phd research nurse salary

Earn Your Ph.D. in Nursing

What is a Ph.D. in Nursing?

The Ph.D. in nursing produces high-caliber nurse researchers and scientists who contribute cutting-edge discoveries to inform best practices in care delivery, administration, and nursing education nationwide. It is the peak academic credential for those pursuing a career in nurse academia or scientific investigation within healthcare.

Definition of a Ph.D. in Nursing

A Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Nursing is the highest academic degree awarded in the field of nursing
It is a research-focused doctoral program that prepares nurses to be scientists, scholars, and leaders in the discipline

The Significance of a Ph.D. in Nursing

Advances nursing science and evidence-based practice through rigorous research
Helps address pressing healthcare problems and improve patient outcomes
Prepares nurse experts to serve in advanced specialty, research, faculty, and leadership roles
Drives innovation in nursing education curriculum, policy development, and clinical systems
Elevates the scholarly standing and strength of the nursing profession across clinical and academic environments

Ph.D. in Nursing vs. a DNP Degree

The Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) in Nursing and the DNP (Doctor of Nursing Practice ) are two distinct terminal degrees in the field of nursing, each catering to different career aspirations and areas of focus within the profession. Here’s a breakdown of the key differences between the two and the career paths typically associated with each.

Key Differences Between a Ph.D. in Nursing and a DNP

Focus and Objective:

Ph.D. in Nursing: Primarily research-oriented, focusing on generating new knowledge and theories in nursing and healthcare. It prepares graduates to conduct independent research, analyze policy, and contribute to the academic foundation of nursing science.
DNP: Practice-oriented, focusing on applying research to clinical practice. It prepares nurses to implement the science developed by nurse researchers in clinical settings, improve systems of care, and measure patient outcomes.

Curriculum:

Ph.D. in Nursing: Emphasizes research methodologies, statistical analysis, and theoretical foundations. Students engage in dissertation work to contribute original research to the field.
DNP: Centers on clinical practice, leadership, policy, and quality improvement. DNP projects often focus on translating research into practice, evaluating interventions, or improving outcomes within specific patient populations or systems.

Duration and Coursework:

Ph.D. in Nursing: Typically requires more time than a DNP due to the extensive research and dissertation component. Programs can range from 4 to 6 years, depending on full-time or part-time study.
DNP: Programs can be completed in 1 to 3 years, depending on the candidate’s background and the program’s structure, with some requiring clinical hours for those not already holding an advanced practice nursing degree.

Ph.D. in Nursing

Career Paths

Ph.D. in Nursing:

Academia: Teaching at the university level, often in nursing programs, and conducting research.
Research: Leading research projects, working in research institutions, or for healthcare policy think tanks.
Leadership: High-level positions in nursing research organizations, governmental agencies, or nonprofit health organizations, focusing on policy development and implementation.
Advanced Clinical Practice: Serving in roles such as Nurse Practitioners (NPs), Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNS), Nurse Anesthetists, or Nurse Midwives, with a focus on applying evidence-based practice to improve patient outcomes.
Healthcare Leadership and Administration: Managing nursing departments, leading quality improvement initiatives, or holding executive positions in healthcare organizations.
Policy and Advocacy: Working with governmental agencies or non-profit organizations to develop, implement, and evaluate health policies affecting patient care and nursing practice.

Ultimately, the choice between a Ph.D. in Nursing and a DNP depends on your career goals, whether you are more inclined towards academic research and teaching (Ph.D.) or applying research to improve clinical practice, lead healthcare teams, and influence health policy (DNP).

Becoming a Ph.D. in Nursing

Becoming a Ph.D. in Nursing is a rigorous academic journey that prepares nurses for careers in research, academia, and leadership, focusing on the advancement of nursing science and healthcare. The path from a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) to a Ph.D. in Nursing involves several steps, each with its own set of prerequisites and decisions regarding enrollment status.

BSN to Ph.D. in Nursing: The Academic Journey

1. Earning a Bachelor’s Degree:

The journey begins with obtaining a BSN. This foundational step provides the clinical skills and theoretical knowledge necessary for advanced study in nursing.

2. Gaining Clinical Experience (Optional but Recommended):

While not always a requirement for Ph.D. programs, gaining practical nursing experience can enhance understanding of the healthcare system and inform future research interests.

3. Research Experience:

Engaging in research activities during or after the BSN program can be beneficial. This experience can include working on research projects, attending workshops, and getting involved in academic publications.

4. Selecting a Program:

Choose a Ph.D. program that aligns with your research interests and career goals. Consider faculty expertise, program curriculum, and available resources.

5. Master’s Degree (Optional):

Some students may pursue a Master’s degree in nursing or a related field before entering a Ph.D. program, although many Ph.D. programs accept students directly from a BSN background and may offer a combined MSN-Ph.D. track.

Prerequisites for a Ph.D. in Nursing

1. Educational Background:

A BSN or, in some cases, a Master’s degree in nursing or related field. Some programs allow direct entry from a BSN, while others require an MSN .

2. Academic Achievement:

High undergraduate GPA, usually a minimum of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale.
Completion of graduate-level statistics course is often required.
Experience with research methodologies, data analysis, or involvement in research projects is highly recommended.

4. Letters of Recommendation:

Letters from academic and professional references attesting to the applicant’s potential for doctoral study and research.

5. Statement of Purpose:

A detailed essay outlining research interests, career goals, and reasons for pursuing a Ph.D. in Nursing.

6. GRE Scores:

Some programs require Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores, although this requirement is increasingly being waived.

Full-time vs. Part-time Enrollment Options

Full-time Enrollment:

Typically requires a commitment of 3-5 years.
More intensive, allowing for quicker progression through the program.
May offer more opportunities for funding, such as scholarships, fellowships, and assistantships.

Part-time Enrollment:

Extends the duration of the program, often taking 5-7 years or more.
Offers flexibility for students who need to work or fulfill other obligations.
May limit access to certain funding opportunities.

Both full-time and part-time enrollment have their advantages and challenges. The choice depends on personal circumstances, financial considerations, and career objectives. Some students prefer the immersive experience and faster completion of full-time study, while others require the flexibility of part-time enrollment to balance academic, professional, and personal responsibilities.

PhD in Nursing Programs

When considering the best Ph.D. in Nursing programs globally, it’s essential to look at several factors, including the quality of research, faculty expertise, available resources, and the program’s reputation. While specific rankings can vary by publication and criteria, institutions known for their nursing and healthcare programs often stand out due to their contributions to research, policy, and practice in nursing.

Best Ph.D. in Nursing Programs Globally

Some of the top institutions known for their nursing Ph.D. programs include:

Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing (USA): Known for its research contributions and leadership in healthcare, offering a curriculum that emphasizes innovative research methodologies, evidence-based practice, and healthcare policy.
University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing (USA): Offers a research-intensive Ph.D. program focusing on improving healthcare across the lifespan, with faculty members leading in various fields of nursing science.
University of Toronto Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing (Canada): Recognized for its strong research programs, diverse specializations , and contributions to healthcare policy and practice.

These programs are renowned for their rigorous curriculum, research opportunities, and the ability to produce graduates who go on to become leaders in nursing research, education, and policy.

Online Ph.D. Programs in Nursing and Their Credibility

Online Ph.D. programs in Nursing have become increasingly popular, offering flexibility for working professionals. The credibility of these programs depends on their accreditation, faculty qualifications, and the institution’s reputation. Accredited online Ph.D. programs in Nursing provide education and research opportunities comparable to their on-campus counterparts. Key factors to consider include:

Accreditation: Ensure the program is accredited by a recognized accrediting body, such as the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) or the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) in the United States.
Faculty Expertise: Look for programs with experienced faculty involved in active research and with strong professional backgrounds in nursing.
Resources and Support: High-quality online programs offer access to digital libraries, research databases, and strong support systems for online students.

Specializations within Nursing Ph.D. Programs

Ph.D. in Nursing programs often offer specializations that allow students to focus on areas of interest within the field. These specializations can include:

Nursing Informatics : Focuses on the integration of nursing science with information management and analytical sciences to improve health outcomes.
Psychiatric Nursing : Concentrates on the care of patients with mental health issues, including research into psychiatric treatments and interventions.
Anesthesia Nursing: Although more commonly associated with Nurse Anesthesia programs (DNAP), some Ph.D. programs might focus on research in anesthesia practices and outcomes.
Mental Health Nursing : Involves research aimed at improving the mental health care system and outcomes for patients with mental health conditions.

Choosing a specialization depends on your career goals, research interests, and the healthcare needs you are most passionate about addressing. Each specialization offers a path to contribute significantly to the nursing profession and healthcare at large, whether through advancing clinical practice, shaping health policy, or improving educational methodologies.

Application Process

Applying for a Ph.D. in Nursing involves a detailed and often competitive process. Here’s a general guide on how to apply and fulfill the entrance requirements for these programs:

1. Research and Select Programs

Identify Programs: Begin by researching programs that align with your career goals and research interests. Consider factors such as faculty expertise, research facilities, funding opportunities, and program format (on-campus vs. online).
Check Accreditation: Ensure the program is accredited by a recognized accrediting body for nursing education, such as the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) or the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) in the U.S.

2. Fulfill Prerequisites

Educational Background: Most programs require applicants to have a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) or a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN). Some programs offer BSN-to-Ph.D. tracks.
Academic Records: You’ll need to provide transcripts from all post-secondary institutions attended. A high GPA, usually above 3.0 on a 4.0 scale, is often required.
Research Experience: Engage in research activities, which can include working on research projects, publishing papers, or attending research workshops, to strengthen your application.
Professional Experience: While not always mandatory, relevant nursing or healthcare experience can enhance your application.

3. Prepare Application Materials

Letters of Recommendation: Obtain letters from academic and professional references who can attest to your potential for doctoral study and research.
Statement of Purpose: Write a compelling essay outlining your research interests, why you want to pursue a Ph.D. in Nursing, and why you’re applying to specific programs.
Curriculum Vitae (CV): Include your educational background, research experience, publications, professional experience, and any honors or awards.
GRE Scores: Some programs may require GRE scores, though this requirement is increasingly being waived. Check the specific requirements of each program.

4. Complete Application Forms

Fill Out Applications: Complete the application forms for each program you’re applying to. Pay attention to each program’s specific requirements and deadlines.
Application Fee: Be prepared to pay an application fee for each program.

5. Submit Applications

Review Your Application: Before submitting, double-check your application for completeness and accuracy.
Submit Before Deadlines: Ensure all parts of your application, including letters of recommendation and test scores (if required), are submitted before the program’s deadline.

6. Prepare for Interviews

Some programs may invite applicants for interviews as part of the selection process. These interviews can be in-person or virtual. Prepare to discuss your research interests, professional goals, and how the program fits your career aspirations.

7. Follow Up

After submitting your application, monitor your email and application portal for updates or requests for additional information.

Fulfilling Entrance Requirements

To fulfill the entrance requirements:

Advance Planning: Begin planning your application well in advance of deadlines. This includes researching programs, understanding prerequisites, and preparing application materials.
Strengthen Your Profile: Engage in activities that will strengthen your application, such as gaining research experience, publishing work, and participating in professional development opportunities.
Seek Guidance: Consider seeking advice from mentors, faculty members, or professionals in the field who can provide insights into the application process and how to strengthen your application.

