congressional research service annual report 2020

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Gray Wolves Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA): Distinct Population Segments and Experimental Populations , Kristina Alexander

Energy and Water Development: FY2011 Appropriations , Carl E. Behrens

Ballast Water Management to Combat Invasive Species , Eugene H. Buck

Asian Carp and the Great Lakes Region , Eugene H. Buck, Harold F. Upton, Charles V. Stern, and James E. Nicols

Animal Waste and Water Quality: EPA’s Response to the Waterkeeper Alliance Court Decision on Regulation of CAFOs , Claudia Copeland

Water Quality Issues in the 111th Congress: Oversight and Implementation , Claudia Copeland

Wetlands: An Overview of Issues , Claudia Copeland

Agricultural Biotechnology: Background and Recent Issues , Tadlock Cowan

Carbon Capture: A Technology Assessment , Peter Folger

Forestry in the Next Farm Bill , Ross W. Gorte

Agricultural Biotechnology: The U.S.-EU Dispute , Charles E. Hanrahan

Chuck Hagel- U.S. SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA , Joint Committee on Printing

FY2010 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture , Jim Monke

Capturing CO2 from Coal-Fired Power Plants: Challenges for a Comprehensive Strategy , Larry Parker and Peter Folger

Nanotechnology and Environmental, Health, and Safety: Issues for Consideration , John F. Sargent Jr.

Agriculture-Based Biofuels: Overview and Emerging Issues , Randy Schnepf

Agriculture in the WTO: Limits on Domestic Support , Randy Schnepf

Previewing Dairy Policy Options for the Next Farm Bill , Dennis A. Shields

Agricultural Disaster Assistance , Dennis A. Shields and Ralph M. Chite

Agricultural Conservation: A Guide to Programs , Megan Stubbs

Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP): Status and Issues , Megan Stubbs

Renewable Energy Programs in the 2008 Farm Bill , Megan Stubbs

Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs , Brent D. Yacobucci

Whales and Sonar: Environmental Exemptions for the Navy's Mid-Frequency Active Sonar Training , Kristina Alexander

Biotechnology in Animal Agriculture: Status and Current Issues , Geoffrey S. Becker and Tadlock Cowan

The Sport Fish Restoration and Boating Trust Fund , Eugene H. Buck

Desalination: Status and Federal Issues , Nicole T. Carter

Water Infrastructure Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , Claudia Copeland and Nicole T. Carter

Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) , Peter Folger

Drought in the United States: Causes and Issues for Congress , Peter Folger, Betsy A. Cody, and Nicole T. Carter

Pipeline Safety and Security: Federal Programs , Paul W. Parfomak

Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2009 , John F. Sargent Jr.

The National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility: Issues for Congress , Dana A. Shea, Jim Monke, and Frank Gottron

Advanced Research Projects Agency- Energy (ARPA-E): Background, Status, and Selected Issues for Congress , Deborah D. Stine

Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy: Background and Issues for Congress , Deborah D. Stine

The President's Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): Issues for Congress , Deborah D. Stine

The U.S. Science and Technology Workforce , Deborah D. Stine and Christine M. Matthews

Energy and Water Development: FY2009 Appropriations , Carl E. Behrens

The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and Federal Water Rights , Cynthia Brougher

Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals: Events and References , Eugene H. Buck and Kori Clavert

Soil and Water Conservation: An Overview , Tadlock Cowan and Renée Johnson

Wilderness: Overview and Statistics , Ross W. Gorte

Comparison of the 2008 Farm Bill Conference Agreement with the House and Senate Farm Bills , Renée Johnson, Geoffrey S. Becker, Tom Capehart, Ralph M. Chite, Tadlock Cowan, Ross W. Gorte, Charles E. Hanrahan, Remy Jurenas, Jim Monke, Jean M. Rawson, Randy Schnepf, Joe Richardson, Donald J. Marples, and Mark Jickling

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: Background, Federal Policy, and Legislative Action , Jeffrey J. Kuenzi

Wind Power in the United States: Technology, Economic, and Policy Issues , Jeffery Logan and Stan Mark Kaplan

Engineered Nanoscale Materials and Derivative Products: Regulatory Challenges , Linda-Jo Schierow

Science and Technology Policymaking: A Primer , Deborah D. Stine

Grazing Fees: An Overview and Current Issues , Carol Hardy Vincent

Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress , Brent D. Yacobucci

Pesticide Use and Water Quality: Are the Laws Complementary or in Conflict? , Claudia Copeland

Stem Cell Research: Federal Research Funding and Oversight , Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams

Climate Change: Science and Policy Implications , Jane A. Leggett

National Science Foundation: Major Research Equipment and Facility Construction , Christine M. Matthews

Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Education: Status and Issues , Christine M. Matthews

The Advanced Technology Program , Wendy H. Schacht

The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An Overview , Wendy H. Schacht

Background and Legal Issues Related to Stem Cell Research , Jon O. Shimabukuro

Land Exchanges: Bureau of Land Management Process and Issues , Carol Hardy Vincent

Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues , Brent D. Yacobucci

Western Water Resource Issues , Betsy A. Cody and Pervaze A. Sheikh

Water Quality: Implementing the Clean Water Act , Claudia Copeland

Manipulating Molecules: Federal Support for Nanotechnology Research , Michael E. Davey

U.S. Military Space Programs: An Overview of Appropriations and Current Issues , Patricia Moloney Figliola

Science and Technology Policy: Issues for the 109th Congress , Frank Gottron

Human Cloning , Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams

Stem Cell Research: State Initiatives , Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams

MTBE in Gasoline: Clean Air and Drinking Water Issues , James E. McCarthy and Mary Tiemann

Hubble Space Telescope: Should NASA Proceed with a Servicing Mission? , Daniel Morgan

Federal R&D, Drug Discovery, and Pricing: Insights from the NIH-University-Industry Relationship , Wendy H. Schacht

The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology , Wendy H. Schacht

Oversight of Dual-Use Biological Research: The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity , Dana A. Shea

Space Exploration: Issues Concerning the “Vision for Space Exploration” , Marcia S. Smith

U.S. Space Programs: Civilian, Military, and Commercial , Marcia S. Smith

Impacts of Technology on U.S. Cropland and Rangeland Productivity , Office of Technology Assessment

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Congressional Research Service Reports . United States, 2019. Web Archive. https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0028849/.

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Trending topics, report to congress on capabilities of russian armed forces.

The following is the June 30, 2020 Congressional Research Service report, Russian Armed Forces: Capabilities.

Since 2008, Russia has sought to modernize its military and engaged in several armed interventions outside its borders. The 2018 U.S. National Defense Strategy prioritizes “long-term strategic competition” with Russia (and China). To help guide policymaking in response to challenges posed by Russia, Members of Congress may have an interest in assessing the capabilities of the Russian Armed Forces. This report briefly describes Russia’s current military capabilities, including strengths and weaknesses.

Defense Budget and State Armament Plan

Official figures suggest Russia’s military expenditures have ranged between $60 billion and $65 billion a year, or roughly 4% of its gross domestic product (GDP). However, the extent of defense spending may be greater if assessed on the basis of purchasing power parity rather than market exchange rates.

Russia’s long-term defense spending priorities are detailed in State Armament Plans (GPVs), which run in 10-year increments. GPV 2020, which ran from 2011 to 2020, focused on increasing the military’s overall share of modernized equipment to 70%. The newest plan, GPV 2027, calls for total spending of about $330 billion (in 2018 dollars) and 3%-4% of GDP from 2018 to 2027.

Command and Control

Russian military reforms have emphasized the streamlining of command and control structures. Russian forces are organized into five military districts (MDs) and operational/joint strategic commands (OSK; see Figure 1). Russia also has created a Moscow-based central command center, the National Defense Management Center.

Over the last decade, Russia has significantly changed its ground forces. Recruiting professional soldiers has increased, along with upgrading heavy artillery, missile artillery, and electronic warfare units. Additional priorities have included reconnaissance, communication, and the creation of permanently ready units at full staffing levels. Ground forces emphasize mobility and are increasingly capable of conducting short but complex, high-tempo operations. At the same time, Russian ground forces continue to rely on conscription, multiple types of similar equipment, and relatively limited personnel and units to guard Russia’s expansive borders.

Russian ground forces are organized into 11 combined arms armies, one tank army, and four army corps. Russia’s most advanced capabilities are in the Western Military District, and the Southern Military District appears to have the most competent units. Russian units exhibit a mixture of division and brigade structures; brigades are utilized primarily in regions or areas where full divisions would be unwieldy. Both generate ad hoc, task-specific Battalion Tactical Groups, which have artillery and air defense units attached and can be combined with other units as needed. Even with a focus on permanent readiness, however, only a few subunits can be considered deployable.

Recruiting professional soldiers has been a priority. Conscription is unpopular and, at 12 months, considered too short by the Russian military to effectively train new conscripts. Most conscripts occupy secondary support roles, although in most maneuver units conscripts comprise up to one-third of personnel.

The Russian military’s experiences in Ukraine and Syria have reaffirmed for it the importance of massed artillery, rocket fire, and armored forces. However, ground forces have been a relatively low funding priority in Russia’s modernization; most of these efforts went into upgrading existing platforms, which decreased standardization across units and increased maintenance costs.

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FinancialResearch.gov

OFR 2020 Annual Report to Congress

The Office of Financial Research’s 2020 Annual Report found that unexpected turbulence from the COVID-19 pandemic elevated risks across financial markets and revealed limitations in conventional market monitoring.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act requires the OFR to analyze threats to the financial stability of the United States each year and provide Congress with its key findings. The 2020 Annual Report found the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic, financial, and government policy reactions affected all OFR monitored risk categories and greatly heightened overall uncertainty. The report also discussed how traditional market monitoring can miss vulnerabilities that are fundamentally difficult to anticipate.

Report Highlights

Assessing financial risk in a turbulent year.

• The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were global and had devastating health, economic, and financial effects.
• The pandemic and efforts to contain the health threat drastically curtailed economic activity and severely stressed financial markets.
• While the economy and financial markets quickly made partial but substantial recoveries, this required extraordinary government and monetary policy support, which could risk distorting competitive markets if maintained too long.

Risks to financial stability are elevated

• Potential risks to financial stability remain elevated in most financial risk categories.
• These areas of risk include macroeconomic, credit, market, liquidity and funding, leverage, insolvency and potential contagion, cybersecurity, and others.

Exploration of Information markets

• The pandemic illustrated the difficulty for conventional financial stability monitoring to identify true vulnerabilities.
• About 30 prominent financial stability assessments in 2019 attempted to size up and anticipate systemic risk, yet not one discussed the potential for a new pandemic to threaten financial stability.
• Developing an information market for systemic risk management may help reveal costly or otherwise hidden information that can play a fundamental role in creating systemic risks.

