>Sample
Updated: 2005
Demonstration of a close genetic relationship between human and chimpanzee through the Nutall precipitation reaction
Some scientists theorize that humans and chimpanzees evolved from a common ancestor millions of years ago. Because of this theory, we hypothesized that the chimpanzee blood proteins would most resemble human blood proteins. Three other vertebrates, the frog, cow, and monkey were also compared in this study. In order to test for similarities in various blood proteins, the Nutall Precipitation process was used. By employing this technique, we noted and compared the agglutination of red blood cells from the five species. This method allowed us to see which animal’s blood proteins would be most closely related to humans. Results confirmed our hypothesis: the blood proteins of chimpanzees are most closely related to human blood proteins, more so than to the blood proteins of a cow, a frog, and a monkey.
The Nutall Precipitation is a technique used to test and compare the relationship of the blood proteins between one species and another to see how they are similar or different. The Nutall Precipitation capitalizes on the vertebrates’ immune defense mechanism, which resists foreign materials that are introduced into their blood (Braun, pp. 71). To combat the foreign materials, the vertebrates will develop antibodies which, in turn, will agglutinate to the foreign material. The agglutination causes a fast precipitation reaction (Braun, pp. 71). By judging the agglutination amounts, we can determine if the materials are more or less foreign to the blood. The Nutall Precipitation can attempt to prove or disprove the hypothesis that the chimpanzee is the animal that is most closely related to a human. An anti-human serum was introduced into the blood proteins of the chimpanzee, cow, frog, and the monkey. The agglutination reactions allowed us to determine which of the four animals was the one most closely related to a human. When there is an increase in agglutination between the animal and human blood, it signifies that the two species’ blood is more similar, thus showing a closer relationship. When the agglutination is lighter, it signifies that the blood proteins in human blood and animal blood are less similar, thus determining that the two species are not as closely related. In our experiment using the Nutall Precipitation, our hypothesis that the chimpanzee is the animal most closely related to humans was tested to determine whether or not the chimpanzee’s agglutination with the human blood is greater than with the other species-the cow, frog, and the monkey.
Methodology
The Nutall Precipitation technique tested the hypothesis-five dishes were set up, each one with a different serum from a chimpanzee, cow, frog, monkey, and a human. The dish with the anti-human serum was compared with the four dishes of animal serum. In each dish, there were eight wells containing serial dilutions of a specific animal serum (50 – 300 l) and a combination of water (100 – 350 l) and anti-human serum (400 l). Data was recorded based on the amount of agglutination in each dish. A table chart was developed, using the rubric scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3. A score of 0 signified that there was no reaction between the anti-human serum and animal serum. A score of 1 indicated that there was a reaction, but that it was light and weak. A score of 2 meant that there was a medium reaction, showing signs of agglutination. A score of 3 signified that there was high agglutination with a strong and immediate reaction.
Results and Discussion
Well Number:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
Human | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Cow | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chimpanzee | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Frog | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Monkey | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Based on the recorded data, the dish containing the chimpanzee serum showed an immediate and strong reaction with the human’s anti-serum with the heaviest agglutination in comparison to the other species. In fact, the dishes containing the chimpanzee’s serum and the anti-human serum showed the same amounts of agglutination. The monkey was shown to be trailing the chimpanzee, with the cow next. The frog showed the least amount of agglutination, with wells 3 through 8 showing no signs of agglutination. The conclusion strongly indicates that the sera of the chimpanzee and humans showed very similar agglutination reactions with the anti-human serum. This supports our hypothesis that the chimpanzee blood protein is the most closely related to the human blood protein as compared to the blood proteins of a cow, a frog, and a monkey.
Bibliography
Braun DC and Pearce LL, Laboratory Manual for Introduction to Biology. 5th ed. Washington (DC): Gallaudet University; 2004: 69 – 75
Olson MV and Varki A. Sequencing the chimpanzee genome: insights into human evolution and disease Nature Reviews Genetics. 2003 Jan 01;4:20-28.
****This sample biology lab report was developed by Will Garrow for a biology course at Gallaudet University. It was revised by Raymond Merritt and Jane Dillehay of the Department of Biology.
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Title : * a brief, concise, yet descriptive title
Example: "Types of Invertebrates Found in Pond Water"
Introduction: (State the problem or question to be answered)
* What question(s) are you trying to answer? * Not all experiments start with a question, some start with an observation and questions develop from further observations * Include any preliminary observations or background information about the subject Example: How many different types of insects are found in pond water? Does the location of the pond change the types of insects that live there? Does water quality affect the number of organisms?
Hypothesis:
* Write a possible solution for the problem or an explanation for the observation * Make sure this possible solution is a complete sentence. * Make sure the statement is testable, you may also include a null hypothesis . Example: Ponds located near populated areas will have less organisms than ponds found in isolated areas.
Materials and Methods:
*Make a list of ALL items used in the lab. Alternatively, materials can be included as part of the procedure. Example: Pond water, strainers, microscopes, field guides, petri dishes *Write a paragraph (complete sentences) which explains what you did in the lab as a short summary. Include the dependent and independent variables. Example: Water was sampled from each pond and examined under the microscope. A field guide was used to identify the types of organisms found and estimations of numbers were recorded. The manipulated variable is the pond location, the responding variable is the number of organisms.
Results (Data):
* This section should include any data tables, observations, or other information collected during the procedure. * Organize data onto tables and charts. * Graphs and charts should be labeled appropriately (X and Y axis) * Do not explain of make inferences at this points.
Conclusions:
* Accept or reject your hypothesis. * EXPLAIN why you accepted or rejected your hypothesis using data from the lab. * Include a summary of the data - averages, highest, lowest..etc to help the reader understand your results. Try not to copy your data here, you should summarize and reference KEY information. * List one thing you learned and describe how it applies to a real-life situation. *Discuss possible errors that could have occurred in the collection of the data (experimental errors) and suggest ways the experiment could be improved.
Lab Report Rubric
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Perhaps you’re in the midst of your challenging AP chemistry class in high school, or perhaps college you’re enrolled in biology , chemistry , or physics at university. At some point, you will likely be asked to write a lab report. Sometimes, your teacher or professor will give you specific instructions for how to format and write your lab report, and if so, use that. In case you’re left to your own devices, here are some guidelines you might find useful. Continue reading for the main elements of a lab report, followed by a detailed description of the more writing-heavy parts (with a lab report example/lab report template). Lastly, we’ve included an outline that can help get you started.
