Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic.
The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.
One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.
Download our research proposal template
Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.
Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:
The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.
Your introduction should:
To guide your introduction , include information about:
As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.
In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:
Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
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To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasise again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.
For example, your results might have implications for:
Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .
Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.
Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.
Download our research schedule template
Research phase | Objectives | Deadline |
---|---|---|
1. Background research and literature review | 20th January | |
2. Research design planning | and data analysis methods | 13th February |
3. Data collection and preparation | with selected participants and code interviews | 24th March |
4. Data analysis | of interview transcripts | 22nd April |
5. Writing | 17th June | |
6. Revision | final work | 28th July |
If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.
Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:
To determine your budget, think about:
Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement.
Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.
I will compare …
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.
Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.
A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.
A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.
A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.
All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.
Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.
Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, June 13). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved 5 August 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/the-research-process/research-proposal-explained/
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On the surface, concept papers sound like they do the same job as a research proposal – and essentially, they do. Both are designed to communicate the rationale, methodology and outcomes of a proposed piece of work. The difference between the two lies mostly in the level of detail and the potential audience, based on which your approach towards writing each will vary. In this article, we dig deeper into these and recommend when to use which.
(For more on concept papers, read: Understanding and developing a concept paper )
Let’s say that through your concept paper, you find funding and collaborators for your proposed research project. You will now get into the nitty gritty of the project with a research proposal, while still keeping it “consumable” enough for a broader audience.
( For more on research proposals, read: Writing a successful research proposal )
When both are needed, a concept paper precedes a research proposal
Whether you send someone a concept paper or a research proposal depends entirely on two things:
If you are emailing an organisation or individual for the first time, you are more likely to receive a response by attaching a brief, snappy concept paper that is easily read by a multitude of people. On the other hand, some larger organisations, such as pharmaceutical companies, are very used to seeing full-fledged research proposals and may have a portal on their website where you would need to upload one, enabling them to skip the preliminary step of vetting your work through a concept paper.
Our recommendation : Given how pressed many people are for time these days, it would be prudent to send concept papers more frequently than research proposals. If more information is required, you will be asked for it.
Concept papers and research proposals do very similar things, but set out and achieve very different aims. They are often sent in sequence – the concept paper first, followed by the research proposal. The need for a research proposal arises when the concept paper has achieved its mark – when, for example, more information is required for a funding decision to be reached, or due diligence is to be performed, as a result of your concept paper gaining preliminary acceptance. Following up with a research proposal fills in the gaps and will aid in answering questions arising from the concept paper.
Read previous (second) in series: Writing a successful Research Proposal
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Donald P Bellisario College of Communications
August 5, 2024 • Jonathan McVerry
The Page Center is seeking research proposals that address the pressing need for practical guidelines and ethical standards for the use of generative artificial intelligence in communication. The call is part of the Center’s Page/Johnson Legacy Scholar Grant program, which annually supports scholars and professionals whose research contributes to academic literature and builds professional understanding of key issues.
In a short time, generative AI technologies have transformed the landscape of public and strategic communication. As it evolves, identifying the ethical implications of AI and its short- and long-term impact on the industries of public communication is vital.
This call invites academic proposals that explore the intersection of generative AI, public communication and ethics. Proposals that use different methodological approaches are encouraged. Funding will prioritize proposals that address one or more of the Page Principles . Heather Shoenberger, associate professor of advertising/public relations at Penn State, and Fuyuan Shen, professor of advertising at Penn State, are leading the call.
“AI is rapidly transforming how we communicate, offering immense potential for innovation and efficiency,” Shen said. “This transformative power is accompanied by significant ethical challenges, including data privacy, security, algorithmic bias and the misuse of AI for misinformation"
Shen and Shoenberger hope this call encourages scholars to examine these issues from innovative perspectives to understand how AI can help administer ethical and effective public communication. A book featuring select projects from the call will serve as an initial collection of generative AI research among communication scholars.
“We are very excited about this call, as it provides an opportunity for scholars to explore what generative AI might mean for public communication,” Shoenberger said. “We are hopeful that we will get a wide range of robust proposals addressing a myriad of issues related to generative AI and public communication."