Report Contents

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• Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Status of Oil and Gas Program , CRS In Focus, updated June 26, 2024
• Federal Material Witness Statute: A Legal Overview of 18 U.S.C. § 3144 , updated June 26, 2024
• Central Valley Project: Issues and Legislation , updated June 26, 2024
• Postsecondary Education of Native Americans , CRS In Focus, updated June 25, 2024
• National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 , updated June 25, 2024
• Speechwriting Resources: Fact Sheet , updated June 25, 2024
• The Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated June 25, 2024
• The Fed's Balance Sheet and Quantitative Tightening , CRS In Focus, updated June 24, 2024
• Trade Remedies: Antidumping and Countervailing Duties , CRS In Focus, updated June 21, 2024
• Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Overpayments Due to Earnings , CRS In Focus, June 21, 2024
• Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science , CRS In Focus, June 21, 2024
• Economic Forecasts and Projections: Fact Sheet , updated June 21, 2024
• Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies: History, Membership, and Inaugural Activities , updated June 20, 2024
• Foreign Holdings of Federal Debt , updated June 18, 2024
• The Department of Labor's 2024 Final Rule on Investment Advice in Private Sector Pension Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts , June 18, 2024
• SBA Disaster Loan Limits: Policy Options and Considerations , updated June 17, 2024
• Selected Tribal Lands in 118th Congressional Districts , June 17, 2024
• The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Public Accommodations in Web Services , June 17, 2024
• PACs and Super PACs in Federal Election Campaigns: Legal Framework , CRS In Focus, June 17, 2024
• Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations , June 14, 2024
• Modernization of the Community Reinvestment Act , June 14, 2024
• Automobiles, Air Pollution, and Climate Change , CRS In Focus, updated June 14, 2024
• Project Safe Childhood and the National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction , June 14, 2024
• Juneteenth: Fact Sheet , updated June 13, 2024
• Voluntary Carbon Credit Markets and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission , June 13, 2024
• Foreign Ownership, Control, and Influence (FOCI) Risks in the Food and Agriculture Sector , June 13, 2024
• Connecting Constituents with Federal Programs for Public Parks , CRS In Focus, June 12, 2024
• Federal-Tribal Consultation: Background and Issues for Congress , June 12, 2024
• Can Tax Policy Increase Saving? , June 11, 2024
• Exchange Rates and Currency Manipulation , CRS In Focus, updated June 11, 2024
• Contributions to Defined Contribution Retirement Plans , June 11, 2024
• Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: Overview of FY2024 Appropriations , updated June 10, 2024
• Identifying Minors Online , updated June 10, 2024
• Petroleum-Equivalent Fuel Economy of Electric Vehicles: In Brief , updated June 10, 2024
• Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS): Frequently Asked Questions , June 7, 2024
• Columbia River System Operations and the Future of the Lower Snake River Dams , June 7, 2024
• Appropriations Duration of Availability: One-Year, Multi-Year, and No-Year Funds , June 7, 2024
• Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act: An Overview , CRS In Focus, June 6, 2024
• Legal Definitions: A Research Guide for Congressional Staff , updated June 6, 2024
• Connecting Constituents with Federal Assistance for Businesses , CRS In Focus, updated June 6, 2024
• Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses: An Overview and Analysis of Contemporary Issues , updated June 6, 2024
• Independence Day Speech Resources: Fact Sheet , updated June 6, 2024
• Statehood Process and Political Status of U.S. Territories: Brief Policy Background , CRS In Focus, updated June 6, 2024
• Section 1071: Small Business Lending Data Collection and Reporting , updated June 6, 2024
• The Minority Business Development Agency: An Overview of Its History and Programs , updated June 6, 2024
• Electoral College Overview , CRS In Focus, June 5, 2024
• Contingency Management for Substance Use Disorders , CRS In Focus, June 5, 2024
• Federal Legal Implications of Former President Donald Trump's Conviction in New York State Court: Frequently Asked Questions , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 5, 2024
• The Women-Owned Small Business Contract Program: Legislative and Program History , updated June 5, 2024
• Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP): Drought and Wildfire Assistance , June 4, 2024
• The Board of Veterans' Appeals: A Brief Introduction , CRS In Focus, June 4, 2024
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: Monetary Policy , CRS In Focus, updated June 4, 2024
• Military Retirement: Background and Recent Developments , updated June 3, 2024
• Sources of Federal Funding for Health Care Facilities: Frequently Asked Questions , June 3, 2024
• Executive Order 14035 Implementation: Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility (DEIA) in the Federal Workforce , June 3, 2024
• Presidential Candidate and Nominating Convention Security , CRS In Focus, updated June 3, 2024
• Land Disposal Authorities and Processes of the Bureau of Land Management , June 3, 2024
• USDA's Latest Update to Nutrition Standards for School Meals , updated May 31, 2024
• National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options , updated May 31, 2024
• Connecting Older Adults and Individuals with Disabilities to Health Services: Resources for Congressional Offices , CRS In Focus, updated May 31, 2024
• The Internal Revenue Service's Free File Program (FFP): Current Status and Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, updated May 30, 2024
• Bank Resilience and Regulatory Improvement Act (H.R. 8337) , CRS In Focus, May 30, 2024
• The Biden Administration's New Restrictions on Firearms Sales , CRS In Focus, May 29, 2024
• Judiciary Appropriations, FY2024 , May 29, 2024
• Motorized Recreation on Federal Lands , May 29, 2024
• Sanctions in the FY2024 Emergency Supplemental Appropriation, P.L. 118-50 , CRS In Focus, May 29, 2024
• Farm Bills: Major Legislative Actions, 1965-2024 , updated May 29, 2024
• The Patent Trial and Appeal Board and Inter Partes Review , updated May 28, 2024
• Electricity Transmission Permitting Reform Proposals , updated May 24, 2024
• Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42): Medicaid and Medicare Provisions , May 24, 2024
• A Hypothetical Social Security Cost-of-Living Adjustment Based on the Research Consumer Price Index for the Elderly , CRS In Focus, May 24, 2024
• Americans' Investment Options in Capital Markets for Retirement , CRS In Focus, May 24, 2024
• The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Budget: Fact Sheet , updated May 24, 2024
• Social Security: The Trust Funds , updated May 23, 2024
• Removal of Inspectors General: Rules, Practice, and Considerations for Congress , CRS In Focus, updated May 22, 2024
• Burden and the Paperwork Reduction Act: An Overview , CRS In Focus, May 22, 2024
• Presidential Transition Act: Provisions and Funding , updated May 22, 2024
• Military Memorials, Monuments, and Museums: Selected Resources for Federal, State, and Local Funding , updated May 21, 2024
• Legislative Branch: FY2024 Appropriations , updated May 21, 2024
• EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund (GGRF) , CRS In Focus, updated May 21, 2024
• The Armed Forces Retirement Home , CRS In Focus, updated May 21, 2024
• The Crime Victims Fund (CVF): Federal Support for Victims of Crime , updated May 21, 2024
• HUD's Consolidated Planning Process: An Overview , May 20, 2024
• NOAA's Commercial Data Program: Background and Considerations for Congress , CRS In Focus, May 20, 2024
• The Agricultural Cooperative Extension System: An Overview , May 20, 2024
• Offshore Energy Agency Appropriations, FY2024 , CRS In Focus, updated May 17, 2024
• Child Welfare: Purposes, Federal Programs, and Funding , CRS In Focus, updated May 16, 2024
• Farm Credit Administration and its Board Members , CRS In Focus, updated May 16, 2024
• Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Dairy Herds , CRS In Focus, updated May 15, 2024
• Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources , updated May 15, 2024
• The Role of Earmarks in SRF Appropriations in the 118th Congress , May 15, 2024
• Bureau of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169) , CRS In Focus, updated May 15, 2024
• Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations , updated May 15, 2024
• TikTok: Frequently Asked Questions and Issues for Congress , updated May 14, 2024
• Trade-Related Agencies: FY2024 Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) , updated May 14, 2024
• An Overview of Small Business Contracting , updated May 14, 2024
• Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function , updated May 14, 2024
• Congressional Recognition of Commemorative Days, Weeks, and Months: Background and Current Practice , May 13, 2024
• Social Security Primer , updated May 13, 2024
• Central Bank Digital Currencies , CRS In Focus, updated May 13, 2024
• Considerations for Federal Leasing of Onshore Energy: Oil and Gas and Geothermal Power , May 10, 2024
• National Monuments and the Antiquities Act , updated May 10, 2024
• Department of the Interior Support for Tribal Water Projects , CRS In Focus, May 10, 2024
• Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables , updated May 10, 2024
• Salaries of Members of Congress: Congressional Votes, 1990-2024 , updated May 10, 2024
• Social Security Overview , CRS In Focus, updated May 10, 2024
• Social Security: Selected Findings of the 2024 Annual Report , CRS In Focus, May 10, 2024
• How Does the Social Security Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) Impact Households' SNAP Benefits? , CRS In Focus, May 10, 2024
• Technology Service Providers and Credit Unions , CRS In Focus, May 10, 2024
• Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) Reductions , CRS In Focus, updated May 10, 2024
• Delegates and the Resident Commissioner: Parliamentary Rights and Practice, 113th-117th Congresses , May 9, 2024
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science Advisory Board (SAB): Role of the Independent Advisory Committee, Selected Issues, and Legislation , CRS In Focus, May 9, 2024
• Social Security: Representative Payees and Power of Attorney , CRS In Focus, May 9, 2024
• Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Program , CRS In Focus, updated May 9, 2024
• Bureau of Reclamation: FY2025 Budget and Appropriations , CRS In Focus, May 9, 2024
• Postal Primer: Post Office Naming , CRS In Focus, May 8, 2024
• The End of the Affordable Connectivity Program: What Next for Consumers? , CRS In Focus, updated May 8, 2024
• Federal Reserve's Discount Window: Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, May 8, 2024
• Trends and Proposals for Corporate Tax Revenue , CRS In Focus, updated May 8, 2024
• The Unemployment Trust Fund: FY2024 Income, Outlays, and End-of-Year Balances , May 8, 2024
• The Post-9/11 GI Bill: A Primer , updated May 7, 2024
• Baltimore Bridge Collapse: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) , updated May 7, 2024
• IRS Direct File Program: An Overview , CRS In Focus, May 7, 2024
• Search and Rescue (SAR) Operations on Federal Lands , CRS In Focus, updated May 7, 2024
• The 2018 Farm Bill (P.L. 115-334): Summary and Side-by-Side Comparison , updated May 7, 2024
• The Federal Communications Commission: Structure, Operations, and Budget , updated May 6, 2024
• Older Americans Act: Overview and Funding , updated May 6, 2024
• Older Americans Act: Summary in Brief , CRS In Focus, updated May 6, 2024
• The Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017: Congressional Direction to NOAA in P.L. 115-25 , updated May 3, 2024
• Drug Offense Sentencing Relief Under the First Step Act and the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines , CRS In Focus, May 3, 2024
• Farm Bill Primer: Conservation Title , CRS In Focus, updated May 3, 2024
• Offshore Wind: The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management's Engagement with Federally Recognized Tribes , CRS In Focus, May 3, 2024
• Criminal Justice Data: Organized Retail Crime , May 2, 2024
• Identifying Areas of Economic Distress: Examples and Considerations , May 2, 2024
• The Federal Status of Marijuana and the Policy Gap with States , CRS In Focus, updated May 2, 2024
• No Surprises Act Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process Data Analysis for the First Half of 2023 , May 2, 2024
• Election Day: Frequently Asked Questions , updated May 2, 2024
• Career Programs for Veterans, Gold Star Families, and Active-Duty Spouses in the House and Senate , CRS In Focus, May 2, 2024
• Martin Luther King, Jr. Day Speech Resources: Fact Sheet , updated May 2, 2024
• Department of Health and Human Services: FY2025 Budget Request , May 1, 2024
• Economic Development Administration: An Overview of Programs and Appropriations (FY2011-FY2024) , updated May 1, 2024
• Department of Veterans Affairs FY2024 Appropriations , May 1, 2024
• Lying in State or Honor in the U.S. Capitol by Non-Members of Congress , CRS Insight, updated May 1, 2024
• Repatriation of Native American Remains and Cultural Items: Requirements for Agencies and Institutions , CRS In Focus, updated May 1, 2024
• Patent Listing in FDA's Orange Book , CRS In Focus, updated May 1, 2024
• State of the U.S. Economy: Policy Issues in the 118th Congress , April 30, 2024
• Risks to the 2024 Economic Outlook , CRS In Focus, April 30, 2024
• American Battlefield Protection Program , CRS In Focus, updated April 30, 2024
• Parliamentary Reference Sources: House of Representatives , updated April 30, 2024
• Poverty in the United States in 2022 , April 29, 2024
• Internal Revenue Service Appropriations, FY2025 , CRS In Focus, April 29, 2024
• Federal Data Management: Issues and Challenges in the Use of Data Standards , April 29, 2024
• Federal Role in Voter Registration: The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA) and Subsequent Developments , updated April 29, 2024
• The Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) Program , CRS In Focus, updated April 29, 2024
• Aviation, Air Pollution, and Climate Change , CRS In Focus, updated April 26, 2024
• Commemorative Coins: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress , updated April 26, 2024
• Commemorative Coins: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated April 26, 2024
• FDA Human Medical Product User Fee Programs , updated April 26, 2024
• Compilation of Federal Whistleblower Protection Statutes , updated April 25, 2024
• The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program , CRS In Focus, updated April 25, 2024
• Contributions to Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): Fact Sheet , April 25, 2024
• Information Technology Spending in the President's Budget Submission for FY2025: In Brief , April 24, 2024
• Principles, Requirements, and Guidelines (PR&G) for Federal Investments in Water Resources , CRS In Focus, updated April 24, 2024
• Private Credit: Trends and Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, April 23, 2024
• Bank Failures: The FDIC's Systemic Risk Exception , CRS In Focus, updated April 23, 2024
• The Department of Labor's Proposed Rule on Investment Advice in Private Sector Pension Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts , April 23, 2024
• USDA Rural Utilities Service's Support for Tribes and Other Indigenous Entities , April 23, 2024
• Access to Criminal History Record Information for Non-criminal Justice Purposes , CRS In Focus, April 22, 2024
• SBA's Rural Activities , CRS In Focus, April 22, 2024
• Race-Conscious Admissions and Equal Protection in Higher Education , April 19, 2024
• Honoring Our PACT Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-168): Expansion of Health Care Eligibility and Toxic Exposure Screenings , April 19, 2024
• Tracking Federal Funds: USAspending.gov and Other Data Sources , updated April 19, 2024
• Earth Day: Fact Sheet , updated April 18, 2024
• Nuclear Energy in a Climate Change Context: Current Appropriations for Nuclear Energy Development , CRS In Focus, April 18, 2024
• The Congressional Review Act: Defining a "Rule" and Overturning a Rule an Agency Did Not Submit to Congress , updated April 18, 2024
• The Paperwork Reduction Act and Federal Collections of Information: A Brief Overview , CRS In Focus, April 17, 2024
• The Deliberative Process Privilege in Congress , CRS In Focus, April 16, 2024
• U.S. Naturalization Policy , updated April 16, 2024
• Illustrative Examples of Premium Tax Credit Variation Among Hypothetical Households , April 16, 2024
• Class VI Carbon Sequestration Wells: Permitting and State Program Primacy , April 16, 2024
• Legal Requirements for Section 501(c)(3) Hospitals , April 15, 2024
• Firearms Dealers "Engaged in the Business" , CRS In Focus, updated April 15, 2024
• Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) , CRS In Focus, updated April 15, 2024
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: FY2024 Appropriations , CRS In Focus, updated April 15, 2024
• An Overview of Accreditation of Higher Education in the United States , updated April 12, 2024
• Social Security Overpayments: Debt Recovery , CRS In Focus, April 12, 2024
• Abortion Funding Restrictions in Foreign Assistance Legislation , CRS In Focus, updated April 12, 2024
• Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs Funding for FY2024 , CRS In Focus, updated April 12, 2024
• Unemployment Compensation, Labor Disputes, and Strikes , CRS In Focus, April 11, 2024
• Lunar New Year: Fact Sheet , updated April 11, 2024
• CIRCIA: Notice of Proposed Rule Making: In Brief , April 11, 2024
• An Overview of Small Business Subcontracting: In Brief , updated April 10, 2024
• Supplemental Security Income (SSI) , CRS In Focus, updated April 10, 2024
• What Is the Farm Bill? , updated April 9, 2024
• Juvenile Justice Funding Trends , updated April 9, 2024
• Naming VA Facilities , updated April 9, 2024
• Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role , April 9, 2024
• Credit Rating Agencies: Background and Regulatory Issues , CRS In Focus, updated April 9, 2024
• Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Overview of Structure and Activities , CRS In Focus, updated April 8, 2024
• The Possible Elimination of Chevron Deference: Potential Implications for Tax Revenue and Administration , CRS In Focus, April 8, 2024
• Regulation of Laboratory-Developed Tests: FDA's Proposed Rule , CRS In Focus, April 8, 2024
• Internal Revenue Service Appropriations, FY2024 , CRS In Focus, updated April 8, 2024
• Critical Mineral Resources: National Policy and Critical Minerals List , April 8, 2024
• Critical Mineral Resources: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Role in Research and Analysis , April 5, 2024
• Funding the Transition to Next Generation 911 (NG911): Considerations for Congress , April 5, 2024
• Bureau of Reclamation: FY2024 Budget and Appropriations , CRS In Focus, updated April 5, 2024
• The CASES Act: Ongoing Implementation Challenges , CRS In Focus, updated April 5, 2024
• Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role , updated April 4, 2024
• Judiciary Budget Request, FY2025 , CRS In Focus, April 4, 2024
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FY2024 Appropriations , CRS In Focus, April 4, 2024
• Expediting Cases and Setting Deadlines for Court Actions , CRS In Focus, April 4, 2024
• Voting Systems and Federal Law , CRS In Focus, updated April 4, 2024
• Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): FY2025 Budget Request Fact Sheet , April 3, 2024
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Financial Services , April 3, 2024
• Pensions and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): Investment Issues , April 3, 2024
• Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress , updated April 3, 2024
• American Indian, Alaska Native, and Tribal Population Data , CRS In Focus, updated April 2, 2024
• Overview of FY2024 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) , updated April 2, 2024
• The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: Responses to Frequently Asked Questions , updated April 1, 2024
• Bureau of Reclamation Support for Water Storage Projects , April 1, 2024
• The United States Courts of Appeals: Background and Circuit Splits from 2023 , updated April 1, 2024
• Programs for Beginning, Limited Resource, Veteran, Socially Disadvantaged, and Tribal and Indigenous Farmers and Ranchers , updated April 1, 2024
• Freedom of Speech: An Overview , March 29, 2024
• Baltimore Bridge Collapse: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) , CRS In Focus, updated March 29, 2024
• PEPFAR Extension Act of 2018: Extended Authorities , CRS In Focus, updated March 29, 2024
• The First Amendment: Categories of Speech , CRS In Focus, updated March 28, 2024
• The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 1: Introduction , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 28, 2024
• The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 2: Federal Convention Debates , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 28, 2024
• The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 3: History of Presidential Succession , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 28, 2024
• The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 4: Early Congressional Action , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 28, 2024
• The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 5: Congressional Debates , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 28, 2024
• The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 6: Final Approval and Implementation , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 28, 2024
• The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 7: Issues for Congress , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 28, 2024
• Capital One-Discover Proposed Merger: Systemic Risk and Market Competition Considerations , CRS In Focus, March 28, 2024
• The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): Background and FY2025 Appropriations , CRS In Focus, March 27, 2024
• The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): Background and FY2024 Appropriations , CRS In Focus, March 27, 2024
• Recent Caseload Statistics for U.S. District Courts: Criminal Defendants Charged with Firearms or Explosives Offenses (2001-2023) , CRS Insight, March 26, 2024
• Emerging Legal Issues Under Title IX: Transgender Athletes and Name, Image, and Likeness Compensation for College Athletes , March 25, 2024
• The IRS Business Systems Modernization Program: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated March 24, 2024
• Gene-Edited Plants: Regulation and Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, March 22, 2024
• The Federal Role in Historic Preservation: An Overview , updated March 22, 2024
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): History, Overview of Domestic Programs, and Selected Issues , March 22, 2024
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water Infrastructure Programs and FY2024 Appropriations , CRS In Focus, March 22, 2024
• The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant , CRS In Focus, updated March 22, 2024
• Discretionary Budget Authority by Subfunction: An Overview , updated March 21, 2024
• U.S. Health Care Coverage and Spending , CRS In Focus, updated March 20, 2024
• The Labor Force Participation Rate , CRS In Focus, March 19, 2024
• Social Security Coverage of State and Local Government Employees , updated March 19, 2024
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2024 Budget Request and Appropriations , CRS In Focus, updated March 18, 2024
• Forming a Funded Federal Regional Commission , CRS In Focus, updated March 15, 2024
• Federal Public Transportation Program: In Brief , updated March 15, 2024
• Dam Removal and the Federal Role , updated March 15, 2024
• U.S. Energy Supply and Use: Background and Policy Primer , March 14, 2024
• Proposals to Amend the U.S. Constitution: Fact Sheet , March 14, 2024
• Federal Aviation Administration Reauthorization: Legislative Action in the 118th Congress , CRS In Focus, updated March 14, 2024
• John H. Chafee Foster Care Program for Successful Transition to Adulthood , CRS In Focus, updated March 13, 2024
• Olympic Commemorative Coins: Background and Considerations for Congress , CRS In Focus, updated March 13, 2024
• AT&T Network Outage: Impact on Public Safety Services , CRS In Focus, March 13, 2024
• The Clery Act and Postsecondary Institutions: Requirements and Enforcement , CRS In Focus, updated March 12, 2024
• Small Business Administration Reauthorization: Issues for Congress , updated March 12, 2024
• Complete Streets: A Primer , March 7, 2024
• Social Security: The Government Pension Offset (GPO) , updated March 7, 2024
• The Orphan Drug Act: Legal Overview and Policy Considerations , CRS In Focus, March 5, 2024
• The Federal Employee Paid Parental Leave Benefit , CRS In Focus, updated March 5, 2024
• K-12 Teacher Recruitment and Retention Policies in the Higher Education Act: In Brief , updated March 4, 2024
• U.S. Sanctions: Overview for the 118th Congress , CRS In Focus, updated March 4, 2024
• Joint Employment and the National Labor Relations Act , March 4, 2024
• The Future of the Universal Service Fund and Related Broadband Programs , updated March 1, 2024
• Changes to the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Program , March 1, 2024
• The Tax Credit Exception for Leased Electric Vehicles , CRS In Focus, March 1, 2024
• The Clean Hydrogen Production Credit: How the Incentives are Structured , CRS In Focus, March 1, 2024
• Farm Bill Primer: What Is the Farm Bill? , CRS In Focus, updated February 29, 2024
• Overview of Public and Private School Choice Options , CRS In Focus, updated February 29, 2024
• Measuring Job Openings in the U.S. Labor Market , CRS In Focus, updated February 28, 2024
• House Office of Congressional Ethics: History, Authority, and Procedures , updated February 28, 2024
• Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) , updated February 28, 2024
• Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and the Government Pension Offset (GPO) , CRS In Focus, updated February 28, 2024
• Section 199A Deduction: Economic Effects and Policy Options , updated February 28, 2024
• Congressional Membership and Appointment Authority to Advisory Commissions, Boards, and Groups , updated February 28, 2024
• Clean Vehicle Tax Credits , CRS In Focus, February 27, 2024
• Tax-Preferred College Savings Plans: An Introduction to 529 Plans , updated February 27, 2024
• Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI) , CRS In Focus, February 27, 2024
• Rules Governing Senate Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures , updated February 27, 2024
• Energy Tax Provisions: Overview and Budgetary Cost , updated February 26, 2024
• Expiration and Cancellation of Unobligated Funds , CRS In Focus, updated February 26, 2024
• Executive Agency Justification of the President's Budget: In Brief , updated February 26, 2024
• Tax Credit Transfers and Direct Payments in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 , CRS In Focus, February 26, 2024
• The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part C: Early Intervention for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities , updated February 26, 2024
• The Internal Revenue Service's Private Tax Debt Collection Program , updated February 26, 2024
• The Role of the President in Budget Development: In Brief , updated February 26, 2024
• The Role of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in Budget Development: In Brief , updated February 26, 2024
• The Role of Executive Agencies in Budget Development: In Brief , updated February 26, 2024
• Proposals to Limit Financial Activities of Members of Congress: Background and Analysis of Legislative Proposals , updated February 23, 2024
• Women's History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet , updated February 23, 2024
• Expiration of the 2018 Farm Bill and Extension in 2024 , updated February 23, 2024
• The Executive Budget Process Timeline: In Brief , updated February 23, 2024
• Considerations for Creating a New Federal Grant Program: In Brief , February 22, 2024
• District of Columbia Local Lawmaking and Congressional Authority: In Brief , February 22, 2024
• U.S. Trade Policy Functions: Who Does What? , CRS In Focus, updated February 22, 2024
• The Gender Earnings Gap , CRS In Focus, updated February 21, 2024
• Social Security: Estimated Impact of Hypothetical Solvency Measures , February 21, 2024
• Nickels and Dimes: History and Current Status , CRS In Focus, February 20, 2024
• Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) , CRS In Focus, updated February 20, 2024
• The Impeachment Process in the Senate , updated February 15, 2024
• The Highway Funding Formula: History and Current Status Under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act , February 15, 2024
• Health Insurance Premium Tax Credit and Cost-Sharing Reductions , updated February 14, 2024
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Justice Activities and Programs , February 13, 2024
• National African American History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet , updated February 13, 2024
• The Executive Budget Process: An Overview , updated February 13, 2024
• The Casualty and Theft Loss Deduction , CRS In Focus, updated February 13, 2024
• Business Tax Provisions in the Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act of 2024 , CRS In Focus, updated February 13, 2024
• Cybersecurity and Digital Health Information , CRS In Focus, February 12, 2024
• The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as Amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA): A Primer , updated February 12, 2024
• Gun Control: Straw Purchase and Gun Trafficking Provisions in P.L. 117-159 , CRS In Focus, updated February 9, 2024
• Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Adopt Alternative Credit Scores , CRS In Focus, February 8, 2024
• Outer Limits of the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf: Background and Issues for Congress , February 7, 2024
• Emergency Relief for Disaster-Damaged Public Transportation Systems: In Brief , updated February 7, 2024
• Courts, Programs, and Other Items Funded by Congressional Appropriations for the Federal Judiciary , CRS In Focus, February 7, 2024
• Judiciary Budget Request, FY2024 , CRS In Focus, updated February 7, 2024
• National Park Service (NPS) Appropriations: Ten-Year Trends , updated February 7, 2024
• The Section 179 and Section 168(k) Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Economic Effects, and Selected Policy Issues , updated February 7, 2024
• Federal Reserve: Policy Issues in the 118th Congress , updated February 6, 2024
• Freight Rail Safety Legislation in the 118th Congress , February 6, 2024
• Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs): Frequently Asked Questions , updated February 6, 2024
• Gun Control: Juvenile Record Checks for 18- to 21-Year-Olds , CRS In Focus, updated February 5, 2024
• Statutory Federal Gun Registry Prohibitions and ATF Record Retention Requirements , CRS In Focus, updated February 5, 2024
• Section 230: A Brief Overview , CRS In Focus, February 2, 2024
• The Role of Patents and Regulatory Exclusivities in Drug Pricing , updated January 30, 2024
• How Treasury Issues Debt , updated January 29, 2024
• History, Evolution, and Practices of the President's State of the Union Address: Frequently Asked Questions , updated January 29, 2024
• Governing the District of Columbia: Overview and Timeline , CRS In Focus, January 29, 2024
• The Restoring Hope for Mental Health and Well-Being Act of 2022 (Division FF, Title I of P.L. 117-328, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023): Section-by-Section Summary , updated January 29, 2024
• Small Business Administration (SBA) Business Loan Program Rule Changes in the 118th Congress: Background and Summary , updated January 29, 2024
• The Department of the Interior's Tribal Probate Process: In Brief , updated January 29, 2024
• Service-Contingent Federal Student Loan Forgiveness and Loan Repayment Programs , updated January 29, 2024
• The Impeachment Process in the House of Representatives , updated January 25, 2024
• Price-Anderson Act: Nuclear Power Industry Liability Limits and Compensation to the Public After Radioactive Releases , CRS In Focus, updated January 25, 2024
• Farm Bill Primer: Disaster Assistance , CRS In Focus, updated January 24, 2024
• Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption: 1988 to 2024 , updated January 23, 2024
• Child Care Access Means Parents in Schools (CCAMPIS): In Brief , updated January 23, 2024
• The Section 199A Deduction: How It Works and Illustrative Examples , updated January 23, 2024
• Prescription Drug Importation , CRS In Focus, updated January 22, 2024
• Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind on the Marine Ecosystem and Associated Species: Background and Issues for Congress , updated January 19, 2024
• The National Directory of New Hires: An Overview , updated January 19, 2024
• Improper Payments in Pandemic Assistance Programs , January 19, 2024
• Housing Issues in the 118th Congress , updated January 19, 2024
• Congress's Power Over Courts: Jurisdiction Stripping and the Rule of Klein , updated January 19, 2024
• SEC Approves Bitcoin Exchange-Traded Products (ETPs) , CRS In Focus, January 19, 2024
• Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) , CRS In Focus, updated January 19, 2024
• The 574 Federally Recognized Indian Tribes in the United States , updated January 18, 2024
• Federal Support of Public Transportation Operating Expenses , January 18, 2024
• Can Sports Drive Economic Development? , CRS In Focus, January 17, 2024
• Nuclear Energy: Overview of Congressional Issues , updated January 17, 2024
• Law Enforcement and Technology: the "Lawful Access" Debate , CRS In Focus, updated January 16, 2024
• Clean Vehicle Tax Credit Transfers to Car Dealers , CRS In Focus, January 16, 2024
• Law Enforcement on Tribal Lands , CRS In Focus, January 12, 2024
• National Museums: In Brief , updated January 11, 2024
• Federal Traffic Safety Programs: In Brief , updated January 11, 2024
• Abolishing a Federal Agency: The Interstate Commerce Commission , January 10, 2024
• Federal Support for Law Enforcement: Selected Department of Justice Programs , updated January 10, 2024
• Five-Year Program for Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: History and Background , updated January 9, 2024
• Farm Bill Primer: Forestry Title , CRS In Focus, updated January 9, 2024
• Department of the Interior Law Enforcement Programs , CRS In Focus, updated January 8, 2024
• Prevention and Public Health Fund: In Brief , January 8, 2024
• Temporarily Filling Presidentially Appointed, Senate-Confirmed Positions , updated January 8, 2024
• An Introduction to Section 337 Intellectual Property Litigation at the U.S. International Trade Commission , CRS In Focus, updated January 8, 2024
• Temporary Commemorations on Federal Land in the District of Columbia , updated January 8, 2024
• The September 11th Victim Compensation Fund (VCF) , updated January 8, 2024
• Selected Recent Actions Involving Foreign Ownership and Investment in U.S. Food and Agriculture: In Brief , January 5, 2024
• Foreign Agents Registration Act: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2024
• Points of Order in the Congressional Budget Process , updated January 5, 2024
• Private Bills: Procedure in the House , updated January 5, 2024
• Use of the Capitol Rotunda, Capitol Grounds, and Emancipation Hall: Concurrent Resolutions, 101st to 118th Congresses , updated January 5, 2024
• The Marine Mammal Protection Act (P.L. 92‍-522): Primer and Issues for Congress , January 5, 2024
• U.S. District Court Nominees Confirmed During the First Three Years of the Biden Presidency: Overview and Analysis , CRS Insight, January 4, 2024
• Section 230: An Overview , updated January 4, 2024
• Patent-Eligible Subject Matter Reform: An Overview , CRS In Focus, January 3, 2024
• Connecting Constituents with Federal Assistance for the Arts and Humanities , CRS In Focus, January 2, 2024
• The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP): Background and Funding , updated December 29, 2023
• National Environmental Policy Act: An Overview , CRS In Focus, December 28, 2023
• Animal Use in Federal Biomedical Research: A Policy Overview , CRS In Focus, updated December 28, 2023
• Federal Funding for Broadband Deployment: Agencies and Considerations for Congress , December 26, 2023
• Agency Nonacquiescence: An Overview of Constitutional and Practical Considerations , December 26, 2023
• Legacy Lead-Sheathed Telecommunications Cables: Status and Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, December 26, 2023
• National Park Service Affiliated Areas: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated December 26, 2023
• National Park Service: Government Shutdown Issues , CRS In Focus, updated December 22, 2023
• Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity Contracts , CRS In Focus, December 21, 2023
• Long-Term Services and Supports: History of Federal Policy and Programs , December 20, 2023
• Low Unemployment in 2023: Can It Last? , CRS In Focus, December 19, 2023
• The National Spectrum Strategy for Wireless Technologies: Priorities, Objectives, and Congressional Considerations , CRS In Focus, December 18, 2023
• School Meals and Other Child Nutrition Programs: Background and Funding , updated December 18, 2023
• Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs: Background and Issues for Congress , December 18, 2023
• Deficit Spending During Higher Inflation and Interest Rates: Implications for Debt Sustainability , December 18, 2023
• Return of Nominations to the President under Senate Rule XXXI , updated December 15, 2023
• Enhanced Prudential Regulation of Large Banks , December 15, 2023
• Accrual and Reinvestor Small Business Investment Companies (SBICs) , CRS In Focus, December 15, 2023
