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Bitwise Logical Operators >>

Symbols used for mathematical and logical manipulation that are recognized by the compiler are commonly known as operators in Java. In the third of five lessons on operators we look at the assignment operators available in Java.

Assignment Operators Overview Top

The single equal sign = is used for assignment in Java and we have been using this throughout the lessons so far. This operator is fairly self explanatory and takes the form variable = expression; . A point to note here is that the type of variable must be compatible with the type of expression .

Shorthand Assignment Operators

The shorthand assignment operators allow us to write compact code that is implemented more efficiently.

Operator	Meaning	Result	Notes
+=	Addition	10
-=	Subtraction	0
/=	Division	3	When used with an type, any remainder will be truncated.
*=	Multiplication	25
%=	Modulus	1	Holds the remainder value of a division.
&=	AND		Will check both operands for values and assign or to the first operand dependant upon the outcome of the expression.
\|=	OR		Will check both operands for values and assign or to the first operand dependant upon the outcome of the expression.
^=	XOR		Will check both operands for different values and assign or to the first operand dependant upon the outcome of the expression.

Automatic Type Conversion, Assignment Rules Top

The following table shows which types can be assigned to which other types, of course we can assign to the same type so these boxes are greyed out.

When using the table use a row for the left assignment and a column for the right assignment. So in the highlighted permutations byte = int won't convert and int = byte will convert.


	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO
NO		NO	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO
NO	NO		NO	NO	NO	NO	NO
NO	NO	YES		NO	NO	NO	NO
NO	YES	YES	YES		NO	NO	NO
NO	YES	YES	YES	YES		NO	NO
NO	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES		NO
NO	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES

Casting Incompatible Types Top

The above table isn't the end of the story though as Java allows us to cast incompatible types. A cast instructs the compiler to convert one type to another enforcing an explicit type conversion.

A cast takes the form target = (target-type) expression .

There are a couple of things to consider when casting incompatible types:

With narrowing conversions such as an int to a short there may be a loss of precision if the range of the int exceeds the range of a short as the high order bits will be removed.
When casting a floating-point type to an integer type the fractional component is lost through truncation.
The target-type can be the same type as the target or a narrowing conversion type.
The boolean type is not only incompatible but also inconvertible with other types.

Lets look at some code to see how casting works and the affect it has on values:

Running the Casting class produces the following output:

The first thing to note is we got a clean compile because of the casts, all the type conversions would fail otherwise. You might be suprised by some of the results shown in the screenshot above, for instance some of the values have become negative. Because we are truncating everything to a byte we are losing not only any fractional components and bits outside the range of a byte , but in some cases the signed bit as well. Casting can be very useful but just be aware of the implications to values when you enforce explicit type conversion.

Related Quiz

Fundamentals Quiz 8 - Assignment Operators Quiz

Lesson 9 Complete

In this lesson we looked at the assignment operators used in Java.

What's Next?

In the next lesson we look at the bitwise logical operators used in Java.

Getting Started

Code structure & syntax, java variables, primitives - boolean & char data types, primitives - numeric data types, method scope, arithmetic operators, relational & logical operators, assignment operators, assignment operators overview, automatic type conversion, casting incompatible types, bitwise logical operators, bitwise shift operators, if construct, switch construct, for construct, while construct.

Java 8 Tutorials

The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

Now that you've learned how to declare and initialize variables, you probably want to know how to do something with them. Learning the operators of the Java programming language is a good place to start. Operators are special symbols that perform specific operations on one, two, or three operands , and then return a result.

As we explore the operators of the Java programming language, it may be helpful for you to know ahead of time which operators have the highest precedence. The operators in the following table are listed according to precedence order. The closer to the top of the table an operator appears, the higher its precedence. Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before operators with relatively lower precedence. Operators on the same line have equal precedence. When operators of equal precedence appear in the same expression, a rule must govern which is evaluated first. All binary operators except for the assignment operators are evaluated from left to right; assignment operators are evaluated right to left.


Operators	Precedence
postfix	++ --
unary	-- + - ~ !
multiplicative
additive
shift
relational
equality
bitwise AND
bitwise exclusive OR
bitwise inclusive OR
logical AND
logical OR
ternary
assignment

In general-purpose programming, certain operators tend to appear more frequently than others; for example, the assignment operator " = " is far more common than the unsigned right shift operator " >>> ". With that in mind, the following discussion focuses first on the operators that you're most likely to use on a regular basis, and ends focusing on those that are less common. Each discussion is accompanied by sample code that you can compile and run. Studying its output will help reinforce what you've just learned.

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Java Operators

Last updated: January 8, 2024

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1. Overview

Operators are a fundamental building block of any programming language. We use operators to perform operations on values and variables.

Java provides many groups of operators. They are categorized by their functionalities.

In this tutorial, we’ll walk through all Java operators to understand their functionalities and how to use them.

2. Arithmetic Operators

We use arithmetic operators to perform simple mathematical operations. We should note that arithmetic operators only work with primitive number types and their boxed types , such as int and Integer .

Next, let’s see what operators we have in the arithmetic operator group.