Applying for a Ph.D. in Nursing is a significant step towards advancing your career in nursing science and leadership. By carefully preparing your application and aligning your goals with the strengths of the programs you choose, you can increase your chances of admission to a program that will help you achieve your professional aspirations.

Online Nursing Degree

Online Ph.D. in Nursing programs provide a flexible pathway for nurses to pursue the highest level of nursing education without the need to attend traditional on-campus classes. These programs are designed to accommodate the schedules of working professionals, offering a blend of synchronous (live) and asynchronous (pre-recorded lectures and materials) coursework, virtual interactions with faculty and peers, and digital access to library resources and research materials.

Overview of Online Ph.D. in Nursing Programs

Online Ph.D. programs in Nursing focus on preparing nurses for roles in research, academia, leadership, and policy. The curriculum typically includes advanced courses in research methods, statistics, nursing theory, healthcare policy, and ethics, alongside specialized courses that align with the student’s research interests and career goals. Students also undertake a dissertation project, which involves original research contributing to nursing science.

Key components of online Ph.D. in Nursing programs include:

Virtual Classroom Sessions: For lectures, discussions, and presentations.
Digital Access to Research Resources: Including online journals, databases, and libraries.
Online Collaboration Tools: For group projects and peer interaction.
Virtual Advising and Mentoring: For research guidance and academic support.
Dissertation Defense: Often conducted virtually or may require a campus visit.

Advantages and Considerations of Online Learning for a Ph.D.

Advantages:

Flexibility: Allows students to balance their studies with professional and personal commitments.
Accessibility: Enables students from anywhere in the world to access top-quality programs without the need for relocation.
Technology Skills: Enhances digital literacy and familiarity with online research tools and collaboration platforms.

Considerations:

Self-Discipline and Motivation: Success in an online program requires a high degree of self-discipline and the ability to work independently.
Limited In-Person Interaction: Although technology facilitates interaction, the lack of face-to-face contact may be a drawback for some students.
Technology Requirements: Students must have access to reliable internet and the necessary hardware and software to participate in online coursework.

Accredited Online Ph.D. Programs in Nursing

When considering an online Ph.D. in Nursing program, accreditation is crucial to ensure the program meets high standards of quality and rigor. Accredited programs are recognized for their excellence in education, faculty qualifications, and student support services, making them more respected by employers and other institutions.

Some accredited online Ph.D. in Nursing programs include:

Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing: Offers a Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing (Ph.D.) that prepares nurse scientists to use evidence-based practice in teaching and research.
University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing: Provides a Ph.D. in Nursing program focused on research that improves nursing education, practice, and policy.
Duke University School of Nursing: Offers a Ph.D. program designed to develop nursing scholars capable of advancing health care through research.

It’s essential to verify the accreditation status of any program you consider by checking with recognized accrediting agencies such as the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) or the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) in the United States.

Choosing an online Ph.D. in Nursing program requires careful consideration of your career goals, learning style, and the specific features and accreditation of the programs you’re considering. With the right preparation and commitment, an online Ph.D. in Nursing can provide a flexible and rigorous path to advance your nursing career to the highest level.

Coursework and Research

A Ph.D. in Nursing is designed to prepare nurses for advanced roles in research, academia, leadership, and policy development. The program typically combines coursework, research, and a dissertation to provide a comprehensive understanding of nursing science and research methodologies. Below is an overview of the typical curriculum, research expectations, and dissertation requirements for a Ph.D. in Nursing.

Typical Curriculum and Coursework

The curriculum for a Ph.D. in Nursing focuses on developing advanced research skills, theoretical knowledge, and a deep understanding of issues affecting healthcare and nursing practice. While specific courses may vary by program, the following are commonly included:

Advanced Research Methods: Courses covering qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, data analysis techniques, and research design.
Statistics: Instruction in advanced statistical methods for analyzing research data.
Nursing Theory: Exploration of theoretical frameworks in nursing and their application to research and practice.
Healthcare Policy: Examination of policy-making processes, health care systems, and the impact of policy on patient care and nursing practice.
Ethics in Research and Healthcare: Discussion of ethical considerations in nursing research and clinical practice.
Specialized Electives: Courses tailored to students’ research interests, such as informatics, gerontology, public health, or education.

The Research Component: Expectations and Opportunities

Research is a cornerstone of the Ph.D. in Nursing, with students expected to contribute original knowledge to the field. Expectations and opportunities include:

Research Mentorship: Students work closely with faculty mentors who provide guidance on research projects, methodology, and dissertation development.
Research Projects: Participation in ongoing research projects, often as part of a team, to gain practical experience and contribute to scholarly work.
Conferences and Publications: Opportunities to present research findings at conferences and publish in academic journals, which are crucial for professional development and visibility in the field.

Dissertation Requirements and the Process of Completion

The dissertation is a significant component of the Ph.D. program, demonstrating the student’s ability to conduct independent research and contribute to nursing science. The process typically involves:

Proposal Development: Students develop a research proposal, including a literature review, research question, methodology, and proposed analysis. This proposal is presented to a faculty committee for approval.
Conducting the Research: After receiving approval, students conduct their research, collect data, and analyze results under the guidance of their advisor and committee.
Writing the Dissertation: The findings are written up in a dissertation, which includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.
Defense: The completed dissertation is presented and defended before a committee of faculty members. The defense includes a presentation of the research findings followed by questions from the committee.

Completion of the dissertation process requires meticulous planning, research, and writing skills. It can take several years, depending on the complexity of the research, the student’s pace of work, and other commitments. Successful defense of the dissertation is a significant achievement, marking the culmination of the Ph.D. journey and the student’s readiness to contribute to the nursing profession as a researcher and academic leader.

Duration and Commitment

A PhD in nursing demands nearly full-time effort, though some maintain nursing instructor roles or carefully-balanced side-jobs during non-intensive coursework terms. Planning ahead financially allows immersive focus for the 1-2 years spent progressing through the doctoral dissertation research phase, widely considered the most demanding but rewarding undertaking of PhD training.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD in Nursing

Full-time enrollment: Around 4-6 years
Part-time enrollment: 5-8 years on average
2 years coursework
Candidacy exam
1-2 years for dissertation research
Some accelerated 3-year PhD options through full-time accelerated study

Balancing Work and Study: Is This Feasible?

Extremely challenging to balance full-time work and PhD studies
Research and dissertation writing are rigorous full-time endeavors
Most PhD nursing programs strongly recommend not working more than part-time during studies
Can maintain part-time clinical work such as teaching to promote career development
Finances need to be considered to enable focusing completely on PhD research requirements

Financial Aspects

Careful financial planning and taking advantage of available nursing PhD funding sources helps balance the high costs of advanced nursing education – costs that pay dividends over the course of an accomplished research and/or academic career.

PhD in Nursing Salary Expectations and Influencing Factors

Average salary: $100,000+
Years of experience
Faculty rank
Type of university
Geographic location
Significant earning potential over MSN or DNP alone

Scholarships and Funding Opportunities for PhD Students

Research or teaching assistantships
Private foundations, professional associations
NRSA Grants from National Institutes of Health
U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration
Military nursing scholarships

Cost of PhD Programs and Return on Investment

Tuition ranges from $20,000 – $50,000+ total
Additional costs like books, travel, living expenses
High ROI – earning potential far exceeds investment
Many utilize student loans, grants, scholarships
Graduates see salary bump of 25-50%

Career Opportunities and Outcomes

A PhD in nursing prepares graduates to significantly expand nursing’s impact – whether leading transformative research, training future generations of nurses, implementing improvements across healthcare organizations, or informing policy through expansive perspectives on urgent challenges for practice and patient populations.

Jobs Available for Those with a PhD in Nursing

Nurse scientist roles
Professorships at universities
Program research directors
Executive nursing administrators
Consultant positions
Grant writing specialists
Editors of academic journals

How a PhD in Nursing Can Enhance Your Career

Opens access to top academic and healthcare leadership roles
Enables spearheading innovative nursing research at prestigious institutions
Qualifies graduates to teach in bachelor’s and graduate nursing programs
High demand for PhDs to fill new faculty job openings
Greater career satisfaction and sense of purpose

Leadership Roles in Nursing and Contributions

Develop evidence-based policies, programs, best practices
Consulting governments, healthcare systems, private sector organizations
Ensuring nurse education curriculum reflects latest advances
Evaluating effectiveness of nursing care approaches
Publishing pioneering studies and theories in nursing journals
Elevating quality standards across academia and practice

What Are the Roles and Duties of a Ph.D. Nurse?

Nurses who earn a Ph.D. are prepared for a variety of roles within academia, research, leadership, and healthcare policy. Their duties can vary significantly depending on their specific job title and the setting in which they work. Here’s a look at the roles and typical duties of Ph.D. nurses in three key areas: research, education, and leadership/administration.

Nurse Researcher

Nurse researchers with a Ph.D. are vital in advancing nursing science, improving patient care, and influencing health policy. Their typical duties include:

Conducting Original Research: Designing and implementing studies to generate new knowledge relevant to nursing practice, patient outcomes, and healthcare systems.
Securing Funding: Writing grant proposals to obtain funding from governmental agencies, non-profit organizations, and private entities to support research projects.
Data Analysis: Employing statistical techniques to analyze research data and interpret findings.
Publishing Findings: Writing articles for publication in scholarly journals, presenting research at conferences, and disseminating results to the healthcare community and the public.
Collaborating: Working with other healthcare professionals, researchers, and stakeholders to conduct interdisciplinary research and implement findings in clinical practice.

Ph.D. Nurse Educator

Ph.D. nurse educators play a crucial role in shaping the future of nursing through teaching, curriculum development, and mentorship. Their duties include:

Teaching: Delivering lectures, seminars, and workshops to undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral nursing students.
Curriculum Development: Designing, evaluating, and updating nursing education programs and courses to reflect current research, best practices, and regulatory standards.
Mentoring: Guiding students through their academic journey, providing research opportunities, and advising on career paths.
Scholarly Activities: Engaging in research, publishing articles, and presenting at academic conferences to contribute to the nursing body of knowledge.
Academic Leadership: Participating in faculty governance, accreditation processes, and program evaluation to ensure the quality and integrity of nursing education.

Department Chair or Administration

Nurses with a Ph.D. who move into department chair or administrative roles take on additional responsibilities related to the management and strategic direction of nursing programs or healthcare organizations. Their duties may include:

Strategic Planning: Developing long-term goals and strategies for the nursing department or educational program.
Budget Management: Overseeing the budget, allocating resources efficiently, and securing funding for departmental needs.
Faculty Management: Hiring, evaluating, and mentoring faculty members, and fostering a supportive and productive work environment.
Program Development: Leading the development and accreditation of new programs or specializations to meet emerging healthcare needs.
Policy Implementation: Establishing policies and procedures to enhance the educational quality, research output, and clinical practices within the organization.
Stakeholder Engagement: Representing the nursing department in discussions with university administration, healthcare partners, and external stakeholders to advocate for nursing education and practice.

Ph.D. nurses, regardless of their specific role, contribute significantly to the nursing profession through leadership, innovation, and a commitment to advancing healthcare outcomes. Their work not only impacts the immediate settings in which they operate but also influences the broader scope of healthcare policy, nursing practice, and patient care globally.