• Impeachment Investigations, Part II: Access , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated December 15, 2023
• Tracking Federal Awards in States and Congressional Districts Using USAspending.gov , CRS In Focus, updated December 14, 2023
• Military Tuition Assistance Program: Background and Issues , December 14, 2023
• Senate Committee Funding Requests and Authorizations, 106th-118th Congresses , updated December 13, 2023
• Agricultural Disaster Assistance , updated December 12, 2023
• Federal Employees' Retirement System: Summary of Recent Trends , updated December 12, 2023
• Cohort Default Rates and HEA Title IV Eligibility: Background and Analysis , December 12, 2023
• Department of Agriculture's Emergency Relief Program (ERP) , CRS In Focus, December 11, 2023
• Has the Federal Reserve Achieved a Soft Landing in 2023? , CRS In Focus, December 11, 2023
• Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Under the Inflation Reduction Act: Industry Responses and Potential Effects , December 8, 2023
• Resources for Financial Market Data , updated December 7, 2023
• Admission of States to the Union: A Historical Reference Guide , updated December 6, 2023
• Impeachment and the Constitution , updated December 6, 2023
• Congressional Control over the Supreme Court , updated December 6, 2023
• A Guide to Major Congressional and Presidential Awards , updated December 5, 2023
• USDA's Organic Livestock and Poultry Standards Regulations , CRS In Focus, updated December 5, 2023
• Electricity Transmission: What Is the Role of the Federal Government? , December 4, 2023
• The United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee: A Primer , updated December 1, 2023
• The Federal Tax Gap: Overview, Analysis, and Policy Options , November 30, 2023
• Presidential Funerals and Burials: Selected Resources , updated November 30, 2023
• Bank Capital Requirements: Basel III Endgame , November 30, 2023
• Offices of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization: An Overview , November 30, 2023
• U.S. Tourism: Economic Impacts and Pandemic Recovery , November 29, 2023
• Farm Bill Primer: Selected Hemp Industry Issues , CRS In Focus, November 29, 2023
• The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Legislative History , updated November 29, 2023
• House of Representatives Staff Levels, 1977-2023 , updated November 28, 2023
• Farm Bill Primer: Programs Without Baseline Beyond FY2024 , CRS In Focus, updated November 28, 2023
• Farm Bill Primer: Beginning and Underserved Producers , CRS In Focus, updated November 27, 2023
• Farm Bill Primer: Support for Native Agricultural Producers , CRS In Focus, updated November 22, 2023
• Farm Bill Primer: USDA Support for Aquaculture Operations , CRS In Focus, updated November 27, 2023
• Home Energy Rebates from the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, P.L. 117-169: Frequently Asked Questions , updated November 27, 2023
• Generalized System of Preferences: Overview and Issues for Congress , updated November 22, 2023
• Artificial Intelligence in the Biological Sciences: Uses, Safety, Security, and Oversight , November 22, 2023
• The U.S. Census Bureau: An Overview , November 22, 2023
• Building Codes, Standards, and Regulations: Frequently Asked Questions , updated November 22, 2023
• Antitrust Reform and Big Tech Firms , updated November 21, 2023
• Reference Table: Expiring Provisions in the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" (TCJA, P.L. 115-97) , November 21, 2023
• The Economic Implications of Moore v. United States , CRS In Focus, November 20, 2023
• Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital Payments , updated November 20, 2023
• The Small Business Administration's State Trade Expansion Program , CRS In Focus, updated November 20, 2023
• 42 U.S.C. § 1981's Contract Clause: Racial Equality in Contractual Relationships , CRS In Focus, November 20, 2023
• Thanksgiving: Fact Sheet , updated November 20, 2023
• Hydrogen Hubs and Demonstrating the Hydrogen Energy Value Chain , updated November 17, 2023
• Parliamentary Reference Sources: Senate , updated November 17, 2023
• USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service: An Overview , November 16, 2023
• House Committee Funding: Process and Historical Appropriations and Authorizations , updated November 16, 2023
• National Park System: What Do the Different Park Titles Signify? , updated November 15, 2023
• U.S. Commercial Shipbuilding in a Global Context , CRS In Focus, November 15, 2023
• Medicare and Budget Sequestration , updated November 14, 2023
• Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit , updated November 14, 2023
• The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): How It Works and Who Receives It , updated November 14, 2023
• Federally Funded Construction and the Payment of Locally Prevailing Wages , CRS In Focus, November 13, 2023
• Statutory Inspectors General in the Federal Government: A Primer , updated November 13, 2023
• The District of Columbia Courts: A Brief Introduction , CRS In Focus, November 13, 2023
• Meeting Locations of Congress and Predecessor Legislatures , CRS In Focus, November 13, 2023
• 5G Fund for Rural America: Current Status and Issues , CRS In Focus, November 13, 2023
• Statistics on Women in National Governments Around the Globe , updated November 13, 2023
• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Exemption for Executive, Administrative, and Professional (EAP) Employees: 2023 Proposed Rule , CRS In Focus, November 13, 2023
• Federal Economic Assistance for Coal Communities , November 8, 2023
• Debt Limit Legislation: The House "Gephardt Rule" , updated November 8, 2023
• Resources for Tracking Federal COVID-19 Spending , updated November 8, 2023
• Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Status and Issues in Brief , updated November 8, 2023
• Expulsion of Members of Congress: Legal Authority and Historical Practice , updated November 7, 2023
• Trends in Mandatory Spending , updated November 7, 2023
• Recreational Marijuana and Economic Development , CRS In Focus, November 7, 2023
• Education for Homeless Children and Youths: Data and Issues , November 6, 2023
• Distribution of IRS Audits by Income and Race , CRS In Focus, updated November 6, 2023
• Lead Service Lines (LSLs) Replacement: Funding Developments , updated November 6, 2023
• Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913-2023 , updated November 6, 2023
• Indian Gaming Regulatory Act: Gaming on Indian Lands , CRS In Focus, November 3, 2023
• Cement: Background and Low-Carbon Production , CRS In Focus, November 3, 2023
• Social Security: Cost-of-Living Adjustments , updated November 2, 2023
• Corporate Taxation: Profit Shifting, Transfer Pricing, and Cost Sharing , CRS In Focus, November 1, 2023
• Members' Representational Allowance: History and Usage , updated October 30, 2023
• Federal Tax Gap: Size, Contributing Factors, and the Debate Over Reducing It , CRS In Focus, updated October 30, 2023
• Native American Heritage Month: Fact Sheet , updated October 30, 2023
• Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA): Provisions Related to Climate Change , updated October 26, 2023
• What Is a "Church" for Federal Tax Purposes? , CRS In Focus, October 25, 2023
• Section 307 and Imports Produced by Forced Labor , CRS In Focus, updated October 25, 2023
• Worker Rights Provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) , CRS In Focus, updated October 25, 2023
• Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328): Medicaid and CHIP Provisions , October 24, 2023
• 403(b) Pension Plans: Overview and Legislative Developments , CRS In Focus, October 24, 2023
• U.S. Postal Service Fleet Modernization , October 23, 2023
• State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP) , CRS In Focus, updated October 23, 2023
• Flight Training Under the GI Bills: Frequently Asked Questions , October 20, 2023
• U.S. Farm Policy: USDA-Certified Organic Production , CRS In Focus, October 20, 2023
• DOE Appropriations for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Activities: FY2024 , CRS In Focus, October 19, 2023
• FCC Adopts Proposed Net Neutrality Rule , CRS In Focus, October 19, 2023
• Hindu Holidays: Fact Sheet , updated October 19, 2023
• Hedge Funds: Background and Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, October 17, 2023
• Commemorations in Congress: Options for Honoring Individuals, Groups, and Events , updated October 17, 2023
• Church Tax Benefits , CRS In Focus, October 16, 2023
• Who Regulates Whom? An Overview of the U.S. Financial Regulatory Framework , updated October 13, 2023
• Indian Water Rights Settlements , updated October 13, 2023
• National Disability Employment Awareness Month: Fact Sheet , updated October 13, 2023
• Liability for Algorithmic Recommendations , October 12, 2023
• Mass Timber: Overview and Issues for Congress , October 12, 2023
• Consumer Credit Reporting, Credit Bureaus, Credit Scoring, and Related Policy Issues , updated October 12, 2023
• Cost-of-Living Adjustments for Federal Civil Service Annuities , updated October 12, 2023
• Overview of Assisted Living Facilities , updated October 11, 2023
• Child Soldiers Prevention Act: Security Assistance Restrictions , CRS In Focus, updated October 11, 2023
• Snakes on a Plane, in an Apartment, or at the Supermarket? Assistance Animals Under Three Federal Statutes , CRS In Focus, October 10, 2023
• Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act: Overview and Issues , CRS In Focus, updated October 6, 2023
• The Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) , CRS In Focus, updated October 3, 2023
• Commonly Used Motions and Requests in the House of Representatives , updated October 2, 2023
• Questions of Privilege in the House , updated October 2, 2023
• Overview of Long-Term Services and Supports , CRS In Focus, updated October 2, 2023
• The UAW-Automakers Labor Dispute and Taft-Hartley's National Emergency Provisions , CRS In Focus, October 2, 2023
• Federal Workforce Statistics Sources: OPM and OMB , updated September 29, 2023
• Generative Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Law , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 29, 2023
• Legal Issues in Impeachment Investigations, Part I: Authorization , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 29, 2023
• The Cancer Moonshot: Overview and Issues , CRS In Focus, September 29, 2023
• Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs): Overview and Selected Issues , updated September 29, 2023
• House Sergeant at Arms: A Primer , CRS In Focus, updated September 28, 2023
• Areas of Economic Distress for EDA Activities and Programs , CRS In Focus, updated September 28, 2023
• Bureau of Indian Affairs: Overview of Budget Issues and Options for Congress , September 27, 2023
• Overview of the General Service Administration: Acquisition Services and Real Property Management , September 27, 2023
• The Strategic National Stockpile: Overview and Issues for Congress , updated September 26, 2023
• Private Funding for Election Administration , CRS In Focus, September 26, 2023
• Copyright in Standards Incorporated by Reference into Law and the Pro Codes Act , updated September 26, 2023
• Paid Family and Medical Leave in the United States , updated September 25, 2023
• Federal Management of Sea Lampreys in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain , CRS In Focus, September 25, 2023
• Major Functions of the U.S. Department of Labor , CRS In Focus, updated September 25, 2023
• Current Federal Civilian Employment by State and Congressional District , September 22, 2023
• Congressional Rules Pertaining to Changes in Mandatory Program Spending in Appropriations Bills (CHIMPs) , September 21, 2023
• U.S. Retirement Assets: Data in Brief , September 20, 2023
• Cell-Cultivated Meat: An Overview , September 19, 2023
• Who Pays for Long-Term Services and Supports? , CRS In Focus, updated September 19, 2023
• Environmental Reviews and the 118th Congress , CRS In Focus, updated September 19, 2023
• ESEA Title I-A Formulas: A Primer , September 19, 2023
• The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) in Social Security: Proposals for a New Proportional Formula , CRS In Focus, updated September 19, 2023
• Foreign Investment in Real Property Act (FIRPTA) , CRS In Focus, September 18, 2023
• Semiconductors and Artificial Intelligence , CRS In Focus, September 18, 2023
• Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics (CCBHCs) , CRS In Focus, September 18, 2023
• Conflict of Interest in Investment Advice Within Retirement Plans: An Overview , CRS In Focus, September 18, 2023
• National Hispanic Heritage Month: Fact Sheet , updated September 18, 2023
• U.S. Oversight of Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity: Current Policies, Recommended Reforms, and Options for Congress , September 15, 2023
• Conflict of Interest in Investment Advice Within Retirement Plans: An Overview , CRS In Focus, September 15, 2023
• The Debt Limit , CRS In Focus, updated September 15, 2023
• Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics (CCBHCs) , CRS In Focus, September 15, 2023
• Policy Issues Involving Food Loss and Waste , CRS In Focus, updated September 15, 2023
• Uniform Date Labeling of Food May Address Food Waste , CRS In Focus, updated September 15, 2023
• Government Shutdowns and Executive Branch Operations: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) , September 14, 2023
• Corporate Acquisitions and Divisions: Tax Issues , September 14, 2023
• SBA as a Vehicle for Crisis Relief: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic , September 14, 2023
• NIST Update on Champlain Towers Collapse Investigation , CRS In Focus, September 13, 2023
• U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Overview and Issues for the 118th Congress , updated September 13, 2023
• Supreme Court Term October 2022: A Review of Selected Major Rulings , September 12, 2023
• The Federal Communications Commission's Spectrum Auction Authority: History and Options for Reinstatement , updated September 12, 2023
• The State of Campaign Finance Policy: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress , updated September 12, 2023
• Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2024 , September 12, 2023
• Vessel Construction for Offshore Wind Power Generation , CRS In Focus, September 12, 2023
• Naloxone for Opioid Overdose: Considerations for Congress , CRS In Focus, September 11, 2023
• Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits , updated September 8, 2023
• Election Administration: Overview of FY2024 Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) Appropriations , CRS In Focus, September 8, 2023
• Quantum Computing: Concepts, Current State, and Considerations for Congress , September 7, 2023
• Gene-Edited Plants: Regulation and Issues for Congress , September 7, 2023
• Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Climate , CRS In Focus, September 7, 2023
• Patriot Day: Fact Sheet , updated September 7, 2023
• Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview , updated September 7, 2023
• Role of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Environmental Justice , CRS In Focus, updated September 7, 2023
• Constitutional Challenges to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program , September 6, 2023
• Jewish Holidays: Fact Sheet , updated September 6, 2023
• The Legal Framework for Federal Methane Regulation , CRS In Focus, updated September 5, 2023
• Farm and Food Support Under USDA's Section 32 Account , CRS In Focus, updated September 5, 2023
• Federal Student Loans: Return to Repayment , CRS In Focus, updated September 1, 2023
• Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) Production , CRS In Focus, August 31, 2023
• Labor Day Speech Resources: Fact Sheet , updated August 30, 2023
• Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program , CRS In Focus, updated August 29, 2023
• Infrastructure Codes, Standards, and Regulations: Frequently Asked Questions , August 29, 2023
• Federal Policies to Expand Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure , August 28, 2023
• Defining and Regulating Online Platforms , August 25, 2023
• The Section 45Q Tax Credit for Carbon Sequestration , CRS In Focus, updated August 25, 2023
• The Compacts of Free Association , CRS In Focus, updated August 25, 2023
• Pell Grants for Short-Term Programs: Background and Legislation in the 118th Congress , updated August 24, 2023
• The UPS-Teamsters Labor Dispute and Taft-Hartley's National Emergency Provisions , CRS In Focus, updated August 24, 2023
• Statues and Busts in the U.S. Capitol: Collections and Authorities , CRS In Focus, updated August 24, 2023
• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Exemption for Executive, Administrative, and Professional Employees , CRS In Focus, August 24, 2023
• DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FY2024 Appropriations , CRS In Focus, August 23, 2023
• Project AWARE , CRS In Focus, August 23, 2023
• Law Enforcement and Technology: Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems , August 22, 2023
• Financial Institution Insolvency and the Federal Response to the Regional Bank Failures of 2023 , August 21, 2023
• FDA's Oversight of Hemp-Derived Compounds , CRS In Focus, August 18, 2023
• 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom: Fact Sheet , August 18, 2023
• On the Radio: Public Performance Rights in Sound Recordings , updated August 18, 2023
• SBA's Women-Owned Small Business Contracting Program , CRS In Focus, August 18, 2023
• Outreach for Socially Disadvantaged Producers (2501 Program) , CRS In Focus, August 18, 2023
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Federal Election Campaigns: Legal Background and Constitutional Considerations for Legislation , CRS In Focus, updated August 17, 2023
• The Orphan Drug Act and Catalyst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., v. Becerra , August 17, 2023
• Air Quality: EPA's 2023 Proposed Changes to the Particulate Matter (PM) Standard , August 16, 2023
• Social Security: Future Financial Status and Accuracy of Projections , August 16, 2023
• Sources for Frequently Requested Foreclosure Statistics , August 16, 2023
• PREVENT Pandemics Act (P.L. 117-328, Division FF, Title II) , August 15, 2023
• The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Primer on TANF Financing and Federal Requirements , updated August 14, 2023
• Sequestration as a Budget Enforcement Process: Frequently Asked Questions , updated August 14, 2023
• How to Develop and Write a Grant Proposal , updated August 10, 2023
• Cybersecurity: Selected Cyberattacks, 2012-2022 , updated August 9, 2023
• Tax Proposals and the PGA Tour-LIV Golf Merger , CRS In Focus, August 9, 2023
• Medicare Secondary Payer: Coordination of Benefits , updated August 9, 2023
• Deferred Maintenance of Federal Land Management Agencies: FY2013-FY2022 Estimates and Issues , updated August 9, 2023
• Short Selling: Background and Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, updated August 8, 2023
• SBA Disaster Loan Program: Frequently Asked Questions , updated August 8, 2023
• Defining Active Ingredient: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Legal Interpretation of Regulatory Exclusivities , updated August 8, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) , CRS In Focus, updated August 8, 2023
• Family Office Regulation in Light of the Archegos Fallout , CRS In Focus, updated August 8, 2023
• Protection of Undersea Telecommunication Cables: Issues for Congress , August 7, 2023
• Artificial Intelligence: Overview, Recent Advances, and Considerations for the 118th Congress , August 4, 2023
• U.S. Regional Fishery Management Councils , August 4, 2023
• USDA's SECURE Rule to Regulate Agricultural Biotechnology , CRS In Focus, updated August 4, 2023
• Independence of Federal Financial Regulators: Structure, Funding, and Other Issues , updated August 3, 2023
• Federal and State Courts: Structure and Interaction , August 2, 2023
• Energy Leasing and Agreement Authorities on Tribal Lands: In Brief , August 2, 2023
• The Blue Slip Process for U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations (1917-Present) , updated August 2, 2023
• Senate Staff Levels, 1977-2022 , updated August 2, 2023
• Regulating Drinking Water Contaminants: EPA PFAS Actions , CRS In Focus, updated August 2, 2023
• The Inflation Reduction Act: Financial Incentives for Residential Energy Efficiency and Electrification Projects , CRS In Focus, updated August 2, 2023
• The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): An Overview , updated July 31, 2023
• Consol-Type Perpetual Bonds and the Debt Limit: In Brief , July 31, 2023
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Overview and Issues for Congress , July 28, 2023
• Social Media Algorithms: Content Recommendation, Moderation, and Congressional Considerations , CRS In Focus, July 27, 2023
• Electric Bicycles (E-Bikes) on Federal Lands , CRS In Focus, July 27, 2023
• Experimental Populations Under the Endangered Species Act , CRS In Focus, updated July 27, 2023
• The Congressional Budget Process Timeline , updated July 27, 2023
• Tribal Disaster Risk and Selected Federal Resources , CRS In Focus, July 27, 2023
• Casino Gambling and Economic Development , CRS In Focus, July 26, 2023
• The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy: Issues and Options for the 118th Congress , July 26, 2023
• The SBA's 8(a) Business Development Program , CRS In Focus, July 26, 2023
• Federal Employee Travel: Per Diem Reimbursement Rates , CRS In Focus, July 26, 2023
• Belts and Suspenders: Analysis of Large Bank Capital Standards , July 26, 2023
• Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress , updated July 25, 2023
• The Role of Earmarks in CWSRF and DWSRF Appropriations in the 117th Congress , July 25, 2023
• An Introduction to Trademark Law in the United States , CRS In Focus, July 24, 2023
• Race Discrimination at School: Title VI and the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights , CRS In Focus, July 21, 2023
• Bank Failures and Congressional Oversight , CRS In Focus, July 21, 2023
• Energy Tax Credits and the Global Minimum Tax , CRS In Focus, updated July 21, 2023
• Lesser Prairie Chicken Listing Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) , July 21, 2023
• The Pillar 2 Global Minimum Tax: Implications for U.S. Tax Policy , updated July 21, 2023
• Long-Term Care Insurance: Overview , CRS In Focus, updated July 21, 2023
• The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP): Overview and Issues , updated July 20, 2023
• Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers: Background and Current Status , updated July 19, 2023
• Mandatory Minimum Sentencing: Federal Aggravated Identity Theft , updated July 19, 2023
• Child Support Enforcement: Program Basics , updated July 19, 2023
• The Child Support Enforcement Program: Summary of Laws Enacted Since 1950 , July 19, 2023
• The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement (Treaty of the High Seas) , CRS In Focus, updated July 14, 2023
• Gun Control, Veterans Benefits, and Mental Incompetency Determinations , July 14, 2023
• International Law and Agreements: Their Effect Upon U.S. Law , updated July 13, 2023
• The House Consensus Calendar: Principal Features and Practice in the 117th Congress (2021-2022) , July 13, 2023
• Offshore Energy Agency Appropriations, FY2023 , CRS In Focus, updated July 13, 2023
• Stablecoin Policy Issues for the 118th Congress , CRS In Focus, July 12, 2023
• Frequently Asked Questions: Mapping of U.S. Ocean and Coastal Waters , July 12, 2023
• The Equal Rights Amendment: Background and Recent Legal Developments , July 11, 2023
• Post-Wildfire Debris Flows: Federal Role in Assessment and Warning , July 10, 2023
• U.S. Housing Supply: Recent Trends and Policy Considerations , July 7, 2023
• Federal Capital Offenses: An Overview of Substantive and Procedural Law , updated July 5, 2023
• Federal Capital Offenses: An Abridged Overview of Substantive and Procedural Law , updated July 5, 2023
• Missing and Murdered Indigenous People (MMIP): Overview of Recent Research, Legislation, and Selected Issues for Congress , July 3, 2023
• Pregnancy and Labor: An Overview of Federal Laws Protecting Pregnant Workers , updated July 3, 2023
• TikTok: Technology Overview and Issues , updated June 30, 2023
• Equal Protection: Strict Scrutiny of Racial Classifications , CRS In Focus, updated June 30, 2023
• The 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax: Overview, Data, and Policy Options , CRS In Focus, June 30, 2023
• Forest Service Assistance Programs , updated June 30, 2023
• Fixed Technologies Used to Deliver Broadband Service: A Primer and Considerations for Congress , CRS In Focus, June 30, 2023
• Status of Efforts to Restore Chesapeake Bay Water Quality , CRS In Focus, updated June 30, 2023
• Arts and Culture in Economic Development Policy , updated June 29, 2023
• Department of Health and Human Services: FY2024 Budget Request , June 29, 2023
• Title IX's Religious Exemption: Agency Practice and Judicial Application , June 29, 2023
• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Reauthorization Issues for the 118th Congress , updated June 28, 2023
• Finding Medicare Fee-For-Service (FFS) Payment System Rules: Schedules and Resources , updated June 28, 2023
• Introduction to Veterans Health Care , CRS In Focus, updated June 28, 2023
• Federal Grant Technical Assistance: Definition, Use, and Considerations for Congress , June 26, 2023
• Federal Student Loans Made Through the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program: Terms and Conditions for Borrowers , updated June 26, 2023
• Firearms and Ammunition Excise Tax (FAET) , CRS In Focus, updated June 26, 2023
• Monuments and Memorials Authorized and Completed Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District of Columbia , updated June 23, 2023
• International Tax Proposals Addressing Profit Shifting: Pillars 1 and 2 , CRS In Focus, updated June 23, 2023
• Social Security: Major Decisions in the House and Senate Since 1935 , updated June 22, 2023
• Oil Spills: Background and Governance , updated June 22, 2023
• Office of Management and Budget (OMB): An Overview , updated June 22, 2023
• Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 118th Congress, First Session , June 22, 2023
• Waters of the United States (WOTUS): Frequently Asked Questions About the Scope of the Clean Water Act , updated June 22, 2023
• Legislative History of Medicaid Financing for the Territories , June 22, 2023
• Medicaid Funding for the Territories , CRS In Focus, updated June 22, 2023
• Older Americans Act: COVID-19 Response , June 22, 2023
• Concurrent Receipt: Background and Issues for Congress , updated June 22, 2023
• The Information and Communications Technology and Services (ICTS) Rule and Review Process , CRS In Focus, updated June 22, 2023
• Payments in Lieu of Taxes (PILT): Section 6902 Payments , CRS In Focus, updated June 21, 2023
• Transfer and Reprogramming of Appropriations: An Overview , June 20, 2023
• Dynamic Scoring for Tax Legislation: A Review of Models , updated June 20, 2023
• A Brief Examination of Union Membership Data , June 16, 2023
• The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: A Primer , June 16, 2023
• Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) Program: Issues and Congressional Considerations , CRS In Focus, June 15, 2023
• Budget Enforcement Rules: Emergency Designations , June 15, 2023
• Pandemic Oversight: The Biden Administration's New Anti-Fraud Proposal , June 15, 2023
• National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities: FY2023 Appropriations , June 13, 2023
• Children's Hospital Graduate Medical Education (CHGME) , updated June 13, 2023
• Votes on Measures to Adjust the Statutory Debt Limit, 1978 to Present , updated June 12, 2023
• From Slip Law to United States Code: A Guide to Federal Statutes for Congressional Offices , updated June 12, 2023
• Federal Standards and Guidelines for Voting Systems: Overview and Potential Considerations for Congress , June 12, 2023
• Reliance on Treasury Department and IRS Tax Guidance , CRS In Focus, updated June 12, 2023
• Generative Artificial Intelligence: Overview, Issues, and Questions for Congress , CRS In Focus, June 9, 2023
• Title X Family Planning Program , CRS In Focus, updated June 8, 2023
• Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 Consultation , CRS In Focus, June 7, 2023
• Congressional Review of Proposed Amendments to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines , CRS In Focus, June 6, 2023
• The Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act: Background and Issues , updated June 6, 2023
• U.S. Forest Carbon Data: In Brief , updated June 6, 2023
• Criminal Contempt of Congress: Frequently Asked Questions , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 5, 2023
• Landslides: Federal Role in Research, Assessment, and Response , June 2, 2023
• Attorney's Fees and the Equal Access to Justice Act: Legal Framework , CRS In Focus, updated June 2, 2023
• Funding the State Administration of Unemployment Compensation (UC) Benefits , CRS In Focus, updated June 2, 2023
• The Internal Revenue Service's Strategic Operating Plan to Spend $79 Billion in Inflation Reduction Act Funding , CRS In Focus, updated June 2, 2023
• The U.S. Census Bureau , CRS In Focus, June 2, 2023
• Is That Climate Change? The Science of Extreme Event Attribution , June 1, 2023
• Wildfire Statistics , CRS In Focus, updated June 1, 2023
• Electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives: Frequently Asked Questions , updated May 31, 2023
• Guide to Committee Activity Reports: Purpose, Rules, and Contents , updated May 31, 2023
• Financial Disclosure in the U.S. Government: Frequently Asked Questions , updated May 30, 2023
• Executive Branch Ethics and Financial Disclosure Administration: The Role of Designated Agency Ethics Officials (DAEOs) , updated May 30, 2023
• Experimental Populations Under the Endangered Species Act and Gray Wolves , May 30, 2023
• Federal Student Loan Debt Relief in the Context of COVID-19 , updated May 30, 2023
• Financial Disclosure: Identifying and Remediating Conflicts of Interest in the Executive Branch , CRS In Focus, updated May 30, 2023
• Office of Government Ethics: A Primer , CRS In Focus, updated May 30, 2023
• Introduction to Tort Law , CRS In Focus, updated May 26, 2023
• Medical Product Regulation: Drugs, Biologics, and Devices , CRS In Focus, updated May 26, 2023
• Bureau of Reclamation WaterSMART Program , CRS In Focus, May 26, 2023
• Fusion Energy , CRS In Focus, May 25, 2023
• Venture Capital Operations and Regulation , CRS In Focus, May 25, 2023
• Offshore Energy: Vessel and Crew Nationality Requirements , CRS In Focus, May 25, 2023
• The Oregon and California Railroad Lands (O&C Lands): In Brief , updated May 25, 2023
• Debt Limit Policy Questions: What Are the Potential Economic Effects of a Binding Federal Debt Limit? , May 25, 2023
• Funding and Financing Highways and Public Transportation Under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) , May 24, 2023
• Comparison of Proposed Legislation Concerning Fentanyl-Related Substances , May 24, 2023
• Involuntary Civil Commitment: Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Protections , May 24, 2023
• Stop the Presses? Newspapers in the Digital Age , updated May 24, 2023
• Oversight of Inspectors General: The CIGIE Integrity Committee , CRS In Focus, May 24, 2023
• What Is Place-Based Economic Development? , CRS In Focus, May 24, 2023
• Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Overview and Selected Issues , May 23, 2023
• Generative Artificial Intelligence and Data Privacy: A Primer , May 23, 2023
• Introduction to Cryptocurrency , CRS In Focus, May 23, 2023
• Railroad Retirement Board: Retirement, Survivor, Disability, Unemployment, and Sickness Benefits , updated May 23, 2023
• The Takings Clause of the Constitution: Overview of Supreme Court Jurisprudence on Key Topics , May 22, 2023
• Nonfederal Levee Safety: Primer, Status, and Considerations , CRS In Focus, May 22, 2023
• Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2024 , May 19, 2023
• The SBA's Small Business Development Centers Program , CRS In Focus, May 19, 2023
• Federal Land Designations: A Brief Guide , updated May 19, 2023
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S. Electricity Sector: Background, Policies, and Projections , May 18, 2023
• Semiconductors and the CHIPS Act: The Global Context , May 18, 2023
• Chevron Deference: A Primer , updated May 18, 2023
• Federal Preemption: A Legal Primer , updated May 18, 2023
• Tribal Co-management of Federal Lands: Overview and Selected Issues for Congress , May 18, 2023
• National Forest System Management: Overview, Appropriations, and Issues for Congress , updated May 18, 2023
• Agricultural Conservation: FY2023 and FY2024 Appropriations , May 18, 2023
• Single-Employer Defined Benefit Pension Plans: Funding Relief and Modifications to Funding Rules , updated May 18, 2023
• Death in Custody Reporting Act: Background and Legislative Considerations , May 17, 2023
• Campaign Finance Law: An Analysis of Key Issues, Recent Developments, and Constitutional Considerations for Legislation , updated May 17, 2023
• The Appropriations Process: A Brief Overview , updated May 17, 2023
• Cybercrime and the Law: Primer on the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and Related Statutes , May 16, 2023
• Authorizations and the Appropriations Process , updated May 16, 2023
• Limitations in Appropriations Measures: An Overview of Procedural Issues , updated May 16, 2023
• Implementation of the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Guidance and Legal Considerations , May 16, 2023
• Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices , updated May 16, 2023
• Medigap: Background and Statistics , May 12, 2023
• Memorial Day Speech Resources: Fact Sheet , updated May 12, 2023
• Automation, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning in Consumer Lending , CRS In Focus, May 10, 2023
• Remittances: Background and Issues for Congress , updated May 10, 2023
• Social Security Retirement Earnings Test: How Earnings Affect Benefits , updated May 10, 2023
• Social Security Trust Fund Investment Practices , CRS In Focus, updated May 10, 2023
• Social Security's Funding Shortfall , CRS In Focus, updated May 10, 2023
• Solar Geoengineering and Climate Change , May 9, 2023
• Shipping on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway: An Update , May 9, 2023
• House Rule XXI, Clause 10: The CUTGO Rule , updated May 9, 2023
• Juvenile Delinquents and Federal Criminal Law: The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act and Related Matters in Short , May 9, 2023
• Juvenile Delinquents and Federal Criminal Law: The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act and Related Matters , updated May 9, 2023
• The Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA): Overview and Ongoing Role in Election Administration Policy , updated May 8, 2023
• Election Administration: Federal Grant Funding for States and Localities , updated May 8, 2023
• Election Security: Federal Funding for Securing Election Systems , CRS In Focus, updated May 8, 2023
• Elections Grant Programs: Authorizations and Appropriations , CRS In Focus, updated May 8, 2023
• Authorizing New Additions to Memorials in the District of Columbia: Issues for Consideration , CRS In Focus, updated May 8, 2023
• Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia: Background and Practice , updated May 8, 2023
• Elections Grant Programs: Policy Options , CRS In Focus, updated May 5, 2023
• Historic Properties and Federal Responsibilities: An Introduction to Section 106 Reviews , May 5, 2023
• Monuments and Memorials Authorized Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District of Columbia: Current Development of In-Progress and Lapsed Works , updated May 5, 2023
• Login.gov: Administration and Identity Authentication , CRS In Focus, May 4, 2023
• Internships in Congressional Offices: Frequently Asked Questions , updated May 4, 2023
• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nuisance Species Efforts , CRS In Focus, updated May 3, 2023
• Federal Involvement in Ocean-Based Research and Development , updated May 1, 2023
• Senators Who Die In Office: History and Current Practices , May 1, 2023
• New Federal Protections for Pregnant and Nursing Workers , CRS In Focus, April 28, 2023
• Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): FY2024 Budget Request Fact Sheet , April 27, 2023
• An Introduction to the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit , updated April 26, 2023
• Closed, Converted, Merged, and New Hospitals with Medicare Rural Designations: January 2018-November 2022 , April 26, 2023
• House Rules Changes Affecting Committee Procedure in the 118th Congress (2023-2024) , April 26, 2023
• Data in Brief: Funding Status of Multiemployer Defined Benefit Pension Plans , updated April 26, 2023
• Connecting Constituents with Federal Programs for Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Projects , CRS In Focus, updated April 26, 2023
• Ocean Acidification: Frequently Asked Questions , updated April 25, 2023
• Frequently Asked Questions: CHIPS Act of 2022 Provisions and Implementation , April 25, 2023
• Electricity: Overview and Issues for Congress , April 25, 2023
• The Voting Rights Act: Historical Development and Policy Background , April 25, 2023
• Military Medical Malpractice and the Feres Doctrine , CRS In Focus, updated April 25, 2023
• Locate an Agency or Program Within Appropriations Bills , updated April 25, 2023
• An Overview of the Corporate Income Tax System , April 24, 2023
• U.S. International Climate Finance: A Primer , CRS In Focus, updated April 24, 2023
• Defining Final Agency Action for APA and CRA Review , CRS In Focus, April 24, 2023
• Single-Family Residential Appraisals: An Overview , CRS In Focus, April 24, 2023
• The U.S. DOT Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program , CRS In Focus, updated April 24, 2023
• Federal Disaster Assistance for Agriculture , CRS In Focus, updated April 21, 2023
• Medicaid Primer , CRS In Focus, updated April 20, 2023
• Subsistence Uses of Resources in Alaska: An Overview of Federal Management , April 20, 2023
• Semiconductors and the Semiconductor Industry , April 19, 2023