A lab report is an overview of your experiment. Essentially, it explains what you did in the experiment and how it went. Most lab reports end up being 5-10 pages long (graphs or other images included), though the length depends on the experiment. Here are some brief explanations of the essential parts of a lab report:
Title : The title says, in the most straightforward way possible, what you did in the experiment. Often, the title looks something like, “Effects of ____ on _____.” Sometimes, a lab report also requires a title page, which includes your name (and the names of any lab partners), your instructor’s name, and the date of the experiment.
Abstract : This is a short description of key findings of the experiment so that a potential reader could get an idea of the experiment before even beginning.
Introduction : This is comprised of one or several paragraphs summarizing the purpose of the lab. The introduction usually includes the hypothesis, as well as some background information.
Materials : Perhaps the simplest part of your lab report, this is where you list everything needed for the completion of your experiment.
Methods : This is where you describe your experimental procedure. The section provides necessary information for someone who would want to replicate your study. In paragraph form, write out your methods in chronological order, though avoid excessive detail.
Data : Here, you should document what happened in the experiment, step-by-step. This section often includes graphs and tables with data, as well as descriptions of patterns and trends. You do not need to interpret all of the data in this section, but you can describe trends or patterns, and state which findings are interesting and/or significant.
Discussion of results : This is the overview of your findings from the experiment, with an explanation of how they pertain to your hypothesis, as well as any anomalies or errors.
Conclusion : Your conclusion will sum up the results of your experiment, as well as their significance. Sometimes, conclusions also suggest future studies.
Sources : Often in APA style , you should list all texts that helped you with your experiment. Make sure to include course readings, outside sources, and other experiments that you may have used to design your own.
The abstract is the experiment stated “in a nutshell”: the procedure, results, and a few key words. The purpose of the academic abstract is to help a potential reader get an idea of the experiment so they can decide whether to read the full paper. So, make sure your abstract is as clear and direct as possible, and under 200 words (though word count varies).
When writing an abstract for a scientific lab report, we recommend covering the following points:
The introduction is another summary, of sorts, so it could be easy to confuse the introduction with the abstract. While the abstract tends to be around 200 words summarizing the entire study, the introduction can be longer if necessary, covering background information on the study, what you aim to accomplish, and your hypothesis. Unlike the abstract (or the conclusion), the introduction does not need to state the results of the experiment.
Here is a possible order with which you can organize your lab report introduction:
Here, we’re skipping ahead to the next writing-heavy section, which will directly follow the numeric data of your experiment. The discussion includes any calculations and interpretations based on this data. In other words, it says, “Now that we have the data, why should we care?” This section asks, how does this data sit in relation to the hypothesis? Does it prove your hypothesis or disprove it? The discussion is also a good place to mention any mistakes that were made during the experiment, and ways you would improve the experiment if you were to repeat it. Like the other written sections, it should be as concise as possible.
Here is a list of points to cover in your lab report discussion:
This is your opportunity to briefly remind the reader of your findings and finish strong. Your conclusion should be especially concise (avoid going into detail on findings or introducing new information).
Here are elements to include as you write your conclusion, in about 1-2 sentences each:
Here is a compiled outline from the bullet points in these sections above, with some examples based on the (overly-simplistic) basil growth experiment. Hopefully this will be useful as you begin your lab report.
1) Title (ex: Effects of Sunlight on Basil Plant Growth )
2) Abstract (approx. 200 words)
3) Introduction (approx. 1-2 paragraphs)
4) Materials (list form) (ex: pots, soil, seeds, tables/stands, water, light source )
5) Methods (approx. 1-2 paragraphs) (ex: 10 basil plants were measured throughout a span of…)
6) Data (brief description and figures) (ex: These charts demonstrate a pattern that the basil plants placed in direct sunlight…)
7) Discussion (approx. 2-3 paragraphs)
Hopefully, these descriptions have helped as you write your next lab report. Remember that different instructors may have different preferences for structure and format, so make sure to double-check when you receive your assignment. All in all, make sure to keep your scientific lab report concise, focused, honest, and organized. Good luck!
For more reading on coursework success, check out the following articles:
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In college, you might have been assigned to do a biology lab report. Maybe you’re currently in college and working on one! Regardless of whether or not you’ve done one before, there are a few things you need to keep in mind when writing your lab report. This guide will help you include all the necessary information and avoid common lab report writing mistakes. includes How to Write a Biology Lab Report Abstract, How to write the discussion section of a Biology Lab report, How to write the Materials and methods of a Lab Report, How to present results in a biology lab report, and How to write the discussion section of a Biology Lab report
What You'll Learn
What is a lab report.
A lab report is a document that is written as part of a scientific or scholarly experiment . It is typically a report of the results of a scientific experiment, including data and analysis. The goal of a lab report is to provide information that can be used to improve the understanding of science and technology.
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A lab report is a document that tells the reader about your work in a scientific experiment. It includes information about the experiment, your results, and any conclusions you drew.
The following are some of the most important things to include in your lab report:
-Abstract- Abstract for a lab report should include the following information: The purpose of the lab, research objectives, methods used, major findings and conclusions.
-Introduction – Background information about the experiment, equipment used, and any special instructions you were given.
-Materials and methods – Detailed information about how you prepared and measured the materials used in the experiment.
-Results – The data you collected from the experiment and what you found.
-Discussion – What conclusions do you draw from your results and how do they support or refute hypotheses?
To write a good Biology lab report, you’ll need to pay close attention to these details:
-Organization – Keep your report well-organized and concise. Make sure each section is focused and written in a clear and concise manner. -Quantitative data – Use quantitative data where it’s appropriate, and explain it clearly. -Drawing conclusions – Do not simply restate the results of the experiment in your conclusion section. Instead, provide a logical rationale for your conclusions. -Use language that everyone can understand – Be careful not to use scientific terminology that only experts would understand. Try to write in a clear and easy-to-read style .
If you follow these tips, you’ll be able to write a successful lab report that accurately reflects your work and provides valuable information for future research .
Lab report writing is a very important part of scientific research. It allows others to understand your findings and determine whether or not they should be taken further. In order to write a perfect lab report, you need to follow some guidelines. This guide will help you create an outline for your biology lab report.
In a lab report, the abstract is a short paragraph (typically not more than 200 words) that summarizes the objectives and scope, methodology, data, and conclusions.