FAQ on DNP and Ph.D. in Nursing

Q1: What are the main differences between a DNP and a Ph.D. in Nursing? A1: The main difference lies in the focus and outcome of each program. A DNP (Doctor of Nursing Practice) is practice-oriented, focusing on applying research to clinical practice, improving healthcare systems, and enhancing patient outcomes. A Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) in Nursing is research-oriented, aiming to generate new knowledge in nursing and health through original research. Ph.D. programs often emphasize theoretical foundations of nursing, research methodologies, and teaching nursing, while DNP programs concentrate on clinical practice, leadership, and health care administration.

Q2: What is a Doctor of Nursing Science (DNSc) and how does it compare to a DNP or Ph.D.? A2: A Doctor of Nursing Science (DNSc) is another doctoral degree focused on the advanced study of nursing, often with a strong emphasis on research and the theoretical foundations of nursing, similar to a Ph.D. The DNSc might be more research-oriented than a DNP but more applied than a Ph.D., depending on the program. However, DNP programs have become more prevalent in preparing advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) and leaders in clinical settings.

Q3: How long does it typically take to complete a DNP or Ph.D. in Nursing? A3: The duration can vary based on the program and whether the student is enrolled full-time or part-time. DNP programs can typically be completed in three to five years of full-time study, while Ph.D. programs may take longer, often requiring five years of full-time study due to the research and dissertation component.

Q4: Are online nursing programs credible for pursuing a DNP or Ph.D. in Nursing? A4: Yes, many credible and accredited online nursing programs are available for both DNP and Ph.D. degrees. These programs offer flexibility for working professionals but require the same level of rigor and coursework as traditional on-campus programs. Accreditation by reputable organizations, such as the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), is key to ensuring the program’s credibility.

Q5: What kind of nursing courses can I expect in a DNP degree program? A5: DNP degree programs generally include courses in advanced clinical practice, leadership and management, health policy, evidence-based practice, and quality improvement. The exact curriculum can vary from school to school, but all aim to prepare nurses for the highest level of clinical nursing practice.

Q6: What are the prerequisites for enrolling in a DNP or Ph.D. in Nursing program? A6: Prerequisites can vary, but typically, applicants to DNP programs must hold a master’s degree in nursing or a related field, have a valid RN license, and some programs may require a certain number of clinical practice hours. For Ph.D. programs, requirements often include a bachelor’s or master’s degree in nursing, academic transcripts demonstrating a strong academic record, research experience, and letters of recommendation. Some Ph.D. programs may also require GRE scores.

Q7: Can students choose specializations within DNP or Ph.D. in Nursing programs? A7: Yes, students can choose from various specializations depending on the program’s offerings. These can include areas like family nurse practitioner, nurse anesthesia, nursing informatics, psychiatric-mental health nursing, and health care administration for DNP programs. Ph.D. programs may offer specializations in areas such as nursing education, health policy, or specific research methodologies.

Q8: What are the career prospects for nurses with a DNP or Ph.D.? A8: Nurses with a DNP are prepared for clinical leadership roles, such as nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, nurse executives, and roles in health care administration. Nurses with a Ph.D. often pursue careers in academic teaching, research, and scholarly writing. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment for advanced practice registered nurses is projected to grow, indicating strong prospects for DNP graduates. Ph.D. graduates contribute to the nursing profession’s body of knowledge and help educate the next generation of nurses.

Q9: Is earning a DNP or Ph.D. necessary for advancement in the nursing profession? A9: While not necessary for all advancement opportunities, earning a DNP or Ph.D. can significantly enhance a nurse’s career prospects, allowing for roles in advanced clinical practice, academia, research, and leadership that are not accessible with lower levels of education. These degrees prepare nurses for the highest degree of professional practice and contribution to healthcare improvements and nursing knowledge.

Sigma Theta Tau International: https://www.sigmanursing.org/
National Student Nurses Association: https://www.nsna.org/
National League for Nursing: http://www.nln.org/
The American Board of Nursing Specialties: http://www.nursingcertification.org/
Emergency Nurses Association: https://www.ena.org/
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses: https://www.aacn.org/
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Top PhD in Nursing Programs

What is a ph.d. in nursing.

Ph.D. in Nursing vs DNP
Types of Programs
Top Programs
Program Overview
Is a Nursing Ph.D. For Me?

The Ph.D. in Nursing degree opens career opportunities for nurses as researchers, forging new and cutting-edge nursing practices for future generations. This article explores this terminal nursing degree, how to get it, and the top Ph.D. in Nursing programs.

How to Get a Ph.D. in Nursing & Top Programs

A Ph.D. in Nursing is the highest degree awarded to nurses and one of two terminal nursing degrees. Ph.D. stands for Doctor of Philosophy, and Ph.D. in Nursing programs focus on evidence-based research.

Throughout their 4-6 year study, nursing Ph.D. students learn how to conduct, analyze, and publish nursing research. The degree culminates in students conducting an independent research project and writing a dissertation on it.

Ph.D. in Nursing and DNP Differences

A Ph.D. in Nursing and a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) are both terminal nursing degrees. However, comparing a DNP vs. a Ph.D. in Nursing reveals distinct differences. Notably, the Ph.D. in Nursing prepares you for a science, academic, or research-focused career as opposed to a clinical one.

Popular Online Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Programs

GCU's College of Nursing and Health Care Professions has a nearly 35-year tradition of preparing students to fill evolving healthcare roles as highly qualified professionals. GCU offers a full spectrum of nursing degrees, from a pre-licensure BSN degree to a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) program.

Enrollment: Nationwide

DNP - Educational Leadership

Enrollment: Nationwide, excluding NY and WA.

DNP - Family NP
DNP - Adult Gerontology Acute Care NP
DNP - Nurse-Midwifery/Women's Health NP
DNP - Women's Health NP

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Key Ph.D. in Nursing vs. DNP Differences


	Evidence-based research and scientific inquiry	Advanced nursing care and practices, specialty skills, and healthcare leadership
	4-6 years	3-4 years
	Most Ph.D. in nursing jobs will not require further certification	DNPs with an advanced practice specialty will need board certification in their field of practice.

>> Related: Top Online DNP Programs

Types of Ph.D. in Nursing Programs

The United States is home to over 135 Ph.D. in Nursing programs, which you can attend in multiple formats at nearly every educational level. The types of Ph.D. in nursing programs include the following:

BSN to Ph.D. in Nursing: These Ph.D. in nursing programs allow nurses with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree to pursue a career in nursing research without first attending an MSN program.
MSN to Ph.D. in Nursing: Designed for Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) trained nurses, these programs typically include core courses for the doctoral program, electives, and dissertation study.
DNP/Ph.D. Dual Degree: These rigorous programs allow students to concurrently attain expertise in scientific inquiry and faculty practice and hone the practical skills of expert nurse clinicians.

>> Show Me DNP Programs

Online Ph.D. in Nursing Programs

Are Ph.D. in Nursing programs available online? The answer is yes; you can find several online options to pursue this degree. Since a Ph.D. in Nursing focuses on scientific inquiry, it doesn't have the same onsite practical hours as other nursing degrees.

Program dependant, you may still need to show up on campus a few times each year. However, for the most part, all you need to earn a Ph.D. in nursing is Wi-Fi, good study habits, and determination.

Top Ph.D. in Nursing Programs

Each Ph.D. in Nursing program is unique, offering its own benefits and features. We assembled the top five Ph.D. in Nursing programs nationwide following Nurse.org's proprietary ranking algorithm , which considers and ranks schools based on factors like:

Tuition costs
Program length
Nursing school accreditation
Admission requirements
The variety of available programs
Additional program accolades

1. University of Pennsylvania

Program Cost: $46,934 per academic year
Program Length: 4-6 years
Application Due Date: Dec. 1st

The University of Pennsylvania boasts one of the top Ph.D. in nursing programs nationwide. To offset the expensive tuition, the university offers full-time students stipends during their first four years. In exchange, students may work as Teaching Assistants within UPenn's School of Nursing for up to 16 hours a week.

Contact UPenn about this program:

Phone: (215) 898-4271
Email: [email protected]

Source: University of Pennsylvania

2. Duke University

Program Cost: Fully funded (up to 5 years)
Application Due Date: November 30th

In 2023, U.S. News & World Report named Duke University the second-best graduate school for nursing. Duke's Ph.D. in Nursing program prepares nurses to become stalwart scholars. Graduates will build nursing science by leading multidisciplinary research that determines the relationship between chronic illness and care systems.

Contact Duke University about this program:

Phone: (919) 684-3786
Email: Contact Request Form

Source: Duke University

3. Duquesne University

Program Cost: $1,765 per credit
Program Length: 3-4 years
Application Due Date: February 1st

As the first fully online Ph.D. in Nursing program, Duquesne offers a highly flexible education option to many students nationwide. Additionally, students attending the program may get to study abroad at the Duquesne campus in Dublin, Ireland. The 56-credit program culminates in a dissertation proposal and final defense in which students orally defend their research thesis to the dissertation committee.

Contact Duquesne University about this program:

Phone: (412) 396-6219
Email: [email protected]

Source: Duquesne University

4. Columbia University

Program Cost: Fully funded (up to 3 years)
Application Due Date: November 15th

Ph.D. in Nursing student at Columbia choose one of three major areas to study, which include Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Science, Analytical Foundations of Nursing Science, and Electives and Applications. The programming heavily focuses on publication, grantsmanship, presentation, and networking. In addition to their coursework, students participate in research experience and training.

Contact Columbia University about this program:

Phone: (212) 305-5756
Email: [email protected]

Source: Columbia University

5. Rush University

Program Cost: $1,344 per credit hour
Program Length: 3-5 years
Application Due Date: March 4th

Rush University's Ph.D. in Nursing is fully online except for an on-campus orientation and summer intensive learning sessions. The program focuses on preparing nurses and non-nurses with graduate degrees to become leaders in clinical research and educators who influence healthcare policy. While many students keep working throughout the program, they often must take fewer hours while completing their dissertation.

Contact Rush University about this program:

Phone : (312) 942-7100
Email: [email protected]

Source: Rush University

What to Expect in a Ph.D. in Nursing Program

Nursing Ph.D. degrees focus on scholarship and nursing research. By the end of the course, you'll be able to conduct and publish evidence-based research that can alter the face of nursing practice and healthcare policy for future generations.

Generally, these educational pathways combine graduate study and research activities and do not include clinical rotations. Instead, you will be required to complete a long-form research paper called a dissertation. To write your dissertation, you'll complete independent research based on a significant and relevant scientific inquiry in the nursing field.

>> Related: The Best Nursing Research Topics

What Can You Do With a Ph.D. in Nursing?

Ph.D. in Nursing programs prepare graduates to pursue careers in research and teaching, advanced clinical practice, health care administration, and policy. Following graduation, your future may hold a career as a nurse scientist, as an administrator, as a nurse educator, or in establishing health policy.

Ph.D. in Nursing Salary

Healthcare workers who hold a Ph.D. in nursing earn an average annual salary of $100,00 or $60.45 per hour , according to Payscale . However, your nursing salary will vary depending on your career, employer, location, experience, and other relevant factors.