• Rural Definitions Used for Eligibility Requirements in USDA Rural Development Programs , April 19, 2023
• Private Health Insurance: A Primer , April 18, 2023
• The Payments in Lieu of Taxes (PILT) Program: An Overview , updated April 18, 2023
• The Persistent Digital Divide: Selected Broadband Deployment Issues and Policy Considerations , April 18, 2023
• Appropriations Subcommittee Structure: History of Changes from 1920 to 2023 , updated April 18, 2023
• The Fundamentals of Unemployment Compensation , CRS In Focus, updated April 18, 2023
• SBA COVID-19 EIDL Financial Relief: Policy Options and Considerations , April 18, 2023
• The Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA): A Legal Overview , updated April 17, 2023
• National Heritage Areas: Background and Issues , updated April 17, 2023
• Regulating Reproductive Health Services After Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , CRS In Focus, updated April 17, 2023
• Medications for Opioid Use Disorder , CRS In Focus, updated April 14, 2023
• Federal Support for Reproductive Health Services: Frequently Asked Questions , updated April 14, 2023
• Overview of the Federal Procurement Process and Resources , updated April 14, 2023
• Student Loan Cancellation Under the HEROES Act , April 14, 2023
• Casework in a Congressional Office , updated April 13, 2023
• Muslim Holidays: Fact Sheet , updated April 13, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: Capital Markets , CRS In Focus, updated April 12, 2023
• Veterans and Homelessness , updated April 12, 2023
• The 45F Tax Credit for Employer-Provided Child Care , CRS In Focus, April 12, 2023
• Senate Committee Party Ratios: 98th-118th Congresses , updated April 11, 2023
• House Committee Party Ratios: 98th-118th Congresses , updated April 11, 2023
• The Higher Education Act (HEA): A Primer , updated April 10, 2023
• Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: The Decline in Assistance Receipt Among Eligible Individuals , April 10, 2023
• Internal Revenue Service Appropriations, FY2023 , CRS In Focus, updated April 10, 2023
• Overview of the Treasury Department's Federal Payment Levy and Treasury Offset Programs , updated April 7, 2023
• Information Technology Spending in the President's Budget Submission for FY2024: In Brief , April 6, 2023
• Grants Work in a Congressional Office , updated April 6, 2023
• Resources for Grantseekers , updated April 6, 2023
• Science and Technology Issues for the 118th Congress , updated April 6, 2023
• Social Security: Selected Findings of the 2023 Annual Report , CRS In Focus, updated April 6, 2023
• The Feres Doctrine: Congress, the Courts, and Military Servicemember Lawsuits Against the United States , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated April 5, 2023
• Data on State and Local Public Sector Employment Not Covered Under Social Security , April 4, 2023
• Long-Term Drought and Glen Canyon Dam: Potential Effects on Water Deliveries and Hydropower , April 4, 2023
• The Self-Employment Assistance (SEA) Program , updated April 4, 2023
• Small Business Contracting Under Category Management , CRS In Focus, April 4, 2023
• DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FY2024 Appropriations , CRS In Focus, updated April 4, 2023
• Judicial Nomination Statistics and Analysis: U.S. District and Circuit Courts, 1977-2022 , updated April 3, 2023
• Regional Innovation: Federal Programs and Issues for Consideration , April 3, 2023
• Energy and Minerals Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) , March 31, 2023
• Tax-Advantaged Savings Accounts: Overview and Policy Considerations , March 31, 2023
• Compensation for COVID-19 Vaccine Injuries , updated March 31, 2023
• DOT's Federal Pipeline Safety Program: Background and Key Issues for Congress , updated March 31, 2023
• House Committee on Ethics: A Brief History of Its Evolution and Jurisdiction , updated March 31, 2023
• Senate Select Committee on Ethics: A Brief History of Its Evolution and Jurisdiction , updated March 31, 2023
• Congress's Authority to Influence and Control Executive Branch Agencies , updated March 30, 2023
• Communications Between Congress and Federal Agencies During the Rulemaking Process , CRS In Focus, March 30, 2023
• House Rules Changes Affecting Floor Proceedings in the 118th Congress (2023-2024) , March 30, 2023
• Introducing a Senate Bill or Resolution , updated March 30, 2023
• Safe Drinking Water Act: Proposed National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for Specified PFAS , CRS In Focus, March 30, 2023
• Reasonable Accommodations for Employees with Disabilities , CRS In Focus, March 30, 2023
• Import Monitoring Systems: Steel and Aluminum , CRS In Focus, March 29, 2023
• Senate Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper: A Primer , CRS In Focus, updated March 28, 2023
• Sponsorship and Cosponsorship of Senate Bills , updated March 28, 2023
• The Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Development, Implementation, and Considerations for Congress , March 28, 2023
• FY2023 District of Columbia Budget and Appropriations , updated March 27, 2023
• Deposit Insurance and the Failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank , CRS In Focus, March 27, 2023
• Social Security Taxable Earnings Base: An Overview , CRS In Focus, March 27, 2023
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , updated March 27, 2023
• Federal Procurement: Emergency-Related Acquisition Flexibilities , updated March 27, 2023
• Department of Labor Guidance and Regulations on Selecting Private-Sector Pension Plan Investments , CRS In Focus, updated March 27, 2023
• Department of Labor Guidance and Regulations on the Exercise of Shareholder Rights by Private-Sector Pension Plans , CRS In Focus, updated March 27, 2023
• The Hydrogen Economy: Putting the Pieces Together , March 24, 2023
• Gun Control: ATF Final "Stabilizing Brace" Rule , CRS In Focus, March 24, 2023
• Digital Biology: Implications of Genetic Sequencing , CRS In Focus, March 23, 2023
• Bank Failures and the FDIC , CRS In Focus, updated March 23, 2023
• Intercity Passenger Rail: Federal Policy and Programs , updated March 23, 2023
• Federal Land Ownership: Acquisition and Disposal Authorities , updated March 23, 2023
• Department of Energy Funding for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Programs , CRS In Focus, updated March 23, 2023
• State Laws Restricting or Prohibiting Abortion , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated March 22, 2023
• Appropriations Report Language: Overview of Components and Development , updated March 22, 2023
• Social Security Administration (SSA): FY2023 Annual Limitation on Administrative Expenses (LAE) Appropriation: In Brief , March 22, 2023
• Common Causes of Economic Recession , March 21, 2023
• Extraterritorial Application of American Criminal Law , updated March 21, 2023
• Extraterritorial Application of American Criminal Law: An Abbreviated Sketch , updated March 21, 2023
• The FERS Cost-of-Living-Adjustment (COLA) and the Equal COLA Act (H.R. 866) , CRS In Focus, March 21, 2023
• Overview of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) and Emergency Abortion Services , CRS In Focus, March 21, 2023
• Congressional Member Organizations (CMOs) and Informal Member Groups: Their Purpose and Activities, History, and Formation , updated March 21, 2023
• The Education Sciences Reform Act (ESRA): A Primer , March 20, 2023
• Agricultural Conservation and the Next Farm Bill , March 20, 2023
• Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations , updated March 20, 2023
• Department of Veterans Affairs: Abortion Policy , updated March 20, 2023
• EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program , CRS In Focus, updated March 20, 2023
• Coins and Medals Celebrating the Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence , CRS In Focus, March 20, 2023
• Use of National Statuary Hall: Assignment and Historic Events , updated March 20, 2023
• Voting and Quorum Procedures in the House of Representatives , updated March 20, 2023
• The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) , CRS In Focus, March 17, 2023
• Overview of Health Insurance Exchanges , updated March 17, 2023
• Repurposing 3.1-3.55 GHz Spectrum: Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, March 16, 2023
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FY2023 Appropriations , CRS In Focus, March 16, 2023
• The Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA): Workers' Compensation for Federal Employees , updated March 16, 2023
• Consumer Finance and Financial Technology (Fintech) , March 15, 2023
• Clean Water State Revolving Fund Allotment Formula: Background and Options , March 15, 2023
• The Constitution and Race-Conscious Government Action: Narrow Tailoring Requirements , March 14, 2023
• Legislative Branch: FY2023 Appropriations , updated March 13, 2023
• Banking, Data Privacy, and Cybersecurity Regulation , updated March 13, 2023
• Term Limits for Members of Congress: Policy and Legal Overview , CRS In Focus, March 10, 2023
• Statutory Interpretation: Theories, Tools, and Trends , updated March 10, 2023
• Trafficking in Persons: Grants for Victim Services in the United States , March 10, 2023
• Diesel and Fuel Oil: Distillate Supply Issues , March 9, 2023
• Federal Requirements on Private Health Insurance Plans , updated March 9, 2023
• Drought in the United States: Science, Policy, and Selected Federal Authorities , updated March 9, 2023
• Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): A Legal Overview , CRS In Focus, updated March 9, 2023
• Bank Capital Requirements: A Primer and Policy Issues , March 9, 2023
• Capital Markets: Overview and Selected Policy Issues in the 118th Congress , updated March 9, 2023
• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA): An Overview , March 8, 2023
• Multifamily Housing Finance and Selected Policy Issues , updated March 8, 2023
• Constitutional Authority Statements and the Powers of Congress: An Overview , updated March 8, 2023
• Limiting Lead in Public Water Supplies: An Overview of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Regulatory Actions , CRS In Focus, March 8, 2023
• Copyright Law: An Introduction and Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, March 7, 2023
• Duplicate Congressional Gold Medals: Frequently Asked Questions , CRS In Focus, updated March 7, 2023
• Dynamic Scoring in the Congressional Budget Process , updated March 6, 2023
• State Minimum Wages: An Overview , updated March 2, 2023
• Selected Issues in Pharmaceutical Drug Pricing , CRS In Focus, March 1, 2023
• SEC-Proposed Regulations to Reform Stock Trading , CRS In Focus, March 1, 2023
• COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options , updated March 1, 2023
• SBA Disaster Loan Interest Rates: Overview and Policy Options , updated March 1, 2023
• The SBA Pre-Disaster Mitigation Loan Pilot Program: Considerations for Congress and Policy Options , updated March 1, 2023
• Offshore Wind Energy Development: Legal Framework , updated February 28, 2023
• Constitutional Authority Statements: A Quick Guide , CRS In Focus, February 27, 2023
• The Congressional Review Act (CRA): A Brief Overview , CRS In Focus, updated February 27, 2023
• Employer Tax Credit for Paid Family and Medical Leave , CRS In Focus, updated February 27, 2023
• Federal Credit Assistance and Grant Programs for Rural Businesses: In Brief , February 27, 2023
• Preventing Improper Payments: Lessons from Using Data Matching in Pandemic Relief Program Oversight , CRS In Focus, February 27, 2023
• East Palestine, OH, Train Derailment and Hazardous Materials Shipment by Rail: Frequently Asked Questions , February 24, 2023
• Federal Lands and Related Resources: Overview and Selected Issues for the 118th Congress , updated February 24, 2023
• Prior Converted Cropland Under the Clean Water Act , CRS In Focus, updated February 24, 2023
• Hate Crimes: Key Federal Statutes , CRS In Focus, February 23, 2023
• The U.S. Election Assistance Commission: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated February 23, 2023
• The U.S. Election Assistance Commission: Overview and Selected Issues for Congress , updated February 23, 2023
• Introducing a House Bill or Resolution , updated February 21, 2023
• Sponsorship and Cosponsorship of House Bills , updated February 21, 2023
• Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure , updated February 21, 2023
• Retirement Income Security: Issues and Policies , CRS In Focus, February 17, 2023
• Sea Mining: Frequently Asked Questions , February 16, 2023
• Noncitizen Eligibility for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) , updated February 16, 2023
• Cryptocurrency: Selected Policy Issues , February 15, 2023
• Columbia River Treaty Review , updated February 15, 2023
• Department of Veterans Affairs FY2023 Appropriations , February 14, 2023
• Federal Telehealth Flexibilities in Private Health Insurance During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency: In Brief , February 14, 2023
• Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Air Pollution, and Climate Change , CRS In Focus, updated February 14, 2023
• Using the Federal Income Tax System to Deliver Cash Assistance to Families: Policy Considerations , updated February 14, 2023
• Debate, Motions, and Other Actions in the Committee of the Whole , updated February 13, 2023
• Offering an Amendment on the House Floor Under a Structured Rule: Current Practice , updated February 13, 2023
• Design of United States Paper Currency , updated February 13, 2023
• Overview of FY2023 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) , February 13, 2023
• Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs , updated February 10, 2023
• Opioid Block Grants , CRS In Focus, updated February 10, 2023
• The Department of Education's Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Improving Income-Driven Repayment for the Direct Loan Program: Frequently Asked Questions , February 9, 2023
• The IRS's General Welfare Exclusion , CRS In Focus, February 9, 2023
• Title IX and Athletics: Legal Basics , CRS In Focus, February 9, 2023
• Budget Process Reforms Included in Debt Limit Legislation , February 9, 2023
• Loss and Damage Associated with the Effects of Climate Change: Recent Developments , CRS In Focus, February 9, 2023
• The Social Security Retirement Age: An Overview , CRS In Focus, February 9, 2023
• Medicaid: An Overview , updated February 8, 2023
• The Committee Markup Process in the House of Representatives , updated February 8, 2023
• Institutional Eligibility for Participation in Title IV Student Financial Aid Programs , updated February 8, 2023
• The Animal Welfare Act: Background and Selected Issues , updated February 8, 2023
• Birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and George Washington: Fact Sheet , updated February 7, 2023
• The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): Overview and Issues for Congress , February 7, 2023
• The Black Lung Program, the Black Lung Disability Trust Fund, and the Excise Tax on Coal: Background and Policy Options , updated February 7, 2023
• An Overview of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) , CRS In Focus, updated February 7, 2023
• Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC): A Primer , updated February 7, 2023
• The National Trails System: A Brief Overview , updated February 6, 2023
• Crypto and Banking: Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, February 6, 2023
• Strong Dollar: Implications for U.S. Economy , CRS In Focus, February 6, 2023
• Congressional Commissions: Overview and Considerations for Congress , updated February 6, 2023
• Insulin Coverage Under Private Health Insurance and Medicare Part D: In Brief , February 6, 2023
• House Voting Procedures: Forms and Requirements , updated February 3, 2023
• Supermajority Votes in the House , updated February 3, 2023
• Accredited Investor Definition and Private Securities Markets , CRS In Focus, updated February 3, 2023
• Commemorative Commissions: Overview, Structure, and Funding , updated February 2, 2023
• Flooding and Federal Projects: Exposures and Limits to Liability , February 2, 2023
• The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) , CRS In Focus, February 2, 2023
• Mental Health Parity and Coverage in Private Health Insurance: Federal Requirements , February 1, 2023
• HUD Section 108 Loan Guarantee Program: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated February 1, 2023
• Oil and Gas Technology and Geothermal Energy Development , January 31, 2023
• Federalism-Based Limitations on Congressional Power: An Overview , updated January 31, 2023
• How Consumer Data Affects Competition Through Digital Advertising , updated January 26, 2023
• Constitutional Authority Statements: A Quick Guide , CRS In Focus, January 26, 2023
• Discharge Procedure in the House , updated January 26, 2023
• The 1% Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases (Buybacks) , January 25, 2023
• Small Business Tax Benefits: Current Law , updated January 25, 2023
• FCC Spectrum Auction Authority: Background and Proposals for Extension , updated January 25, 2023
• USDA Nutrition Assistance Programs: Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic , updated January 24, 2023
• Consumption Taxes: An Overview , updated January 24, 2023
• Health Care Provisions of the Budget Reconciliation Measure P.L. 117-169 , January 24, 2023
• Emergency Assistance for Agricultural Land Rehabilitation , updated January 24, 2023
• Foreign Ownership and Holdings of U.S. Agricultural Land , CRS In Focus, updated January 24, 2023
• Consideration of Privileged Nominations in the Senate , updated January 23, 2023
• Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Housing Programs , updated January 23, 2023
• Constituent Services: Overview and Resources , updated January 23, 2023
• Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 117th Congress, Second Session , January 20, 2023
• Cybersecurity: Bureau of Cyber Statistics , updated January 19, 2023
• Legal and Procedural Matters Related to Seating a Cherokee Nation Delegate in the House of Representatives , January 19, 2023
• The Controlled Substances Act (CSA): A Legal Overview for the 118th Congress , updated January 19, 2023
• Listed Chemicals and Federal Regulation of Controlled Substance Precursors , CRS In Focus, January 19, 2023
• The 15% Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax , updated January 19, 2023
• Enforceable Spending Allocations in the Congressional Budget Process: 302(a)s and 302(b)s , January 18, 2023
• Temporary Judgeships: Frequently Asked Questions , updated January 18, 2023
• Congressional Careers: Service Tenure and Patterns of Member Service, 1789-2023 , updated January 17, 2023
• Interagency Working Group (IWG) on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization , CRS In Focus, updated January 17, 2023
• Federal Economic Development Resources for Food Businesses and Systems: In Brief , January 13, 2023
• Earthquakes Induced by Underground Fluid Injection and the Federal Role in Mitigation , January 13, 2023
• Federal Election Commission: Membership and Policymaking Quorum, In Brief , updated January 13, 2023
• U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends and Projections from the Inflation Reduction Act , January 12, 2023
• An Introduction to Oversight of Offices of Inspector General , CRS In Focus, updated January 12, 2023
• Changes to House Rules Affecting the Congressional Budget Process Included in H.Res. 5 (118th Congress) , January 12, 2023
• Federal Assistance for Nonfederal Dam Safety , January 11, 2023
• A Comparison of Selected Official Wage Measures , January 11, 2023
• Average Wage Growth and Related Economic Trends in 2022 , January 11, 2023
• Introduction to the Federal Budget Process , updated January 10, 2023
• Crime and Forfeiture , updated January 10, 2023
• Crime and Forfeiture: In Short , updated January 10, 2023
• The Holman Rule (House Rule XXI, Clause 2(b)) , updated January 10, 2023
• A Brief Overview of the Congressional Budget Process , updated January 10, 2023
• Budget Enforcement Procedures: The Senate Pay-As-You-Go (PAYGO) Rule , updated January 9, 2023
• U.S. Dollar Coins: History and Current Status , CRS In Focus, updated January 6, 2023
• The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): FY2023 Appropriations and Background , CRS In Focus, updated January 6, 2023
• Solar Energy: Frequently Asked Questions , updated January 5, 2023
• Elections and Voting: Policy and Legal Issues for the 118th Congress , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• HUD Rural Capacity Building for Community Development and Affordable Housing (RCB) Program , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: Accounting and Auditing Regulatory Structure, U.S. and International , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: Banking , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: Consumer Finance , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: Derivatives , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Issues , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: Financial Cybersecurity , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: Insurance , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: Systemic Risk , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: The Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB) , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: The Federal Reserve , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: The Housing Finance System , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to Financial Services: The Regulatory Framework , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: GDP and Economic Growth , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: Inflation , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2023
• FDA Regulation of Medical Devices , updated January 4, 2023
• Inauguration Day: Fact Sheet , updated January 4, 2023
• Quarter and Half Dollar Coins: History and Current Status , CRS In Focus, updated January 4, 2023
• Redesigning Circulating Quarters, Half Dollars, and Dollar Coins: Current and Future Designs , CRS In Focus, updated January 4, 2023
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: Housing Market , CRS In Focus, updated January 3, 2023
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: Productivity , CRS In Focus, updated January 3, 2023
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: The Business Cycle and Growth , CRS In Focus, updated January 3, 2023
• Bridging the Digital Divide: Broadband Workforce Considerations for the 118th Congress , CRS In Focus, updated December 30, 2022
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: Business Investment , CRS In Focus, updated December 29, 2022
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: Fiscal Policy , CRS In Focus, updated December 29, 2022
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: Personal Income , CRS In Focus, updated December 29, 2022
• Poverty in the United States in 2021 , December 27, 2022
• The Debt Limit Since 2011 , updated December 23, 2022
• Congressional Oversight Manual , updated December 22, 2022
• Higher Education Tax Benefits: Brief Overview and Budgetary Effects , updated December 21, 2022
• Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act (GOMESA): Background and Current Issues , updated December 21, 2022
• Justice Department's Evolving Efforts on Ransomware , CRS In Focus, December 21, 2022
• U.S. Sanctions: Legislation in the 117th Congress , December 20, 2022
• Deficits, Debt, and the Economy: An Introduction , updated December 20, 2022
• Penny: History and Current Status , CRS In Focus, December 20, 2022
• Recurring Constitutional Issues in Federal Legislation , CRS In Focus, December 20, 2022
• Unemployment Insurance and "Millionaires": Recent Data and Policy Considerations , CRS In Focus, December 19, 2022
• Next Farm Bill Primer Series: A Guide to Agriculture and Food Programs in the 2018 Farm Bill , updated December 19, 2022
• Income for the Population Aged 65 and Older: Evidence from the Health Retirement Study (HRS) , December 16, 2022
• Energy Transition: Affordability, Emissions, and Security , December 15, 2022
• Recent Cryptocurrency Developments: Energy and Environmental Implications , CRS In Focus, December 15, 2022
• eDNA/eRNA: Scientific Value in What's Left Behind , CRS In Focus, December 15, 2022
• Budget Process Reform: In Brief , December 15, 2022
• The First Day of a New Congress: A Guide to Proceedings on the House Floor , updated December 15, 2022
• Content and Consideration of the Budget Resolution: In Brief , December 15, 2022
• Membership of the 117th Congress: A Profile , updated December 14, 2022
• How Measures Are Brought to the House Floor: A Brief Introduction , updated December 14, 2022
• Reporting on Agency Budget Execution: Processes and Case Study Illustration , December 14, 2022
• The Legislative Process on the House Floor: An Introduction , updated December 14, 2022
• USDA's ReConnect Program: Expanding Rural Broadband , December 14, 2022
• Congressional Oversight and Investigations , CRS In Focus, updated December 13, 2022
• Ownership of the U.S. Rental Housing Stock by Investor Type: In Brief , December 13, 2022
• Violent Crime Trends, 1990-2021 , CRS In Focus, December 12, 2022
• Social Security: Potential Impacts of Changes in Computation Years , December 12, 2022
• Christian Holidays: Fact Sheet , updated December 12, 2022
• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Budget: Fact Sheet , updated December 9, 2022
• Cybersecurity: A Primer , CRS In Focus, updated December 8, 2022
• Debt and Deficits: Spending, Revenue, and Economic Growth , CRS In Focus, updated December 8, 2022
• Ammonia's Potential Role in a Low-Carbon Economy , CRS In Focus, December 7, 2022
• Selected Issues in Pharmaceutical Drug Pricing , CRS In Focus, December 7, 2022
• Suspension of the Rules: House Practice in the 116th Congress (2019-2020) , December 7, 2022
• FDA Regulation of Laboratory-Developed Tests (LDTs) , CRS In Focus, updated December 7, 2022
• Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act: Data Integration and Individual Rights , December 6, 2022
• Poverty Among Americans Aged 65 and Older , updated December 6, 2022
• Administration of the House of Representatives: Actions Taken During a New Congress and Following a Majority Change , CRS In Focus, updated December 5, 2022
• Student Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic , CRS In Focus, December 5, 2022
• Direct Loan Program Student Loans: Terms and Conditions , CRS In Focus, December 5, 2022
• Seabed Mining in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Issues for Congress , December 5, 2022
• Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Study Areas: In Brief , December 5, 2022
• A Snapshot of Federal Student Loan Debt , CRS In Focus, updated December 2, 2022
• The American Innovation and Choice Online Act , updated December 2, 2022
• Budgetary Decisionmaking in Congress , CRS In Focus, updated December 1, 2022
• The Opioid Crisis in the United States: A Brief History , CRS In Focus, December 1, 2022
• Commercial Filming and Photography on Federal Lands , CRS In Focus, updated December 1, 2022
• Patent-Eligible Subject Matter Reform: Background and Issues for Congress , updated December 1, 2022
• Equity in Innovation: Trends in U.S. Patenting and Inventor Diversity , CRS In Focus, November 30, 2022
• Unauthorized Immigrants' Eligibility for Federal and State Benefits: Overview and Resources , November 29, 2022
• Federal Hiring of Persons with Disabilities , November 28, 2022
• Natural Gas Markets Going Global: Changes in Consumption , November 23, 2022
• Agricultural Research: Background and Issues , updated November 22, 2022
• Constituent Services: Overview and Resources , CRS In Focus, updated November 22, 2022
• Small Water Systems: Selected Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Provisions , November 22, 2022
• Global Pandemics: Gain-of-Function Research of Concern , CRS In Focus, updated November 21, 2022
• Introduction to Electricity Transmission , CRS In Focus, November 18, 2022
• The Child Care and Development Block Grant: In Brief , November 18, 2022
• Expiration of the Discretionary Spending Limits: Frequently Asked Questions , updated November 18, 2022
• Money Market Mutual Funds: Policy Concerns and Reform Options , November 17, 2022
• Social Security: Benefit Calculation , updated November 17, 2022
• The Federal Assets Sale and Transfer Act: Background and Implementation , November 16, 2022
• Congressional Redistricting: Key Legal and Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, November 16, 2022
• Housing Issues in the 117th Congress , updated November 15, 2022
• Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 117th Congress, Second Session , November 15, 2022
• Social Security: The Trust Funds and Interest Income , CRS In Focus, November 15, 2022
• Federal Role in Preventing Evictions , updated November 10, 2022
• Public Transportation Ridership: Implications of Recent Trends for Federal Policy , November 10, 2022
• Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer , updated November 9, 2022
• The Budget Reconciliation Process and the Statutory Limit on the Debt , CRS Insight, updated November 8, 2022
• The Buy American Act and Other Federal Procurement Domestic Content Restrictions , updated November 8, 2022
• The Enactment of Appropriations Measures During Lame Duck Sessions , updated November 8, 2022
• Social Security: Benefit Calculation Overview , CRS In Focus, updated November 8, 2022
• What Hides in the Shadows: Deceptive Design of Dark Patterns , November 4, 2022
• Block Grants: Perspectives and Controversies , updated November 4, 2020
• Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (UDAP) Enforcement Authority Under the Federal Trade Commission Act , CRS In Focus, November 4, 2022
• Budget Reconciliation Measures Enacted Into Law Since 1980 , updated November 2, 2022
• The Federal Contested Election Act: Overview and Recent Contests in the House of Representatives , CRS In Focus, November 2, 2022
• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: Who Is a Veteran? , November 2, 2022
• Veteran Status Based on Service with Certain Civilian Groups , CRS In Focus, November 2, 2022
• The Major Questions Doctrine , CRS In Focus, updated November 2, 2022
• Unemployment Insurance Program Integrity: Recent Developments , CRS In Focus, November 2, 2022
• Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation , November 1, 2022
• Presenting Measures to the President for Approval: Possible Delays , updated November 1, 2022
• Online Consumer Data Collection , October 31, 2022
• Federal Election Results: Frequently Asked Questions , updated October 27, 2022
• U.S. Aluminum Manufacturing: Industry Trends and Sustainability , October 26, 2022
• New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction , updated October 26, 2022
• Congressional Rules and Practices Concerning User Fees and Other Nonrevenue Collections in the Federal Budget , October 25, 2022
• Timber Harvesting on Federal Lands , updated October 25, 2022
• Potential Enforcement of State Abortion Laws on Federal Property , October 24, 2022
• COVID-19 Vaccination: Selected U.S. Data Sources , CRS Insight, updated October 21, 2022
• Sanctions Legislation and the Bill of Attainder Clause , CRS In Focus, October 21, 2022
• Small Business Research Programs: SBIR and STTR , updated October 21, 2022
• Statutory Testimony Requirements: Background and Issues for Congress , October 19, 2022
• Community Development Block Grant Public Service Expenditure Cap: In Brief , October 19, 2022
• Congressional Oversight Provisions in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (P.L. 116-136) , updated October 19, 2022
• Flooding: Selected Federal Assistance and Programs to Reduce Risk , October 18, 2022
• House Standing Committee Chairs and Ranking Members: 104th-117th Congresses , October 18, 2022
• Net Neutrality Law: An Overview , updated October 18, 2022
• Issues in Law Enforcement Reform: Responding to Mental Health Crises , October 17, 2022
• Social Security: Scheduled Versus Payable Benefits , CRS In Focus, October 14, 2022
• Women in Congress, 1917-2022: Service Dates and Committee Assignments by Member, and Lists by State and Congress , updated October 13, 2022
• Women in Congress: Statistics and Brief Overview , updated October 13, 2022
• Bankruptcy Basics: A Primer , updated October 12, 2022
• Congressional Staff: CRS Products , updated October 12, 2022
• Data Protection and Privacy Law: An Introduction , CRS In Focus, updated October 12, 2022
• Environmental, Social and Governance Funds: SEC-Proposed Disclosure Reform , CRS In Focus, October 12, 2022
• Reserve Funds in the Congressional Budget Process: Frequently Asked Questions , October 12, 2022
• Supreme Court Term October 2021: A Review of Selected Major Rulings , October 11, 2022
• The Americans with Disabilities Act: A Brief Overview , CRS In Focus, October 11, 2022
• COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations for the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 2022: In Brief , updated October 7, 2022
• Inflation in the U.S. Economy: Causes and Policy Options , October 6, 2022
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks in U.S. Agriculture , CRS In Focus, updated October 6, 2022
• White House Initiative to Advance the Bioeconomy, E.O. 14081: In Brief , October 5, 2022
• Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in the United States , updated October 5, 2022
• Ecosystem Restoration in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act: Overview and Issues for Congress , October 3, 2022
• Patents and Innovation Policy , October 3, 2022
• Manufacturing USA: Advanced Manufacturing Institutes and Network , updated October 3, 2022
• Navigating the Appropriations Status Table , updated October 3, 2022
• Firearm Background Checks Under H.R. 8 and H.R. 1446 , CRS In Focus, October 3, 2022
• Single-Family Market Rents and Institutional Investors , CRS In Focus, October 3, 2022
• U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations Confirmed During Lame Duck Sessions of Congress (1940-2021) , CRS Insight, October 3, 2022
• Synthetic/Engineering Biology: Issues for Congress , September 30, 2022
• Batson v. Kentucky and Federal Peremptory Challenge Law , September 30, 2022
• Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Introduction and Issues for Congress , September 29, 2022
• House Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, 2001-2021 , updated September 29, 2022
• An Analysis of the Tax Treatment of Capital Losses , updated September 30, 2022
• Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2001-2021 , updated September 29, 2022
• Staff Pay, Selected Positions in Senators' Offices, FY2001-FY2021 , updated September 29, 2022
• Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2021 , updated September 29, 2022
• Social Security: What Would Happen If the Trust Funds Ran Out? , updated September 28, 2022
• The Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA): An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated September 28, 2022
• The Budget Reconciliation Process: The Senate's "Byrd Rule" , updated September 28, 2022
• The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN): Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 Implementation and Beyond , September 27, 2022
• The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An Appropriations Overview , updated September 26, 2022
• The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act and the One-Stop Delivery System , updated September 26, 2022
• Expired and Expiring Temporary Tax Provisions (Including "Tax Extenders") , September 23, 2022
• Injection and Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide: Federal Role and Issues for Congress , updated September 22, 2022
• Federal Financial and Budgetary Reporting: A Primer , CRS In Focus, updated September 20, 2022
• The Bioeconomy: A Primer , updated September 19, 2022
• Voter Registration: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress , updated September 19, 2022
• Workforce and Labor Policy: Resources for Congressional Staff , September 16, 2022
• Medicaid Coverage of Long-Term Services and Supports , updated September 15, 2022
• The USDA Healthy Food Financing Initiative , CRS In Focus, September 15, 2022
• Global Research and Development Expenditures: Fact Sheet , updated September 14, 2022
• The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program and the Office of Special Masters , CRS In Focus, September 14, 2022
• Undersea Telecommunication Cables: Technology Overview and Issues for Congress , September 13, 2022
• U.S. Research and Development Funding and Performance: Fact Sheet , updated September 13, 2022
• Clean Air Act: A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements , updated September 13, 2022
• Prescription Drug Discount Coupons and Patient Assistance Programs (PAPs) , updated September 12, 2022
• Title 36 Charters: The History and Evolution of Congressional Practices , September 8, 2022
• The POWER Initiative: Energy Transition as Economic Development , updated September 8, 2022
• Section 4 Capacity Building for Community Development and Affordable Housing Program , updated September 7, 2022
• Recent Developments in Everglades Restoration , CRS In Focus, updated August 30, 2022
• Critical Minerals in Electric Vehicle Batteries , August 29, 2022
• Inflation Reduction Act Methane Emissions Charge: In Brief , updated August 29, 2022
• The Mar-a-Lago Search Warrant: A Legal Introduction , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated August 29, 2022
• The Metaverse: Concepts and Issues for Congress , August 26, 2022
• Rules Governing House Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures , updated August 26, 2022
• Expanding Broadband: Potential Role of Municipal Networks to Address the Digital Divide , August 25, 2022
• U.S. Citizenship for Children Born Abroad: In Brief , August 25, 2022
• Student Loans: A Timeline of Actions Taken in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic , CRS In Focus, updated August 25, 2022
• Clean Water Act Section 401: Overview and Recent Developments , updated August 24, 2022