Since 2004, the Page Center has funded hundreds of projects tackling many topics in the field. While research themes vary from year to year, the Center consistently supports academic exploration into the understanding of principles practiced in public communication.
“There’s been so much written about AI and how it can and should be used,” Page Center director Denise Bortree said. “It’s up to scholars to provide the evidence that will help us adapt to the new technology and apply it to what we do in a smart, ethical way.”
Visit the Page Center website for a full description of the call and the proposal process. All application materials must be submitted through Scholastica by Jan. 15, 2025.
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Investors with an interest in Manufacturing - Electronics stocks have likely encountered both Powell Industries ( POWL Quick Quote POWL - Free Report ) and Eaton ( ETN Quick Quote ETN - Free Report ) . But which of these two stocks offers value investors a better bang for their buck right now? We'll need to take a closer look.
Everyone has their own methods for finding great value opportunities, but our model includes pairing an impressive grade in the Value category of our Style Scores system with a strong Zacks Rank. The Zacks Rank is a proven strategy that targets companies with positive earnings estimate revision trends, while our Style Scores work to grade companies based on specific traits.
Right now, Powell Industries is sporting a Zacks Rank of #1 (Strong Buy), while Eaton has a Zacks Rank of #2 (Buy). Investors should feel comfortable knowing that POWL likely has seen a stronger improvement to its earnings outlook than ETN has recently. But this is only part of the picture for value investors.
Value investors also try to analyze a wide range of traditional figures and metrics to help determine whether a company is undervalued at its current share price levels.
Our Value category highlights undervalued companies by looking at a variety of key metrics, including the popular P/E ratio, as well as the P/S ratio, earnings yield, cash flow per share, and a variety of other fundamentals that have been used by value investors for years.
POWL currently has a forward P/E ratio of 13.70, while ETN has a forward P/E of 27.02. We also note that POWL has a PEG ratio of 0.98. This popular metric is similar to the widely-known P/E ratio, with the difference being that the PEG ratio also takes into account the company's expected earnings growth rate. ETN currently has a PEG ratio of 2.26.
Another notable valuation metric for POWL is its P/B ratio of 4.52. Investors use the P/B ratio to look at a stock's market value versus its book value, which is defined as total assets minus total liabilities. By comparison, ETN has a P/B of 5.94.
These are just a few of the metrics contributing to POWL's Value grade of B and ETN's Value grade of C.
POWL sticks out from ETN in both our Zacks Rank and Style Scores models, so value investors will likely feel that POWL is the better option right now.
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The Society for Human Resource Management’s decision to remove “equity” from its DEI framework sets a dangerous precedent that flies in the face of decades of research.
The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) has decided to remove “equity” from its inclusion, equity, and diversity (IE&D) framework, now promoting “inclusion and diversity” (I&D) instead. This decision sets a dangerous precedent that flies in the face of decades of research about DEI in the workplace. It undermines efforts to create equitable workplaces and ignores the vital role of equity in fostering fairness and addressing systemic barriers faced by marginalized groups. Instead of scaling back their focus on equity, companies should: 1) Commit to achievable equity goals; 2) Implement and track evidence-based DEI policies and practices; and 3) Establish accountability and transparency.
Recently, the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), a leading voice of HR professionals, announced that it was abandoning the acronym “IE&D” — inclusion, equity, and diversity — in favor of “I&D.”
Have you heard that sativa is an upper and indica is a downer? It's not quite that simple. Here's what cannabis research shows is really affecting your high.
Cannabis is one of humanity’s oldest crops. Ancient civilizations the world over cultivated the plant for food, fiber, medicine, and its mind-altering properties.
Today, some 12,000 years after the first harvest, the global cannabis industry is worth an estimated $65 billion . Modern-day consumers living in places where cannabis is legal are spoiled for choice—there are now more than 700 cannabis strains to choose from, including colorfully-named cultivars such as Cat Piss, Purple Monkey Balls, and Unicorn Poop .
But for all this remarkable diversity, cannabis goods primarily fall into just one of two categories: indica or sativa—each with purportedly distinct psychoactive effects.