2.1. The Addition Operator

The addition operator (+) allows us to add two values or concatenate two strings:

2.2. The Subtraction Operator

Usually, we use the subtraction operator (-) to subtract one value from another:

2.3. The Multiplication Operator

The multiplication operator (*) is used to multiply two values or variables:

2.4. The Division Operator

The division operator (/) allows us to divide the left-hand value by the right-hand one:

When we use the division operator on two integer values ( byte , short , int , and long ), we should note that the result is the quotient value. The remainder is not included .

As the example above shows, if we calculate 15 / 2 , the quotient is 7, and the remainder is 1 . Therefore, we have 15 / 2 = 7 .

2.5. The Modulo Operator

We can get the quotient using the division operator. However, if we just want to get the remainder of a division calculation, we can use the modulo operator (%):

3. Unary Operators

As the name implies, unary operators only require one single operand . For example, we usually use unary operators to increment, decrement, or negate a variable or value.

Now, let’s see the details of unary operators in Java.

3.1. The Unary Plus Operator

The unary plus operator (+) indicates a positive value. If the number is positive, we can omit the ‘+’ operator:

3.2. The Unary Minus Operator

Opposite to the unary plus operator, the unary minus operator (-) negates a value or an expression:

3.3. The Logical Complement Operator

The logical complement operator (!) is also known as the “NOT” operator . We can use it to invert the value of a boolean variable or value:

3.4. The Increment Operator

The increment operator (++) allows us to increase the value of a variable by 1:

3.5. The Decrement Opeartor

The decrement operator (–) does the opposite of the increment operator. It decreases the value of a variable by 1:

We should keep in mind that the increment and decrement operators can only be used on a variable . For example, “ int a = 5; a++; ” is fine. However, the expression “ 5++ ” won’t be compiled.

4. Relational Operators

Relational operators can be called “comparison operators” as well. Basically, we use these operators to compare two values or variables.

4.1. The “Equal To” Operator

We use the “equal to” operator (==) to compare the values on both sides. If they’re equal, the operation returns true :

The “equal to” operator is pretty straightforward. On the other hand, the Object class has provided the equals() method. As the Object class is the superclass of all Java classes, all Java objects can use the equals() method to compare each other.

When we want to compare two objects – for instance, when we compare Long objects or compare String s – we should choose between the comparison method from the equals() method and that of the “equal to” operator wisely .

4.2. The “Not Equal To” Operator

The “not equal to” operator (!=) does the opposite of the ‘==’ operator. If the values on both sides are not equal, the operation returns true :

4.3. The “Greater Than” Operator

When we compare two values with the “greater than” operator (>), it returns true if the value on the left-hand side is greater than the value on the right-hand side:

4.4. The “Greater Than or Equal To” Operator

The “greater than or equal to” operator (>=) compares the values on both sides and returns true if the left-hand side operand is greater than or equal to the right-hand side operand:

4.5. The “Less Than” Operator

The “less than” operator (<) compares two values on both sides and returns true if the value on the left-hand side is less than the value on the right-hand side:

4.6. The “Less Than or Equal To” Operator

Similarly, the “less than or equal to” operator (<=) compares the values on both sides and returns true if the left-hand side operand is less than or equal to the right-hand side:

5. Logical Operators

We have two logical operators in Java: the logical AND and OR operators. Basically, their function is pretty similar to the AND gate and the OR gate in digital electronics.

Usually, we use a logical operator with two operands, which are variables or expressions that can be evaluated as boolean .

Next, let’s take a closer look at them.

5.1. The Logical AND Operator

The logical AND operator ( && ) returns true only if both operands are true :

5.2. The Logical OR Operator

Unlike the ‘ && ‘ operator, the logical OR operator ( || ) returns true if at least one operand is true :

We should note that the logical OR operator has the short-circuiting effect : It returns true as soon as one of the operands is evaluated as true, without evaluating the remaining operands.

6. Ternary Operator

A ternary operator is a short form of the if-then-else statement. It has the name ternary as it has three operands. First, let’s have a look at the standard if-then-else statement syntax:

We can convert the above if-then-else statement into a compact version using the ternary operator:

Let’s look at its syntax:

Next, let’s understand how the ternary operator works through a simple example:

7. Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators

As the article “ Java bitwise operators ” covers the details of bitwise and bit shift operators, we’ll briefly summarize these operators in this tutorial.

7.1. The Bitwise AND Operator

The bitwise AND operator (&) returns the bit-by-bit AND of input values:

7.2. The Bitwise OR Operator

The bitwise OR operator (|) returns the bit-by-bit OR of input values:

7.3. The Bitwise XOR Operator

The bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operator (^) returns the bit-by-bit XOR of input values:

7.4. The Bitwise Complement Operator

The bitwise complement operator (~) is a unary operator. It returns the value’s complement representation, which inverts all bits from the input value:

7.5. The Left Shift Operator

Shift operators shift the bits to the left or right by the given number of times.

The left shift operator (<<) shifts the bits to the left by the number of times defined by the right-hand side operand. After the left shift, the empty space in the right is filled with 0.

Next, let’s left shift the number 12 twice:

n << x has the same effect of multiplying the number n with x power of two.

7.6. The Signed Right Shift Operator

The signed right shift operator (>>) shifts the bits to the right by the number of times defined by the right-hand side operand and fills 0 on voids left as a result.

We should note that the leftmost position after the shifting depends on the sign extension .

