Sources
Over 3.6 million short biographical entries for individuals who lived across the world from ancient times to the present. Includes full text images of the original sources, usually older biographical dictionaries. Especially valuable for locating information on hard-to-find individuals from the past. Subject specific sources.
Biographical research through the looking glass of social distancing
This presents serious challenges in how we 'do' biographical research, how we forge trusting bonds with participants whilst negotiating unprecedented social and temporal distancing. As the switch from co-presence to mediated presence happened rapidly, researchers must question if it is still possible to do biographical research in a ...
How to Write a Biography: 6 Tips for Writing Biographical Texts
Secured with SSL. Biographies are how we learn information about another human being's life. Whether you want to start writing a biography about a famous person, historical figure, or an influential family member, it's important to know all the elements that make a biography worth both writing and reading.
How To Do Biography
400 pages. 5-1/2 x 7 inches. Harvard University Press. Reference. Biography. Literary Studies. It is not surprising that biography is one of the most popular literary genres of our day. What is remarkable is that there is no accessible guide for how to write one. Now, following his recent Biography: A Brief History (from Harvard), award-winning ...
Biography Research Report
Do your research. With its birth during the 5th century BCE, a biography is first a historical account of a person's life before an entertaining read. Poets and scribes wrote praises for the lives of famous personalities in the Ancient World. Today, extensive research is necessary before drafting a biographical essay. Authors should avoid ...
(PDF) Biographical Research
Biography is 'an account of someone's life written by someone else.' (Oxford, 2016). Biographical research aids in developing a concept of learning which is context-specific, rather than ...
How to Write a Biography in 8 Steps (The Non-Boring Way!)
Choose your subject and conduct research. Develop compelling themes and motifs. Conduct relevant interviews. Develop a clear structure. Craft captivating prose. Build a balance of objectivity and empathy. Respect truth, privacy, and sensitivity. Writing a Biography FAQs. Writing Biographies Key Takeaways.
How To Write A Good Academic Biography
What You Should Do. Start with your full name followed by your current position, your general interests, and your current project, keeping them all very brief. If you are within a year of receiving a prestigious award, mention that as well. Finally, finish with a sentence that's personal: add a hobby, a pet's name, the city you live in ...
How to Write a Short Bio: 5 Examples and Templates
How to Write a Short Bio Part 1. What to Include in a Short Professional Bio Part 2. Example of a Formal Short Bio Part 3. Example of a Casual Short Bio Part 4. Examples of Well-Written Short Bios Part 5. Short Bio: Best Templates Part 6. Tips for Writing a Short Bio Part 7. Optimizing Your Bio for Different Platforms Part 8.
How to Write a Biography: The Proven 5-Step Ultimate Guide
How to Write a Biography: The Proven 5-Step Ultimate Guide. Learn how to write a biography in 5 proven steps. From research to publishing, our experts will help you create a compelling story your readers will love!
Do You Want $2 Million in Your Retirement Portfolio? Here's How to Do It
But if you're determined to save that much, you can do so by investing in a low-cost index fund that tracks the S&P 500. The historic annual rate of return for the S&P 500 is 10.2%.
Do cats grieve? Research suggests they do
Research is showing that cats who are left behind when another animal in their home dies could be mourning along with us. As we grieve the loss of a pet, we may not be the only ones feeling the pain.
SEASTAR: Enhancing Tidal Stream Environmental Monitoring and
Jointly funded by the European Union's Horizon Europe Programme and the UK Research Institute, the SEASTAR project launched in December 2023 and will be complete in February 2029. With Nova at the helm, the SEASTAR consortium has brought together 13 partners with expertise in the commercial, technical and environmental aspects of delivering a ...
COMMENTS
An Introduction to Biographical Research. Biographical research in education may be conceived in many different ways; however, typically the topic constitutes the study of a single life, focusing primarily upon an individual who in some way is affiliated with the professional field of education, broadly conceived (Garraty, 1957; Oates, 1986).
Biographical research is a qualitative research approach aligned to the social interpretive paradigm of research. The biographical research is concerned with the reconstruction of life histories and the constitution of meaning based on biographical narratives and documents. The material for analysis consists of interview protocols (memorandums), video recordings, photographs, and a diversity ...
Completing a biography research guide will help your students remain focused and on task. The format and structure of the research guide is based on the needs of your students. Hopefully, the items listed below will point you in the right direction. Cover Page: It's important to review the meaning of the term biography and require students to ...
Before you start your research, check the correct spelling of the person's name. While you research, keep in mind that all sources can contain bias; the best biographical information will be signed by an author and will provide bibliographic citations for source material. Research Questions:
Introduction. We purchase access to new online versions of major biographical reference sources as they become available. Many important biographical resources are available in print and on microfilm. This guide combines online titles with the selected microform and print biography titles in the Olin and Africana reference collections.