"People think that if you smoke an indica, it's like taking a Xanax and you're going to be falling asleep, whereas a sativa is almost like doing a line of cocaine and you're going to be jacked up and hyper," says Alex Pasternack, co-founder and president of the international cannabis brand Binske.
This dichotomous labeling system is deeply entrenched among consumers, be they in a California dispensary, Dutch ‘coffee shop,’ or Bangkok smoking lounge.
However, mounting scientific evidence suggests that these labels are largely meaningless, with no significant chemical or genetic differences between the two—implying that consumers may not be getting the specific effects they seek.
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“The idea of indica-sativa is heavily misconstrued,” says Pasternack.
It’s believed that the terms ‘indica’ and ‘sativa’ originated in the late 18th century, when French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed classifying cannabis plants by their physical appearance. Indicas, he noted, were shorter with woody stems and thick stubby leaves. By contrast, sativas were taller with fibrous stems and feathery thin leaves.
But we can’t simply use the way a plant looks to predict how it will affect the body and mind, says neuroscientist Nick Jikomes, previously the director of science and innovation at the cannabis e-marketplace Leafly. “Rather, the way a drug makes you feel is due to its chemistry.”
Moreover, cannabis growers, thanks in large part to the long illicit nature of their industry, aren’t bound by any rules when it comes to naming their cultivars—unlike vintners, cheesemakers, or apple growers who must abide by strict naming conventions. “I could go grab random cannabis seeds from someone and call it Blue Dream or Girl Scout Cookies. I could even give it my own new name that I make up, and call it an indica, sativa, hybrid, or whatever I want,” says Jikomes.
This explains why, when he analyzed the chemical makeup of more than 90,000 commercial cannabis flower samples collected from six U.S. states for a 2022 study , he wasn’t surprised to discover that a product’s label poorly reflected its chemistry.
Sativas, for instance, are generally thought to make users feel energetic and euphoric. But Jikomes and his co-authors from the University of Colorado, Boulder found that, compared with indicas, sativa strains don’t necessarily contain higher amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)—the main compound that produces the cannabis high.
Their findings echo a study published a year earlier, which analyzed nearly 300 cannabis strains. “There’s certainly no scientific evidence that there’s any consistent difference between samples with those two labels,” says the study’s lead author Sean Myles, an associate professor of agriculture at Nova Scotia’s Dalhousie University. “It’s all kind of nebulous.”
Part of the problem can be traced to the extensive cross-breeding that has occurred over time. So while the original indica plant, indigenous to the Middle East, might have differed genetically and chemically-speaking to its sativa cousin from central Asia, “things are now too mixed up” for there to be a clear distinction, says Myles.
For better accuracy, researchers suggest that cannabis be classified according to its chemical, rather than physical, attributes. Every plant contains some 540 chemical substances , including more than 144 different cannabinoids —compounds such as THC and cannabidiol (CBD) that produce specific medicinal and psychoactive effects.
This alternative system would see labels listing the key compounds present in a particular cultivar, alongside their respective amounts—similar to the ‘Nutrition Facts’ panel found on food packages. ‘Ingredients’ would include cannabinoids and terpenes, another type of biologically active molecule produced by the plants.
Terpenes heavily influence a strain’s flavor and aroma, and some experts believe they also interact with cannabinoids to tweak its effects, in what’s called the ‘ entourage effect ’. The musky-smelling myrcene, for example, is “thought to have more psychoactive effects for THC” while the citrusy limonene has “more elevated mood and stress release,” says Pasternack.
Classifying cannabis using terpenes also makes sense from a genetics standpoint: in their respective studies, Myles and Jikomes determined that strains can be sorted into a handful of groups—such as limonene, myrcene, caryophyllene, and pinene—based on their dominant terpene profiles , which in turn can be linked specific gene expression patterns.
A revamped labeling system that’s based on a strain’s chemical profile is “actually what the classification should be in sophisticated and mature cannabis markets,” says Pasternack.
But today’s reality is such that most consumers aren’t looking for more information on labels, much less scientifically accurate ones. “People just try to buy whatever the most bang they can get for their buck,” he says. “The industry is driven by price point, and the cheapest stuff is usually what moves in the highest volumes.”