Next, let’s do “signed right shift” twice on the numbers 12 and -12 to see the difference:

As the second example above shows, if the number is negative, the leftmost position after each shift will be set by the sign extension.

n >> x has the same effect of dividing the number n by x power of two.

7.7. The Unsigned Right Shift Operator

The unsigned right shift operator (>>>) works in a similar way as the ‘>>’ operator. The only difference is that after a shift, the leftmost bit is set to 0 .

Next, let’s unsigned right shift twice on the numbers 12 and -12 to see the difference:

As we can see in the second example above, the >>> operator fills voids on the left with 0 irrespective of whether the number is positive or negative .

8. The “ instanceof ” Operator

Sometimes, when we have an object, we would like to test if it’s an instance of a given type . The “ instanceof ” operator can help us to do it:

9. Assignment Operators

We use assignment operators to assign values to variables. Next, let’s see which assignment operators we can use in Java.

9.1. The Simple Assignment Operator

The simple assignment operator (=) is a straightforward but important operator in Java. Actually, we’ve used it many times in previous examples. It assigns the value on its right to the operand on its left:

9.2. Compound Assignments

We’ve learned arithmetic operators. We can combine the arithmetic operators with the simple assignment operator to create compound assignments.

For example, we can write “ a = a + 5 ” in a compound way: “ a += 5 “.

Finally, let’s walk through all supported compound assignments in Java through examples:

10. Conclusion

Java provides many groups of operators for different functionalities. In this article, we’ve passed through the operators in Java.

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Java Assignment Operators

Description.

Assigning a value to a variable seems straightforward enough; you simply assign the stuff on the right side of the '= 'to the variable on the left. Below statement 1 assigning value 10 to variable x and statement 2 is creating String object called name and assigning value "Amit" to it.

Assignment can be of various types. Let’s discuss each in detail.

Primitive Assignment:

The equal (=) sign is used for assigning a value to a variable. We can assign a primitive variable using a literal or the result of an expression.

Primitive Casting

Casting lets you convert primitive values from one type to another. We need to provide casting when we are trying to assign higher precision primitive to lower precision primitive for example If we try to assign int variable (which is in the range of byte variable) to byte variable then the compiler will throw an exception called "possible loss of precision". Eclipse IDE will suggest the solution as well as shown below. To avoid such problem we should use type casting which will instruct compiler for type conversion.

For cases where we try to assign smaller container variable to larger container variables we do not need of explicit casting. The compiler will take care of those type conversions. For example, we can assign byte variable or short variable to an int without any explicit casting.

Assigning Literal that is too large for a variable

When we try to assign a variable value which is too large (or out of range ) for a primitive variable then the compiler will throw exception “possible loss of precision” if we try to provide explicit cast then the compiler will accept it but narrowed down the value using two’s complement method. Let’s take an example of the byte which has 8-bit storage space and range -128 to 127. In below program we are trying to assign 129 literal value to byte primitive type which is out of range for byte so compiler converted it to -127 using two’s complement method. Refer link for two’s complement calculation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement)

Java Code: Go to the editor

Reference variable assignment

We can assign newly created object to object reference variable as below

First line will do following things,

Makes a reference variable named s of type String
Creates a new String object on the heap memory
Assigns the newly created String object to the reference variables

You can also assign null to an object reference variable, which simply means the variable is not referring to any object. The below statement creates space for the Employee reference variable (the bit holder for a reference value) but doesn't create an actual Employee object.

Compound Assignment Operators

Sometime we need to modify the same variable value and reassigned it to a same reference variable. Java allows you to combine assignment and addition operators using a shorthand operator. For example, the preceding statement can be written as:

The += is called the addition assignment operator. Other shorthand operators are shown below table

Operator	Name	Example	Equivalent
+=	Addition assignment	i+=5;	i=i+5
-=	Subtraction assignment	j-=10;	j=j-10;
*=	Multiplication assignment	k*=2;	k=k*2;
/=	Division assignment	x/=10;	x=x/10;
%=	Remainder assignment	a%=4;	a=a%4;

Below is the sample program explaining assignment operators:

Assigning a value to can be straight forward or casting.
If we assign the value which is out of range of variable type then 2’s complement is assigned.
Java supports shortcut/compound assignment operator.

Java Code Editor:

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Java provides many types of operators to perform a variety of calculations and functions, such as logical , arithmetic , relational , and others. With so many operators to choose from, it helps to group them based on the type of functionality they provide. This programming tutorial will focus on Java’s numerous a ssignment operators.

Before we begin, however, you may want to bookmark our other tutorials on Java operators, which include:

Arithmetic Operators
Comparison Operators
Conditional Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise and Shift Operators

Assignment Operators in Java

As the name conveys, assignment operators are used to assign values to a variable using the following syntax:

The left side operand of the assignment operator must be a variable, whereas the right side operand of the assignment operator may be a literal value or another variable. Moreover, the value or variable on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. Assignment operators have a right to left associativity in that the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side variable must be declared before assignment.

You can learn more about variables in our programming tutorial: Working with Java Variables .

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound .

The Simple assignment operator is the equals ( = ) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left.

Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator in addition to the equals ( = ) sign.