How Much Does a Ph.D. in Nursing Degree Cost?

Ph.D. in nursing programs range from $400 to over $2,300 per credit hour at more distinguished institutions. However, several universities will fund your Ph.D. tuition itself or through a federal research grant. Most often, these funding opportunities are only available to full-time students, while part-timers must pay the full tuition costs.

How Long Do PhD in Nursing Programs Take?

Most Ph.D. in nursing programs take between 4-6 years to complete. Your educational timeline will vary based on your previous education and whether you attend full or part-time.

What Will You Learn in a PhD in Nursing Program?

Since all Ph.D. degrees in nursing emphasize healthcare research, their curriculums will all share certain core elements, which include:

The philosophical and historical foundations of nursing knowledge
Review of existing and evolving nursing theory
Methods and process of developing theory
Research methodology and data management
Academic, research, practice, and policy development

Your graduate nursing program will consist of several key milestones to reinforce your education. These include:

Leadership strategies related to nursing, healthcare, and research
Mentorship and working alongside faculty on their individual research programs
Immersion experiences are designed to encourage leadership and scholarship.
Each student will be required to complete a dissertation.

Ph.D. in Nursing Program Requirements

Each university sets its own entry standards, which vary based on the type of program . However, general Ph.D. in nursing admission requirements include the following:

BSN, MSN, or non-nursing graduate degree
Personal research statement
A minimum GPA of 3.0
Admissions interview
Writing sample
Resume or curriculum vitae
Letters of recommendation
Unencumbered RN license
Official post-secondary school transcripts
TOEFL or IELTS scores

Is a Ph.D. in Nursing Degree Right for Me?

Your professional goals play a massive role in deciding whether to pursue a Ph.D. in nursing. If you're interested in scientific and academic nursing research, healthcare policy, or becoming a nurse educator, a Ph.D. in nursing is an excellent option. Remember, it will not qualify you for APRN positions, so if you have clinical aspirations, a DNP is the right doctoral nursing option.

Next Steps to Enroll in a PhD in Nursing Degree Program

Ready to start your educational journey toward earning a Ph.D. in Nursing? You can start working toward those goals today with these simple steps:

Research Universities: Find a program that suits you based on your budget, attendance needs (e.g., part vs. full-time and in-person vs. online), and interests.
Plan Applications: Understand the program requirements and application deadlines for each school you're applying to. Then, make a plan to collect and submit all the necessary materials and documentation on time.
Prepare Properly: If a university considers you for Ph.D. candidacy, you'll attend an admissions interview. Planning and practicing this interview and paying close attention to why you chose the program and your research interests will optimize your chances of admission.

Plus, get exclusive access to discounts for nurses, stay informed on the latest nurse news, and learn how to take the next steps in your career.

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Research Nurse Salary

How much does a Research Nurse make? The average Research Nurse salary is $95,214 as of August 27, 2024, but the salary range typically falls between $85,111 and $105,506 . Salary ranges can vary widely depending on many important factors, including education , certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession. With more online, real-time compensation data than any other website, Salary.com helps you determine your exact pay target.

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Research Nurse Salary by City

City Name	Average Salary
	$119,018
	$105,973
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	$111,210
	$93,976

Average Salary Range for Research Nurse

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View Average Salary for Research Nurse as table

	Average Salary	Average Salary Range
Base Salary	$95,214	$85,111 - $105,506
Bonus	$204	$102 - $240
Total Pay	$95,418	$85,213 - $105,746

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Outlook for PhD in Nursing Salary

Research has shown that less than 1% of all nurses in this country hold a doctorate degree, whether that is a Ph.D. or the DNP (Doctor of Nursing Practice). However, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has released The Future of Nursing Report, together with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, in which they have set the goal of having twice as many doctoral nurses in the workforce by 2020. To achieve this, they are pushing to have 10% of all newly qualified bachelor’s degree (BSN) registered nurses (RNs) into a master’s degree (MSN) and then Ph.D. or DNP within no more than five years after they graduate.

There is a huge demand for nurses with a doctorate degree, not in the least because there is such a shortage of nurse educators. If the stock of nurse educators is not replenished, there will be no way to educate tomorrow’s nursing workforce either. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) have therefore put out a call to all nurses to commit to furthering their education.

The outlook for Ph.D. in Nursing graduates is incredibly strong. Exactly how strong, however, will vary depending on what they plan to do after graduation. Different positions are available to them, each of which attracts a different salary. As such:

Nurse Researchers can expect to earn around $95,000 per year. They can also increase this by speaking at events and conferences, consulting, teaching, and writing books.
Nurse Practitioners, who continue to work directly with patients in a clinical role, can expect to earn around $98,826 per year. They may also be able to prescribe medication.
Clinical Nurse Specialists, who mainly work in an advisory role for various conditions, can earn as much as $120,000 per year.
Nurse Anesthetists, working alongside the anesthesiologist in surgeries, can expect to earn around $81,162 per year.
Nurse Midwives, who help in antenatal and postnatal care, as well as during deliveries, can earn as much as $102,670 per year.
Nurse Educators, who train tomorrow’s nursing workforce, earn in excess of $111,870 per year.

There are various other factors, besides exact role, that affect the expected salary of a Ph.D. in Nursing graduate, however.

#1 Your Job Location

Once you have completed your DNP or Ph.D., you will be responsible for problem solving in your workplace, as well as educating the rest of the workforce. You can do this in:

Surgical and general medical hospitals, where you can influence the treatment plans of patients. At the same time, you are likely to conduct research and drive policy so that health care outcomes are improved.
Public health offices, where you will be responsible for influencing national and local health officials and policy makers, ensuring that they find solutions to health problems that are smart and based on research.
Research facilities, which are particularly suitable for those with a Ph.D.. In this role, you will generally research the various health and medical issues that today’s people face. You may also try to uncover new solutions and cures for these health problems.
Independent practice, whereby you will have the flexibility of determining when you work and who you work with. Furthermore, you are the end responsible for the treatment you feel is appropriate for your patients.
Physicians’ offices, where you can manage other nursing staff and essentially work independently, but without the stresses of starting your own practice.
Universities, whereby you can teach the next generation of nurses.

Each of these types of jobs attracts different levels of pay. However, it is not uncommon for Ph.D. in Nursing graduates to earn a six figure income, regardless of where they work.

#2 Geographical Location

The geographical location of your work also has a significant impact on how much you can earn. Generally speaking, larger metropolitan areas attract far higher salaries than rural areas. Certain states also traditionally pay more than other states. However, in general, the areas that attract higher salaries also often have a higher cost of living. Hence, you do need to work out whether you will actually be earning more in terms of your disposable income.

Statistics on Doctorate Educated Nurses

A number of pieces of research have been completed on the salaries of nurses, particularly in comparing doctorate degree nurses to MSN nurses. The American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) 2013 Salary and Compensation Study for Nurse Leaders found that:

Executive leadership nurses can earn between $120,000 and $300,000 per year.
DNP nurses earn an average of $7,689 per year more than MSN degree holders.

The outlook for Ph.D. in Nursing graduates is incredibly positive, as you can see, so much so in fact, that employers are fighting over each other to attract any nurses who hold this advanced degree because there are so few of them. This puts you in a unique position of being able to negotiate not just on your annual salary, but also your other benefits. These include things such as retirement plans, medical and life insurance, childcare support, paid vacation, bonuses, commissions, and more. While it is certainly true that obtaining a Ph.D. in Nursing takes a significant investment of both time and money, most would agree that it is an investment worth making.

Nursing Faculty Shortage. (2015, Mar. 16) Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-faculty-shortage
The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://nursinglink.monster.com/benefits/articles/126-the-future-of-nursing-leading-change-advancing-health
What Is the Average Salary with a DNP Degree? (n.d.) Retrieved from http://nursejournal.org/dnp-programs/what-is-the-average-salary-with-a-dnp-degree/
The Voice of Nursing Leadership – Salary and Compensation Study for Nurse Leaders – 2013 Edition.(n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.aone.org/resources/nurse-leaders-compensation-summary.pdf
Career Outlook: DNP. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.stfrancis.edu/academics/college-of-nursing/dnp/career-outlook/
DNP Fact Sheet. (2016, Apr.) Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/dnp
IOM Future of Nursing Report. (2010, Oct.) Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/dnp

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Nurse Researcher Job Description

Educational Requirements for Nurse Researchers

Based on educational achievement and experience, nurse researchers can fill a number of professional roles, from research assistant and clinical data coordinator for those entering the field, to clinical nurse research coordinator, research nurse specialist, senior research nurse, or principle investigator for those interested in more advanced research positions.

The standard preparatory education for those who aspire to advance nursing research positions is a research-focused MSN or PhD. Advanced degrees held by nurse researchers include:

MSN in Clinical Trials Research
MSN in Clinical Research Administration
MSN in Clinical Research Management
PhD in Nursing Science

Research-focused MSN and PhD programs involve research-intensive curriculum in clinical research practice and design. Some of the areas covered in advanced nursing research programs include research conduct and management, national and international regulation in clinical trials, budgeting and grant writing in clinical research, biostatistics, research ethics, and quantitative research methods. Some of the specific courses found in these advanced programs include:

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Research for Evidence-Based Practice
Responsible Literature Searching
Professional Communications
HIPAA Researchers Privacy Requirements
Design of Clinical Trials
Research Integrity
Human Subjects Research in Biomedical Sciences
Coordinating Clinical Trials
Ethics for Advanced Practice Nursing

Nurse Researcher Certification

The Society of Clinical Research Associates’ (SoCRA) Certification Program for Clinical Research Professionals culminates in the Certified Clinical Research Professional (CCRP) certification. The Certification Program for Clinical Research was established to create an “internationally accepted level of knowledge, education and experience” that is recognized by the international medical research community.

SoCRA identifies the clinical research professional as someone who is involved in one or more aspects of clinical trials research, which may include:

Data collection
Analysis or monitoring
Case management of participants
Recruitment and enrollment of participants
Protection of participants’ rights
Maintenance of drug accountability records
Grant and budget development
Education of other healthcare professionals
Report preparation
Program administration
Research program audit

To be eligible to sit for the CCRP certification examination, applicants must be current members of SoCRA and show evidence of working within GCP (Good Clinical Practices) guidelines, and under approved protocols. Applicants must meet one of three general criteria outlines:

Complete at least two years of full-time employment or 3,500 hours of part-time employment as a clinical research professional during the five years immediately prior to applying
Hold an associate’s degree, undergraduate degree or graduate degree in clinical research and complete at least one year of full-time employment or 1,750 hours of part-time employment as a clinical research professional during the five years immediately prior to applying
Hold an undergraduate or graduate certificate in clinical research, which must include a curriculum inclusive of at least 12 semester (credit) hours or a total of at least 144 credit hours from an academic institution of higher learning, AND hold an associate or bachelor degree in science, health science, pharmacology or a related field, AND complete at least one year of full-time experience or 1,750 hours of part-time experience as a clinical research professional during the two years immediately prior to applying

The CCRP certification is renewed every three years. Renewal requires proof of at least 45 hours of validated continuing education and a re-certification quiz.