• Public Safety Officers' Benefits (PSOB) and Public Safety Officers' Educational Assistance (PSOEA) Programs , updated August 23, 2022
• The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Waiver Authority and Modification of Volumes , updated August 22, 2022
• Changes in Employment and Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance Levels During the COVID-19 Pandemic , August 19, 2022
• Hazard-Resilient Buildings: Sustaining Occupancy and Function After a Natural Disaster , August 15, 2022
• Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Congressional Action and Selected Policy Issues , updated August 12, 2022
• Armed Career Criminal Act (18 U.S.C. 924(e)): An Overview , updated August 11, 2022
• The Carbon Cycle: Key Component of the Climate System, with Implications for Policy , August 10, 2022
• Federal Role in Responding to Potential Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) , updated August 10, 2022
• Ownership of Retirement Assets: Data in Brief , August 10, 2022
• Criminal Justice Data: Human Trafficking , August 10, 2022
• Forecasting Hurricanes: Role of the National Hurricane Center , CRS In Focus, updated August 10, 2022
• The U.S. Land-Grant University System: Overview and Role in Agricultural Research , updated August 9, 2022
• Tax Provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (H.R. 5376) , updated August 9, 2022
• The Corporate Minimum Tax Proposal , CRS In Focus, updated August 8, 2022
• An Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases and Tax Advantages of Buybacks over Dividends , CRS In Focus, updated August 8, 2022
• Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) , updated August 8, 2022
• U.S. Domestic Response to the 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak , CRS In Focus, August 5, 2022
• Ongoing Efforts to Address Fraud and Adulteration of Honey , CRS In Focus, August 5, 2022
• What Is the Blue Economy ? , CRS In Focus, August 5, 2022
• Inflation Reduction Act Methane Emissions Charge: In Brief , August 4, 2022
• Judicial Review and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 , August 4, 2022
• Taxation of Carried Interest , updated August 4, 2022
• Microsoft's Proposed Acquisition of Activision Blizzard: In Brief , August 3, 2022
• Is the U.S. Economy in a Recession? , CRS Insight, August 3, 2022
• Conducting Research on Federal Real Property: A Guide to Selected Resources , updated August 3, 2022
• Legal and Practical Implications of the Ninth Circuit's Cottonwood Environmental Law Center v. U.S. Forest Service Decision Under the Endangered Species Act , August 2, 2022
• The Vacancies Act: A Legal Overview , updated August 1, 2022
• Three Strike Mandatory Sentencing (18 U.S.C. 3559(c)): An Overview , updated August 1, 2022
• Railroad Retirement Board: Trust Fund Investment Practices , updated August 1, 2022
• Big Tech in Financial Services , updated July 29, 2022
• Video Relay Service: Program Funding and Reform , updated July 29, 2022
• Small Business Administration HUBZone Program , updated July 29, 2022
• Wilderness: Overview, Management, and Statistics , updated July 29, 2022
• Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Procurement Program , updated July 29, 2022
• Federal Individual Income Tax Terms: An Explanation , updated July 28, 2022
• Agricultural Conservation: A Guide to Programs , updated July 28, 2022
• Back to the Future? Lessons from the "Great Inflation" , CRS In Focus, July 28, 2022
• Federal Student Loan Debt Cancellation: Policy Considerations , July 27, 2022
• Agricultural Credit: Institutions and Issues , updated July 27, 2022
• Federal Research Tax Credit: Current Law and Policy Issues , updated July 27, 2022
• Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA): Background and Funding , updated July 27, 2022
• Federal Compassionate Release After the First Step Act , July 26, 2022
• Highway Bridges: Conditions, Funding Programs, and Issues for Congress , July 25, 2022
• State Small Business Credit Initiative: Implementation and Funding Issues , updated July 25, 2022
• The Dark Web: An Overview , CRS In Focus, July 22, 2022
• Suspension of the Rules in the House: Principal Features , updated July 22, 2022
• Considering Legislation on the House Floor: Common Practices in Brief , updated July 22, 2022
• Availability of Legislative Measures in the House of Representatives (The "72-Hour Rule") , updated July 22, 2022
• Resolutions of Inquiry in the House , CRS Insight, updated July 21, 2022
• The Federal Communications Commission: Selected Issues Under Consideration , July 21, 2022
• Legal and Procedural Issues Related to Seating a Cherokee Nation Delegate in the House of Representatives , July 21, 2022
• Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) , July 20, 2022
• An Overview of Medical Debt Collection, Credit Reporting, and Related Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, July 20, 2022
• Fertility Fraud: Federal Criminal Law Issues , CRS In Focus, July 19, 2022
• The Supplemental Poverty Measure: Its Core Concepts, Development, and Use , updated July 19, 2022
• The Social Security Statement , July 18, 2022
• Market-Based Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Legislation: 108th Through 117th Congresses , updated July 18, 2022
• PFAS and Drinking Water: Selected EPA and Congressional Actions , updated July 18, 2022
• The Hyde Amendment: An Overview , CRS In Focus, July 15, 2022
• Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act: In Brief , July 14, 2022
• Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends , updated July 14, 2022
• Housing and the Consumer Price Index , CRS In Focus, July 14, 2022
• Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation , updated July 14, 2022
• Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs: Background and Issues for Congress , updated July 13, 2022
• Wild Horse and Burro Management: Overview of Costs , CRS In Focus, updated July 13, 2022
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: Personal Saving , CRS In Focus, updated July 13, 2022
• Introduction to the U.S. Economy: Consumer Spending , CRS In Focus, updated July 12, 2022
• Introduction to U.S. Economy: Unemployment , CRS In Focus, updated July 12, 2022
• Setting Budgetary Levels: The House's FY2023 Deeming Resolution , July 11, 2022
• Final Rules Changing Endangered Species Act Regulations , CRS In Focus, updated July 11, 2022
• Final Rules Amending ESA Critical Habitat Regulations , CRS In Focus, updated July 11, 2022
• SBA Assistance to Small Business Startups: Client Experiences and Program Impact , updated July 11, 2022
• Election Security: States' Spending of FY2018 and FY2020 HAVA Payments , CRS In Focus, updated July 8, 2022
• Trade-Related Agencies: FY2022 Appropriations, Commerce, Science, Justice and Related Agencies (CJS) , July 8, 2022
• Redefining Waters of the United States (WOTUS): Recent Developments , updated July 8, 2022
• SBA Surety Bond Guarantee Program , updated July 8, 2022
• Congressional Authority to Regulate Abortion , CRS Legal Sidebar, July 8, 2022
• Abortion, Data Privacy, and Law Enforcement Access: A Legal Overview , CRS Legal Sidebar, July 7, 2022
• Geoengineering: Ocean Iron Fertilization , July 7, 2022
• Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): In Brief , July 7, 2022
• The Social Security Retirement Age , updated July 6, 2022
• Federal Mandatory Minimum Sentences: The Safety Valve and Substantial Assistance Exceptions , updated July 5, 2022
• SBA Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program (SVOG) , updated July 5, 2022
• SBA's Office of Inspector General: Overview, Impact, and Relationship with Congress , updated July 5, 2022
• Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund: Overview and Programs , July 1, 2022
• Small Business Administration 7(a) Loan Guaranty Program , updated June 30, 2022
• Border Carbon Adjustments: Background and Recent Developments , June 28, 2022
• Regulating PFAS Under the Clean Water Act , CRS In Focus, June 28, 2022
• How Did COVID-19 Unemployment Insurance Benefits Impact Consumer Spending and Employment? , CRS In Focus, June 24, 2022
• Federal Civil Aviation Programs: In Brief , updated June 23, 2022
• Social Security: Are Benefits Paid to Incarcerated Individuals? , CRS In Focus, June 22, 2022
• Career and Technical Education: A Primer , June 21, 2022
• Selected Federal Financial Assistance for Emergency Response to Extreme Heat , updated June 17, 2022
• Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program , updated June 16, 2022
• The Federal Role in Orphan Oil and Gas Well Reclamation , CRS In Focus, June 15, 2022
• Federal Milk Marketing Orders: An Overview , updated June 15, 2022
• Small Business Size Standards: A Historical Analysis of Contemporary Issues , updated June 15, 2022
• The Political Question Doctrine: An Introduction (Part 1) , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 14, 2022
• The Political Question Doctrine: Historical Background (Part 2) , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 14, 2022
• The Political Question Doctrine: The Doctrine in the Modern Era (Part 3) , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 14, 2022
• The Political Question Doctrine: Foreign Affairs as a Political Question (Part 4) , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 14, 2022
• The Political Question Doctrine: Congressional Governance and Impeachment as Political Questions (Part 5) , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 14, 2022
• The Political Question Doctrine: Political Process, Elections, and Gerrymandering (Part 6) , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 14, 2022
• Social Security: Selected Findings of the 2022 Annual Report , CRS In Focus, June 14, 2022
• The Expanded Child Tax Credit for 2021: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) , updated June 14, 2022
• Guides and Outfitters on Federal Lands: Issues for Congress , updated June 14, 2022
• FY2022 District of Columbia Budget and Appropriations , updated June 14, 2022
• Postal Primer: ZIP Codes and Boundary Review Process , CRS In Focus, June 14, 2022
• Juvenile Life Without Parole: In Brief , June 13, 2022
• School Safety and Target Hardening , CRS In Focus, June 10, 2022
• Small Business Mentor-Protege Programs , updated June 10, 2022
• Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Siting: FERC Policy and Issues for Congress , updated June 9, 2022
• The Loan Limits for Government-Backed Mortgages , updated June 9, 2022
• DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FY2022 Appropriations , CRS In Focus, updated June 9, 2022
• Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs , updated June 9, 2022
• Overview of the Federal Tax System in 2022 , updated June 8, 2022
• Private-Sector Defined Contribution Pension Plans: An Introduction , June 8, 2022
• Social Security: Adjustment Factors for Early or Delayed Benefit Claiming , June 8, 2022
• Deeming Resolutions: Budget Enforcement in the Absence of a Budget Resolution , updated June 8, 2022
• Removal of Nazi Symbols and Inscriptions on Headstones of Prisoners of War in VA National Cemeteries , CRS In Focus, updated June 8, 2022
• Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations , updated June 7, 2022
• Addressing the Long-Run Deficit: A Comparison of Approaches , updated June 7, 2022
• Donor-Advised Funds (DAFs): Proposed Legislation , CRS In Focus, June 3, 2022
• The ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System and the Federal Role , June 2, 2022
• Pensions and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): An Overview , June 1, 2022
• U.S. Economic Recovery in the Wake of COVID-19: Successes and Challenges , May 31, 2022
• U.S. Gun Policy: Framework and Major Issues , CRS In Focus, updated May 27, 2022
• Federal Support for School Safety and Security , updated May 27, 2022
• FHA Single-Family Mortgage Insurance: Financial Status of the Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund (MMI Fund) , updated May 27, 2022
• Automation, Worker Training, and Federal Tax Policy , CRS In Focus, May 27, 2022
• Permitting for Pesticide Discharges into Navigable Waters: Issues and Legislation in the 117th Congress , CRS In Focus, updated May 27, 2022
• Oversight of Gain of Function Research with Pathogens: Issues for Congress , May 26, 2022
• FY2023 Budget Documents: Internet and GPO Availability , updated May 26, 2022
• Capital Gains Taxes: An Overview of the Issues , May 24, 2022
• mRNA Technologies: A Primer , May 24, 2022
• Small Business Administration Trade and Export Promotion Programs , updated May 24, 2022
• U.S. Retirement Assets: Amount in Pensions and IRAs , CRS In Focus, May 23, 2022
• Medicare Part B: Enrollment and Premiums , updated May 20, 2022
• Federal Financial Assistance and Civil Rights Requirements , May 18, 2022
• Legislative Branch: FY2022 Appropriations , updated May 18, 2022
• Guides and Outfitters on Federal Lands: Background and Permitting Processes , updated May 18, 2022
• Domestic Steel Manufacturing: Overview and Prospects , May 17, 2022
• State and Federal Authority to Mandate COVID-19 Vaccination , updated May 17, 2022
• Child Care Entitlement to States , CRS In Focus, updated May 17, 2022
• Social Security: Cost-of-Living Adjustments (COLAs) and the System's Projected Financial Shortfall , CRS In Focus, May 17, 2022
• Overview of the SEC Climate Risk Disclosure Proposed Rule , CRS In Focus, May 17, 2022
• Social Security: The Lump-Sum Death Benefit , updated May 17, 2022
• Social Security Survivors Benefits , updated May 16, 2022
• DC Statehood: Constitutional Considerations for Proposed Legislation , May 13, 2022
• Introduction to Budget Authority , CRS In Focus, May 13, 2022
• Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2022 (H.R. 7309) , May 12, 2022
• SBA Veterans Assistance Programs: An Analysis of Contemporary Issues , updated May 12, 2022
• Taxing Authority in Federal Areas , May 11, 2022
• Social Security Administration (SSA): Trends in the Annual Limitation on Administrative Expenses (LAE) Appropriation Through FY2021 , May 11, 2022
• Federal Crop Insurance: Fruits, Vegetables and Specialty Crops , CRS In Focus, May 11, 2022
• Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Standards , CRS In Focus, updated May 9, 2022
• The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): FY2022 Appropriations and Background , CRS In Focus, updated May 6, 2022
• U.S. Solar Photovoltaic Manufacturing , May 5, 2022
• The Role of the House Majority Leader: An Overview , updated May 3, 2022
• Farm Bill Primer: Agricultural Research and Extension , CRS In Focus, May 3, 2022
• Designing Congressional Commissions: Background and Considerations for Congress , updated May 2, 2022
• Federal Retirement Plans: Frequently Asked Questions , May 2, 2022
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Sixth Assessment Report , April 29, 2022
• Offshore Oil and Gas: Leasing "Pause," Federal Leasing Review, and Current Issues , CRS In Focus, updated April 29, 2022
• The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): A Brief Legislative History , updated April 28, 2022
• Unemployment Insurance: Program Integrity and Fraud Concerns Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic Response , April 27, 2022
• Information Technology Spending in the President's Budget Submission: In Brief , updated April 27, 2022
• Tax Incentives for Opportunity Zones , updated April 26, 2022
• Congressional Gold Medals: Categorization of Proposed and Enacted Medals, 1973-2020 , CRS In Focus, April 25, 2022
• Federal Broadband Data Sources: Frequently Asked Questions , April 22, 2022
• The Retirement Savings Contribution Credit , CRS In Focus, updated April 22, 2022
• Leaving Congress: House of Representatives and Senate Departures Data, 1989-2020 , updated April 20, 2022
• The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA): Current Roles and Programs , April 20, 2022
• SBA Office of the National Ombudsman: Overview, History, and Current Issues , updated April 19, 2022
• Gasoline Price Increases: Federal and State Authority to Limit "Price Gouging" , April 19, 2022
• The Use of DNA by the Criminal Justice System and the Federal Role: Background, Current Law, and Grants , updated April 18, 2022
• Digital Wallets and Selected Policy Issues , April 18, 2022
• Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act (Perkins V): A Primer , April 15, 2022
• The 10-20-30 Provision: Defining Persistent Poverty Counties , updated April 15, 2022
• Intellectual Property Law: A Brief Introduction , updated April 13, 2022
• Racial and Ethnic Equity in U.S. Agriculture: Selected Current Issues , April 12, 2022
• Blockchain: Novel Provenance Applications , April 11, 2022
• The Senate's Executive Calendar , updated April 11, 2022
• Medicare Trigger , updated April 7, 2022
• SBA Small Business Investment Company Program , updated April 7, 2022
• The Provider Relief Fund: Frequently Asked Questions , updated April 7, 2022
• A Code of Conduct for the Supreme Court? Legal Questions and Considerations , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated April 6, 2022
• National Park System: Establishing New Units , updated April 6, 2022
• DOE's Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Carbon Removal Programs , CRS In Focus, updated April 4, 2022
• Payroll Taxes: An Overview of Taxes Imposed and Past Payroll Tax Relief , April 4, 2022
• Web3: A Proposed Blockchain-Based, Decentralized Web , CRS In Focus, April 1, 2022
• Overview of Federal Hate Crime Laws , April 1, 2022
• An Economic Perspective on Wealth Taxes , CRS In Focus, updated April 1, 2022
• Roll Call Votes to Confirm Supreme Court Nominations: Historical Analysis of Support and Opposition (1900-2020) , CRS Insight, April 1, 2022
• Advances in Satellite Methane Measurement: Implications for Fossil Fuel Industry Emissions Detection and Climate Policy , CRS In Focus, April 1, 2022
• Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 , CRS In Focus, updated April 1, 2022
• Skills Gaps: A Review of Underlying Concepts and Evidence , March 31, 2022
• Preparing for the Next Farm Bill , March 31, 2022
• Social Security: How Do Children Qualify for Benefits? , CRS In Focus, March 30, 2022
• SBA Office of Advocacy: Overview, History, and Current Issues , updated March 30, 2022
• Small Business Administration Microloan Program , updated March 30, 2022
• The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: The Constitutional-Doubt Canon (Part 3 of 3) , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 29, 2022
• The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: The Last Resort Rule (Part 2 of 3) , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 29, 2022
• The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: Judicial Minimalism (Part 1 of 3) , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 29, 2022
• The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (Part 9) , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 29, 2022
• Mark-to-Market Taxation of Capital Gains , CRS In Focus, updated March 29, 2022
• Private Equity and Capital Markets Policy , March 28, 2022
• Internal Revenue Service Appropriations, FY2022 , CRS In Focus, March 25, 2022
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): COVID-19 Emergency Temporary Standards (ETS) on Health Care Employment and Vaccinations and Testing for Large Employers , updated March 24, 2022
• The 2020 Decennial Census: Assessments to Date of Census Quality , updated March 24, 2022
• Members of the House of Representatives Lying in State in the U.S. Capitol , CRS Insight, updated March 24, 2022
• Stratospheric Ozone Treaties and the Kigali Amendment: Ratification Considerations , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 23, 2022
• Crude Oil Windfall Profits Taxes: Background and Policy Considerations , CRS In Focus, March 23, 2022
• Using Retirement Account Features for Short-Term Savings , CRS In Focus, March 23, 2022
• Delegates to the U.S. Congress: History and Current Status , updated March 21, 2022
• Small Business Administration: A Primer on Programs and Funding , updated March 21, 2022
• The LIBOR Transition , CRS In Focus, updated March 21, 2022
• State-Administered IRA Programs: Overview and Considerations for Congress , CRS In Focus, updated March 18, 2022
• Questioning Judicial Nominees: Legal Limitations and Practice , updated March 17, 2022
• Methane Emissions: A Primer , CRS In Focus, updated March 16, 2022
• Social Security Benefit Claiming Age , CRS In Focus, updated March 15, 2022
• U.S. Farm Income Outlook: 2021 Forecast , March 14, 2022
• The Nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court , March 14, 2022
• Children and the Internet: Legal Considerations in Restricting Access to Content , March 14, 2022
• Amendments Between the Houses: Procedural Options and Effects , updated March 14, 2022
• The Charitable Deduction for Individuals , CRS In Focus, updated March 14, 2022
• What Is a No-Fly Zone (NFZ)? , CRS In Focus, March 10, 2022
• Job Openings and Labor Turnover Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic , March 10, 2022
• SBA's "8(a) Program": Overview, History, and Current Issues , updated March 9, 2022
• FDA Regulation of Cosmetics and Personal Care Products , updated March 9, 2022
• Supreme Court Appointment Process: President's Selection of a Nominee , updated March 8, 2022
• Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President , updated March 8, 2022
• Cost-Benefit Analysis in Federal Agency Rulemaking , CRS In Focus, March 8, 2022
• Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs): Overview and Related History , March 7, 2022
• The International Monetary Fund , CRS In Focus, updated March 7, 2022
• House Committee Reports: Required Contents , March 4, 2022
• Locomotive Idling, Air Quality, and Blocked Crossings , CRS In Focus, updated March 4, 2022
• Social Security: Trust Fund Status in the Early 1980s and Today and the 1980s Greenspan Commission , March 4, 2022
• Geographic Cost of Living Differences: In Brief , March 2, 2022
• How Unanimous Consent Agreements Regulate Senate Floor Action , updated March 2, 2022
• The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Categorical Eligibility , updated February 25, 2022
• Abortion: Judicial History and Legislative Response , updated February 25, 2022
• Federal Data Integration and Individual Rights: The Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act , CRS In Focus, February 23, 2022
• Rules and Practices Governing Consideration of Revenue Legislation in the House and Senate , updated February 22, 2022
• COVID-19: The Way Forward , CRS In Focus, February 18, 2022
• Federal Support for Domestic COVID-19 Test Availability , CRS In Focus, February 18, 2022
• High Home Prices: Contributing Factors and Policy Considerations , CRS In Focus, February 18, 2022
• Climate Change Risk Disclosures and the Securities and Exchange Commission , updated February 17, 2022
• The U.S. Government's Role in Domestic and Global COVID-19 Vaccine Supply and Distribution: Frequently Asked Questions , CRS In Focus, updated February 17, 2022
• Federal Pay: General Schedule (GS) Pay Adjustment Process, Amounts Provided Since 2010, and Issues for Congress , February 17, 2022
• COVID-19 and Access to Medical Products: Implications of Section 301 Tariffs , updated February 16, 2022
• The House Appropriations Process: Opportunities for Member Participation , February 16, 2022
• Traditional and Roth Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): A Primer , updated February 15, 2022
• Veterans and Homelessness , CRS In Focus, updated February 15, 2022
• Roles and Duties of a Member of Congress: A Brief Overview , updated February 15, 2022
• National Spectrum Policy: Interference Issues in the 5G Context , CRS In Focus, February 14, 2022
• Poverty in the United States in 2020 , February 10, 2022
• Reforming the U.S. Postal Service: Background and Issues for Congress , February 10, 2022
• The Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act (EEOICPA) , February 10, 2022
• Approaches for the Sustainable Management of U.S. Ocean Waters and the Ocean Economy: Considerations for Congress , CRS In Focus, February 8, 2022
• Central Bank Digital Currencies: Policy Issues , updated February 7, 2022
• Systemic Vulnerabilities in Information Technology--Log4Shell , CRS Insight, updated February 7, 2022
• Federal Highway Programs: In Brief , updated February 7, 2022
• Controlling Lead in Public Drinking Water Supplies , CRS In Focus, updated February 3, 2022
• The Exclusion of Capital Gains for Owner-Occupied Housing , updated February 2, 2022
• Financial Regulation: Systemic Risk , February 1, 2022
• U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominees Confirmed During the First Year of the Biden Presidency: Overview and Analysis , February 1, 2022
• Immunization Information Systems: Overview and Current Issues , February 1, 2022
• Private Activity Bonds: An Introduction , updated January 31, 2022
• Ferry Programs in the Department of Transportation , CRS In Focus, January 27, 2022
• Aviation Concerns Regarding the Rollout of 5G Wireless Telecommunications Networks , CRS In Focus January 26, 2022
• The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA): Selected Legal Issues , January 25, 2022
• FHA-Insured Home Loans: An Overview , updated January 21, 2022
• An Analysis of Bank Charters and Selected Policy Issues , January 21, 2022
• Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 , updated January 19, 2022
• The FAFSA Simplification Act , updated January 19, 2022
• Cybersecurity: Deterrence Policy , January 18, 2022
• Social Security: Who Is Covered Under the Program? , CRS In Focus, January 18, 2022
• The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Moral Reasoning and the National Ethos (Part 6) , CRS Legal Sidebar, January 13, 2022
• The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Structuralism (Part 7) , CRS Legal Sidebar, January 13, 2022
• The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Historical Practices (Part 8) , CRS Legal Sidebar, January 13, 2022
• Introduction to Financial Services: Credit Unions , CRS In Focus, updated January 13, 2022
• Law Enforcement and Technology: Using Social Media , January 11, 2022
• The Alien Tort Statute (ATS): A Primer , updated January 11, 2022
• Social Security Retirement Earnings Test Overview , CRS In Focus, January 11, 2022
• Treasury Securities Market Disruptions and Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, January 10, 2022
• Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion , updated January 6, 2022
• Federal Grants to States and Local Governments Under Continuing Resolutions , CRS In Focus, January 5, 2022
• U.S. Circuit Court Nominees Confirmed During the First Year of the Biden Presidency: Overview and Comparative Analysis , CRS Insight, January 5, 2022
• U.S. District Court Nominees Confirmed During the First Year of the Biden Presidency: Overview and Comparative Analysis , CRS Insight, January 5, 2022
• Regulating Contaminants Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) , updated January 5, 2022
• Money Laundering in the U.S. Real Estate Sector , CRS In Focus, updated January 4, 2022
• U.S. Efforts to Combat Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing, and Other Illicit Financial Threats: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated January 4, 2022
• Corporate Income Taxation in a Global Economy , January 4, 2021
• Small Business Administration and Job Creation , updated January 4, 2022
• The National Health Service Corps , updated January 4, 2022
• 1994 Land-Grant Universities: Background and Selected Issues , CRS In Focus, January 4, 2022
• Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA): Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure , updated January 4, 2022
• The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Pragmatism (Part 5) , CRS Legal Sidebar, December 30, 2021
• The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Judicial Precedent (Part 4) , CRS Legal Sidebar, December 30, 2021
• The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Original Meaning (Part 3) , CRS Legal Sidebar, December 29, 2021
• The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Textualism (Part 2) , CRS Legal Sidebar, December 29, 2021
• The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: An Introduction (Part 1) , CRS Legal Sidebar, December 29, 2021
• Presidential Appointee Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation and Committees Handling Nominations , updated December 28, 2021
• Private-Sector Pensions in 2019: Number of Plans, Participants, and Amount of Assets , CRS In Focus, updated December 27, 2021
• Debt Limit Suspensions , CRS Insight, updated December 27, 2021
• The Debt Limit in 2021 , CRS Insight, updated December 27, 2021
• The Child Tax Credit: Legislative History , updated December 23, 2021
• Alaska Native Lands and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA): Overview and Selected Issues for Congress , December 22, 2021
• Federal Resources for State and Local Economic Development , updated December 22, 2021
• Social Security: Raising or Eliminating the Taxable Earnings Base , updated December 22, 2021
• Breaking Down the U.S. Inflation Rate , CRS Insight, December 21, 2021
• Election Worker Safety and Privacy , CRS Insight, December 21, 2021
• Congressional Oversight of the State Department: Review of Selected Organizational Reform Efforts , December 20, 2021
• Proposals for a COVID-19 Congressional Advisory Commission in the 117th Congress: A Comparative Analysis , December 20, 2021
• Animal Use in Federal Biomedical Research: A Policy Overview , CRS In Focus, December 20, 2021
• The Peace Corps: Overview and Issues , updated December 17, 2021
• General State and Local Fiscal Assistance and COVID-19: Eligible Purposes, Allocations, and Use Data , December 16, 2021
• U.S. Forest Ownership and Management , CRS In Focus, December 16, 2021
• Issues in International Corporate Taxation: The 2017 Revision (P.L. 115-97) , updated December 16, 2021
• Build Back Better Act Methane Emissions Charge: In Brief , December 14, 2021
• Semiconductor Shortage Constrains Vehicle Production , CRS In Focus, December 13, 2021
• Strategies for Identifying Reporting Requirements and Submitted Reporting to Congress , updated December 10, 2021
• FDA Regulation of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs: Overview and Issues for Congress , December 10, 2021
• Bank Custody, Trust Banks, and Cryptocurrency , CRS In Focus, December 10, 2021
• Nasdaq's Board Diversity Directive , CRS In Focus, December 10, 2021
• Digital Trade and U.S. Trade Policy , updated December 9, 2021
• Military Families and Financial Readiness , December 9, 2021
• Bank Use of Cloud Technology , CRS In Focus, December 3, 2021
• Corporate Tax Reform: Issues for Congress , updated December 3, 2021
• Single-Family Mortgage Pricing and Primary Market Policy Issues , December 2, 2021
• COVID-19: Restrictions on Noncitizen Travel , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated December 2, 2021
• Infrastructure and the Economy , updated November 29, 2021
• Contaminants of Emerging Concern Under the Clean Water Act , updated November 29, 2021
• Lobbying Registration and Disclosure: The Role of the Clerk of the House and the Secretary of the Senate , updated November 29, 2021
• The Credit Union System: Developments in Lending and Prudential Risk Management , updated November 29, 2021
• U.S. Forest Ownership and Management: Background and Issues for Congress , November 24, 2021
• Children in Foster Care and Social Security Administration Benefits: Frequently Asked Questions , November 23, 2021
• Clean Air Act Issues in the 117th Congress , updated November 23, 2021
• Worker Participation in Employer-Sponsored Pensions: Data in Brief , updated November 23, 2021
• Apportionment and Redistricting Process for the U.S. House of Representatives , updated November 22, 2021
• Domestic Funding for COVID-19 Vaccines: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated November 22, 2021
• Racial Equity in U.S. Farming: Background in Brief , November 19, 2021
• Legislative Branch Revolving Funds , updated November 18, 2021
• Multidistrict and Multicircuit Litigation: Coordinating Related Federal Cases , CRS In Focus, November 17, 2021
• Carbon Capture Versus Direct Air Capture , CRS In Focus, updated November 16, 2021
• The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58): Summary of the Broadband Provisions in Division F , November 16, 2021
• Minimum Taxes on Business Income: Background and Policy Options , updated November 16, 2021
• Congressional Redistricting Criteria and Considerations , CRS Insight, updated November 15, 2021
• Congress's Authority to Regulate Interstate Commerce , November 15, 2021
• The Congressional Review Act: Frequently Asked Questions , updated November 12, 2021
• A Survey of House and Senate Committee Rules on Subpoenas , updated November 12, 2021
• The Weatherization Assistance Program Formula , updated November 12, 2021
• Clearing the Air on the Debt Limit , updated November 10, 2021
• Stablecoins: Background and Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, November 10, 2021
• Title X Family Planning Program: 2019 Final Rule , CRS In Focus, updated November 10, 2021
• Insider Trading , CRS In Focus, November 9, 2021
• GILTI: Proposed Changes in the Taxation of Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income , CRS In Focus, updated November 9, 2021
• Cocaine: Crack and Powder Sentencing Disparities , CRS In Focus, November 9, 2021
• Tax Provisions in the Build Back Better Act: Rules Committee Print 117-18 , November 9, 2021
• SORNA: A Legal Analysis of 18 U.S.C. 2250 (Failure to Register as a Sex Offender) , updated November 5, 2021
• SORNA: An Abridged Legal Analysis of 18 U.S.C. 2250 (Failure to Register as a Sex Offender) , updated November 5, 2021
• Evolving Electric Power Systems and Cybersecurity , November 4, 2021
• Does the President Have the Power to Legalize Marijuana? , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated November 4, 2021
• Federal Firearms Law: Selected Developments in the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branches , November 3, 2021
• Overview of Continuing Appropriations for FY2022 (P.L. 117-43) , November 3, 2021
• Agriculture and Forestry Offsets in Carbon Markets: Background and Selected Issues , November 3, 2021
• Recreational Access Acquisitions: Overview and Recent Funding History , November 2, 2021
• Clean Energy Standards: Selected Issues for the 117th Congress , updated November 2, 2021
• Reduction in Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) , November 1, 2021
• COVID-19 Variants: Vaccines, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics , updated October 29, 2021
• U.S. Climate Change Policy , October 28, 2021
• Access to Short-Term Disability Plans: In Brief , October 28, 2021
• Bank Mergers and Acquisitions , CRS In Focus, October 28, 2021
• Medicare: Insolvency Projections , updated October 25, 2021
• Military Medical Care: Frequently Asked Questions , updated October 25, 2021
• Cybersecurity: Comparison of Selected Cyber Incident Reporting Bills--In Brief , October 25, 2021
• Tax Changes for Estates and Trusts in the Build Back Better Act (BBBA) , CRS In Focus, October 22, 2021
• Voter Registration Records and List Maintenance for Federal Elections , October 21, 2021
• Medicare Financial Status: In Brief , updated October 21, 2021
• Resolving Subpoena Disputes in the January 6 Investigation , CRS Legal Sidebar, October 19, 2021
• Recent Changes in the Estate and Gift Tax Provisions , updated October 19, 2021
• Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Nonresident Parents , October 18, 2021
• Financial Literacy and Financial Education Policy Issues , October 18, 2021
• The Internet Tax Freedom Act and Federal Preemption , CRS In Focus, October 18, 2021
• Federal Excise Taxes: Background and General Analysis , October 15, 2021
• Social Security Financial Status: How the 2021 Annual Report Addressed the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic , October 15, 2021
• Underemployment, Recessions, and Poverty , October 14, 2021
• Tribal Lands: An Overview , CRS In Focus, October 14, 2021
• The Clean Electricity Performance Program (CEPP): In Brief , October 7, 2021
• Human Trafficking: Key Federal Criminal Statutes , CRS In Focus, October 7, 2021
• Congressional Reform: A Perspective , October 6, 2021
• SBA Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) Loan Forgiveness: In Brief , updated October 6, 2021
• Ransomware and Federal Law: Cybercrime and Cybersecurity , October 5, 2021
• Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) FY2021 Appropriations: Overview , updated October 5, 2021
• Social Security: Selected Findings of the 2021 Annual Report , CRS In Focus, October 5, 2021
• Social Security Dual Entitlement , CRS In Focus, updated October 5, 2021
• Informal Administrative Adjudication: An Overview , October 1, 2021
• Federal Courthouse Construction: Process, Recent Projects, and Funding Options , October 1, 2021
• Commemorative Works Act: Siting Memorials in the District of Columbia , CRS In Focus, September 30, 2021
• Regulation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS): Background and Select Policy Issues in the 117th Congress , September 30, 2021
• Federal Cybersecurity: Background and Issues for Congress , September 29, 2021
• FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions , updated September 29, 2021
• Who Pays the Corporate Tax? , CRS In Focus, updated September 29, 2021
• Supervised Release (Parole): An Overview of Federal Law , updated September 28, 2021
• Supervised Release (Parole): An Abbreviated Outline of Federal Law , updated September 28, 2021
• Understanding Federal Legislation: A Section-by-Section Guide to Key Legal Considerations , updated September 27, 2021
• Need-Tested Benefits: Children and Poverty , September 27, 2021
• Marine Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs): Background, Statutory Authorities, and Issues for Congress , September 27, 2021
• Federal Airport Noise Regulations and Programs , September 27, 2021
• Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Potential Questions for Consideration , updated September 23, 2021
• National Environmental Policy Act: Judicial Review and Remedies , CRS In Focus, September 22, 2021