Analysis of the (objective) biographical data. Text and thematic field analysis (structure of self-presentation; reconstruction of the life story; narrated life). Reconstruction of the life history (lived life as experienced). Microanalysis of individual text segments.
In this video, we'll give you tips for creating a successful biographical research study.A biography is a great way to learn about someone else's life, and i...
The second area for the development of biographical research concerns where we source biographical data from. We often have our favourites in the more traditional approaches; some of us will choose face-to-face interviews, and others will dive into archives. As the pandemic has highlighted, however, sometimes researchers have to find creative ...
General; United States; Other Countries; General. To find individual encyclopedia articles in HOLLIS: use Everything Advanced Search, do a Title search on your name and in the results list look for Resource Type under Refine Your Results in the right-hand column.Choose Reference entries.Example.. Current Biography Illustrated (1946- ) includes biographical sketches and obituaries, with ...
Reconstructive biographical research is a distinct sociological approach to social analysis. It explores the interrelation between 'biography' and 'society' and thus belongs to those sociological approaches that are linked to the assumption that 'society' is made up of individuals and cannot be conceived independently of their interpretations and actions.
Chapters. Chapter 1: Discovering biographical narrative research. Chapter 2: Theoretical approaches to biographical narratives. Chapter 3: Interview process and ethics. Chapter 4: Autobiographical narrative interview method. Chapter 5: Narrative ethnography. Chapter 6: Logical systems, qualitative comparative analysis and quantitative coding.
Drawing upon the authors' own research, as well as case studies from a range of international contexts and disciplines, the book illustrates how biographical approaches can be tailored to different research questions and environments. This book will help you to: · Navigate any complexities or missteps when undertaking real-world research.
She catalogues how research into learning and teaching has drawn upon biographical methods since the 1970s and demonstrates the link to the 'reflexive turn' in society. Hazel also explores key ethical and methodological issues: the difficulty of protecting identities; the challenge of analysing and representing rich narrative data; and. the ...
Over 3.6 million short biographical entries for individuals who lived across the world from ancient times to the present. Includes full text images of the original sources, usually older biographical dictionaries. Especially valuable for locating information on hard-to-find individuals from the past. Subject specific sources.
This presents serious challenges in how we 'do' biographical research, how we forge trusting bonds with participants whilst negotiating unprecedented social and temporal distancing. As the switch from co-presence to mediated presence happened rapidly, researchers must question if it is still possible to do biographical research in a ...
Secured with SSL. Biographies are how we learn information about another human being's life. Whether you want to start writing a biography about a famous person, historical figure, or an influential family member, it's important to know all the elements that make a biography worth both writing and reading.
400 pages. 5-1/2 x 7 inches. Harvard University Press. Reference. Biography. Literary Studies. It is not surprising that biography is one of the most popular literary genres of our day. What is remarkable is that there is no accessible guide for how to write one. Now, following his recent Biography: A Brief History (from Harvard), award-winning ...
Do your research. With its birth during the 5th century BCE, a biography is first a historical account of a person's life before an entertaining read. Poets and scribes wrote praises for the lives of famous personalities in the Ancient World. Today, extensive research is necessary before drafting a biographical essay. Authors should avoid ...
Biography is 'an account of someone's life written by someone else.' (Oxford, 2016). Biographical research aids in developing a concept of learning which is context-specific, rather than ...
Choose your subject and conduct research. Develop compelling themes and motifs. Conduct relevant interviews. Develop a clear structure. Craft captivating prose. Build a balance of objectivity and empathy. Respect truth, privacy, and sensitivity. Writing a Biography FAQs. Writing Biographies Key Takeaways.
What You Should Do. Start with your full name followed by your current position, your general interests, and your current project, keeping them all very brief. If you are within a year of receiving a prestigious award, mention that as well. Finally, finish with a sentence that's personal: add a hobby, a pet's name, the city you live in ...
How to Write a Short Bio Part 1. What to Include in a Short Professional Bio Part 2. Example of a Formal Short Bio Part 3. Example of a Casual Short Bio Part 4. Examples of Well-Written Short Bios Part 5. Short Bio: Best Templates Part 6. Tips for Writing a Short Bio Part 7. Optimizing Your Bio for Different Platforms Part 8.
How to Write a Biography: The Proven 5-Step Ultimate Guide. Learn how to write a biography in 5 proven steps. From research to publishing, our experts will help you create a compelling story your readers will love!
But if you're determined to save that much, you can do so by investing in a low-cost index fund that tracks the S&P 500. The historic annual rate of return for the S&P 500 is 10.2%.
Research is showing that cats who are left behind when another animal in their home dies could be mourning along with us. As we grieve the loss of a pet, we may not be the only ones feeling the pain.
Jointly funded by the European Union's Horizon Europe Programme and the UK Research Institute, the SEASTAR project launched in December 2023 and will be complete in February 2029. With Nova at the helm, the SEASTAR consortium has brought together 13 partners with expertise in the commercial, technical and environmental aspects of delivering a ...