The Association of Clinical Research Professionals (ACRP) offers two certification programs:

Certified Clinical Research Certification (CCRA) program
Certified Clinical Research Coordinator (CCRC) program

Under the ACRP, the Academy of Clinical Research Professionals is the affiliate organization responsible for certifying clinical research professionals.

To be eligible for CCRA certification, applicants must meet one of the following requirements:

Hold an RN license and 3,000 hours performing “essential duties”
Hold an associate’s degree and 4,500 hours performing “essential duties”

To be eligible for CCRC certification, applicants must meet the following requirement:

Hold a bachelor’s degree (or higher) or an RN license and 3,000 hours performing “essential duties”

All ACRP certifications are renewed on a biannual basis. Professionals must meet specific contact hour and continuing involvement point requirements to be eligible for renewal.

About the Emerging Clinical Research Nursing Certification

In January 2007, the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (NIH CC) launched an international effort to define and create a certification process for Clinical Research Nursing (CRN) , a specialty nursing practice that focuses on the care of research participants. The clinical research nursing certification is still in development.

The NIH CC project defined the scope of the clinical research nurse as including two nursing roles:

Clinical Research Nurse: Focuses on the care of the research participants
Research Nurse Coordinator: Focuses on study coordination and data management

The basis tenants for primary clinical research nurses include:

Expertise in clinical research implementation
Accountability for individualized research participants plans of care
Continuity of Care based on consistency in care and approach to care
Advocacy for both the research participants and the participant’s families

Clinical research nurses are responsible for:

Coordinating clinical care
Assuring participant safety
Overseeing informed consent
Ensuring the integrity of protocol implementation
Ensuring accurate data collection and recording
Managing subject recruitment and enrollment

Clinical research nurses assume responsibility for the abovementioned tasks as they relate to the study requirements and the collection of research data and clinical indications.

Clinical research nurses may perform a number of duties, including administering investigational drugs, performing an experimental or investigational medical procedure, or delivering a psychosocial intervention.

More information on this emerging certification and the NIH Clinical Center can be found on the National Institutes of Health website.

Nurse Research Resources

The National Institute of Nursing Research is involved in funding nursing research and research training. The organization is focused on support through a number of areas, including self-management, health promotion and maintenance, symptom management, chronic and acute diseases, health disparities, and end–of-life care.

The Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science is a membership entity of the American Nurses Association that was established in 2000 to foster “better health through nursing science.” The Council serves as a voice for nursing science at both the national and international level and facilitates life-long learning opportunities for nurse scientists.

Regional elective membership advocacy organizations dedicated to the advancement of nursing research also exist:

Western Institute of Nursing
Eastern Nursing Research Society
Southern Nursing Research Society
Midwest Nursing Research Society

Nurse Researcher Salary Expectations

Scrubs magazine ranked the nurse researcher second in their December 2010 article, “Top 10 Highest Paying Nurse Specialties,” with an average salary of $95,000.

The Society of Clinical Research Associates’ “SoCRA 2010 Salary Survey” reported the following median salaries in June 2010:

Research nurses: $63,846 (up from $55,072 in 2004)
Clinical research associates: $78,579
Research managers: $75,368
Project managers: $70,698

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Home / Nursing Articles / NP, DNP, and Ph.D. in Nursing: How High-Level Nursing Salaries Compare to MD Salaries in 2022

NP, DNP, and Ph.D. in Nursing: How High-Level Nursing Salaries Compare to MD Salaries in 2022

Nurse Practitioner (NP) Salaries

Doctor of nursing practice (dnp) salaries, doctor of philosophy in nursing (ph.d.) salaries, medical doctor (md) salaries.

NP, DNP, and Ph.D. in Nursing: How High-Level Nursing Salaries Compare to MD Salaries in 2022

So, you've decided to enter a medical career – congratulations. While money is not and should not be your sole concerning factor in choosing a career, it is an important consideration. Earning potential and average salary figures can sometimes help you decide between different types of qualifications in the healthcare field. Many students who know they want to enter a highly advanced career in medicine may wonder what the difference in salary is for some of the roles that require lengthy educational programs. It is important to note that salaries offered can vary far more greatly than you might imagine.

Learn more about the differences between NPs, MDs, and more

Let's first look at the Nurse Practitioner (NP) salary ranges . According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics' most recent report (from 2023), the median average salary for a nurse practitioner was $128,490 annually, while the average hourly rate was $61.78. The lowest 10% of earners were reported to have an average salary of $94,530 (hourly $45.45) while the highest earners enjoyed salaries in the region of $168,030 ($80.79 per hour). NP salaries also vary depending on the working environment and geographical location, of course.

Top salaries for nurse practitioners are in business support roles with an average salary of $180,570 and $86.81 per hour. Residential Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mental Health, and Substance Abuse Facilities come in second at $158,140 salaried, and $76.03 hourly. Thirdly, Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations land at $153,580 and $73.84, respectively.

The three top paying states for NPs in the U.S. are California, Nevada, and Washington.

A Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) enjoys a higher rate of pay compared to an MSN-prepared nurse practitioner or RN due to the more intense education and medical responsibilities required. The average pay of a DNP-prepared nurse is $117,859 annually or $57 hourly, which is slightly higher than the mean average pay of all nurse practitioners. Some self-reports on Salary.com state base pay at just over $130k.

Along with higher pay, DNP graduates enjoy a range of career opportunities that are not always open to nurse practitioners. The top-paying job roles include anesthetists at $205,770 per year, neurology nursing at $136,250, and oncology nursing at $146,726 per year.

Across the United States, Washington ($135,678), New York ($127,631), and Idaho ($123,662) pay the highest.

An important distinction between a Doctor of Nursing Philosophy and a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP): the DNP is designed to help the student enter clinical practice, typically in a specialty area of nursing. A nursing Ph.D. is designed for research and academia-minded individuals.

That said, pay is slightly lower in academia generally – not just in medical research and teaching. Therefore, you can expect to earn a salary of around $99,000 with a nursing Ph.D.

Entry-level pay is around $34.48 hourly or roughly $71,720 annually. Those with over ten years' experience enjoy average pay of $112,600 per year or $54.13 hourly. If you have over 20 years of experience, your pay is likely to be in the region of $135,010 yearly or $64.91 hourly.

While academia has the lowest pay in the medical arena, medical doctors or physicians enjoy the highest rates of pay. Generally, those who hold medical doctorates will become family and general practitioners working in clinics and hospitals. Their average pay according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics is $248,640 per year.

As with any other job, pay rates will be further determined by state and region. Currently, the top-paying states in the U.S. for family practitioners are North Dakota, which pays $351,270 annually; Wyoming, at $339,540 annually; and South Carolina at $326,530 annually.

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Top Careers for RNs with a Doctorate in Nursing

Home » PhD and DNP Degrees » Top Careers for RNs with a Doctorate in Nursing

Nursing is a calling for most RNs , and many want to continue their education to further their careers and take an even greater leadership role in the field. A doctorate in nursing is the terminal degree for nurses who want to expand their current roles, move into management and leadership positions, conduct clinical research or pursue employment in higher education.

A number of career possibilities exist for nurses with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Nursing or a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP).

Here are some of the top jobs that are available for nurses with a doctorate in nursing.

Nurse faculty

A career in nursing education is a great option for nurses who want to prepare future nurses and are interested in nursing research. The shortage of qualified nursing faculty has been well documented by nursing organizations and in professional research.

A survey released by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing in October 2018 found a total of 1,715 vacant faculty positions at 872 nursing schools, with a national vacancy rate of 7.9%. More than 90% of those vacancies were for faculty positions requiring or preferring a doctoral degree, the survey found.

A PhD in Nursing is a research-focused degree and is generally the most common doctoral degree for nurse faculty, although some nurse educators hold a DNP in nursing. The average salary for nursing instructors and teachers in higher education was $81,300 in 2018, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, while those on the higher end of the pay scale can make $130,000 or more.

While salaries for nurse educators may not go as high as some occupations with advanced nursing degrees, faculty members typically work shorter hours and may face less stress than most practicing nurses.

Nurse anesthetist

One of the more lucrative career options for advanced practice registered nurses with a doctoral degree is that of nurse anesthetist. Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) administer anesthesia to patients for surgical and other medical procedures and are the sole anesthesia providers in nearly all rural hospitals, according to the AACN.

The average annual salary for nurse anesthetists was nearly $175,000 in 2018. In several states, such as Montana, California, Iowa, Oregon and Wisconsin, average annual wages for CRNAs top $200,000, according to BLS.

The most common doctoral degrees for nurse anesthetists are the DNP or Doctor of Nurse Anesthesia Practice (DNAP). By 2025, the Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs , which accredits nurse anesthesia programs in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, will require all new CRNAs to have doctoral degrees.

Nurse practitioner

A doctorate in nursing also is very valuable to those who are looking to become nurse practitioners . NPs are “clinicians who assess, diagnose and treat acute chronic illnesses, as well as counsel, coordinate care and educate patients regarding their illnesses,” according to the website of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners .

NPs work in a variety of settings , including private practice, hospital outpatient clinics, inpatient hospital units, emergency rooms, urgent care facilities, community health centers and Federally Qualified Health Centers.

Working as a nurse practitioner comes with many benefits. NPs have greater authority in diagnosing and treating patients and prescribing medications, and many states now allow nurse practitioners to practice independently without physician oversight.

Nurse practitioners also make significantly higher salaries than other nurses, with average annual earnings of about $110,000. While a doctorate in nursing is not required to become a nurse practitioner, the AACN supports moving the standard preparation level for advanced nursing practice from a master’s to a doctoral degree. A growing number of students that are considering careers as NPs are enrolling in DNP programs.

Nurse leader

Nurses who want to move into top management and leadership roles in hospitals, nursing homes and other health systems can benefit from a doctorate in nursing.

Some of those positions include CNO, chief nurse executive, director of nursing, nursing administrator, nurse manager and health system president or CEO. A 2019 survey of nurse leaders conducted by the American Organization for Nursing Leadership found that most nursing leaders’ annual salaries ranged from $90,000 to $169,000, with those at the top end of the pay scale earning more than $250,000 a year.

While a doctorate in nursing may not be required for all of these positions, it can certainly help improve a nurse’s chances of moving into leadership or management roles.

Nurse scientist/researcher

Nurse scientists or nurse researchers are dedicated to the study of nursing research. They conduct scientific studies, collect data and present their findings, often partnering with researchers from other fields, such as medicine, pharmacy and nutrition to address complex healthcare questions or problems, according to an article .

While nurse researchers often work as faculty at colleges and universities, they also can work at hospitals, research laboratories or other healthcare facilities. Many of these jobs require a PhD in Nursing or DNP degree. The average salary for a nurse scientist is about $95,000.

Nurse informatics

For nurses with an interest in information technology and analytics, a career in nurse informatics may be a good option. Nursing informatics is “a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge and wisdom in nursing practice,” according to the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society .

A doctorate in nursing is not required for all nurse informatics roles, but it could be beneficial when applying for higher-level positions such as chief nurse informatics officer. Salaries vary for nursing informatics roles depending upon skill level and geographic area, but the average salary for a chief nursing informatics officer is $109,072, with those in some areas of the country making upward of $200,000.

While these are some of the potential roles for nurses with doctoral degrees, many other career options are available. Some of the other roles that can benefit from an advanced nursing degree include clinical nurse specialist, certified nurse-midwife (CNM) and public health and public policy nurses.