• The Legal Framework of the National Environmental Policy Act , CRS In Focus, updated September 22, 2021
• Social Security: The Average Wage Index , CRS In Focus, September 22, 2021
• Social Security: Revisiting Benefits for Spouses and Survivors , updated September 21, 2021
• Regulation of Dietary Supplements: Background and Issues for Congress , updated September 20, 2021
• Stepping In: The FCC's Authority to Preempt State Laws Under the Communications Act , updated September 20, 2021
• Civilian Nuclear Waste Disposal , updated September 17, 2021
• COVID-19 Testing: Frequently Asked Questions , updated September 16, 2021
• OSHA Jurisdiction Over Public Schools and Other State and Local Government Entities: COVID-19 Issues , CRS In Focus, September 13, 2021
• Equitable Services for Private School Students and Staff and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act , September 13, 2021
• Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Technology Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs , updated September 13, 2021
• Surface Transportation and Climate Change: Provisions in the Senate-Passed Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act , CRS In Focus, September 10, 2021
• Congressional Redistricting 2021: Legal Framework , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 10, 2021
• Legislative Reforms to Commercial Aircraft Certification , September 9, 2021
• Federal Crop Insurance for Hemp Crops , CRS In Focus, September 9, 2021
• Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act: Funding for USDA Rural Broadband Programs , CRS In Focus, September 9, 2021
• Nationwide Injunctions: Law, History, and Proposals for Reform , September 8, 2021
• Pandemic Relief: The Emergency Rental Assistance Program , updated September 8, 2021
• Gun Control, Veterans Benefits, and Mental Incompetency Determinations , updated September 7, 2021
• Reclamation Water Storage Projects: Section 4007 of the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act , CRS In Focus, updated September 7, 2021
• Tax Policy and Disaster Recovery , updated September 3, 2021
• Regular Appropriations Acts: Selected Statutory Interpretation Issues , September 3, 2021
• House Full Committee Hearings: 107th-116th Congresses , updated September 3, 2021
• S.Con.Res. 14: The Budget Resolution for FY2022 , September 1, 2021
• Federal Economic Development Resources for Tribal Nations: A Survey , September 1, 2021
• Inflation in the Wake of COVID-19 , September 1, 2021
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2022 Budget Request and Appropriations , CRS In Focus, August 27, 2021
• The "Shadow Docket": The Supreme Court's Non-Merits Orders , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated August 27, 2021
• Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS): OECD Tax Proposals , updated August 27, 2021
• Cryptocurrency Transfers and Data Collection , CRS In Focus, August 25, 2021
• Amending Eligibility Rules for Free and Reduced-Price School Meals: Background and Policy Options , August 25, 2021
• Remote Learning for K-12 Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic , updated August 20, 2021
• Unemployment Rates During the COVID-19 Pandemic , updated August 20, 2021
• Liability Issues Related to COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing and Global Distribution , CRS In Focus, August 19, 2021
• Permissible and Prohibited Uses of Campaign Funds: Frequently Asked Questions and Policy Overview , August 18, 2021
• The Selective Service System and Draft Registration: Issues for Congress , updated August 18, 2021
• Federal Information Technology (IT) Budgeting Process in the Executive Branch: An Overview , August 17, 2021
• Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Older Households with Debt: 2019 , August 9, 2021
• RICO: A Brief Sketch , updated August 3, 2021
• RICO: An Abridged Sketch , updated August 3, 2021
• U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations in the 116th Congress , updated August 3, 2021
• Federal Requirements for State and Military Registered Sex Offender Management , August 2, 2021
• How Are Reporting Requirements Submitted to Congress? , July 30, 2021
• Health Equity and Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Brief Overview of the Federal Role , July 28, 2021
• Submission of the President's Budget in Transition Years , updated July 28, 2021
• Tribal Land and Ownership Statuses: Overview and Selected Issues for Congress , updated July 21, 2021
• Craft Alcoholic Beverage Industry: Overview and Regulation , CRS In Focus, updated July 21, 2021
• The Office of Personnel Management (OPM): An Overview , July 20, 2021
• Title I of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA): A Summary of the Statute , updated July 20, 2021
• Changes in the House of Representatives' Initial Consideration of Regular Appropriations Measures, 113th-116th Congresses , July 15, 2021
• Department of Health and Human Services: FY2022 Budget Request , July 15, 2021
• The Child Tax Credit: The Impact of the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) Expansion on Income and Poverty , July 13, 2021
• Election Administration: An Introduction to Risk-Limiting Audits , CRS In Focus, July 12, 2021
• FDA Regulation of Tobacco Products , updated July 9, 2021
• Biodiversity , CRS In Focus, July 8, 2021
• Mens Rea : An Overview of State-of-Mind Requirements for Federal Criminal Offenses , July 7, 2021
• A Low Carbon Fuel Standard: In Brief , July 7, 2021
• The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Recent Evidence and Implications for the Social Security Retirement Age , updated July 6, 2021
• Potential Application of Bostock v. Clayton County to Other Civil Rights Statutes , July 2, 2021
• Behavioral Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Overview and Issues for Congress , July 2, 2021
• Student Athlete Name, Image, Likeness Legislation: Considerations for the 117th Congress , July 1, 2021
• Funding Conditions: Constitutional Limits on Congress's Spending Power , July 1, 2021
• Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices , updated July 1, 2021
• Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements , updated July 1, 2021
• Need-Tested Benefits: Impact of Assistance on Poverty Experienced by Low-Income Families and Individuals , June 30, 2021
• Need-Tested Benefits: Technical Companion to Selected CRS Reports on Need-Tested Benefits Receipt by Families and Individuals , June 30, 2021
• Need-Tested Benefits: Who Receives Assistance? , June 30, 2021
• Overview of the Universal Service Fund and Selected Federal Broadband Programs , June 25, 2021
• Digital Assets and SEC Regulation , updated June 23, 2021
• U.S. Department of the Interior: An Overview , updated June 23, 2021
• Production, Marketing, and Regulation of Hemp Products , CRS In Focus, June 22, 2021
• Addressing Lead in Drinking Water: The Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) , updated June 22, 2021
• The Debt Collection Market and Selected Policy Issues , updated June 22, 2021
• Corporate Expatriation, Inversions, and Mergers: Tax Issues , updated June 17, 2021
• Social Security: The Effects of Wage and Price Indexing on Benefits , June 16, 2021
• Social Security: Minimum Benefits , updated June 15, 2021
• Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 117th Congress, First Session , June 14, 2021
• Origins of the COVID-19 Pandemic , CRS In Focus, updated June 11, 2021
• Social Security Long-Range Projections: Why 75 Years? , CRS In Focus, June 11, 2021
• Committee Jurisdiction and Referral in the Senate , June 10, 2021
• Food Insecurity Among College Students: Background and Policy Options , June 9, 2021
• Crime Victims' Rights Act: A Summary and Legal Analysis of 18 U.S.C. 3771 , updated June 8, 2021
• Crime Victims' Rights Act: A Sketch of 18 U.S.C. 3771 , updated June 8, 2021
• Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases: Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, June 7, 2021
• Department of Veterans Affairs: Burial Benefits and the National Cemetery Administration , June 7, 2021
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions Scenarios: Background, Issues, and Policy Relevance , June 3, 2021
• Consumption of Prescription Opioids for Pain: A Comparison of Opioid Use in the United States and Other Countries , June 2, 2021
• Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Standards: Frequently Asked Questions , updated June 1, 2021
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Media Ownership Rules , updated June 1, 2021
• House Rules Changes Affecting Committee Procedure in the 117th Congress (2021-2022) , May 28, 2021
• Pandemic-Related Provisions Expiring in the 117th Congress , updated May 25, 2021
• Broadband Data and Mapping: Background and Issues for the 117th Congress , updated May 21, 2021
• Conference Committee and Related Procedures: An Introduction , updated May 21, 2021
• Instructing House Conferees , updated May 21, 2021
• Military Benefits for Former Spouses: Legislation and Policy Issues , updated May 20, 2021
• Artificial Intelligence: Background, Selected Issues, and Policy Considerations , May 19, 2021
• OLC: Congressional Notice Period Prior to Withdrawing from Treaty Unconstitutional , CRS Legal Sidebar, May 18, 2021
• Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Trains: Technical Background, Cost Estimates, and Recent Developments , CRS In Focus, May 18, 2021
• Section 232 Investigations: Overview and Issues for Congress , updated May 18, 2021
• House Rules Changes Affecting Floor Proceedings in the 117th Congress (2021-2022) , May 13, 2021
• Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 117th Congress , May 12, 2021
• COVID-19 and the U.S. Economy , updated May 11, 2021
• Climate Change: Defining Adaptation and Resilience , with Implications for Policy , CRS In Focus, May 11, 2021
• Weather and Climate Change: What's the Difference? , CRS In Focus, updated May 11, 2021
• Frequently Asked Questions About Prescription Drug Pricing and Policy , updated May 6, 2021
• COVID-19: Household Debt During the Pandemic , updated May 6, 2021
• Science and Technology Issues in the 117th Congress , May 5, 2021
• Reauthorization of the Federal Public Transportation Program , updated May 5, 2021
• Over the Line: Asset Thresholds in Bank Regulation , May 3, 2021
• Minority Business Development Agency: An Overview of its History and Current Issues , updated April 30, 2021
• The Generic Drug User Fee Amendments (GDUFA): Background and Reauthorization , April 29, 2021
• Earmark Disclosure Rules in the Senate: Member and Committee Requirements , updated April 28, 2021
• Apportionment and Redistricting Following the 2020 Census , CRS Insight, updated April 27, 2021
• Qui Tam: The False Claims Act and Related Federal Statutes , updated April 26, 2021
• Qui Tam: An Abbreviated Look at the False Claims Act and Related Federal Statutes , updated April 26, 2021
• Temporary Individual Tax Provisions ("Tax Extenders") , April 26, 2021
• Issues in Autonomous Vehicle Testing and Deployment , updated April 23, 2021
• Congressional Staff: Duties, Qualifications, and Skills Identified by Members of Congress for Selected Positions , updated April 23, 2021
• Climate Change: Selected Federal Economic Development Tools and Policy Considerations , CRS In Focus, April 22, 2021
• The Senate Powersharing Agreement of the 117th Congress (S.Res. 27) , April 21, 2021
• Health Care for Dependents and Survivors of Veterans , updated April 21, 2021
• Handguns, Stabilizing Braces, and Related Components , CRS In Focus, updated April 19, 2021
• FY2021 District of Columbia Budget and Appropriations , April 19, 2021
• Congress's Authority to Limit the Removal of Inspectors General , April 16, 2021
• Poverty in the United States in 2019 , April 14, 2021
• U.S. Agricultural Export Programs: Background and Issues , April 14, 2021
• Scope of CDC Authority Under Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act (PHSA) , April 13, 2021
• Reporting Carbon Dioxide Injection and Storage: Federal Authorities and Programs , April 13, 2021
• GAO and Inspector General Recommendations to Agencies: An Introduction , CRS In Focus, April 12, 2021
• Negotiated Rulemaking: In Brief , April 12, 2021
• COVID-19 and Private Health Insurance Coverage: Frequently Asked Questions , updated April 9, 2021
• The National Science Foundation: An Overview , April 9, 2021
• "Technical Corrections" and Other Revisions to the 2017 Tax Revision (P.L. 115-97) , April 8, 2021
• Medicare Accelerated and Advance Payments and COVID-19: Frequently Asked Questions , updated April 8, 2021
• The Fair Housing Act: HUD Oversight, Programs, and Activities , updated April 7, 2021
• Is High Inflation a Risk in 2021? , CRS Insight, April 6, 2021
• Judiciary Appropriations, FY2021 , April 5, 2021
• The Electoral College: Options for Change and 117th Congress Proposals , CRS In Focus, April 2, 2021
• Climate Change Adaptation: Department of Commerce , April 1, 2021
• Tax Credit Bonds: Overview and Analysis , updated April 1, 2021
• Drug Pricing and Intellectual Property: The Legislative Landscape for the 117th Congress , March 31, 2021
• The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Reauthorization: Issues for Congress , March 31, 2021
• Mergers and Acquisitions in Digital Markets , March 30, 2021
• Executive Orders: An Introduction , March 29, 2021
• Agricultural Biotechnology: Overview, Regulation, and Selected Policy Issues , March 29, 2021
• Recommendation for New U.S. Circuit and District Court Judgeships by the Judicial Conference of the United States (117th Congress) , CRS Insight, March 26, 2021
• Public Private Partnerships (P3s) in Transportation , updated March 26, 2021
• Energy and Water Development: FY2021 Appropriations , updated March 25, 2021
• Proposals to Modify Supreme Court Justices' Tenure: Legal Considerations , March 24, 2021
• Community Development Block Grants: Funding and Allocation Processes , March 24, 2021
• Federal Deficits, Growing Debt, and the Economy in the Wake of COVID-19 , March 23, 2021
• Current Status of Unemployment Insurance (UI) Benefits: Permanent-Law Programs and COVID-19 Pandemic Response , updated March 23, 2021
• Federal Data on Hate Crimes in the United States , updated March 22, 2021
• An Overview of Federal Regulations and the Rulemaking Process , CRS In Focus, updated March 19, 2021
• Finding Medicare Enrollment Statistics , updated March 19, 2021
• Department of Justice's Role in Investigating and Prosecuting Hate Crimes , CRS In Focus, updated March 18, 2021
• Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and Proposed COVID-19 Pandemic Economic Relief: In Brief , updated March 18, 2021
• Early Development and Regulation of Diagnostic Testing for COVID-19: Frequently Asked Questions , updated March 17, 2021
• Appointment and Confirmation of Executive Branch Leadership: An Overview , updated March 17, 2021
• U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer , March 17, 2021
• Expanded Access and Right to Try: Access to Investigational Drugs , updated March 16, 2021
• The Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (LHWCA): Overview of Workers' Compensation for Certain Private-Sector Maritime Workers , updated March 16, 2021
• Community Project Funding: House Rules and Committee Protocols , March 16, 2021
• Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Selected Policy Options , CRS In Focus, March 15, 2021
• Water Resource Issues in the 117th Congress , March 12, 2021
• Airport Privatization: Issues and Options for Congress , updated March 11, 2021
• Programs to Collect Data on Law Enforcement Activities: Overview and Issues , updated March 11, 2021
• Policing Reform Legislation: Conditions on Funding and New Authorizations , updated March 11, 2021
• Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements , updated March 11, 2021
• SBA New Markets Venture Capital Program , updated March 11, 2021
• Antarctica: Overview of Geopolitical and Environmental Issues , March 10, 2021
• The Application of Internal Revenue Code Section 280E to Marijuana Businesses: Selected Legal Issues , March 10, 2021
• The Digital Divide: What Is It, Where Is It, and Federal Assistance Programs , updated March 9, 2021
• Produce Safety: Requirements, Implementation, and Issues for Congress , March 9, 2021
• The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; H.R. 1319) Title IX Subtitle G--Tax Provisions Related to Promoting Economic Security , updated March 5, 2021
• The Endangered Species Act: Overview and Implementation , updated March 4, 2021
• Pipeline Transportation of Hydrogen: Regulation, Research, and Policy , March 2, 2021
• Banking Policy Issues in the 117th Congress , March 2, 2021
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Streamgaging Network: Overview and Issues for Congress , updated March 2, 2021
• Proposals for Systems of Records on Decertified Officers and Police Misconduct , CRS In Focus, updated March 2, 2021
• Federal-Aid Highway Program (FAHP): In Brief , updated March 1, 2021
• Legislative Branch: FY2021 Appropriations , updated February 26, 2021
• Climate Change Adaptation: Department of the Interior , February 25, 2021
• U.S. Capitol Attack and Law Enforcement Use of Facial Recognition Technology , CRS Insight, February 24, 2021
• The Federal Net Neutrality Debate: Access to Broadband Networks , updated February 24, 2021
• Huawei and U.S. Law , February 23, 2021
• Ethics Pledges and Other Executive Branch Appointee Restrictions Since 1993: Historical Perspective, Current Practices, and Options for Change , updated February 23, 2021
• Off-Label Use of Prescription Drugs , updated February 23, 2021
• Money for Something: Music Licensing in the 21st Century , updated February 23, 2021
• Financial Transactions Taxes: In Brief , updated February 23, 2021
• Supreme Court Appointment Process: Consideration by the Senate Judiciary Committee , updated February 22, 2021
• Supreme Court Appointment Process: Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote , updated February 22, 2021
• Women's Suffrage: Fact Sheet , updated February 22, 2021
• Congressional Review Act Issues for the 117th Congress: The Lookback Mechanism and Effects of Disapproval , February 19, 2021
• Federal Crop Insurance: A Primer , February 18, 2021
• Miscellaneous Tariff Bills (MTBs) , CRS In Focus, updated February 17, 2021
• The Federal Land Management Agencies , CRS In Focus, updated February 16, 2021
• The House Consensus Calendar: Establishment, Principal Features, and Practice in the 116th Congress (2019-2020) , updated February 16, 2021
• Supreme Court Preview of 2020-2021 Environmental and Energy Law Cases and Review of 2019-2020 Rulings , updated February 11, 2021
• House Conferees: Restrictions on Their Authority , updated February 9, 2021
• General State and Local Fiscal Assistance and COVID-19: Background and Available Data , updated February 8, 2021
• S.Con.Res. 5: The Budget Resolution for FY2021 , February 8, 2021
• Agency Rescissions of Legislative Rules , February 8, 2021
• Improving Intercity Passenger Rail Service in the United States , updated February 8, 2021
• The Federal Reserve's Response to COVID-19: Policy Issues , updated February 8, 2021
• Federal Statutes Protecting Domesticated and Captive Animals , February 5, 2021
• The Federal Minimum Wage: In Brief , updated February 4, 2021
• Resolutions to Censure the President: Procedure and History , updated February 1, 2021
• Section 307 and U.S. Imports of Products of Forced Labor: Overview and Issues for Congress , updated February 1, 2021
• Fiscal Policy and Recovery from the COVID-19 Recession , updated February 1, 2021
• Child and Dependent Care Tax Benefits: How They Work and Who Receives Them , updated February 1, 2021
• United States Rejoins the Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Options for Congress , CRS In Focus, January 29, 2021
• State Innovation Waivers: Frequently Asked Questions , updated January 29, 2021
• The Senior Executive Service: An Overview , CRS In Focus, January 28, 2021
• Tracking COVID-19 Vaccines: U.S. Data Systems and Related Issues , CRS Insight, January 28, 2021
• State Minimum Wage Ballot Measures: In Brief , updated January 28, 2021
• Social Media: Misinformation and Content Moderation Issues for Congress , January 27, 2021
• The Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution , CRS In Focus, updated January 27, 2021
• Limits on TRICARE for Reservists: Frequently Asked Questions , updated January 26, 2021
• Motor Vehicle Safety: Issues for Congress , updated January 26, 2021
• Casework in Congressional Offices: Frequently Asked Questions , updated January 25, 2021
• The Budget Reconciliation Process: Stages of Consideration , updated January 25, 2021
• Keystone XL Pipeline: The End of the Road? , CRS Insight, updated January 22, 2021
• Fiscal Policy: Economic Effects , updated January 21, 2021
• Capital Gains Tax Options: Behavioral Responses and Revenues , updated January 19, 2021
• The Impeachment and Trial of a Former President , CRS Legal Sidebar, January 15, 2021
• Withdrawal of Federal Lands: Analysis of a Common Legislated Withdrawal Provision , January 15, 2021
• An Overview of Consumer Finance and Policy Issues , updated January 15, 2021
• The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) , updated January 14, 2021
• The U.S. Income Distribution: Trends and Issues , updated January 13, 2021
• Safeguards: Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 , CRS In Focus, updated January 13, 2021
• A Brief Comparison of Two Climate Change Mitigation Approaches: Cap-and-Trade and Carbon Tax (or Fee) , CRS In Focus, updated January 12, 2021
• The Social Security Administration's Death Data: In Brief , updated January 11, 2021
• The Social Security Retirement Age , updated January 8, 2021
• Major Agricultural Trade Issues in the 117th Congress , January 8, 2021
• Federal Public Transportation Program: In Brief , updated January 6, 2021
• Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) , CRS In Focus, updated January 6, 2021
• The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020 and Other COVID-Related Tax Provisions in P.L. 116-260 , January 5, 2021
• Issues in the Reauthorization of Amtrak , updated January 5, 2021
• The Health Coverage Tax Credit (HCTC): In Brief , updated January 5, 2021
• An Overview of the HOME Investment Partnerships Program , updated January 4, 2021
• Bank Supervision by Federal Regulators: Overview and Policy Issues , December 28, 2020
• Real Wage Trends, 1979 to 2019 , updated December 28, 2020
• Ozone and Particulate Matter Air Standards: EPA Review , CRS In Focus, updated December 23, 2020
• Inaugural Tickets: Past Practices and Considerations for 2021 , CRS In Focus, updated December 22, 2020
• The First Day of a New Congress: A Guide to Proceedings on the Senate Floor , updated December 22, 2020
• Lawsuits Against the Federal Government: Basic Federal Court Procedure and Timelines , CRS In Focus, updated December 22, 2020
• USDA's Coronavirus Food Assistance Program: Round Two (CFAP-2) , December 21, 2020
• Justice Department's Role in Cyber Incident Response , updated December 18, 2020
• Commemorative Legislation in Congress: Trends and Observations, 93rd Through 115th Congresses , December 18, 2020
• Membership of the 116th Congress: A Profile , updated December 17, 2020
• Pandemic-Related Statutory Provisions Expiring in 2020 , updated December 17, 2020
• Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 , updated December 17, 2020
• African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2020 , updated December 15, 2020
• Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974: Origin, Evolution, and Use , updated December 14, 2020
• The Dollar and the U.S. Trade Deficit , CRS In Focus, updated December 9, 2020
• Legislative Proposals Related to the Removal of Inspectors General in the 116th Congress , CRS In Focus, December 9, 2020
• Individual Retirement Account (IRA) Ownership: Data and Policy Issues , December 9, 2020
• A Brief Overview of Business Types and Their Tax Treatment , updated December 9, 2020
• Counting Electoral Votes: An Overview of Procedures at the Joint Session, Including Objections by Members of Congress , December 8, 2020
• The COVID-19 Pandemic: Labor Market Implications for Women , December 8, 2020
• COVID-19 and Domestic PPE Production and Distribution: Issues and Policy Options , December 7, 2020
• Agricultural Soils and Climate Change Mitigation , CRS In Focus, December 3, 2020
• Digital Trade , CRS In Focus, updated December 3, 2020
• Lifting the Earmark Moratorium: Frequently Asked Questions , updated December 3, 2020
• Non-Legislative Debate in the House: One-Minute, Morning-Hour, and Special-Order Speeches , December 2, 2020
• Eight Mechanisms to Enact Procedural Change in the U.S. Senate , CRS Insight, updated December 2, 2020
• The Federal Death Penalty , CRS Insight, updated December 1, 2020
• Presidential Transitions: An Overview , CRS Insight, November 24, 2020
• Presidential Transitions: Executive Branch Political Appointment Status , CRS Insight, November 24, 2020
• Presidential Transitions: Executive Clemency , CRS Insight, November 24, 2020
• Presidential Transitions: Executive Orders , CRS Insight, November 24, 2020
• Presidential Transitions: Government Records , CRS Insight, November 24, 2020
• Presidential Transitions: Midnight Rulemaking , CRS Insight, November 24, 2020
• An Overview of Rare Earth Elements and Related Issues for Congress , November 24, 2020
• Potential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Income Security of Older Americans , November 24, 2020
• Introduction to the Legislative Process in the U.S. Congress , updated November 24, 2020
• The Child Tax Credit , CRS In Focus, updated November 20, 2020
• USDA's Coronavirus Food Assistance Program: Round One (CFAP-1) , updated November 19, 2020
• Institute of Museum and Library Services Grants to States Funding Formula: In Brief , November 17, 2020
• The Child Tax Credit: How It Works and Who Receives It , updated November 17, 2020
• Reclamation of Coal Mining Operations: Select Issues and Legislation , November 17, 2020
• The Closure of Institutions of Higher Education: Student Options, Borrower Relief, and Implications , updated November 17, 2020
• Bills, Resolutions, Nominations, and Treaties: Characteristics and Examples of Use , November 16, 2020
• Instructing Senate Conferees , updated November 13, 2020
• Medicaid Financing and Expenditures , updated November 10, 2020
• The "Regular Order": A Perspective , November 6, 2020
• Federal Real Property Data: Limitations and Implications for Oversight , November 5, 2020
• Senators' Official Personnel and Office Expense Account (SOPOEA): History and Usage , updated November 5, 2020
• Homelessness and COVID-19 , November 4, 2020
• Vaccine Safety in the United States: Overview and Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccines , November 4, 2020
• Tracking COVID-19: U.S. Public Health Surveillance and Data , November 2, 2020
• Federal Wildfire Management: Ten-Year Funding Trends and Issues (FY2011-FY2020) , October 28, 2020
• Federal Law Enforcement Use of Facial Recognition Technology , October 27, 2020
• Overview of Continuing Appropriations for FY2021 (P.L. 116-159) , October 27, 2020
• Semiconductors: U.S. Industry, Global Competition, and Federal Policy , October 26, 2020
• Heroes Act: Revenue Provisions , updated October 26, 2020
• COVID 19: Consumer Loan Forbearance and Other Relief Options , updated October 23, 2020
• The Electoral College: A 2020 Presidential Election Timeline , CRS In Focus, updated October 22, 2020
• Electricity Portfolio Standards: Background, Design Elements, and Policy Considerations , updated October 21, 2020
• Final Action by the Senate on Supreme Court Nominations During Presidential Election Years (1789-2020) , CRS Insight, October 20, 2020
• COVID-19 and the Future of Commercial Real Estate Finance , October 19, 2020
• The Impact of the Federal Income Tax on Poverty , updated October 19, 2020
• The Tax Treatment and Economics of Net Operating Losses , updated October 19, 2020
• Housing Issues in the 116th Congress , updated October 16, 2020
• EPA's Affordable Clean Energy Rule: In Brief , October 15, 2020
• Policy Options for Multiemployer Defined Benefit Pension Plans , updated October 14, 2020
• Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms , updated October 13, 2020
• Presidential Elections: Vacancies in Major-Party Candidacies and the Position of President-Elect , updated October 9, 2020
• Federal Eviction Moratoriums in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic , CRS Insight, updated October 8, 2020
• Contingent Election of the President and Vice President by Congress: Perspectives and Contemporary Analysis , updated October 6, 2020
• Judge Amy Coney Barrett: Her Jurisprudence and Potential Impact on the Supreme Court , Octobrer 6, 2020
• The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement , October 1, 2020
• Blue-Slipping: Enforcing the Origination Clause in the House of Representatives , October 1, 2020
• Supreme Court Vacancies That Occurred During Presidential Election Years (1789-2020) , CRS Insight, October 1, 2020
• Federal Efforts to Address the Mental Health of First Responders: Resources and Issues for Congress , October 1, 2020
• Daylight Saving Time , updated September 30, 2020
• Safety Impact of Speed and Red Light Cameras , September 28, 2020
• The Federal Taxing Power: A Primer , September 28, 2020
• President Trump Nominates Judge Amy Coney Barrett: Initial Observations , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 28, 2020
• Judge Amy Coney Barrett: Selected Primary Material , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 28, 2020
• The Death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg: Procedural Issues on an Eight-Justice Court , updated September 28, 2020
• Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg as a Deciding Vote on the Supreme Court: Select Data , September 25, 2020
• Competition Among Video Streaming Services , September 25, 2020
• Subsidizing Replacement of Motor Vehicles: An Analysis of "Cash for Clunkers" Programs , September 25, 2020
• Digital Contact Tracing and Data Protection Law , September 24, 2020
• Facial Recognition Technology and Law Enforcement: Select Constitutional Considerations , September 24, 2020
• COVID-19 Liability: Tort, Workplace Safety, and Securities Law , September 24, 2020
• Revenues and Disbursements from Oil and Natural Gas Production on Federal Lands , September 22, 2020
• Cybercrime and the Law: Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and the 116th Congress , September 21, 2020
• The Death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg: Initial Considerations for Congress , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 21, 2020
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964: An Overview , September 21, 2020
• COVID-19 and the U.S. Seafood Sector , September 21, 2020
• "Organic" Certification: An Overview of the Legal Framework , CRS In Focus, September 21, 2020
• Monuments and Memorials in the District of Columbia: Analysis and Options for Proposed Exemptions to the Commemorative Works Act , updated September 21, 2020
• Confirmation of U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations During Presidential Election Years: Frequently Asked Questions , September 18, 2020
• Judicial Review of Actions Legally Committed to an Agency's Discretion , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 17, 2020
• Methane and Other Air Pollution Issues in Natural Gas Systems , updated September 17, 2020
• Patent Law: A Handbook for Congress , September 16, 2020
• Police Reform and the 116th Congress: Selected Legal Issues , September 16, 2020
• Selected Privileges and Courtesies Extended to Former Members of Congress , updated September 15, 2020
• Internships, Fellowships, and Other Work Experience Opportunities in the Federal Government , updated September 14, 2020
• Industrial Loan Companies (ILCs): Background and Policy Issues , updated September 9, 2020
• Identifying TV Political and Issue Ad Sponsors in the Digital Age , September 9, 2020
• Evaluating Federal Financial Assistance Under the Constitution's Religion Clauses , September 9, 2020
• The U.S. Energy Information Administration , September 9, 2020
• Political Campaign Contributions and Congress: A Legal Primer , September 8, 2020
• Genetically Engineered Mosquitoes: A Vector Control Technology for Reducing Virus Transmission , CRS In Focus, September 8, 2020
• Cybersecurity: Recent Policy and Guidance on Federal Vulnerability Disclosure Programs , CRS Insight, September 8, 2020
• Supreme Court October Term 2019: A Review of Selected Major Rulings , September 4, 2020
• Absentee Voting for Uniformed Services and Overseas Citizens: Roles and Process, In Brief , CRS In Focus, September 4, 2020
• COVID-19 and Emerging Global Patterns of Financial Crime , CRS Insight, September 4, 2020
• FDA's Role in the Medical Product Supply Chain and Considerations During COVID-19 , September 1, 2020
• Biometric Entry-Exit System: Legislative History and Status , CRS In Focus, August 28, 2020
• Rural Digital Opportunity Fund: Requirements and Selected Policy Issues , August 28, 2020
• The U.S. Blood Supply and the COVID-19 Response: In Brief , updated August 26, 2020
• The Individual Mandate for Health Insurance Coverage: In Brief , updated August 25, 2020
• Telegraphs, Steamships, and Virtual Currency: An Analysis of Money Transmitter Regulation , August 20, 2020
• Addressing COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts on Civil Aviation Operations , August 17, 2020
• EPA's Affordable Clean Energy Rule and Related Issues: Frequently Asked Questions , August 13, 2020
• Forecasting Tropical Cyclones: Overview and Issues for Congress , updated August 11, 2020
• Could the President or Congress Enact a Nationwide Mask Mandate? , CRS Legal Sidebar, August 6, 2020
• Social Security: Economic Growth and the Funding Shortfall , August 6, 2020
• Tax Issues Relating to Charitable Contributions and Organizations , updated August 4, 2020
• Contact Tracing for COVID-19: Domestic Policy Issues , CRS In Focus, August 3, 2020
• Disaster Unemployment Assistance (DUA) , updated August 3, 2020
• Operation Legend: Department of Justice Assistance to Curb Increases in Violent Crime , CRS Insight, July 31, 2020
• COVID-19: Resources for Tracking Federal Spending , CRS Insight, updated July 31, 2020
• Comparing the Congressional Response to the Great Recession and the COVID-19-Related Recession: Unemployment Insurance (UI) Provisions , July 30, 2020
• House Conferees: Selection , July 30, 2020
• Medicaid's Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) , updated July 29, 2020
• Rail Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas: Safety and Regulation , updated July 28, 2020
• Confederate Symbols: Relation to Federal Lands and Programs , updated July 28, 2020
• Racial Profiling: Constitutional and Statutory Considerations for Congress , CRS Legal Sidebar, July 24, 2020
• CARES Act Payments Use and Recipient Characteristics: In Brief , July 24, 2020
• EPA Water Infrastructure Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , July 24, 2020
• Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 116th Congress , updated July 23, 2020
• Overview of FY2021 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) , updated July 23, 2020
• Recent Responses to COVID-19 by the Judicial Conference of the United States, Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, and Select Courts Within the Federal Judiciary (July 2020) , CRS Insight, July 21, 2020
• COVID-19: Department of Justice Enforcement Against Scams , July 20, 2020
• Reforming the WTO Agreement on Agriculture , July 20, 2020
• Climate Change Adaptation: U.S. Department of Agriculture , July 17, 2020
• Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues , updated July 17, 2020
• COVID-19 and Other Election Emergencies: Frequently Asked Questions and Recent Policy Developments , July 16, 2020
• Presidential Succession: Perspectives and Contemporary Issues for Congress , July 14, 2020
• Energy Tax Provisions Expiring in 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 ("Tax Extenders"), July 14, 2020
• Saltonstall-Kennedy Act: Background and Issues , updated July 14, 2020
• Public Trust and Law Enforcement--A Discussion for Policymakers , updated July 13, 2020
• Tallying Federal Funding for COVID-19: In Brief , July 13, 2020
• Effect of COVID-19 on Federal Land Revenues , July 13, 2020
• Police Use of Force: Overview and Considerations for Congress , CRS Legal Sidebard, July 10, 2020
• Tribal Energy Resource Agreements (TERAs): Approval Process and Selected Issues for Congress , July 9, 2020
• Monuments and Memorials: Federal Criminal Law Protections , CRS In Focus, July 8, 2020
• Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated July 8, 2020
• State and Local Fiscal Conditions and COVID-19: Lessons from the Great Recession and Current Projections , CRS Insight, updated July 8, 2020
• Trump Administration Releases Spring 2020 Unified Agenda , CRS Insight, July 8, 2020
• Proposed Multiemployer Composite Plans: Background and Analysis , updated July 7, 2020
• U.S. District Court Vacancies at the End of a President's Fourth Calendar Year in Office , CRS Insight, July 6, 2020
• Saving for Retirement: Household Decisionmaking and Policy Options , July 2, 2020
• The Closing of the New York Stock Exchange's Trading Floor Due to COVID-19 , CRS Insight, July 2, 2020
• Hydrogen in Electricity's Future , June 30, 2020
• Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): Background and Issues for Congress , June 30, 2020
• Overview of Recent Anti-Lynching Proposals , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 29, 2020
• The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA): An Overview , CRS In Focus, June 29, 2020
• HEROES Act, Division K--COVID-19 Housing, Economic Relief, and Oversight Act , June 29, 2020
• District of Columbia Statehood and Voting Representation , CRS In Focus, updated June 29, 2020
• The Charitable Deduction for Individuals: A Brief Legislative History , updated June 26, 2020
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• Recent Slower Economic Growth in the United States: Policy Implications , January 28, 2020
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Medicare Advantage in 2024: Enrollment Update and Key Trends