Equals Operator (=) Java Example

First, let’s learn to use the one-and-only simple assignment operator – the Equals ( = ) operator – with the help of a Java program. It includes two assignments: a literal value to num1 and the num1 variable to num2 , after which both are printed to the console to show that the values have been assigned to the numbers:

The += Operator Java Example

A compound of the + and = operators, the += adds the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right before assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here is some sample code to demonstrate how to use the += operator in Java:

The -= Operator Java Example

Made up of the – and = operators, the -= first subtracts the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left before assigning the result to the operand on the left. We can see it at work below in the following code example showing how to decrement in Java using the -= operator:

The *= Operator Java Example

This Java operator is comprised of the * and = operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here’s a program that shows the *= operator in action:

The /= Operator Java Example

A combination of the / and = operators, the /= Operator divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the quotient to the operand on the left. Here is some example code showing how to use the /= operator in Java:

%= Operator Java Example

The %= operator includes both the % and = operators. As seen in the program below, it divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the remainder to the operand on the left:

Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators in Java

The Bitwise and Shift Operators that we just recently covered can also be utilized in compound form as seen in the list below:

&= – Compound bitwise Assignment operator.
^= – Compound bitwise ^ assignment operator.
>>= – Compound right shift assignment operator.
>>>= – Compound right shift filled 0 assignment operator.
<<= – Compound left shift assignment operator.

The following program demonstrates the working of all the Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators :

Final Thoughts on Java Assignment Operators

This programming tutorial presented an overview of Java’s simple and compound assignment Operators. An essential building block to any programming language, developers would be unable to store any data in their programs without them. Though not quite as indispensable as the equals operator, compound operators are great time savers, allowing you to perform arithmetic and bitwise operations and assignment in a single line of code.

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Type casting is when you assign a value of one primitive data type to another type.

In Java, there are two types of casting:

Widening Casting

Widening casting is done automatically when passing a smaller size type to a larger size type:

Try it Yourself »

Narrowing Casting

Narrowing casting must be done manually by placing the type in parentheses () in front of the value:

Real-Life Example

Here's a real-life example of type casting where we create a program to calculate the percentage of a user's score in relation to the maximum score in a game.

We use type casting to make sure that the result is a floating-point value, rather than an integer:

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Java Tutorials

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Java Math toIntExact()

Before you learn about Java Type Casting , make sure you know about Java Data Types .

Type Casting

The process of converting the value of one data type ( int , float , double , etc.) to another data type is known as typecasting.

In Java, there are 13 types of type conversion. However, in this tutorial, we will only focus on the major 2 types.

1. Widening Type Casting

2. Narrowing Type Casting

To learn about other types of type conversion, visit Java Type Conversion (official Java documentation) .

Widening Type Casting

In Widening Type Casting , Java automatically converts one data type to another data type.

Example: Converting int to double

In the above example, we are assigning the int type variable named num to a double type variable named data .

Here, the Java first converts the int type data into the double type. And then assign it to the double variable.

In the case of Widening Type Casting , the lower data type (having smaller size) is converted into the higher data type (having larger size). Hence there is no loss in data. This is why this type of conversion happens automatically.

Note : This is also known as Implicit Type Casting .

Narrowing Type Casting

In Narrowing Type Casting , we manually convert one data type into another using the parenthesis.

Example: Converting double into an int

In the above example, we are assigning the double type variable named num to an int type variable named data .

Notice the line,

Here, the int keyword inside the parenthesis indicates that that the num variable is converted into the int type.

In the case of Narrowing Type Casting , the higher data types (having larger size) are converted into lower data types (having smaller size). Hence there is the loss of data. This is why this type of conversion does not happen automatically.

Note : This is also known as Explicit Type Casting .

Let's see some of the examples of other type conversions in Java.

Example 1: Type conversion from int to String

In the above program, notice the line

Here, we have used the valueOf() method of the Java String class to convert the int type variable into a string.

Example 2: Type conversion from String to int

In the above example, notice the line

Here, we have used the parseInt() method of the Java Integer class to convert a string type variable into an int variable.

Note : If the string variable cannot be converted into the integer variable then an exception named NumberFormatException occurs.

Java Program to convert int type variables to char
Java Program to convert int type variables to long
Java Program to convert long type variables into int
Java Program to convert double type variables to int

Introduction
Example: Conversion from int to String
Example: Conversion from String to int

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Typecasting in Java

Typecasting in Java is the process of converting one data type to another data type using the casting operator. When you assign a value from one primitive data type to another type, this is known as type casting. To enable the use of a variable in a specific manner, this method requires explicitly instructing the Java compiler to treat a variable of one data type as a variable of another data type.

Types of Type Casting

There are two types of Type Casting in java:

Widening Type Casting

Narrow Type Casting

Widening type casting .

A lower data type is transformed into a higher one by a process known as widening type casting. Implicit type casting and casting down are some names for it. It occurs naturally. Since there is no chance of data loss, it is secure. Widening Type casting occurs when:

The target type must be larger than the source type.
Both data types must be compatible with each other.

The process of downsizing a bigger data type into a smaller one is known as narrowing type casting. Casting up or explicit type casting are other names for it. It doesn’t just happen by itself. If we don’t explicitly do that, a compile-time error will occur. Narrowing type casting is unsafe because data loss might happen due to the lower data type’s smaller range of permitted values. A cast operator assists in the process of explicit casting.