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DNP vs. Ph.D. in Nursing: What’s the Difference?

DNP vs. PH.D. Nursing Compared

Duties and Responsibilities

Education and Certification

Salary and Career Outlook

Which Is Best?

Are you ready to earn your online nursing degree?

Nurses who have already earned a masters degree and are looking to pursue the next step in their education have two options: doctor of nursing practice (DNP) and doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) in nursing.

Both degrees offer nurses a variety of professional opportunities, allowing them to utilize their expertise to benefit the field of nursing.

This guide outlines the differences in earning a DNP vs. a Ph.D. in nursing, and what opportunities lay ahead for graduates of either program. In understanding the roles and responsibilities of each, nurses can determine which degree is right for them.

DNP and Ph.D. in Nursing Key Similarities and Differences

A DNP and Ph.D. are both terminal degrees, meaning they are the highest degree a nurse can earn. Regardless of their choice of program, interested nurses need a bachelor of science (BSN) degree in nursing, an active and unencumbered registered nurse (RN) license, and clinical experience before gaining admittance to either doctorate program.

While a DNP and Ph.D. are both advanced degrees, they prepare nurses for different roles within the nursing field. DNP programs focus on educating nurses who want to pursue leadership roles in a clinical setting. Ph.D. programs provide nurses with an education to pursue academic or research-based positions.

What is a DNP?

A DNP is an advanced degree for nurses who want to become experts in clinical nursing. The degree is an alternative to research-centric doctoral programs, and provides nurses with skills and training to work at an advanced level in the nursing field.

What is a Ph.D. in Nursing?

Earning a Ph.D. in nursing prepares graduates for work either in academia or research settings. Graduates often pursue faculty positions with academic institutions or in a career that involves performing research in a medical laboratory.

Major Comparisons
Points to Consider	DNP	Ph.D in Nursing
Length of Programs	2-4 years	4-6 years
Certification Options	Pediatrics, Neonatal, Psychiatric-Mental Health, Clinical Nurse Midwife, Women’s Health	Education, Public Health Policy, Healthcare Innovation
Core Competencies	Scientific Underpinnings for Practice, Organization and Systems Leadership, Information Systems/Technology and Patient Care, Healthcare Policy, Interprofessional Collaboration, Clinical Prevention, Population Health, Advanced Nursing Practice	Development of Research, Critique of Theories and Literature, Designing Research, Research Ethics, Measurement and Sources of Error, Analytical Approaches, Secondary Data and Informatics, Grant and Proposal Writing, Scientific Communication, Diversity and Equity, Cross-Disciplinary Teamwork, Leadership Roles
Average Annual Salary

Source: Payscale

Popular DNP Programs

Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.

The roles of a nurse with a DNP vs. a Ph.D. in nursing are fundamentally different. The former focuses on clinical work, whereas the latter is geared more toward research and education.

Their duties revolve around those two major areas. As such, DNPs are more likely to work with patients, while Ph.D graduates focus on educating nurses and analyzing medical practices.

What Can You Do With a DNP?

Nurses with a DNP are considered expert clinicians who are prepared for the highest level of nursing practice.

Upon earning the degree, nurses can choose to focus on leadership and administrative roles (e.g., nurse administrator, public health, healthcare policy, informatics) nursing education (e.g.,clinical nurse specialist, nurse educator), or clinical care (e.g.,certified registered nurse anesthetist, nurse practitioner).

After earning a DNP, nurses’ responsibilities may include:

Diagnose and treat patients
Prescribe medications
Order various diagnostic tests
Handle patient complains
Consult on complex cases
Implement policy changes

Keep in mind that some DNP programs are for roles (clinical nurse specialist, nurse educator) that will not have authorization to perform some of the above responsibilities.

What Can You Do With a Ph.D. in Nursing?

Nurses with a Ph.D. often focus on the areas of education and research. They may design studies and conduct research on clinical practices, nursing education, health systems, and public policy.

People with a Ph.D. in nursing often find employment in academic, business, or governmental settings. Overall, nurses with a Ph.D.can:

Design, conduct, and publish research
Develop new nursing knowledge and methods
Utilize research results to improve nursing outcomes
Write proposals and apply for grants to fund research
Mentor and advise students
Compose curriculum for nursing courses

Education Prerequisites

When looking to earn either a DNP or Ph.D., most programs require applicants to have similar prerequisites. Institutions often look for candidates who have attained an undergraduate degree, are actively able to practice nursing, and can meet certain academic requirements.

How to Earn a DNP

To apply for a DNP degree program, candidates need a BSN or master of science in nursing (MSN) from an accredited institution, a GPA of at least 3.0, and an active nursing license.

Once enrolled, students can choose an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) role such as clinical nurse practitioner (CNP), clinical nurse specialist (CNS), certified nurse-midwife (CNM), or certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA).

CNPs and CNSs then choose a population focus (i.e., neonatal, pediatrics, womens health, psychiatric-mental health). DNP candidates often focus on a research or capstone project throughout their entire program.

The program can last 2-4 years, and full-time students are able to earn their degree faster than their part-time counterparts. Students participate in courses on informatics, health policy, healthcare delivery systems, evidence-based practice, and project management.

Learners must also complete a total of 1,000 clinical hours, 500 of which can stem from a previous masters program that resulted in national certification. Learners with previous hours may become more common as some programs, like CRNA, transition from MSN to DNP-only.

How to Earn a Ph.D. in Nursing

To get accepted to a Ph.D. program, candidates need a BSN or MSN from an accredited program, a 3.0 to 3.5 minimum GPA, and an active nursing license. Applicants must also provide a CV or resume, professional references, and a personal statement.

The length of a Ph.D. program ranges from 4-6 years depending on the status of the student (full-time vs. part-time). The curriculum revolves around theory, analysis, and statistics, with students taking classes in grant writing, research design, and research methods. Since their work takes place within education and research, Ph.D. candidates are not required to complete clinical hours.

Upon program completion, DNP and Ph.D. graduates may benefit from a higher earning potential. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects a steady need over the next decade for nurses with advanced training.

Ultimately, degree type, specialization, and population focus dictate the average annual salary and the type of demand nurses should anticipate.

$107,000 Average Annual DNP Salary

$99,000 Average Annual Ph.D. in Nursing Salary

DNP in Nursing Salary and Career Outlook

While the average salary of nurses with DNPs is approximately $107,000, their chosen specialization impacts their earning potential and demand. DNP-holders working a CRNAs average $164,340 per year, according to July 2022 Payscale data, while those who work in pediatrics earn $92,030 .

Not only do CRNAs earn the highest average salary, but they are also one of the most in-demand specializations; the BLS projects a job growth rate of 45%, significantly higher than the 9% average for all other professions.

Another main factor that influences DNP earning potential is years of experience. Entry-level nurses earn an average annual salary of approximately $87,000 , according to July 2022 Payscale data. Whereas those with more than 20 years of experience can earn upwards of $187,000 depending upon the specialization.

Ph.D. in Nursing Salary and Career Outlook

Much like nurses with a DNP, the salary of one with a Ph.D. varies based on focus. According to the BLS , nurse educators with a Ph.D. can receive upwards of $125,930 annually.

While all nurses with advanced degrees continue to be in demand, Ph.D. graduates who choose to become educators can especially benefit from this need. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing , nursing schools had to turn away over 80,000 qualified applicants in 2019 due to the shortage of educators.

Many states are looking to provide incentives to nurses who choose to become educators, thereby increasing the benefit of selecting this role.

DNP vs. Ph.D. in Nursing: Which Degree is Right For Me?

Deciding which degree works best depends upon a nurse’s personal and professional goals. The degrees lead nurses down two fairly distinct paths – one clinical and one research-oriented.

DNP and Ph.D. graduates are both in high demand and have above-average earning potential. The degrees differ in time commitment and responsibilities.

Nurses who prefer to work in a clinical capacity either directly with patients or in a nursing leadership role should pursue a DNP. Graduates often find themselves in a variety of clinical settings, such as hospitals, specialty practices, or public health offices.

Learners more interested in preparing future nurses or conducting research that aids in the development of new and effective nursing methods should pursue a Ph.D. Nurse Ph.D. graduates often use their expertise in settings such as colleges and universities, research facilities, medical laboratories, and government agencies.

Why Get a Doctorate in Nursing (DNP)?

Graduating with a doctoral degree in nursing can advance careers, increase salaries, and lead to rewarding jobs. Learn why and how to become a DNP.

Online DNP Programs of 2024

Explore the top online DNP programs. Learn about on-campus requirements, accreditation, cost, and program length while choosing your next career step.

Types of Nursing Degrees and Levels

Learn about the types of nursing degrees available and how to launch your career in this field. Explore in-demand job opportunities and earning potential.

Page last reviewed: May 6, 2022

Whether you’re looking to get your pre-licensure degree or taking the next step in your career, the education you need could be more affordable than you think. Find the right nursing program for you.

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Florence Nightingale J Nurs
v.30(2); 2022 Jun

Expected Roles of PhD Graduated Nurses: A Scoping Review

Reza negarandeh.

1 Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Sahar Khoshkesht

2 Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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The aim of this study was to investigate the expected roles of the Doctor of Philosophy graduated nurses and their challenges. This study was conducted as a scoping review based on Arksey and O'Malley’s approach. After a search in valid databases such as Google Scholar, Information Sciences Institute, Science Direct, Ovid, PubMed, and Scientific Information Database between 2000 and 2019 and review the websites of some well-known universities and the contents of some of the global nursing websites such as the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, National League for Nursing (NLN), International Network for Doctoral Education in Nursing (IDEN), as well as reports such as Institute of Medicine. All data were collected, summarized, and then described narratively. There was much evidence that the Doctor of Philosophy programs had failed to prepare graduated nurses for the related roles and responsibilities. The expected roles of the Doctor of Philosophy graduated nurses in this study summarized in five domains of education, clinical practice, research, leadership and management, and policy-making along with worldwide challenges, especially those highlighted in Iran. It seems that besides clarifications of the expected roles of the Doctor of Philosophy graduated nurses, there should be more thought about the contents of the programs along with roles responsibilities, as well as the establishment of better communications between universities and workplaces.

Introduction

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) refers to the philosophy and scientific diligence in knowledge which is also regarded as the highest academic degree in all disciplines. The term “doctorate” is rooted in the Latin word “docere” which means teaching ( Winter et al., 2000 ) and it is also characterized by an advanced level of education and research that is employed to create new knowledge ( Ellis, 2005 ). The graduates of disciplines such as medicine labeled as “MD,” pharmacy called “Pharm.D,” veterinary named as “DVSc,” and dentistry termed as “DT” are also mentioned as doctorate which is a degree equivalent to a bachelor’s and master’s in other sciences.

History showed that PhD education was established in Europe and Germany. Then, it was brought to the United States in the 1860s. Yale University was the first academic center to award a PhD degree in 1861. Then, Oxford University in the United Kingdom began to accept students in PhD programs in 1920 ( Carpenter & Hudacek, 1996 ).