Meredith Freed , Jeannie Fuglesten Biniek , Anthony Damico, and Tricia Neuman Published: Aug 08, 2024

Medicare Advantage enrollment has been on a steady climb for the past two decades following changes in policy designed to encourage a robust role for private plan options in Medicare. After a period of some instability in terms of plan participation and enrollment, The Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 created stronger financial incentives for plans to participate in the program throughout the country and renamed private Medicare plans Medicare Advantage. In 2024, 32.8 million people are enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan, accounting for more than half, or 54 percent, of the eligible Medicare population, and $462 billion (or 54%) of total federal Medicare spending (net of offsetting receipts, such as premiums). Medicare Advantage enrolls a disproportionate share of people of color in Medicare as well as an increasing number of dual eligible beneficiaries. The average Medicare beneficiary in 2024 has access to 43 Medicare Advantage plans , the same as in 2023, but more than double the number of plans offered in 2018.

The growth in Medicare Advantage enrollment is due to a number of factors, including the availability of plans that charge no premium (other than the Part B premium), and extra benefits offered by most Medicare Advantage plans. Nearly all Medicare Advantage plans offer some benefits not included in traditional Medicare, such as coverage of dental, vision, or hearing services, often for no additional premium. Medicare beneficiaries are also drawn to the financial protection that comes with an out-of-pocket limit, which Medicare Advantage plans are required to provide, while traditional Medicare has no out-of-pocket cap on spending. On the other hand, Medicare Advantage plans have limited provider networks and apply cost management tools such as  prior authorization , which traditional Medicare does not.