Types of Explicit Casting

Mainly there are two types of Explicit Casting:

Explicit Upcasting

Explicit Downcasting

Explicit upcasting .

Upcasting is the process of casting a subtype to a supertype in the inheritance tree’s upward direction. When a sub-class object is referenced by a superclass reference variable, an automatic process is triggered without any further effort.

When a subclass type refers to an object of the parent class, the process is referred to as downcasting. If it is done manually, the compiler issues a runtime ClassCastException error. It can only be done by using the instanceof operator. Only the downcast of an object that has already been upcast is possible.

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Java Synchronization

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Java Networking

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Java Applet

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Java Conversion

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Java AtomicLong Methods
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Java Authenticator
getPasswordAuthentication()
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Java BigDecimal class
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movePointLeft()
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bitLength()
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modInverse()
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Java Boolean class
booleanValue()
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Java Byte Class

byteValue()
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CopyOnWriteArrayList

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Java Math Methods

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LinkedBlockingDeque

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Difference between Array and ArrayList
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How to convert ArrayList to Array and Array to ArrayList in java
Array vs ArrayList in Java
How to Sort Java ArrayList in Descending Order
How to remove duplicates from ArrayList in Java
Java MulticastSocket
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ArrayList Methods

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Java Projects

Free Java Projects
Payment Bill(JSP)
Transport (JSP)
Connect Globe (JSP)
Online Banking (JSP)
Online Quiz (JSP)
Classified (JSP)
Mailcasting (JSP)
Online Library (JSP)
Pharmacy (JSP)
Mailer (Servlet)
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Chat Server (Core)
Library (Core)
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Java Apps (Core)
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Fee (Servlet)
eLibrary (Servlet)
Fire Detection
Attendance System
Fibonacci Series in Java
Prime Number Program in Java
Palindrome Program in Java
Factorial Program in Java
Armstrong Number in Java
How to Generate Random Number in Java
How to Print Pattern in Java
How to Compare Two Objects in Java
How to Create Object in Java
How to Print ASCII Value in Java
How to Reverse a Number in Java
Java Program to convert Number to Word
Automorphic Number Program in Java
Peterson Number in Java
Sunny Number in Java
Tech Number in Java
Fascinating Number in Java
Keith Number in Java
Neon Number in Java
Spy Number in Java
ATM program Java
Autobiographical Number in Java
Emirp Number in Java
Sphenic Number in Java
Buzz Number Java
Duck Number Java
Evil Number Java
ISBN Number Java
Krishnamurthy Number Java
Bouncy Number in Java
Mystery Number in Java
Smith Number in Java
Strontio Number in Java
Xylem and Phloem Number in Java
nth Prime Number Java
Java Program to Display Alternate Prime Numbers
Java Program to Find Square Root of a Number Without sqrt Method
Java Program to Swap Two Numbers Using Bitwise Operator
Java Program to Find GCD of Two Numbers
Java Program to Find Largest of Three Numbers
Java Program to Find Smallest of Three Numbers Using Ternary Operator
Java Program to Check if a Number is Positive or Negative
Java Program to Check if a Given Number is Perfect Square
Java Program to Display Even Numbers From 1 to 100
Java Program to Display Odd Numbers From 1 to 100
Java Program to Find Sum of Natural Numbers
Java Program to copy all elements of one array into another array
Java Program to find the frequency of each element in the array
Java Program to left rotate the elements of an array
Java Program to print the duplicate elements of an array
Java Program to print the elements of an array
Java Program to print the elements of an array in reverse order
Java Program to print the elements of an array present on even position
Java Program to print the elements of an array present on odd position
Java Program to print the largest element in an array
Java Program to print the smallest element in an array
Java Program to print the number of elements present in an array
Java Program to print the sum of all the items of the array
Java Program to right rotate the elements of an array
Java Program to sort the elements of an array in ascending order
Java Program to sort the elements of an array in descending order
Java Program to Find 3rd Largest Number in an array
Java Program to Find 2nd Largest Number in an array
Java Program to Find Largest Number in an array
Java to Program Find 2nd Smallest Number in an array
Java Program to Find Smallest Number in an array
Java Program to Remove Duplicate Element in an array
Java Program to Print Odd and Even Numbers from an array
How to Sort an Array in Java
Java Matrix Programs
Java Program to Add Two Matrices
Java Program to Multiply Two Matrices
Java Program to subtract the two matrices
Java Program to determine whether two matrices are equal
Java Program to display the lower triangular matrix
Java Program to display the upper triangular matrix
Java Program to find the frequency of odd & even numbers in the given matrix
Java Program to find the product of two matrices
Java Program to find the sum of each row and each column of a matrix
Java Program to find the transpose of a given matrix
Java Program to determine whether a given matrix is an identity matrix
Java Program to determine whether a given matrix is a sparse matrix
Java Program to Transpose matrix
Java Program to count the total number of characters in a string
Java Program to count the total number of characters in a string 2
Java Program to count the total number of punctuation characters exists in a String
Java Program to count the total number of vowels and consonants in a string
Java Program to determine whether two strings are the anagram
Java Program to divide a string in 'N' equal parts.
Java Program to find all subsets of a string
Java Program to find the longest repeating sequence in a string
Java Program to find all the permutations of a string
Java Program to remove all the white spaces from a string
Java Program to replace lower-case characters with upper-case and vice-versa
Java Program to replace the spaces of a string with a specific character
Java Program to determine whether a given string is palindrome
Java Program to determine whether one string is a rotation of another
Java Program to find maximum and minimum occurring character in a string
Java Program to find Reverse of the string
Java program to find the duplicate characters in a string
Java program to find the duplicate words in a string
Java Program to find the frequency of characters
Java Program to find the largest and smallest word in a string
Java Program to find the most repeated word in a text file
Java Program to find the number of the words in the given text file
Java Program to separate the Individual Characters from a String
Java Program to swap two string variables without using third or temp variable.
Java Program to print smallest and biggest possible palindrome word in a given string