Here’s an example of a Lab Report Abstract
Biology Lab Report Abstract example Ontogenetic color change at sexual maturation can be useful in identifying an appropriate mate for some organisms . Largus californicus individuals undergo two ontogenetic color changes. First instars are bright red, second through fifth instars are shiny blue-black, and adults are black with orange markings. Adult male mating behavior suggested that the change in color from fifth instars to adults might enable males to discriminate between nymphs and adults. Males mount adults and persist if they have mounted a female and quickly release if they have mounted another male. Males were never observed to mount nymphs. Female color patterns were altered and male’s copulatory attempts were timed to determine if color pattern was used by males in mating decisions. The null hypothesis that dorsal color pattern does not significantly affect male mating behavior could not be rejected, therefore the significance of the color change from nymph to adult must be sought elsewhere.
Biology Lab Report Abstract example To feed on materials that are healthy for them, flies (order Diptera) use taste receptors on their tarsi to find sugars to ingest. We examined the ability of blowflies to taste monosaccharide and disaccharide sugars as well as saccharin. To do this, we attached flies to the ends of sticks and lowered their feet into solutions with different concentrations of these sugars. We counted a positive response when they lowered their proboscis to feed. The flies responded to sucrose at a lower concentration than they did to glucose, and they didn’t respond to saccharin at all. Our results show that they taste larger sugar molecules more readily than they do smaller ones. They didn’t feed on saccharin because the saccharin we use is actually the sodium salt of saccharin, and they reject salt solutions. Overall, our results show that flies are able to taste and choose foods that are good for them.
This section should be written last, once all of the other sections have been written. Some bibliographic databases only include the abstract, not the entire article, so this information is essential when other investigators are trying to judge the applicability of your work to their current research .
In this section, you will introduce the experiment by explaining generally what you did and why you did it. This section usually starts with an examination of the literature through a library search to inform the reader about work already done on this topic.
It should also state any relevant facts about the participants, materials, and equipment used in the experiment. The introduction then describes how your hypothesis was developed and then explicitly states the hypothesis.
The two critical parts of the lab report introduction are
Statement of the Problem:
The introduction should present the concept being investigated and provide background information .
Here are Biology Lab Report Introduction Examples
Biology Lab Report Introduction Example 1 All animals rely on senses of taste and smell to find acceptable food for survival. Chemoreceptors are found in the taste buds on the tongue in humans (Campbell, 2008), for example, for tasting food. Studies of sensory physiology have often used insects as experimental subjects because insects can be manipulated with ease and because their sensory-response system is relatively simple (E. Williams, personal communication). Flies are able to taste food by walking on it (Dethier, 1963). Hollow hairs around the proboscis and tarsi contain receptor neurons that can distinguish among water, salts, and sugars, and flies can distinguish among different sugars (Dethier, 1976). These traits enable them to find necessary nutrition. In this experiment we tested the ability of the blowfly Sarcophaga bullata to taste different sugars and a sugar substitute, saccharin. Because sucrose is so sweet to people, I expected the flies to taste lower concentrations of sucrose than they would of maltose and glucose, sugars that are less sweet to people. Because saccharin is also sweet tasting to people, I expected the flies to respond positively and feed on it as well.
The materials and methods section includes materials in the paragraphs, as you needed them. Make sure you use PAST TENSE and that you are using PASSIVE VOICE, not an active voice.
Example of active voice: “I added 5 ml of diluted BioRad dye to each test tube…”. Example of passive voice: “Five ml of diluted BioRad dye was added to each test tube…”.
Here’s a materials and methods example
Keep all information in this section as concise as possible. The reader of the report has a basic understanding of the techniques, hence be straightforward and to the point with the procedure and give enough information for an individual to be able to replicate the experiment.
Ask yourself “if I changed this, would the results be different?” If the answer is yes, then it must be included in the methods. If the answer is no, leave it out.
There are two parts to a results section: a Narrative, and Tables and Figures. Narrative
This section is where you clearly, completely, and concisely report your data and explain what it is that you want the reader to notice about your findings.
Do not draw any conclusions from these findings; that will be done in the Discussion section . When taking multiple data sets , you will summarize your data by reporting statistical parameters such as means (averages), range, standard deviations, sample sizes, and results of statistical tests (if applicable).
Remember to explain what the numbers represent. If you are reporting a mean, state that your numbers represent a mean value. If your numbers represent one of two trials, state which trial. All measurements will be metric units. You must reference all tables and figures in the narrative part of the results section.
Here are two examples of how to reference tables and figures:
“Figure 1 indicates the dramatic difference in the growth rates between the experimental and control groups…” or “The mean growth rate, final mean root length and the mean day of germination were all lower for the experimental seeds than the control seeds (Table1).”
Tables and Figures:
Not all data needs to be reported in a table or figure. Some data can be summarized in the text in one or two sentences ( statistical data , for instance).
Remember to title and number all tables and figures. Titles will be self-explanatory and complete. Describe the graph/table in words (sample sizes (n) and scientific names will be included).
Raw data is NEVER included in the Tables and Figures. Treatments, means, ranges and standard deviations are the appropriate numbers to summarize. Tables and Figures are numbered independently.
Make sure each figure has a relevant and detailed title and a short explanation that describes what each figure represents.
The discussion section begins with a restatement of the purpose. The section then includes a discussion of relationships, interprets data, and draws a conclusion based on your original hypothesis. You must make explicit whether your data supports your original hypothesis, or whether you reject your original hypothesis.
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Summarize your data, but refrain from reporting specifics about your data in this section. That part will have already been done in the Results section.
This section is also where you suggest any future work and emphasize the importance and usefulness of your findings and experiments of this type.
Here’s an example of a biology lab report discussion
You must acknowledge the source of ALL material that is not your own. A thorough paper contains literature citations of published studies within the text.
The last section of a lab report should include a list of all sources used in the research. This includes any figures or tables that were reproduced from other sources, as well as any original research that was conducted.
Appendices typically include such elements as raw data, calculations, graphs pictures or tables that have not been included in the report itself. Each kind of item should be contained in a separate appendix.
This Full Guide to Evidence-based Practice Research Paper Writing in Nursing [+Examples & Outline] can help you write better.
Here are some tips for writing a great lab report:
-Start with a clear goal in mind. What did you want to learn from this experiment? What did you find? Why is this information important?
-State the hypothesis that you tested in your introduction paragraph. This will help readers understand what information will be covered in the rest of your report.