Generally, research shows that Medicare pays more to private Medicare Advantage plans for enrollees than their costs would be in traditional Medicare. The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) reports  that plans receive payments from CMS that are  122%  of spending for similar beneficiaries in traditional Medicare, on average, translating to  an estimated $83 billion in higher spending in 2024 . As Medicare Advantage takes on a more dominant presence in the Medicare program, and with current payments to plans higher for Medicare Advantage than for traditional Medicare for similar beneficiaries, policymakers have become increasingly focused on how well Medicare’s current payment methodology for Medicare Advantage is working to enhance efficiency and hold down beneficiary costs and Medicare spending.

To better understand trends in the growth of the program, this brief provides current information about Medicare Advantage enrollment, by plan type and firm, and shows how enrollment varies by state and county. A second, companion analysis describes Medicare Advantage premiums, out-of-pocket limits, supplemental benefits offered, and prior authorization requirements in 2024. This analysis does not provide detailed information by enrollee characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, income, or dual status, because that information is not available.

Highlights for 2024:

• More than half (54%) of eligible Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in Medicare Advantage in 2024. The share of Medicare beneficiaries in Medicare Advantage plans varies across states, ranging from 2% to 63%. In 7 states, AL, CT, MI, HI, ME, FL, RI (and Puerto Rico), 60% or more of all Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans, an increase from 3 states in 2023.
• More than one-third (37%) of Medicare beneficiaries live in a county where at least 60 percent of all Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans. Three counties (excluding those in Puerto Rico) enroll 80% or more of Medicare beneficiaries in Medicare Advantage plans: Monroe County, NY (Rochester; 82%), Starr, Texas (81%), and Miami-Dade County, Florida (80%). At the same time, 8 percent of all Medicare beneficiaries nationwide live in a county with relatively low enrollment, where less than one third of all Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans. The wide variation in county enrollment rates reflect several factors, such as differences in firm strategy, urbanicity of the county, Medicare payment rates, number of Medicare beneficiaries, health care use patterns, and historical Medicare Advantage market penetration.
• Medicare Advantage enrollment is highly concentrated among a small number of firms, with UnitedHealthcare and Humana accounting for nearly half (47%) of all Medicare Advantage enrollees nationwide . In more than a quarter of all U.S. counties (29%; or 931 counties), these two firms account for at least 75 percent of Medicare Advantage enrollment. Since 2017, the market share for UnitedHealthcare and CVS Health has increased (25% to 29% and 8% to 12%, respectively), Humana (18%) and Cigna (2%) have held steady, while other firms’ share of total enrollment has slightly decreased (Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) affiliates, Kaiser Permanente, and Centene). Small firms (which each account for less than 2% of enrollment) have a smaller share of the market in 2024 than in 2017 (19% to 16%).

More than half of eligible Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in Medicare Advantage in 2024

In 2024, more than half (54%) of eligible Medicare beneficiaries – 32.8 million people out of 61.2 million Medicare beneficiaries with both Medicare Parts A and B – are enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans. Medicare Advantage enrollment as a share of the eligible Medicare population has jumped from 19% in 2007 to 54% in 2024 (Figure 1).

Between 2023 and 2024, total Medicare Advantage enrollment grew by about 2.1 million beneficiaries, or 7 percent – a similar growth rate as the prior year (8%). The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projects that the share of all Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans will rise to 64% by 2034 (Figure 2).

In 2024, nearly two-thirds of Medicare Advantage enrollees are in individual plans that are open for general enrollment.

More than 6 in 10 Medicare Advantage enrollees (62%), or 20.5 million people, are in plans generally available to all beneficiaries for individual enrollment (Figure 3). That is an increase of 0.9 million enrollees compared to 2023. Individual plans have declined as a share of total Medicare Advantage enrollment since 2010 (71%).

More than 6.6 million Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in special needs plans in 2024, more than double the enrollment in 2019.

More than 6.6 million Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in special needs plans (SNPs). SNPs restrict enrollment to specific types of beneficiaries with significant or relatively specialized care needs, or who qualify because they are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid. Enrollment in SNPs increased by 16 percent between 2023 and 2024, and accounts for 20 percent of total Medicare Advantage enrollment in 2024, an increase from 12 percent in 2010. Since 2019, SNP enrollment has more than doubled from 2.92 million to 6.64 million (Figure 4). This increase is due in part to the increasing number of SNP plans  available on average and more dual eligible individuals having access to these plans .

Most SNP enrollees (88%) are in plans for beneficiaries dually enrolled in both Medicare and Medicaid (D-SNPs). Another 10 percent of SNP enrollees are in plans for people with severe chronic or disabling conditions (C-SNPs) and 2 percent are in plans for beneficiaries requiring a nursing home or institutional level of care (I-SNPs).

While D-SNPs are designed specifically for dually-eligible individuals , 1.2 million Medicare beneficiaries with full Medicaid benefits were enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans generally available to all beneficiaries (not designed specifically for this population) in 2021, while 2.3 million full dual eligible individuals were in D-SNPs. D-SNPs have increasingly become the main source of Medicare Advantage coverage for dual eligible individuals.

SNP enrollment varies across states. In the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, SNP enrollees comprise about half of all Medicare Advantage enrollees (49% in DC and 51% in PR). In nine states, SNP enrollment accounts for at least a quarter of Medicare Advantage enrollment: 46% in MS, 34% in AR, 33% in LA and NY, 28% in FL and GA, and 25% in CT, SC and AL.

C-SNP enrollment in 2024 (about 675,000 people) is 45% higher than it was in 2023 – an increase of about 210,000 enrollees. Nearly all (97%) C-SNP enrollees are in plans for people with diabetes or cardiovascular conditions in 2024. Enrollment in I-SNPs has been increasing slightly, with approximately 115,000 enrollees in 2024, up from about 103,000 in 2023.

Slightly less than one in five (17% or about 5.7 million) Medicare Advantage enrollees are in a group plan offered to retirees by an employer or union.

Group enrollment as a share of total Medicare Advantage enrollment has fluctuated between 17% to 20% since 2010, but the actual number has increased from 1.8 million in 2010 to 5.7 million in 2024 (Figure 5). With a group plan, an employer or union contracts with an insurer and Medicare pays the insurer a fixed amount per enrollee to provide benefits covered by Medicare. For example, 13 states provide health insurance benefits to their Medicare-eligible retirees exclusively through Medicare Advantage plans.

As with other Medicare Advantage plans, employer and union group plans may provide additional benefits and/or lower cost sharing than traditional Medicare and are eligible for bonus payments if they obtain required quality scores. The employer or union (and sometimes the retiree) may also pay an additional premium for these supplemental benefits. Group enrollees comprise a quarter or more of Medicare Advantage enrollees in nine states: Alaska (100%), Michigan (38%), New Jersey (33%), West Virginia (31%), Maryland (30%), Illinois (29%), Vermont (27%), Kentucky (26%), and Connecticut (25%).

The share of Medicare beneficiaries in Medicare Advantage plans varies by state and county

The share of Medicare beneficiaries in Medicare Advantage plans varies across states, ranging from 2% to 63%.

In 30 states, Medicare Advantage enrollees account for more than half of all Medicare beneficiaries, including in 7 states, AL, CT, MI, HI, ME, FL, RI (and Puerto Rico) where 60% or more of all Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans (Figure 6). In contrast, Medicare Advantage enrollment is relatively low (less than 40%) in 13 states, including five states with less than 30% of beneficiaries enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan – AK, MD, ND, SD, and WY – all of which (beside MD) are mostly rural. Overall, Puerto Rico has the highest Medicare Advantage penetration, with 95 percent of Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan. A decade ago, the share of Medicare beneficiaries in Medicare Advantage plans did not exceed 50 percent in any state (other than Puerto Rico).

The share of Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare Advantage varies widely across counties.

For example, in Florida, 60% of all Medicare beneficiaries in the state are enrolled in Medicare Advantage, ranging from 21% in Monroe County (Key West) to 80% in Miami-Dade County (Figure 7). In Ohio, 57% of all Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in Medicare Advantage, with the share ranging from 32% in Mercer County (Celina) to 69% in Stark County (Canton).

In 2024, more than a third (37%) of Medicare beneficiaries live in a county where at least 60 percent of all Medicare beneficiaries in that county are enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans (618 counties). That is substantially more than in 2010 when just 3 percent of the Medicare population lived in a county where 60 percent or more of Medicare beneficiaries were enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan (83 counties). Many counties with high Medicare Advantage penetration are centered around relatively large, urban areas, such as Monroe County, NY (82%), which includes Rochester, and Allegheny County, PA (74%), which includes Pittsburgh. In contrast, 8 percent of Medicare beneficiaries live in a county where less than one third of all Medicare beneficiaries in that county are enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans (849 counties). Counties with relatively low enrollment tend to be less populated rural areas. However, others, such Montgomery County, MD (27%) and Suffolk, NY (31%), which includes much of Long Island, are in more populous areas. (This county-level analysis excludes Medicare Advantage enrollment in Connecticut. See methods for more details.)

Variation in the share of eligible Medicare beneficiaries who are enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan is explained by a combination of factors, including firm-level strategies to target particular geographic areas, the urbanicity of the county and state, variation in Medicare payment rates, the number and characteristics of people eligible for Medicare, health care use patterns, and the historical Medicare Advantage market penetration.

Medicare Advantage enrollment is highly concentrated among a small number of firms

The average Medicare beneficiary is able to choose from Medicare Advantage plans offered by 8 firms in 2024 , one fewer than in 2023 and 2022, and one-third of beneficiaries (33%) can choose among Medicare Advantage plans offered by 10 or more firms.

UnitedHealthcare and Humana account for nearly half of all Medicare Advantage enrollees nationwide in 2024.

Despite most beneficiaries having access to plans operated by several different firms, Medicare Advantage enrollment is highly concentrated among a small number of firms. UnitedHealthcare, alone, accounts for 29% of all Medicare Advantage enrollment in 2024, or 9.4 million enrollees. Together, UnitedHealthcare and Humana (18%) account for nearly half (47%) of all Medicare Advantage enrollees nationwide, the same as in 2023. In more than a quarter of counties (29%; or 931 counties), these two firms account for at least 75% of Medicare Advantage enrollment. These counties include East Baton Rouge (Baton Rouge), LA (81%), Clark County (Las Vegas), NV (79%), Travis County (Austin), FL (78%), and El Paso County (Colorado Springs), CO (76%). (Again, this county-level analysis does not include Connecticut.)

BCBS affiliates (including Anthem BCBS plans) account for 14% of enrollment, and four firms (CVS Health, Kaiser Permanente, Centene, and Cigna) account for another 23% of enrollment in 2024.

UnitedHealthcare and Humana have consistently accounted for a relatively large share of Medicare Advantage enrollment.

UnitedHealthcare has had the largest share of Medicare Advantage enrollment and largest growth in enrollment since 2010, increasing from 20 percent of all Medicare Advantage enrollment in 2010 to 29 percent in 2024. Humana has also had a high share of Medicare Advantage enrollment, though its share of enrollment has grown more slowly, from 16 percent in 2010 to 18 percent in 2024. BCBS plans share of enrollment has been more constant over time but has declined moderately since 2014.

CVS Health, which purchased Aetna in 2018, has seen its share of enrollment double from 6 percent in 2010 to 12 percent in 2024. Kaiser Permanente now accounts for 6 percent of total enrollment, a moderate decline as a share of total Medicare Advantage enrollment since 2010 (9%), mainly due to the growth of enrollment in plans offered by other insurers and only a modest increase in enrollment growth for Kaiser Permanente over that time. However, for those insurers that have seen declines in their overall share of enrollment, the actual number of enrollees for each insurer is larger than it was in 2010.

By absolute numbers, CVS Health had the largest growth in plan year enrollment, increasing by 758,000 beneficiaries between March 2023 and March 2024. Humana had the second largest growth in plan year enrollment, with an increase of about 472,000 beneficiaries between March 2023 and March 2024. UnitedHealthcare plans had the third highest growth in plan year enrollment, increasing by 456,000 beneficiaries – the first time in 8 years it did not have the largest plan growth among all firms. BCBS plans had the fourth largest growth in plan enrollment with an increase of about 283,000, followed by Kaiser Permanente, increasing by about 45,000 beneficiaries between March 2023 and March 2024. However, Centene had fewer enrollees, with enrollment declining by about 202,000 between March 2023 and March 2024.

Meredith Freed, Jeannie Fuglesten Biniek, and Tricia Neuman are with KFF. Anthony Damico is an independent consultant.

• Medicare Advantage

Also of Interest

• Medicare Advantage in 2024: Premiums, Out-of-Pocket Limits, Supplemental Benefits, and Prior Authorization
• Medicare Advantage 2024 Spotlight: First Look
• Use of Prior Authorization in Medicare Advantage Exceeded 46 Million Requests in 2022