Reverse String in Java Word by Word
Reserve String without reverse() function
Linear Search in Java
Binary Search in Java
Bubble Sort in Java
Selection Sort in Java
Insertion Sort in Java
How to convert String to int in Java
How to convert int to String in Java
How to convert String to long in Java
How to convert long to String in Java
How to convert String to float in Java
How to convert float to String in Java
How to convert String to double in Java
How to convert double to String in Java
How to convert String to Date in Java
How to convert Date to String in Java
How to convert String to char in Java
How to convert char to String in Java
How to convert String to Object in Java
How to convert Object to String in Java
How to convert int to long in Java
How to convert long to int in Java
How to convert int to double in Java
How to convert double to int in Java
How to convert char to int in Java
How to convert int to char in Java
How to convert String to boolean in Java
How to convert boolean to String in Java
How to convert Date to Timestamp in Java
How to convert Timestamp to Date in Java
How to convert Binary to Decimal in Java
How to convert Decimal to Binary in Java
How to convert Hex to Decimal in Java
How to convert Decimal to Hex in Java
How to convert Octal to Decimal in Java
How to convert Decimal to Octal in Java
Java program to print the following spiral pattern on the console
Java program to print the following pattern
Java program to print the following pattern 2
Java program to print the following pattern 3
Java program to print the following pattern 4
Java program to print the following pattern 5
Java program to print the following pattern on the console
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 2
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 3
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 4
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 5
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 6
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 7
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 8
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 9
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 10
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 11
Java program to print the following pattern on the console 12
Singly linked list Examples in Java
Java Program to create and display a singly linked list
Java program to create a singly linked list of n nodes and count the number of nodes
Java program to create a singly linked list of n nodes and display it in reverse order
Java program to delete a node from the beginning of the singly linked list
Java program to delete a node from the middle of the singly linked list
Java program to delete a node from the end of the singly linked list
Java program to determine whether a singly linked list is the palindrome
Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a linked list
Java Program to insert a new node at the middle of the singly linked list
Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the singly linked list
Java program to insert a new node at the end of the singly linked list
Java program to remove duplicate elements from a singly linked list
Java Program to search an element in a singly linked list
Java program to create and display a Circular Linked List
Java program to create a Circular Linked List of N nodes and count the number of nodes
Java program to create a Circular Linked List of n nodes and display it in reverse order
Java program to delete a node from the beginning of the Circular Linked List
Java program to delete a node from the end of the Circular Linked List
Java program to delete a node from the middle of the Circular Linked List
Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a circular linked list
Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the Circular Linked List
Java program to insert a new node at the end of the Circular Linked List
Java program to insert a new node at the middle of the Circular Linked List
Java program to remove duplicate elements from a Circular Linked List
Java program to search an element in a Circular Linked List
Java program to sort the elements of the Circular Linked List
Java program to convert a given binary tree to doubly linked list
Java program to create a doubly linked list from a ternary tree
Java program to create a doubly linked list of n nodes and count the number of nodes
Java program to create a doubly linked list of n nodes and display it in reverse order
Java program to create and display a doubly linked list
Java program to delete a new node from the beginning of the doubly linked list
Java program to delete a new node from the end of the doubly linked list
Java program to delete a new node from the middle of the doubly linked list
Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a doubly linked list
Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the Doubly Linked list
Java program to insert a new node at the end of the Doubly Linked List
Java program to insert a new node at the middle of the Doubly Linked List
Java program to remove duplicate elements from a Doubly Linked List
Java program to rotate doubly linked list by N nodes
Java program to search an element in a doubly linked list
Java program to sort the elements of the doubly linked list
Java Program to calculate the Difference between the Sum of the Odd Level and the Even Level Nodes of a Binary Tree
Java program to construct a Binary Search Tree and perform deletion and In-order traversal
Java program to convert Binary Tree to Binary Search Tree
Java program to determine whether all leaves are at same level
Java program to determine whether two trees are identical
Java program to find maximum width of a binary tree
Java program to find the largest element in a Binary Tree
Java program to find the maximum depth or height of a tree
Java program to find the nodes which are at the maximum distance in a Binary Tree
Java program to find the smallest element in a tree
Java program to find the sum of all the nodes of a binary tree
Java program to find the total number of possible Binary Search Trees with N keys
Java program to implement Binary Tree using the Linked List
Java program to search a node in a Binary Tree
Java Main Method
System.out.println()
Java Memory Management
Java ClassLoader
Java Decompiler
Java vs. JavaScript
Java vs. Kotlin
Java vs. Python
Java Absolute Value
How to Create File
Delete a File in Java
Open a File in Java
Sort a List in Java
Convert byte Array to String
Java Basics
How to Compile & Run Java Program
How to Run Java Program in Eclipse
How to Verify Java Version
Ways to Create an Object in Java
How to Run a Java program in Windows 10
Runnable Interface in Java
Java Keystore
Get input from user in Java
Read file line by line in Java
Take String input in Java
How to Read Excel File in Java
Read XML File in Java
CompletableFuture in Java
Java ExecutorService
How to iterate Map in Java
How to Return an Array in Java
How to Sort HashMap by Value
How to Sort HashMap in Java
Load Factor in HashMap
Array vs ArrayList
HashMap vs TreeMap
HashSet vs HashMap class
Compare Two ArrayList in Java
Merge Two Arrays in Java
Print Array in Java
Read CSV File in Java
Remove Special Characters from String
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
ConcurrentModificationException
NoSuchElementException
NumberFormatException
How to Sort ArrayList in Java
How to Download Java
How to Call a Method in Java
How to Create Singleton Class in Java
How to Find Array Length in Java
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are roughly equivalent to sentences in natural languages. In general, statements are just like English sentences that make valid sense. In this section, we will discuss and the .