Optimizing that metric has “been true for the entire lifetime of the industry and doesn’t show any evidence of changing,” adds Jikomes.
Plus, there’s another crucial reason why the indica/sativa labeling sticks: it’s easy to use. “The whole system is just whether you want an upper or a downer,” he says. “It enables retailers and brands to have a universal, foolproof way to market an arbitrary set of products to any consumer, and it’s simple enough that anyone can understand it.”
“Ultimately, you can put as many terpenes on the sticker as you want,” says Jikomes. “But my prediction is that indica/sativa system is here to stay.”
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August 06, 2024
By Alejandro Rivas, MD , Viral Tejani, AuD, PhD , and UH
Innovations in Ear, Nose & Throat | Summer 2024
In his 2024 State of University Hospitals Research Address , Daniel I. Simon, MD , President of Academic & External Affairs and Chief Scientific Officer, highlighted the burgeoning hearing research partnership between University Hospitals and Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED).
It is a collaboration that unites the region’s expertise in peripheral and central hearing loss, fostering cohesion between the two research groups. Dr. Simon underscored how the symbiotic partnership is impacting both basic and clinical science and is significantly amplifying the efficacy of new research grants.
“University Hospitals has a strong center for hearing sciences, led by Kumar Alagramam, PhD , that is conducting research primarily focused on the auditory pathway from the outer ear to the brainstem, whereas the NEOMED team focuses on everything that happens past the brainstem to the auditory cortex of the brain,” says Alejandro Rivas, MD , Division Chief of Otology and Neurotology , Director of the UH Cochlear Implant Center and the Richard W. and Patricia R. Pogue Chair in Auditory Surgery and Hearing Sciences, University Hospitals. “By working together, we can maximize our research efforts to more fully understand the entire auditory pathway to better care for patients and unlock new potential for hearing restoration.”
Participants recently held their first symposium and identified joint interests that sparked plans for further collaboration, plans that include the study of the cortex and central auditory pathway in animal models and the implications of hearing loss on children’s behavior. They presented current projects, and four proposals were awarded the opportunity for funding. Other proposals are in development.
“The partnership brings together Northeast Ohio’s leaders in auditory research from both institutions and has become a wonderful mechanism to inspire inquisitive minds as we train UH and NEOMED students,” Dr. Rivas says.
This summer, a group of medical students from NEOMED are participating in basic and clinical research initiatives under way at University Hospitals. “We have a strong clinical infrastructure and volume to offer,” says Viral Tejani, AuD, PhD , Senior Cochlear Implant Clinical Research Audiologist within the University Hospitals Ear, Nose & Throat Institute .
Dr. Tejani is mentoring a student analyzing data gathered through UH’s nationally renowned cochlear implant program. “She will be exposed to the clinical outcomes and some of the factors that are evolving within our cochlear implant patients,” he says. “Specifically, we are looking at how well we’re able to preserve some of the cellular and neural integrity within the auditory system with newer designs of cochlear implants and how patients are doing in terms of word-understanding outcomes, as well as some of the finer details about the electrical circuitry of the implant itself.” Two other NEOMED students are working with University Hospitals and School of Medicine researchers in basic science labs.
With a research focus on cochlear implant electrophysiology, Dr. Tejani is excited to share knowledge with an audiology faculty member at NEOMED. “The way you advance science and fill in missing links or research gaps is through partnerships,” he says. “This collaboration benefits both institutions by providing opportunities to faculty and students that drive innovation and ultimately help patients.”
The novel partnership is paving the way for the two institutions to bring together additional faculty scholars in other areas of otolaryngology. With one of the largest cochlear implant programs in the nation and a large ENT patient volume, including robust adult and pediatric otolaryngology clinics, University Hospitals offers an ample patient pool for future research endeavors. For example, a current NEOMED researcher is interested in ear infections and can benefit from tapping into University Hospitals’ large clinical caseload treating this condition.
“We want to be recognized not only for our national and international collaborations but also for our regional ones,” Dr. Rivas says. “Hopefully, we will be able to extend these opportunities to colleagues and students in other areas of ENT and beyond.”
