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a literature review of titanium metallurgical processes

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a literature review of titanium metallurgical processes

Wensheng Zhang

Chu yong cheng.

Titanium Titanium dioxide Titanium pigment

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A review on metallurgical issues in the production and welding processes of clad steels.

a literature review of titanium metallurgical processes

1. Introduction

2. metallurgy of as-produced clad steel plates, 2.1. hot rolled clad steel plates.

  • Preheating of the assembled pack, with a slow increase from room temperature up to 1230 °C, maintained for 5 h;
  • Hot rolling between 1230 and 850 °C, followed by air cooling;
  • Disassembling of the rolled pack;
  • Final annealing in the range 920–950 °C, followed by air cooling.

2.2. Explosion-Welded Clad Steel Plates

2.3. weld overlaid clad steel plates, 3. fusion welding of clad steel, 3.1. arc welding processes (hybrid multi-passes), 3.2. laser and hybrid laser/arc processes, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions and future directions.

  • Dilution between the filler and base metal at the level of the base and clad steel, as well as dilution between the deposited layers in multi-pass welding;
  • Unexpected composition of the welds;
  • Solidification in non-optimal mode to ensure crack-free welds;
  • Carbide enrichment in the ferritic phase, followed by martensitic transformation during cooling;
  • Carbide precipitation in the austenitic phase, followed by local hardening and sensitization to intergranular corrosion as a function of the time permanence within the critical interval of temperature.

Author Contributions

Data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Click here to enlarge figure

Welding ProcessWelding ProcedureWelding SequenceFiller GeometryWeld Cross-Section ShapeDilution Rate
Arc weldingMulti-passStarting from base metalWireWideHigh
LBWSingle pass-Wire/stripNarrowLow
Hybrid (laser/arc)Single pass-Wire/stripVery wide at arc sideLow at laser side/high at arc side
Weld Overlay ProcessDilution (%) [ ]Fe (%)/Cladding Layer Thickness (mm) [ ]
SAW30–70-
GMAW13–3313–26.9/3–3.5
SMAW13–2022–23.4/3–4
GTAW13–2012.6/-
GTAW-HW10–406.6–23.7/1.6–3.5
CMT-1–4.1/3
Solidification ModesTransformationsComposition Limits (Cr /Ni )Microstructures
Austenitic
(A mode)		L → L + γ → γ<1.25Fully austenitic
Austenitic/ferritic
(AF mode)		L → L + γ → L + δ + γ → γ + δ1.25–1.48Austenitic with ferrite at cell and dendrite boundaries
Ferritic/austenitic
(FA mode)		L → L + δ → L + δ + γ → δ + γ1.48–1.95Skeletal and/or lathy ferrite from F-A solid-state transformation
Ferritic
(F mode)		L → L + δ → δ + γ >1.95Ferrite matrix and Widmastänstatten austenite
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Giudice, F.; Missori, S.; Scolaro, C.; Sili, A. A Review on Metallurgical Issues in the Production and Welding Processes of Clad Steels. Materials 2024 , 17 , 4420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174420

Giudice F, Missori S, Scolaro C, Sili A. A Review on Metallurgical Issues in the Production and Welding Processes of Clad Steels. Materials . 2024; 17(17):4420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174420

Giudice, Fabio, Severino Missori, Cristina Scolaro, and Andrea Sili. 2024. "A Review on Metallurgical Issues in the Production and Welding Processes of Clad Steels" Materials 17, no. 17: 4420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174420

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  • DOI: 10.1016/J.HYDROMET.2011.04.005
  • Corpus ID: 98410464

A literature review of titanium metallurgical processes

  • Wensheng Zhang , Zhaowu Zhu , C. Cheng
  • Published 1 July 2011
  • Materials Science, Engineering
  • Hydrometallurgy

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a literature review of titanium metallurgical processes

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Wensheng Zhang Zhaowu Zhu C. Cheng

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A review of wire and arc additive manufacturing using different property characterization, challenges and future trends

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published: 29 August 2024

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a literature review of titanium metallurgical processes

  • Jyothi Padmaja Koduru   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0009-8455-6922 1 ,
  • T. Vijay Kumar 2 &
  • Kedar Mallik Mantrala 3  

Because of the reasonability of economically generating large-scale metal equipment with a very large rate of deposition, important development has been conducted in the learning of the “wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)” approach also the mechanical and microstructure features of the fabricated elements. The WAAM has emerged highly so the large range of the materials has accompanied the operation and its development fighting. It has enhanced as a very significant mechanism for the large metal equipment in various manufacturing organizations. Because of its arc-assisted deposition, high process cycle time, process stability, defect monitoring, and management are severe for the WAAM device to be employed in the organization. High improvements have been performed in the development of the process, control system, comprehensive operation monitoring, material evaluation, path slicing, and programming but still, it demands the improvement. Therefore, this article aims to give a detailed review of the WAAM systems to facilitate an easy and quick understanding of the current status and future prospects of WAAM. The stage-wise implementation of WAAM, usage of metals and alloys, process parameter effects, and methodologies used for improving the quality of WAAM components are discussed. The usage of hardware systems and technological parameters used for understanding the physical mechanism are also described in this research work. In addition, the monitoring systems such as acoustic sensing, optical inspection, thermal sensing, electrical sensing, and multi-sensor sensing are analyzed and the property characterization techniques also be evaluated in this study. On the other hand, the additive as well as the subtractive technologies and the artificial intelligence techniques utilized for improving the manufacturing level are discussed. Finally, the possible future research directions are provided for making further developments in WAAM by the researchers.

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I would like to express my very great appreciation to the co-authors of this manuscript for their valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of this research work.

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T. Vijay Kumar

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Koduru, J.P., Kumar, T.V. & Mantrala, K.M. A review of wire and arc additive manufacturing using different property characterization, challenges and future trends. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-024-02472-y

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