Summarize your findings in a clear and concise manner. Make sure that readers can understand what you found without having to read through all of the data.
-In the Summary and Conclusions section, discuss any implications your findings may have. Are there any questions that still remain unanswered? What can be learned from this experiment?
-Provide any recommended resources or further reading at the end of your report . This will help readers who are interested in learning more about the topic covered in your report.
-Follow the standard academic formatting when writing your report. Use a formal tone and make sure all symbols, punctuation, and capitalization are correct.
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While writing a lab report can be daunting, following these guidelines will help you produce a clear and concise document. If you have any questions about how to write a lab report, feel free to contact your instructor or the lab coordinator for help.
In this lab report writing guide, we discuss the different types of information you will likely want to include in your biology lab report. Includes how to write a lab report abstract , introduction, methods and materials, results and discussion.
We will also offer some tips on how to structure your work so that it is easy to read and understand. Finally, we provide an outline for you to use as a starting point when writing your lab report.
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Now it's time to state your hypothesis . The hypothesis is an educated guess as to what will happen during your experiment.
The hypothesis is often written using the words "IF" and "THEN." For example, " If I do not study, then I will fail the test." The "if' and "then" statements reflect your independent and dependent variables .
The hypothesis should relate back to your original question and must be testable .
A word about variables...
Your experiment will include variables to measure and to explain any cause and effect. Below you will find some useful links describing the different types of variables.
What Is a Real Hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a tentative statement that proposes a possible explanation for some phenomenon or event. A useful hypothesis is a testable statement that may include a prediction.
When Are Hypotheses Used?
The keyword is testable. That is, you will perform a test of how two variables might be related. This is when you are doing a real experiment. You are testing variables. Usually, a hypothesis is based on some previous observations such as noticing that in November many trees undergo color changes in their leaves and the average daily temperatures are dropping. Are these two events connected? How?
Any laboratory procedure you follow without a hypothesis is really not an experiment. It is just an exercise or demonstration of what is already known.
How Are Hypotheses Written?
All of these are examples of hypotheses because they use the tentative word “may.”. However, their form is not particularly useful. Using the word may do not suggest how you would go about proving it. If these statements had not been written carefully, they may not have even been hypotheses at all. For example, if we say “Trees will change color when it gets cold.” we are making a prediction. Or if we write, “Ultraviolet light causes skin cancer.” could be a conclusion. One way to prevent making such easy mistakes is to formalize the form of the hypothesis.
Formalized Hypotheses example: If the incidence of skin cancer is related to exposure levels of ultraviolet light , then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer.
If leaf color change is related to temperature , then exposing plants to low temperatures will result in changes in leaf color .
Notice that these statements contain the words, if and then. They are necessary for a formalized hypothesis. But not all if-then statements are hypotheses. For example, “If I play the lottery, then I will get rich.” This is a simple prediction. In a formalized hypothesis, a tentative relationship is stated. For example, if the frequency of winning is related to the frequency of buying lottery tickets . “Then” is followed by a prediction of what will happen if you increase or decrease the frequency of buying lottery tickets. If you always ask yourself that if one thing is related to another, then you should be able to test it.
Formalized hypotheses contain two variables. One is “independent” and the other is “dependent.” The independent variable is the one you, the “scientist” control, and the dependent variable is the one that you observe and/or measure the results. In the statements above the dependent variable is underlined and the independent variable is underlined and italicized .
The ultimate value of a formalized hypothesis is it forces us to think about what results we should look for in an experiment.
For the “ If, Then, Because ” hypothesis…you would use: “ IF pigs and humans share the same nutritional behaviors, THEN their internal organs should look relatively the same BECAUSE of similar function and composure.” That is an example. For the “If, Then, Because” you should follow this guideline:
IF X and Y both do or share this, THEN this should be found/confirmed, BECAUSE of this fact or logical assumption.
Example Question : How does the type of liquid (water, milk, or orange juice) given to a plant affect how tall the plant will grow? Hypothesis : If the plant is given water then the plant will grow the tallest because water helps the plant absorb the nutrients that the plant needs to survive.
How would I write a hypothesis about a flying pig lab?
your lab hypothesis should have been written before the experiment. The purpose of the hypothesis was to create a testable statement in which your experimental data would either support or reject. Having a hypothesis based on a logical assumption (regardless of whether your data supports it) is still correct. If there is a disagreement between your hypothesis and experimental data it should be addressed in the discussion.
So you can go ahead an choose a hypothesis for either increase or decrease of adipogenesis after the inducement of insulin and not be wrong….as long as it is correctly formatted (see examples above).
Hey, I am having trouble writing my hypothesis.. I am supposed to write a hypothesis about how much adipogenesis was produced after the inducement of insulin. However, after proceeding with the experiments the results were On/Off .. meaning it will increase, decrease, increase, etc.. so it wasnt a constant result. It was supposed to be increasing.
please help!!!
this is very helpful but i don’t know how i would structure my hypothesis. i’m supposed to come up with a hypothesis related to the topic ‘how does mass effect the stopping distance of a cart?’. Could you help?
Thank you so much, it really help alot.:)
This is a rather difficult usage of this construct. It would most likely follow
“If the empirical formula of (enter compound’s name) is (enter compound’s formula) then it would be expected that combustion of _________ would yield _________, because (enter your rationale)
Need more background info.
For the “If, then, because” hypothesis I am doing an experiment to determine the empirical formula by using combustion but I am unsure on how to formulate the hypothesis using this structure.
For the “If, Then, Because” hypothesis…you would use: “IF pigs and humans share the same nutritional behaviors, THEN their internal organs should look relatively the same BECAUSE of similar function and composure.” That is an example. For the “If, Then, Because” you should follow this guideline:
Thanks, really helpful. Just one question, what about the ‘because’ part? right after the ‘if’ and ‘then’ parts?
I really need help for onion skin lab hypothesis for class
@Lauren An if/and statement is not usually apart of the convention. What exactly do you need help with?
Is there such thing as a if/and statement? I am in 8th grade science an I need to know for my lab report due tomorrow.HELP!!!!