In Java, a is an executable instruction that tells the compiler what to perform. It forms a complete command to be executed and can include one or more expressions. A sentence forms a complete idea that can include one or more clauses.

Java statements can be broadly classified into the following categories:

Expression is an essential building block of any . Generally, it is used to generate a new value. Sometimes, we can also assign a value to a . In Java, expression is the combination of values, variables, , and calls.

There are three types of expressions in Java:

a value. For example, . Note that the expression enclosed in the parentheses will be evaluate first, after that rest of the expression. a value. For example, . For example, or a value by using increment or decrement operator respectively, , etc. These expressions modify the value of a variable or state (memory) of a program. For example, ; The expression changes only the value of the variable . The value of variables and do not change, so it is also a side effect.

In declaration statements, we declare variables and constants by specifying their data type and name. A variable holds a value that is going to use in the Java program. For example:

Also, we can initialize a value to a variable. For example:

Java also allows us to declare multiple variables in a single declaration statement. Note that all the variables must be of the same data type.

Control statements decide the flow (order or sequence of execution of statements) of a Java program. In Java, statements are parsed from top to bottom. Therefore, using the control flow statements can interrupt a particular section of a program based on a certain condition.

statement statement Loop Loop Loop Loop

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Type Conversion in Assignments

In programming, it is common to assign one type of variable to another. For example, you might want to assign an int value to a float variable, as shown here:

When compatible types are mixed in an assignment, the value of the right side is automatically converted to the type of the left side. Thus, in the preceding fragment, the value in i is converted into a float and then assigned to f . However, because of Java’s strict type checking, not all types are compatible, and thus, not all type conversions are implicitly allowed. For example, boolean and int are not compatible.

When one type of data is assigned to another ...

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Assigning in Java?

Say I set int A = int B. When I change A after, it will not change the value of B. But when I set a SomeClass A = SomeClass B, and I change A's contents (like a.cost), it changes B.cost as well. Can someone explain this to me?

I thought Java is assigned by value, not reference?

5 Answers 5

Yes, it does - but the value of A is a reference, not a copy of the object itself.

I like to give the following analogy...

Suppose two people both have my address: that's like two variables of type House in Java. Now one of them comes and paints my door red. The second person will still see the red door if they visit:

Basically, remember a few rules and things will become clear:

The value of an expression in Java is never an object - only ever a reference or a primitive value
(Corollary of first point) A variable never holds an object - only ever a reference or a primitive value
Assignment (and argument passing) always copies the value, whether that value is a reference or a primitive value

What does "assigned by value" mean? Are you maybe confusing it with "pass by value/reference"?

At any rate, if you handle a class instance in Java, you are actually handling a reference to that class (much like a pointer in C/C++). Your assignment only copies the reference, so both A and B refer to the same instance, i.e. the data is shared, hence the result.

A is a reference to the object. So if you change the object internal state , it will be reflected to every other variable pointing to it.

If you re-assign A , then B will not change:

(Java is pass by value. Check this article about it.)

Java is strictly pass by value. When passing a reference by value only the reference is duplicated, not the object being referenced. – Russell Zornes Commented Oct 4, 2010 at 22:03
@Maven, of course, a stupid mistake, I thought one and wrote the other :) thanks – Bozho Commented Oct 4, 2010 at 22:07

In Java, your variables can be split into two categories: Objects, and everything else (int, long, byte, etc).

A primitive type (int, long, etc), holds whatever value you assign it. An object variable, by contrast, holds a reference to an object somewhere. So if you assign one object variable to another, you have copied the reference, both A and B point to the same object.

NOTE: Strings in Java are actually objects, not primitives, which beginners often assume.

Hope this helps

In java when you assign Object to Object its assign by reference. Int is non an Object in java so when you assign int to int its assign by value.