In general, the goal of a PhD program is to educate scholars and scientists to develop disciplines and to create new knowledge in which there is an emphasis on preparing students to assume expected roles after completion of the courses ( Fiedler et al., 2015 ). The global competition for doctoral study is growing. Moreover, PhD graduates play an important role in the development of communities because of having specific skills in research methods and abilities to create, implement, and publish knowledge and innovation ( Auriol, 2010 ).

The concept of PhD in nursing is not new. In the past, most nurses could also obtain their doctoral degrees in disciplines such as physiology, education, or social sciences. Doctorate of Education (EdD) was created between 1900 and 1940 and the first EdD in nursing was awarded in 1933 at Columbia University. In the 1950s, the University of Pittsburgh emphasized the importance of clinical research for the development of a body of knowledge and nursing profession in the PhD program. Then Boston University launched the Doctorate of Nursing Science (DNSc) ( Robb, 2005 ). Later, different types of nursing doctorates were developed including Doctorate of Science in Nursing, Nursing Doctorate, Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing (PhD), and Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) ( Meleis, 1988 ; Rosseter, 2017 ). The history of PhD degrees development in nursing in some countries across the world such as the United States (1933), the United Kingdom (1970), Sweden (1986), Australia (1987), South Korea (1988), Brazil (1990), Canada (1991), Venezuela (1998), and China (2003) is reflecting the historical record and the importance of developing PhD studies in nursing worldwide.

Historically, the first PhD program in nursing in Iran was held by Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 1995. Then, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences started accepting PhD students in nursing. Currently, a total number of 17 universities of medical sciences in Iran have permission to train PhD students in this domain.

In general, two models of PhD programs in nursing are known worldwide. In the research-based/oriented European model, students only focus on the implementation of research projects. This model is being used in European countries, North Africa, Egypt, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. But in the North American model or the Pan-American model, students first take courses that are related to the subject of the dissertation and, after successfully passing the relevant exams; they concentrate on doing their dissertations. This model is being implemented in countries such as Brazil, Canada, the United States, Venezuela, South Korea, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Iran ( Ketefian et al., 2001 ).

In recent years, scientific research studies have put more stress on the professional development of nursing and they have particularly focused on the unique characteristics of nursing. Unlike other disciplines that start with general studies and then make progress toward specializations in the postgraduate programs, nursing is a profession that requires a general perspective in the PhD program ( Rosseter, 2017 ). Nursing programs traditionally present courses in the fields of nursing history and philosophy and development of healthcare techniques as well as socio-economic, political, and ethical issues. Data management and research methods are also included as the most important areas in doctoral education in nursing ( American Association of Colleges of Nursing [AACN], 2018 ).

Undoubtedly, the purpose of PhD programs in the development of nursing sciences is through research. In this respect, graduates are trained in research-based disciplines to contribute to a collection of unique knowledge in nursing and they are expected to accept leadership positions in their fields. As noted, the nursing process has been toward increasing PhD programs. Having doctoral degrees, as the most known and highest degree of science, has also clarified the value of PhD in nursing. Although the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) announced in 2004, there are mainly two types of nursing doctorate including PhD and DNP in Nursing; but most of the nursing leaders who recognize and accept PhD as a degree at the postgraduate level are strongly advocating the removal of other specialized programs such as DNP named as PhD in Nursing. Moreover, the AACN has differentiated PhD graduates as knowledge developers and DNP and DNSc ones as experts in using the new knowledge ( AACN, 2002 ; Rosseter, 2017 ).

Growing knowledge and increasing complexity of health systems increase the need for advanced and qualified nursing. Therefore, nursing education and the training of Ph.D. students are very important ( Patelarou et al., 2009 ). According to the Institute of Medicine (2011) , “The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health,” nurses could play a very important role in reforming and redesigning health systems that need improving the levels of knowledge and attitudes. Based on the recommendations in this report, there is an emphasis on increasing levels of nursing education, doubling the number of PhD graduates in nursing by 2020, and using the full extent of nurse education and training; therefore, nurses should be responsive to changing needs of health care systems. However; there is much more evidence that PhD programs in nursing have failed to prepare graduates for relevant roles and responsibilities ( Booth et al., 2016 ). Generally, the relationship between doctoral education and expectations and roles is vague and there are sometimes no defined roles and responsibilities for nursing graduates in health systems ( Agger et al., 2014 ; Bullin, 2018 ). Even if the roles and responsibilities have been defined, they have not been properly addressed in practice. Considering the increasing importance and the need for training nurses with PhD degrees as the source of changes in healthcare systems, as well as the controversies in preparation of graduates that exposed them to the confusion of their roles, there is the need to discuss the role of PhD graduate students. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the expected role of PhD graduate nurses.

Research Questions

1. What are the roles and responsibilities of PhD graduate nurses? 2. Is there compatibility between the expected roles, curriculum, clinical environment, and organizations that provide job opportunities? 3. What are the worldwide PhD graduate nurses challenges; especially those highlighted in Iran?

Study Design

This study was a scoping review based on Arksey and O’Malley approach (2005).

Study Process

The five-stage approach of Arksey and O’Malley (2005) includes identifying the research question, identifying relevant studies, study selection, charting the data, collating, summarizing, and reporting. A summary of the stages is shown in the below flowchart ( Figure 1 ).

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Flowchart of the Process of Study Based on Arksey and O’Malley’s Five-Stage Approach.

Search Process and Study Identification

Regarding the importance of the subject in the field of nursing and the lack of sufficient evidence in this domain, the main research question was about the expected roles of PhD graduated nurses and their challenges. Accordingly, various keywords such as doctorate in nursing OR PhD in nursing AND roles of PhD nurses AND scope of practice of PhD nurses were searched in valid databases such as Google Scholar, Information Sciences Institute, Ovid, PubMed, and Scientific Information Database in the related studies published between 2000 and 2019.

Eligibility of Resources

More than 414 articles were extracted. After removing duplicate items, examining the relevancy of titles, and reviewing the relevance of the subject, the validity of the source, and accessibility to the article, finally, the 23 articles were examined. Also, seven articles and two books were added after reference lists review. Since the purpose of a scoping review is a brief analysis around key concepts in the research subject and finding main sources and types of evidence without considering the quality of the studies ( Tricco et al., 2016 ), the studies were selected only based on the proximity to the subject and scope of the investigation. Exclusion criteria included irrelevant, duplicate, and non-English articles. However, lectures, summaries, studies related to other disciplines, and studies just related to DNP were excluded from the final review. In addition, the websites of some well-known universities and the contents of some of the global nursing websites such as AACN, NLN, IDEN, as well as reports such as IOM were reviewed. All data were collected, summarized, and then described narratively and discussed.

Goals of PhD in Nursing

By exploring PhD programs in nursing across the world, it becomes clear that the educational goals of training PhD graduates are different due to discrepancies in defined roles and responsibilities. The following cases are examples of such differences.

The University of Virginia in the United States which accepts students through two PhD and DNP programs aims to educate clinical professionals, nursing scholars, and researchers to develop nursing knowledge in the 21 century ( The University of Virginia, 2018 ), while the John Hopkins University, in the United States, emphasized the empowerment of students in development and direction of research toward improving provision of healthcare services ( The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, 2018 ). Accordingly, the general purpose of this university is to educate nursing scholars to develop and conduct research studies and finally progress the nursing discipline and deliver better healthcare services ( The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, 2018 )

The University of Alberta in Canada also expects the following roles from nursing graduates including nursing progress, knowledge mobilization, research development, and change in leadership ( The University of Alberta, 2018 ). Also, the objective of nursing education in China, which has been working on nursing education since 2003, is to educate future nurses in the domains of research and management ( Wang et al., 2016 ).

In general, the major objectives of establishing the nursing discipline in Iran include training specialized staff to provide the required workforce in the areas of research, education, technology, management, and services. Therefore, graduates can play roles in the domains of education, research, care, counseling, management, and prevention in communities. Accordingly, the positions considered for nurses can extend from hospitals to private centers, welfare and rehabilitation centers, research centers and institutes, planning centers related to nursing, growth centers, and knowledge-based companies as well as the community. However; the goals, visions, roles, and responsibilities of PhD graduated nurses in Iran have undergone changes in three periods since 1994. The focus of the first PhD programs in nursing was on improving the quality of education and research in order to achieve professional independence to supply the required human resource and also to promote nursing ( The Iranian Curriculum of PhD in Nursing, 1995 ). In 2003, following the graduation of only ten students, the curriculum of PhD programs in nursing was revised and training of high-quality students in terms of research gained more weight ( The Iranian Curriculum of PhD in Nursing, 2005 ). In the last period and following the approval of the curriculum for PhD programs in nursing which had been implemented since 2017, the main goal was training specialized nursing staff to provide the required human resources in the field of research, education, technology, management, and nursing services as well as participation in policy-making in the health system. By adding six non-core units to the curriculum, a clinical perspective was formed ( The Iranian Curriculum of PhD in Nursing, 2017 ). Moreover, 24 professional responsibilities were considered for graduates. But there are not enough infrastructures to prepare nurses for gaining enough knowledge and skills during the years of education.

It seems that the shift in the locus of attention to the nursing PhD programs in Iran and some other countries from education to research and then clinical practice, as evident in curriculum changes, along with inappropriate consideration of specialized roles and responsibilities in PhD programs that distinguish graduates of PhD nursing from other nursing groups can be a reason for the role confusion among PhD graduates.

PhD in Nursing Careers

Based on the IOM (2011) reports as well as AACN (2018) , the nursing profession requires much more nurses at the doctoral level to deal with the difficulty of the lack of nursing faculty members and scholars. The Doctor of Philosophy programs in nursing is held with the purpose of preparing graduates to accept careers in health, education, research, and clinical practice.

Most nurses with PhD degrees have a normal transition to achieve an academic career; however, there are other alternatives for nurses at this level. For example, PhD graduated nurses are often recruited by large consulting companies to work with other individuals in terms of designing solutions related to problems in providing healthcare services. Some other nurses are employed by big hospitals to manage different wards. Moreover, a group of such nurses is hired for the management of complicated healthcare systems at an executive level. In other places, these nurses could carry out research and also formulate and develop national and international healthcare policies. No need to say that PhD studies can meet individuals with a wide range of appropriate job opportunities.

Roles, Expectations, and Challenges

Within the nursing profession, graduate students are trained to develop new nursing knowledge and to prepare future nurses in the fields of research, education, clinical practice, leadership, and health-related policies. However, one of the major challenges of nursing education is the lack of clarity in the roles and responsibilities of graduated nurses, especially those involved in PhD programs ( Bunkers, 2002 ).

In the study by Cheraghi et al. (2014) , clinical nurses’ perceptions and expectations about the roles and responsibilities of nursing doctorates were addressed. This study suggested that although nurses were good perceptions of PhD in nursing and believed that PhD nurses had been prepared to do research and to utilize theoretical knowledge in practice and they could also make use of their own specific conditions to improve current nursing status, PhD nurses, in reality, in the clinical setting cannot analyze issues related to healthcare systems and establish strategies to address nursing challenges.

Also, McKenna et al. (2014) highlighted the inadequate competency of PhD graduated nurses in confronting existing challenges in health systems. They acknowledged that although PhD graduates were expected to deal with nursing problems via knowledge and in-depth insights, in practice, such individuals had failed to play their roles in reforming the health system.