Would have been better if more examples were given
If the purpose of your lab is “To obtain dissecting skills in an observational lab,” you can’t really formulate a testable hypothesis for that. I’ll assume you are doing some kind of pig or frog dissection. Often teachers give general outlines of skills that students are meant to ascertain from an experiment which aren’t necessarily what the actual experiment is directly testing. Obviously to do the dissection lab you need to obtain dissection skills but testing that would be rather subjective unless the teacher provided you with standards or operationally defined “dissecting skills”. If I were you, I would obviously mention it in the introduction of your lab but I am not sure if your teacher wants you to actually format it as a hypothesis; you can ask your teacher for clarification. If making a hypothesis from each purpose was some arbitrary exercise assigned to you then, it could look like this:
“If a student has successful acquired dissection skills, then they will be able to complete this observational lab with satisfactory competence because they utilized these newly acquired skills.”
For the “If, Then, Because” hypothesis…you pretty much have it. You would modify what you posted: “IF pigs and humans share the same nutritional behaviors, THEN their internal organs should look relatively the same BECAUSE of similar function and composure.” That is an example. For the “If, Then, Because” you should follow this guideline:
Thanks for this, it proved to be helpful. However, I do have a few questions. Obviously different teachers or instructors have their own requirements for their classes. How would you write an appropriate Question to follow each purpose in your lab report? For example: If the purpose was, “To obtain dissecting skills in an observational lab,” what question could you formulate with the purpose? (which is answered in the hypothesis)
And if a teacher requires the hypothesis to be in the format “If, Then, Because” how should this be written? I can actively complete the if and then, but I’m unsure how to incorporate the “because’ statement. For example, “If pigs and humans share the same nutritional behaviors, then their internal organs should function comparably and look relatively the same.” (how do i incorporate because?)
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Delve into the fascinating world of biology with our definitive guide on crafting impeccable hypothesis thesis statements . As the foundation of any impactful biological research, a well-formed hypothesis paves the way for groundbreaking discoveries and insights. Whether you’re examining cellular behavior or large-scale ecosystems, mastering the art of the thesis statement is crucial. Embark on this enlightening journey with us, as we provide stellar examples and invaluable writing advice tailored for budding biologists.
A good hypothesis in biology is a statement that offers a tentative explanation for a biological phenomenon, based on prior knowledge or observation. It should be:
Example: “If a plant is given a higher concentration of carbon dioxide, then it will undergo photosynthesis at an increased rate compared to a plant given a standard concentration of carbon dioxide.”
In this example:
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Biology, as the study of life and living organisms, is vast and diverse. Crafting a good thesis statement in this field requires a clear understanding of the topic at hand, capturing the essence of the research aim. From genetics to ecology, from cell biology to animal behavior, the following examples will give you a comprehensive idea about forming succinct biology thesis statements.
Genetics: Understanding the role of the BRCA1 gene in breast cancer susceptibility can lead to targeted treatments.
2. Evolution: The finch populations of the Galápagos Islands provide evidence of natural selection through beak variations in response to food availability.
3. Cell Biology: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central factor in the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
4. Ecology: Deforestation in the Amazon directly impacts global carbon dioxide levels, influencing climate change.
5. Human Anatomy: Regular exercise enhances cardiovascular health by improving heart muscle function and reducing arterial plaque.
6. Marine Biology: Coral bleaching events in the Great Barrier Reef correlate strongly with rising sea temperatures.
7. Zoology: Migration patterns of Monarch butterflies are influenced by seasonal changes and available food sources.
8. Botany: The symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots enhances nutrient absorption in poor soil conditions.
9. Microbiology: The overuse of antibiotics in healthcare has accelerated the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
10. Physiology: High altitude adaptation in certain human populations has led to increased hemoglobin production.
11. Immunology: The role of T-cells in the human immune response is critical in developing effective vaccines against viral diseases.
12. Behavioral Biology: Birdsong variations in sparrows can be attributed to both genetic factors and environmental influences.
13. Developmental Biology: The presence of certain hormones during fetal development dictates the differentiation of sex organs in mammals.
14. Conservation Biology: The rapid decline of bee populations worldwide is directly linked to the use of certain pesticides in agriculture.
15. Molecular Biology: The CRISPR-Cas9 system has revolutionized gene editing techniques, offering potential cures for genetic diseases.
16. Virology: The mutation rate of the influenza virus necessitates annual updates in vaccine formulations.
17. Neurobiology: Neural plasticity in the adult brain can be enhanced through consistent learning and cognitive challenges.
18. Ethology: Elephant herds exhibit complex social structures and matriarchal leadership.
19. Biotechnology: Genetically modified crops can improve yield and resistance but also pose ecological challenges.
20. Environmental Biology: Industrial pollution in freshwater systems disrupts aquatic life and can lead to loss of biodiversity.
21. Neurodegenerative Diseases: Amyloid-beta protein accumulation in the brain is a key marker for Alzheimer’s disease progression.
22. Endocrinology: The disruption of thyroid hormone balance leads to metabolic disorders and weight fluctuations.
23. Bioinformatics: Machine learning algorithms can predict protein structures with high accuracy, advancing drug design.
24. Plant Physiology: The stomatal closure mechanism in plants helps prevent water loss and maintain turgor pressure.
25. Parasitology: The lifecycle of the malaria parasite involves complex interactions between humans and mosquitoes.
26. Molecular Genetics: Epigenetic modifications play a crucial role in gene expression regulation and cell differentiation.
27. Evolutionary Psychology: Human preference for symmetrical faces is a result of evolutionarily advantageous traits.
28. Ecosystem Dynamics: The reintroduction of apex predators in ecosystems restores ecological balance and biodiversity.
29. Epigenetics: Maternal dietary choices during pregnancy can influence the epigenetic profiles of offspring.
30. Biochemistry: Enzyme kinetics in metabolic pathways reveal insights into cellular energy production.
31. Bioluminescence: The role of bioluminescence in deep-sea organisms serves as camouflage and communication.
32. Genetics of Disease: Mutations in the CFTR gene cause cystic fibrosis, leading to severe respiratory and digestive issues.
33. Reproductive Biology: The influence of pheromones on mate selection is a critical aspect of reproductive success in many species.
34. Plant-Microbe Interactions: Rhizobium bacteria facilitate nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants, benefiting both organisms.
35. Comparative Anatomy: Homologous structures in different species provide evidence of shared evolutionary ancestry.
36. Stem Cell Research: Induced pluripotent stem cells hold immense potential for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
37. Bioethics: Balancing the use of genetic modification in humans with ethical considerations is a complex challenge.
38. Molecular Evolution: The study of orthologous and paralogous genes offers insights into evolutionary relationships.
39. Bioenergetics: ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation is a fundamental process driving cellular energy production.