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Java Assignment Operators with Examples
Note: The compound assignment operator in Java performs implicit type casting. Let's consider a scenario where x is an int variable with a value of 5. int x = 5; If you want to add the double value 4.5 to the integer variable x and print its value, there are two methods to achieve this: Method 1: x = x + 4.5. Method 2: x += 4.5.
Types of Assignment Operators in Java
To assign a value to a variable, use the basic assignment operator (=). It is the most fundamental assignment operator in Java. It assigns the value on the right side of the operator to the variable on the left side. Example: int x = 10; int x = 10; In the above example, the variable x is assigned the value 10.
Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators (The Java™ Tutorials
This operator can also be used on objects to assign object references, as discussed in Creating Objects. The Arithmetic Operators. The Java programming language provides operators that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. There's a good chance you'll recognize them by their counterparts in basic mathematics.
Java: define terms initialization, declaration and assignment
assignment: throwing away the old value of a variable and replacing it with a new one. initialization: it's a special kind of assignment: the first.Before initialization objects have null value and primitive types have default values such as 0 or false.Can be done in conjunction with declaration. declaration: a declaration states the type of a variable, along with its name.
Java Operators
Java Comparison Operators. Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions. The return value of a comparison is either true or false. These values are known as Boolean values, and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If ...
All Java Assignment Operators (Explained With Examples)
There are mainly two types of assignment operators in Java, which are as follows: Simple Assignment Operator ; We use the simple assignment operator with the "=" sign, where the left side consists of an operand and the right side is a value. The value of the operand on the right side must be of the same data type defined on the left side.
Java 8
Assignment Operators Overview Top. The single equal sign = is used for assignment in Java and we have been using this throughout the lessons so far. This operator is fairly self explanatory and takes the form variable = expression; . A point to note here is that the type of variable must be compatible with the type of expression.
Operators (The Java™ Tutorials > Learning the Java Language
Learning the operators of the Java programming language is a good place to start. Operators are special symbols that perform specific operations on one, two, or three operands, and then return a result. As we explore the operators of the Java programming language, it may be helpful for you to know ahead of time which operators have the highest ...
Java Operators
As the Object class is the superclass of all Java classes, ... Next, let's see which assignment operators we can use in Java. 9.1. The Simple Assignment Operator. The simple assignment operator (=) is a straightforward but important operator in Java. Actually, we've used it many times in previous examples. ...
Java Assignment Operators
Compound Assignment Operators. Sometime we need to modify the same variable value and reassigned it to a same reference variable. Java allows you to combine assignment and addition operators using a shorthand operator. For example, the preceding statement can be written as: i +=8; //This is same as i = i+8; The += is called the addition ...
Java Assignment Operators
Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound. The Simpleassignment operator is the equals (=) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left. Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator ...
Operators in Java
Java provides many types of operators which can be used according to the need. They are classified based on the functionality they provide. In this article, we will learn about Java Operators and learn all their types. ... The following are all possible assignment operator in java: 1. += (compound addition assignment operator) 2. -= (compound ...
Java Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and more
Operators in Java can be classified into 5 types: 1. Java Arithmetic Operators. Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example, Here, the + operator is used to add two variables a and b. Similarly, there are various other arithmetic operators in Java.
Type conversion in Java with Examples
Type conversion in Java with Examples. Java provides various data types just like any other dynamic languages such as boolean, char, int, unsigned int, signed int, float, double, long, etc in total providing 7 types where every datatype acquires different space while storing in memory. When you assign a value of one data type to another, the ...
Java Type Casting
Java Type Casting. Type casting is when you assign a value of one primitive data type to another type. In Java, there are two types of casting: Widening Casting (automatically) - converting a smaller type to a larger type size byte-> short-> char-> int-> long-> float-> double; Narrowing Casting (manually) - converting a larger type to a smaller size type ...
Java Type Casting (With Examples)
The double value: 10.0. In the above example, we are assigning the int type variable named num to a double type variable named data. Here, the Java first converts the int type data into the double type. And then assign it to the double variable. In the case of Widening Type Casting, the lower data type (having smaller size) is converted into ...
Typecasting in Java
Typecasting in Java. Typecasting in Java is the process of converting one data type to another data type using the casting operator. When you assign a value from one primitive data type to another type, this is known as type casting. To enable the use of a variable in a specific manner, this method requires explicitly instructing the Java ...
Types of Statements in Java
Expression is an essential building block of any Java program. Generally, it is used to generate a new value. Sometimes, we can also assign a value to a variable. In Java, expression is the combination of values, variables, operators, and method calls. There are three types of expressions in Java: Expressions that produce a value.
#19. Understanding Class and Object Creation in Java
In this video, we dive into the fundamentals of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), focusing on what a class is and how to create objects in Java. You'll lear...
Type Conversion in Assignments
Java, A Beginner's Guide, 5th Edition, 5th Edition by Herbert Schildt. and 60K+ other titles, with a free 10-day trial of O'Reilly. There are also live events, courses curated by job role, Type Conversion in Assignments. In programming, it is common to assign one type of variable to another.
Assigning in Java?
In Java, your variables can be split into two categories: Objects, and everything else (int, long, byte, etc). A primitive type (int, long, etc), holds whatever value you assign it. An object variable, by contrast, holds a reference to an object somewhere. So if you assign one object variable to another, you have copied the reference, both A ...