For more information about University Hospitals’ partnership with NEOMED and ongoing auditory research, contact Dr. Rivas at [email protected] or Dr. Tejani at [email protected] .
Contributing Experts: Alejandro Rivas, MD Division Chief, Otology and Neurotology Director, Cochlear Implant Center University Hospitals Ear, Nose & Throat Institute Richard W. and Patricia R. Pogue Chair in Auditory Surgery and Hearing Sciences University Hospitals Professor Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Neurological Surgery Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Tags: Innovations in Ear Nose Throat Summer 2024 , Cochlear Implant , Research , Innovation
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The condition has put significant strain on patients and society — at a global economic cost of about $1 trillion a year, a new report estimates.
By Pam Belluck
Pam Belluck has been reporting about long Covid since the condition first emerged.
About 400 million people worldwide have been afflicted with long Covid, according to a new report by scientists and other researchers who have studied the condition. The team estimated that the economic cost — from factors like health care services and patients unable to return to work — is about $1 trillion worldwide each year, or about 1 percent of the global economy.
The report, published Friday in the journal Nature Medicine, is an effort to summarize the knowledge about and effects of long Covid across the globe four years after it first emerged.
It also aims to “provide a road map for policy and research priorities,” said one author, Dr. Ziyad Al-Aly, the chief of research and development at the V.A. St. Louis Health Care System and a clinical epidemiologist at Washington University in St. Louis. He wrote the paper with several other leading long Covid researchers and three leaders of the Patient-Led Research Collaborative, an organization formed by long Covid patients who are also professional researchers.
Among the conclusions:
The authors evaluated scores of studies and metrics to estimate that as of the end of 2023, about 6 percent of adults and about 1 percent of children — or about 400 million people — had ever had long Covid since the pandemic began. They said the estimate accounted for the fact that new cases slowed in 2022 and 2023 because of vaccines and the milder Omicron variant.
They suggested that the actual number might be higher because their estimate included only people who developed long Covid after they had symptoms during the infectious stage of the virus, and it did not include people who had more than one Covid infection.
The authors cited studies suggesting that only 7 percent to 10 percent of long Covid patients fully recovered two years after developing long Covid. They added that “some manifestations of long Covid, including heart disease, diabetes, myalgic encephalomyelitis and dysautonomia are chronic conditions that last a lifetime.”
The consequences are far-reaching, the authors wrote: “Long Covid drastically affects patients’ well-being and sense of self, as well as their ability to work, socialize, care for others, manage chores and engage in community activities — which also affects patients’ families, caregivers and their communities.”
The report cited estimates that between two million and four million adults were out of work because of long Covid in 2022 and that people with long Covid were 10 percent less likely to be employed than those who were never infected with the virus. Long Covid patients often have to reduce their work hours, and one in four limit activities outside work in order to continue working, the report said.
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On average, a ChatGPT query needs nearly 10 times as much electricity to process as a Google search. In that difference lies a coming sea change in how the US, Europe, and the world at large will consume power — and how much that will cost.
For years, data centers displayed a remarkably stable appetite for power, even as their workloads mounted. Now, as the pace of efficiency gains in electricity use slows and the AI revolution gathers steam, Goldman Sachs Research estimates that data center power demand will grow 160% by 2030.
At present, data centers worldwide consume 1-2% of overall power, but this percentage will likely rise to 3-4% by the end of the decade. In the US and Europe, this increased demand will help drive the kind of electricity growth that hasn’t been seen in a generation. Along the way, the carbon dioxide emissions of data centers may more than double between 2022 and 2030.
In a series of three reports, Goldman Sachs Research analysts lay out the US , European , and global implications of this spike in electricity demand. It isn’t that our demand for data has been meager in the recent past. In fact, data center workloads nearly tripled between 2015 and 2019. Through that period, though, data centers’ demand for power remained flattish, at about 200 terawatt-hours per year. In part, this was because data centers kept growing more efficient in how they used the power they drew, according to the Goldman Sachs Research reports, led by Carly Davenport, Alberto Gandolfi, and Brian Singer.