40. Population Genetics: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model helps predict allele frequencies in populations over time.
41. Animal Communication: The complex vocalizations of whales serve both social bonding and long-distance communication purposes.
42. Biogeography: The distribution of marsupials in Australia and their absence elsewhere highlights the impact of geographical isolation on evolution.
43. Aquatic Ecology: The phenomenon of eutrophication in lakes is driven by excessive nutrient runoff and results in harmful algal blooms.
44. Insect Behavior: The waggle dance of honeybees conveys precise information about the location of food sources to other members of the hive.
45. Microbial Ecology: The gut microbiome’s composition influences host health, metabolism, and immune system development.
46. Evolution of Sex: The Red Queen hypothesis explains the evolution of sexual reproduction as a defense against rapidly evolving parasites.
47. Immunotherapy: Manipulating the immune response to target cancer cells shows promise as an effective cancer treatment strategy.
48. Epigenetic Inheritance: Epigenetic modifications can be passed down through generations, impacting traits and disease susceptibility.
49. Comparative Genomics: Comparing the genomes of different species sheds light on genetic adaptations and evolutionary divergence.
50. Neurotransmission: The dopamine reward pathway in the brain is implicated in addiction and motivation-related behaviors.
51. Microbial Biotechnology: Genetically engineered bacteria can produce valuable compounds like insulin, revolutionizing pharmaceutical production.
52. Bioinformatics: DNA sequence analysis reveals evolutionary relationships between species and uncovers hidden genetic information.
53. Animal Migration: The navigational abilities of migratory birds are influenced by magnetic fields and celestial cues.
54. Human Evolution: The discovery of ancient hominin fossils provides insights into the evolutionary timeline of our species.
55. Cancer Genetics: Mutations in tumor suppressor genes contribute to the uncontrolled growth and division of cancer cells.
56. Aquatic Biomes: Coral reefs, rainforests of the sea, host incredible biodiversity and face threats from climate change and pollution.
57. Genomic Medicine: Personalized treatments based on an individual’s genetic makeup hold promise for more effective healthcare.
58. Molecular Pharmacology: Understanding receptor-ligand interactions aids in the development of targeted drugs for specific diseases.
59. Biodiversity Conservation: Preserving habitat diversity is crucial to maintaining ecosystems and preventing species extinction.
60. Evolutionary Developmental Biology: Comparing embryonic development across species reveals shared genetic pathways and evolutionary constraints.
61. Plant Reproductive Strategies: Understanding the trade-offs between asexual and sexual reproduction in plants sheds light on their evolutionary success.
62. Parasite-Host Interactions: The coevolution of parasites and their hosts drives adaptations and counter-adaptations over time.
63. Genomic Diversity: Exploring genetic variations within populations helps uncover disease susceptibilities and evolutionary history.
64. Ecological Succession: Studying the process of ecosystem recovery after disturbances provides insights into resilience and stability.
65. Conservation Genetics: Genetic diversity assessment aids in formulating effective conservation strategies for endangered species.
66. Neuroplasticity and Learning: Investigating how the brain adapts through synaptic changes improves our understanding of memory and learning.
67. Synthetic Biology: Designing and engineering biological systems offers innovative solutions for medical, environmental, and industrial challenges.
68. Ethnobotany: Documenting the traditional uses of plants by indigenous communities informs both conservation and pharmaceutical research.
69. Ecological Niche Theory: Exploring how species adapt to specific ecological niches enhances our grasp of biodiversity patterns.
70. Ecosystem Services: Quantifying the benefits provided by ecosystems, like pollination and carbon sequestration, supports conservation efforts.
71. Fungal Biology: Investigating mycorrhizal relationships between fungi and plants illuminates nutrient exchange mechanisms.
72. Molecular Clock Hypothesis: Genetic mutations accumulate over time, providing a method to estimate evolutionary divergence dates.
73. Developmental Disorders: Unraveling the genetic and environmental factors contributing to developmental disorders informs therapeutic approaches.
74. Epigenetics and Disease: Epigenetic modifications contribute to the development of diseases like cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
75. Animal Cognition: Studying cognitive abilities in animals unveils their problem-solving skills, social dynamics, and sensory perceptions.
76. Microbiota-Brain Axis: The gut-brain connection suggests a bidirectional communication pathway influencing mental health and behavior.
77. Neurological Disorders: Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s have genetic and environmental components that drive their progression.
78. Plant Defense Mechanisms: Investigating how plants ward off pests and pathogens informs sustainable agricultural practices.
79. Conservation Genomics: Genetic data aids in identifying distinct populations and prioritizing conservation efforts for at-risk species.
80. Reproductive Strategies: Comparing reproductive methods in different species provides insights into evolutionary trade-offs and reproductive success.
81. Epigenetics in Aging: Exploring epigenetic changes in the aging process offers insights into longevity and age-related diseases.
82. Antimicrobial Resistance: Understanding the genetic mechanisms behind bacterial resistance to antibiotics informs strategies to combat the global health threat.
83. Plant-Animal Interactions: Investigating mutualistic relationships between plants and pollinators showcases the delicate balance of ecosystems.
84. Adaptations to Extreme Environments: Studying extremophiles reveals the remarkable ways organisms thrive in extreme conditions like deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
85. Genetic Disorders: Genetic mutations underlie numerous disorders like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and muscular dystrophy.
86. Conservation Behavior: Analyzing the behavioral ecology of endangered species informs habitat preservation and restoration efforts.
87. Neuroplasticity in Rehabilitation: Harnessing the brain’s ability to rewire itself offers promising avenues for post-injury or post-stroke rehabilitation.
88. Disease Vectors: Understanding how mosquitoes transmit diseases like malaria and Zika virus is critical for disease prevention strategies.
89. Biochemical Pathways: Mapping metabolic pathways in cells provides insights into disease development and potential therapeutic targets.
90. Invasive Species Impact: Examining the effects of invasive species on native ecosystems guides management strategies to mitigate their impact.
91. Molecular Immunology: Studying the intricate immune response mechanisms aids in the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
92. Plant-Microbe Symbiosis: Investigating how plants form partnerships with beneficial microbes enhances crop productivity and sustainability.
93. Cancer Immunotherapy: Harnessing the immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells offers new avenues for cancer treatment.