On the other hand, Sahebi et al. (2017) reviewing the challenges of the nursing doctoral curriculum in Iran conceded that with regard to the dynamism nature of needs of the health system and the development of nursing education, the nursing curriculum was faced with challenges and needed some changes. One of the most important findings of this study was that the nursing doctoral curriculum could not meet the needs of the community, health care system, the nursing profession, and even faculty members and PhD students. In the study by Zamanzadeh et al. (2014) investigating students’ attitudes toward the quality of PhD programs in nursing, the lowest score was associated with “no consistency between the curriculum of PhD programs and the nursing profession as well as its missions and obligations.”

Following the changes that occurred in the curriculum approved by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 2017, it seemed that no adaptation was expected in this domain via adding six non-core units whose method of implementation was not defined clearly. The confusion and challenges faced by PhD students in relation to the expected roles of passing these six units also increased. In a study by Feizalahzadeh and Hassani (2012) , the participants showed that if nurses with PhD degrees were to be employed in clinical practice, necessary and sufficient infrastructure and organizational positions, as well as salaries, are required.

Expectations from PhD graduated nurses are miscellaneous and multifaceted. So, it is expected that individuals demonstrate their best performance in different domains and positions; while there is no proper and practical preparation in the clinical, care, decision-making, policy-making, and education fields. There actually seems to be a contradiction in what universities are producing and what employers expect from the graduated nurses. The following is a summary of the expected roles of PhD graduated nurses in five domains of education, clinical practice, research, leadership and management, and policy-making along with worldwide challenges, especially those highlighted in Iran.

Before the mid-19th century, the main focus of PhD programs was on teaching and higher education, aimed at training faculty members ( Glanville & Houde, 2004 ). Nonetheless, with the expansion of PhD programs in nursing and admitting more students, teaching became a secondary activity and concentration was directed to research programs ( AACN, 2016 ). One of the tasks of schools in this domain is to train experts, that is, future students and nurses, in terms of theoretical and clinical education ( Oermann et al., 2016 ). It is also one of the professional responsibilities and roles of PhD graduated nurses in Iran. Thus, nursing education has great importance in the development of the nursing profession and preparation of future nurses to accept today’s advanced roles and to take on responsibilities for providing safe and high-quality nursing services ( Burton et al., 2009 ).

Nursing graduates are expected to be able to prepare for the quality training of future nurses, but this readiness is low or not at all ( Bullin, 2018 ). Previous studies have shown that insufficient preparation among graduates to assume the role of lecturers and faculty members could reduce job satisfaction and have a negative impact on their performance in the educational role ( Whitehead, 2015 ). In the study by Moghadam et al. (2017) , it has been reported that PhD nursing students and graduates were not ready for nursing education. PhD graduated nurses further acknowledged that organizational expectations were much beyond their abilities, clinical competencies were low, and uncertainties and obligations could lead to identity threats in PhD students. Also, McNelis et al. (2019) showed that there is a vague process for preparing graduates for teaching in both PhD and DNP curricula. so, should prepare graduates for faculty roles by including coursework on teaching.

Currently, the presence of Iranian PhD graduated nurses in clinical practice is defined as lecturers in undergraduate and postgraduate courses in clinical settings ( Cheraghi, et al., 2014 ). But based on the contents of the PhD programs, students are not completely prepared for clinical education. So, assuming the role of clinical instructors by PhD graduated nurses is neither acceptable nor cost-effective. Perhaps, teaching-specialized clinical education can be assigned to experts of the related field and the educational role of nursing doctorates can be limited to teaching how to acquire knowledge and research and how to enhance the body of nursing knowledge. It has been highlighted in most PhD programs worldwide, and PhD nursing students are prepared in that domain.

Clinical Practice

As stated, the nursing discipline is inherently clinical and one of the goals to train future nurses is helping in terms of provision of safe and high-quality services and consequently improvement of community health ( Edwards et al., 2018 ). By assessing the roles for PhD graduates in clinical practice, it can be realized that the expected clinical role is promoting health in communities at higher executive and managerial levels, and no direct clinical role for such graduates in the care domain has been taken into consideration. In contrast, in Iran, planning, implementation, and evaluation of nursing services, working with healthcare teams, as well as patient follow-up after discharge, have been considered as responsibilities of PhD graduated nurses, while the defined positions for playing these roles have been not considered ( The Iranian Curriculum of PhD in Nursing, 2017 ). Additionally, the lack of well-defined and purposeful program have faced students with more confusion. There is no doubt about the role that nurses can play in clinical practice, but if nurses with PhD degrees have the same responsibilities assumed by other nursing groups, what is the need to spend money, time, and manpower to train nursing doctorates.

Certainly, DNP has a different definition of PhD. Accordingly, there are different programs, goals, missions, and job positions ( Oermann et al., 2016 ). The launch of the DNP program alongside PhD in nursing as a separate discipline considering educational infrastructure, manpower, working environment, community acceptance, and … can be debated; however, the problem is to what extent the integration of these two programs will be practical.

Research and Investigation

The goal of the PhD programs is to prepare nursing students to produce new knowledge, develop the profession, and improve the quality of healthcare and health policies that are possible in the light of research studies. Therefore, one of the expected roles of PhD students in nursing is the ability to carry out applied research ( Henly et al., 2015 ). Now, in the PhD Programs in Nursing in Iran (2017), students are required to fulfill a final research dissertation. In fact, one of the prominent roles of PhD graduated nurses is setting up and conducting proper and high-quality research. Thus, PhD students can identify concepts and structures of their interest, study their relationships, develop predicted models, and finally test them. The result can be the production of new knowledge for the nursing profession. However, AACN (2013) and Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education ( The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education [QAAHE], 2011 ) in the United Kingdom have expressed concerns about the quality of PhD theses.

It seems that attention to the quantity of the dissertations, limited research areas, and lack of interest in fundamental subjects, along with the prolongation of the research period, can all reduce the quality of research in PhD programs in nursing.

Leadership and Policy-Making

Although the tasks of governments or nursing leaders appointed to state affairs are policy-making, the presence of nurses in policy-making can improve nursing performance and consequently increase the quality of care services ( Sullivan & Garland, 2010 ).

More than any other efforts up to the present, the IOM report (2011) has encouraged nurses to make changes in policies. According to this report, nurses have been called on to enhance their leadership capacities in order to design, implement, and support health policies that affect community health.

In recent years, Iranian nurses have tried to increase their participation in policy-making in nursing affairs although the status of nurses in the domain of policy-making is not still clear enough ( Ministry of Health Policy Making Council, 2014 ).

It is also obvious that PhD graduated nurses have the most important role in shaping leadership. In the curriculum ( The Iranian Curriculum of PhD in Nursing, 2017 ), there are at least eight to ten leadership responsibilities that have been listed for PhD graduated nurses. It is also believed that the endpoint of the nursing profession is a leadership position to provide nursing services or train nurses. Accordingly, the PhD degree puts more emphasis on the leadership position of nurses, particularly in clinical practice. Moreover, it is claimed that nursing managers should benefit from the cooperation of PhD nurses in decision-making processes ( Brar et al., 2010 ).

In regard to the preparation of PhD graduated nurses to assume leadership and policy-making roles, there are still ambiguities. Recently, two units of policy-making have been included in the nursing syllabus, but they have not been enough and also failed to prepare nurses for such situations. Therefore, it seems necessary to change the goals and the plans of PhD programs in nursing in order to prepare nurses to take on leadership and policy-making roles in the future.

On the other hand, due to the lack of a precise definition for organizational positions in leadership and policy-making groups in the Ministry of Health or at hospitals, graduates have no idea of employment in such organizations. Moreover, the terms “cooperation” or “participation” have been used in the responsibilities listed in the curriculum and independent roles have not been considered for PhD graduated nurses.

Study Limitations

One of the limitations of this study was the difficulty of fully accessing up-to-date and reliable sources. However, the best and most reliable sources were selected and retrieved according to the situation and needs.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The Doctor of Philosophy graduated nurses are expected to play the roles of agents for the development of the body of knowledge and nursing profession, as well as for educators, researchers, leaders, policy-makers, and professional consultants. Nevertheless, one of the major challenges facing nursing education is ambiguity in defining the roles of nursing graduates particularly those with PhD degrees (Bunkers, 2001). The definition of nursing roles can be challenging because studies in many countries have indicated disruptions in roles as well as overlaps ( Chiarella & McInnes, 2010 )

There is much evidence that PhD programs in nursing do not prepare graduates for their roles and responsibilities ( Booth et al., 2016 ). In general, the relationships between doctoral education, expectations, and career roles for PhD graduated nurses have not been well defined ( Agger et al., 2014 ; Bullin, 2018 ). Therefore, for possessing graduates with multiple abilities and multiple tasks, there is a need for the enrichment of the curriculum, defining clear roles, and proper preparation to achieve these roles ( Adib-Hajbaghery & Hosieni, 2018 ).

It seems that PhD programs lasting for 4–5 years have failed to create the competency required to provide these complex, broad, and sometimes cooperating roles with other medical and nursing staff. On the other hand, the working environment is not ready to accept these graduates.

As a whole, all the expected roles of PhD graduated nurses need further clarifications and there is a need to think about the consistency between curriculums and roles, as well as the establishment of better relationships between academic settings and educational programs and organizations providing job opportunities.

Educational planning to achieve the competency to accept the roles needed for the market in order to meet the needs of communities and the nursing profession is worthwhile because the type of investments in an educational system will be equal to its outputs. Therefore, the type of perspectives to educational programs can direct human resource policy. Therefore, the results of this study, while reporting the situation in Iran, should be considered as a basis for expanding awareness of the challenges in this field, and the authorities should find a solution in the field with proper planning.

This article provides an overview of the expected role of nursing PhD graduates around the world with a special focus on nursing PhD graduates in Iran and discusses its challenges. Obviously, because of cultural differences and the educational and care structure of each country, roles and expectations will be different. Therefore, it is suggested that this issue be discussed in several countries and a solution be found to its challenges.

Peer Review: Externally peer-reviewed.

Author Contributions: Concept – S.K., R.N.; Design S.K., R.N.; Supervision – R.N.; Resources – S.K., R.N.; Materials – S.K., R.N.; Data Collection and/or Processing – S.K.; Analysis and/or Interpretation – S.K., R.N.; Literature Search – S.K., R.N.; Writing Manuscript – S.K.; Critical Review – R.N.

Declaration of Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Funding: The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.

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Expected Roles of PhD Graduated Nurses: A Scoping ...
Salary poll: clinical research nurses, how much is your total ...
Using an online inflation calculator, my salary might be about $90k in today's dollars. From what I've seen/experienced, research nurses are on a very similar salary scale to bedside/staff nurses in the same city/location (before any differential). If you're already a bedside nurse, I would not expect a large pay bump.
75+ Nurse Researcher PhD Jobs, Employment August 26, 2024 ...
87 Nurse Researcher PhD jobs available on Indeed.com. Apply to Research Nurse, Faculty, Staff Associate and more!
2024 Best Psychology Degree Programs Ranking in America
Graduates with a psychology degree can earn competitive salaries, with Human Resources Specialists averaging $73,080 annually and Clinical Research Associates earning around $57,760 per year. Approximately 57% of individuals with a bachelor's degree in psychology enter the workforce directly after graduation, with a median annual salary of ...

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