But since 2020, the efficiency gains appear to have dwindled, and the power consumed by data centers has risen. Some AI innovations will boost computing speed faster than they ramp up their electricity use, but the widening use of AI will still imply an increase in the technology’s consumption of power. A single ChatGPT query requires 2.9 watt-hours of electricity, compared with 0.3 watt-hours for a Google search, according to the International Energy Agency. Goldman Sachs Research estimates the overall increase in data center power consumption from AI to be on the order of 200 terawatt-hours per year between 2023 and 2030. By 2028, our analysts expect AI to represent about 19% of data center power demand.
In tandem, the expected rise of data center carbon dioxide emissions will represent a “social cost” of $125-140 billion (at present value), our analysts believe. “Conversations with technology companies indicate continued confidence in driving down energy intensity but less confidence in meeting absolute emissions forecasts on account of rising demand,” they write. They expect substantial investments by tech firms to underwrite new renewables and commercialize emerging nuclear generation capabilities. And AI may also provide benefits by accelerating innovation — for example, in health care, agriculture, education, or in emissions-reducing energy efficiencies.
Over the last decade, US power demand growth has been roughly zero, even though the population and its economic activity have increased. Efficiencies have helped; one example is the LED light, which drives lower power use. But that is set to change. Between 2022 and 2030, the demand for power will rise roughly 2.4%, Goldman Sachs Research estimates — and around 0.9 percent points of that figure will be tied to data centers.
That kind of spike in power demand hasn’t been seen in the US since the early years of this century. It will be stoked partly by electrification and industrial reshoring, but also by AI . Data centers will use 8% of US power by 2030, compared with 3% in 2022.
US utilities will need to invest around $50 billion in new generation capacity just to support data centers alone. In addition, our analysts expect incremental data center power consumption in the US will drive around 3.3 billion cubic feet per day of new natural gas demand by 2030, which will require new pipeline capacity to be built.
Over the past 15 years, Europe’s power demand has been severely hit by a sequence of shocks: the global financial crisis, the covid pandemic, and the energy crisis triggered by the war in Ukraine. But it has also suffered due to a slower-than-expected pick up in electrification and the ongoing de-industrialization of the European economy. As a result, since a 2008 peak, electricity demand has cumulatively declined by nearly 10%.
Going forward, between 2023 and 2033, thanks to both the expansion of data centers and an acceleration of electrification, Europe’s power demand could grow by 40% and perhaps even 50%, according to Goldman Sachs Research. At the moment, around 15% of the world’s data centers are located in Europe. By 2030, the power needs of these data centers will match the current total consumption of Portugal, Greece, and the Netherlands combined.
Data center power demand will rise in two kinds of European countries, our analysts write. The first sort is those with cheap and abundant power from nuclear, hydro, wind, or solar sources, such as the Nordic nations, Spain and France. The second kind will include countries with large financial services and tech companies, which offer tax breaks or other incentives to attract data centers. The latter category includes Germany, the UK, and Ireland.
Europe has the oldest power grid in the world, so keeping new data centers electrified will require more investment. Our analysts expect nearly €800 billion ($861 billion) in spending on transmission and distribution over the coming decade, as well as nearly €850 billion in investment on solar, onshore wind, and offshore wind energy.
This article is being provided for educational purposes only. The information contained in this article does not constitute a recommendation from any Goldman Sachs entity to the recipient, and Goldman Sachs is not providing any financial, economic, legal, investment, accounting, or tax advice through this article or to its recipient. Neither Goldman Sachs nor any of its affiliates makes any representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of the statements or any information contained in this article and any liability therefore (including in respect of direct, indirect, or consequential loss or damage) is expressly disclaimed.