94. Evolution of Flight: Analyzing the adaptations leading to the development of flight in birds and insects sheds light on evolutionary innovation.
95. Genomic Diversity in Human Populations: Exploring genetic variations among different human populations informs ancestry, migration, and susceptibility to diseases.
96. Hormonal Regulation: Understanding the role of hormones in growth, reproduction, and homeostasis provides insights into physiological processes.
97. Conservation Genetics in Plant Conservation: Genetic diversity assessment helps guide efforts to conserve rare and endangered plant species.
98. Neuronal Communication: Investigating neurotransmitter systems and synaptic transmission enhances our comprehension of brain function.
99. Microbial Biogeography: Mapping the distribution of microorganisms across ecosystems aids in understanding their ecological roles and interactions.
100. Gene Therapy: Developing methods to replace or repair defective genes offers potential treatments for genetic disorders.
This section offers diverse examples of scientific hypothesis statements that cover a range of biological topics. Each example briefly describes the subject matter and the potential implications of the hypothesis.
Testability hypothesis is a critical aspect of a hypothesis. These examples are formulated in a way that allows them to be tested through experiments or observations. They focus on cause-and-effect relationships that can be verified or refuted.
This section emphasizes hypotheses that are part of broader scientific investigations. They involve studying complex interactions or phenomena and often contribute to our understanding of larger biological systems.
These examples are tailored for research hypothesis studies. They highlight hypotheses that drive focused research questions, often leading to specific experimental designs and data collection methods.
Predictive simple hypothesis involve making educated guesses about how variables might interact or behave under specific conditions. These examples showcase hypotheses that anticipate outcomes based on existing knowledge.
A hypothesis in biology is a critical component of scientific research that proposes an explanation for a specific biological phenomenon. Writing a well-formulated hypothesis sets the foundation for conducting experiments, making observations, and drawing meaningful conclusions. Follow this step-by-step guide to create a strong biology hypothesis:
1. Identify the Phenomenon: Clearly define the biological phenomenon you intend to study. This could be a question, a pattern, an observation, or a problem in the field of biology.
2. Conduct Background Research: Before formulating a hypothesis, gather relevant information from scientific literature. Understand the existing knowledge about the topic to ensure your hypothesis builds upon previous research.
3. State the Independent and Dependent Variables: Identify the variables involved in the phenomenon. The independent variable is what you manipulate or change, while the dependent variable is what you measure as a result of the changes.
4. Formulate a Testable Question: Based on your background research, create a specific and testable question that addresses the relationship between the variables. This question will guide the formulation of your hypothesis.
5. Craft the Hypothesis: A hypothesis should be a clear and concise statement that predicts the outcome of your experiment or observation. It should propose a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
6. Use the “If-Then” Structure: Formulate your hypothesis using the “if-then” structure. The “if” part states the independent variable and the condition you’re manipulating, while the “then” part predicts the outcome for the dependent variable.
7. Make it Falsifiable: A good hypothesis should be testable and capable of being proven false. There should be a way to gather data that either supports or contradicts the hypothesis.
8. Be Specific and Precise: Avoid vague language and ensure that your hypothesis is specific and precise. Clearly define the variables and the expected relationship between them.
9. Revise and Refine: Once you’ve formulated your hypothesis, review it to ensure it accurately reflects your research question and variables. Revise as needed to make it more concise and focused.
10. Seek Feedback: Share your hypothesis with peers, mentors, or colleagues to get feedback. Constructive input can help you refine your hypothesis further.
Writing a biology alternative hypothesis statement requires precision and clarity to ensure that your research is well-structured and testable. Here are some valuable tips to help you create effective and scientifically sound hypothesis statements:
1. Be Clear and Concise: Your hypothesis statement should convey your idea succinctly. Avoid unnecessary jargon or complex language that might confuse your audience.
2. Address Cause and Effect: A hypothesis suggests a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. Clearly state how changes in the independent variable are expected to affect the dependent variable.
3. Use Specific Language: Define your variables precisely. Use specific terms to describe the independent and dependent variables, as well as any conditions or measurements.
4. Follow the “If-Then” Structure: Use the classic “if-then” structure to frame your hypothesis. State the independent variable (if) and the expected outcome (then). This format clarifies the relationship you’re investigating.
5. Make it Testable: Your hypothesis must be capable of being tested through experimentation or observation. Ensure that there is a measurable and observable way to determine if it’s true or false.
6. Avoid Ambiguity: Eliminate vague terms that can be interpreted in multiple ways. Be precise in your language to avoid confusion.
7. Base it on Existing Knowledge: Ground your hypothesis in prior research or existing scientific theories. It should build upon established knowledge and contribute new insights.
8. Predict a Direction: Your hypothesis should predict a specific outcome. Whether you anticipate an increase, decrease, or a difference, your hypothesis should make a clear prediction.
9. Be Focused: Keep your hypothesis statement focused on one specific idea or relationship. Avoid trying to address too many variables or concepts in a single statement.
10. Consider Alternative Explanations: Acknowledge alternative explanations for your observations or outcomes. This demonstrates critical thinking and a thorough understanding of your field.
11. Avoid Value Judgments: Refrain from including value judgments or opinions in your hypothesis. Stick to objective and measurable factors.
12. Be Realistic: Ensure that your hypothesis is plausible and feasible. It should align with what is known about the topic and be achievable within the scope of your research.
13. Refine and Revise: Draft multiple versions of your hypothesis statement and refine them. Discuss and seek feedback from mentors, peers, or advisors to enhance its clarity and precision.
14. Align with Research Goals: Your hypothesis should align with the overall goals of your research project. Make sure it addresses the specific question or problem you’re investigating.
15. Be Open to Revision: As you conduct research and gather data, be open to revising your hypothesis if the evidence suggests a different outcome than initially predicted.
Remember, a well-crafted biology science hypothesis statement serves as the foundation of your research and guides your experimental design and data analysis. It’s essential to invest time and effort in formulating a clear, focused, and testable hypothesis that contributes to the advancement of scientific knowledge.
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Super-resolution microscopy has become an indispensable tool across diverse research fields, offering unprecedented insights into biological architectures with nanometer scale resolution. Compared to traditional nanometer-scale imaging methods such as electron microscopy, super-resolution microscopy offers several advantages, including the simultaneous labeling of multiple target biomolecules with high specificity and simpler sample preparation, making it accessible to most researchers. In this study, we introduce two optimized methods of super-resolution imaging: 4-fold and 12-fold 3D-isotropic and preserved Expansion Microscopy (4x and 12x 3D-ExM). 3D-ExM is a straightforward expansion microscopy method featuring a single-step process, providing robust and reproducible 3D isotropic expansion for both 2D and 3D cell culture models. With standard confocal microscopy, 12x 3D-ExM achieves a lateral resolution of under 30 nm, enabling the visualization of nanoscale structures, including chromosomes, kinetochores, nuclear pore complexes, and Epstein-Barr virus particles. These results demonstrate that 3D-ExM provides cost-effective and user-friendly super-resolution microscopy, making it highly suitable for a wide range of cell biology research, including studies on cellular and chromatin architectures.
The authors have declared no competing interest.
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Example hypothesis: If the number of serial dilutions increases, the number of bacterial colonies ... Biology Lab Report Sample, Cont'd References ____ Citations are provided for every reference cited in the report and are in APA format. Please consult the Writing Center's "APA Sample Paper" or Purdue Owl
Here are some research hypothesis examples: If you leave the lights on, then it takes longer for people to fall asleep. If you refrigerate apples, they last longer before going bad. If you keep the curtains closed, then you need less electricity to heat or cool the house (the electric bill is lower). If you leave a bucket of water uncovered ...
6. Write a null hypothesis. If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing, you will also have to write a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0, while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a.
Body of Report. Identify the different sections of the body of the report with headings. Introduction. The report should begin with a brief paragraph (complete sentences) that includes a statement of the problem and your hypothesis (remember your hypothesis should be written as a testable statement). Statement of the problem.
The scientific method. At the core of biology and other sciences lies a problem-solving approach called the scientific method. The scientific method has five basic steps, plus one feedback step: Make an observation. Ask a question. Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
Biology lab manual for BIOL 116 at the UBC Okanagan Campus. ... Statement of Hypothesis. A hypothesis is an unproven explanation for the observed phenomena. In its simplest form, a hypothesis is an "educated guess" or intuitive hunch that is proposed as a possible answer to the question you're interested in answering. ... For example, "over a ...
2. Be sure to include your name on the title page. You want to be sure you receive credit for the work. If you have a group report include the name of all students in your group. 3. Add the class title, date, and the instructor's name below your title. Your instructor may have a specific set of instructions.
When conducting scientific experiments, researchers develop hypotheses to guide experimental design. A hypothesis is a suggested explanation that is both testable and falsifiable. You must be able to test your hypothesis through observations and research, and it must be possible to prove your hypothesis false. For example, Michael observes that ...
In your experiment, there are two expected outcome phenotypes (tall and short), so n = 2 categories, and the degrees of freedom equal 2 - 1 = 1. Thus, with your calculated chi-square value (0.33 ...
Step 6. Write a null hypothesis. If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing, you will also have to write a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0, while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a.
Title. The title of your lab report should be as specific as possible (i.e., "Lab 1" is not a specific title). Oftentimes, you can follow the model of " The Effect of X on Y .". For example, in an experiment where you tested different types of fertilizer and how well they made potato plants grow, a good title would be "The Effect of ...
Introduction. Your lab report introduction should set the scene for your experiment. One way to write your introduction is with a funnel (an inverted triangle) structure: Start with the broad, general research topic. Narrow your topic down your specific study focus. End with a clear research question.
This supports our hypothesis that the chimpanzee blood protein is the most closely related to the human blood protein as compared to the blood proteins of a cow, a frog, and a monkey. Bibliography. Braun DC and Pearce LL, Laboratory Manual for Introduction to Biology. 5th ed. Washington (DC): Gallaudet University; 2004: 69 - 75
Keep in mind that writing the hypothesis is an early step in the process of doing a science project. The steps below form the basic outline of the Scientific Method: Ask a Question. Do Background Research. Construct a Hypothesis. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion.
Materials and Methods: *Make a list of ALL items used in the lab. Alternatively, materials can be included as part of the procedure. Example: Pond water, strainers, microscopes, field guides, petri dishes. *Write a paragraph (complete sentences) which explains what you did in the lab as a short summary. Include the dependent and independent ...
Lab Report Example (Continued) Conclusion (approx. 1 paragraph) Restate your goals (In summary, the goal of this experiment was to measure…) Restate your methods (This hypothesis was tested by…) Key findings (The findings supported the hypothesis because…) Limitations (Although, certain elements were overlooked, including…)
The null hypothesis that dorsal color pattern does not significantly affect male mating behavior could not be rejected, therefore the significance of the color change from nymph to adult must be sought elsewhere. ... Here are Biology Lab Report Introduction Examples. Biology Lab Report Introduction Example 1. All animals rely on senses of taste ...
Now it's time to state your hypothesis. The hypothesis is an educated guess as to what will happen during your experiment. The hypothesis is often written using the words "IF" and "THEN." For example, "If I do not study, then I will fail the test." The "if' and "then" statements reflect your independent and dependent variables.
Based on the evidence gathered from the experiment, my hypothesis was verified. There were a few complications in the experimenting process. ... Guide to Skills and Exploration in Biology Laboratory by Sherry Krayesky-Self, William Schmidt, & Heather Birdsong. Fifth Edition: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts, Hopkin, Johnson, Morgan, Raff ...
For example, "If I play the lottery, then I will get rich.". This is a simple prediction. In a formalized hypothesis, a tentative relationship is stated. For example, if the frequency of winning is related to the frequency of buying lottery tickets. "Then" is followed by a prediction of what will happen if you increase or decrease the ...
Writing a well-formulated hypothesis sets the foundation for conducting experiments, making observations, and drawing meaningful conclusions. Follow this step-by-step guide to create a strong biology hypothesis: 1. Identify the Phenomenon: Clearly define the biological phenomenon you intend to study.
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a patch of flat plasma membrane is internalized to form a vesicle. In mammalian cells, how the clathrin coat deforms the membrane into a vesicle remains unclear and two main hypotheses have been debated. The 'constant area' hypothesis assumes that clathrin molecules initially form a flat lattice on the membrane and deform the membrane by changing its ...
Super-resolution microscopy has become an indispensable tool across diverse research fields, offering unprecedented insights into biological architectures with nanometer scale resolution. Compared to traditional nanometer-scale imaging methods such as electron microscopy, super-resolution microscopy offers several advantages, including the simultaneous labeling of multiple target biomolecules ...