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Nine months ago, President Biden issued a landmark Executive Order to ensure that America leads the way in seizing the promise and managing the risks of artificial intelligence (AI). This Executive Order built on the voluntary commitments he and Vice President Harris received from 15 leading U.S. AI companies last year. Today, the administration announced that Apple has signed onto the voluntary commitments, further cementing these commitments as cornerstones of responsible AI innovation. In addition, federal agencies reported that they completed all of the 270-day actions in the Executive Order on schedule, following their on-time completion of every other task required to date . Agencies also progressed on other work directed for longer timeframes. Following the Executive Order and a series of calls to action made by Vice President Harris as part of her major policy speech before the Global Summit on AI Safety, agencies all across government have acted boldly. They have taken steps to mitigate AI’s safety and security risks, protect Americans’ privacy, advance equity and civil rights, stand up for consumers and workers, promote innovation and competition, advance American leadership around the world, and more. Actions that agencies reported today as complete include the following: Managing Risks to Safety and Security: Over 270 days, the Executive Order directed agencies to take sweeping action to address AI’s safety and security risks, including by releasing vital safety guidance and building capacity to test and evaluate AI. To protect safety and security, agencies have:
Bringing AI Talent into Government Last year, the Executive Order launched a government-wide AI Talent Surge that is bringing hundreds of AI and AI-enabling professionals into government. Hired individuals are working on critical AI missions, such as informing efforts to use AI for permitting, advising on AI investments across the federal government, and writing policy for the use of AI in government.
Advancing Responsible AI Innovation President Biden’s Executive Order directed further actions to seize AI’s promise and deepen the U.S. lead in AI innovation while ensuring AI’s responsible development and use across our economy and society. Within 270 days, agencies have:
Advancing U.S. Leadership Abroad President Biden’s Executive Order emphasized that the United States lead global efforts to unlock AI’s potential and meet its challenges. To advance U.S. leadership on AI, agencies have:
The Table below summarizes many of the activities that federal agencies have completed in response to the Executive Order:
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Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management" Example research proposal #2: "Medical Students as Mediators of ...
The purpose of the research proposal (its job, so to speak) is to convince your research supervisor, committee or university that your research is suitable (for the requirements of the degree program) and manageable (given the time and resource constraints you will face). The most important word here is "convince" - in other words, your ...
A research proposal must be focused and not be "all over the map" or diverge into unrelated tangents without a clear sense of purpose. Failure to cite landmark works in your literature review. Proposals should be grounded in foundational research that lays a foundation for understanding the development and scope of the the topic and its relevance.
Make sure you can ask the critical what, who, and how questions of your research before you put pen to paper. Your research proposal should include (at least) 5 essential components : Title - provides the first taste of your research, in broad terms. Introduction - explains what you'll be researching in more detail.
Look for any research gaps, trends and patterns, common themes, debates, and contradictions. Consider any seminal studies on the topic area as it is likely anticipated that you will address these in your research proposal. 4. Research Design. This is where you get down to the real meat of your research proposal.
Remember, your research proposal should demonstrate: the feasibility and logical foundations of your project. a well-focussed research question, set of research objectives, or hypothesis. the width and depth of the academic literature on your topic. understanding of current issues or debates on your topic.
A point-by-point summary (~300-600 words) outlining what will be discussed in the article and why it is timely and novel. A list of 10-20 key recent references (published in the past 2-4 years) that indicate the intended breadth and balance of the proposed article. Demonstrate fit to the journal. Show the topic is timely.
A research proposal is a document that outlines the objectives, methodology, and significance of a research project. It is typically submitted to gain approval and funding for the research. On the other hand, a research report is a detailed account of the research findings, analysis, and conclusions. It presents the results of the research in a ...
A quality example of a research proposal shows one's above-average analytical skills, including the ability to coherently synthesize ideas and integrate lateral and vertical thinking. Communication skills. The proposal also demonstrates your proficiency to communicate your thoughts in concise and precise language.
Research is exciting—important and innovative. Science is sound/ feasible; results are/ will be reliable. Difference between future and past research require different ways of making these arguments. Papers: make outcome seem uncertain research seems more exciting. Proposals: make outcome seem certain experiments seem more feasible.
A research proposal differs in important respects from other forms of writing with which students are more familiar, such as an academic essay or a research paper. Instead of trying to reach a minimum length (e.g., 7 pages or 2000 words), you must achieve discrete goals within a specified space constraint (e.g., 2 pages or 750 words). ...
The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a ...
The project summary is a brief document that consists of an overview, and discusses the intellectual merits, and broader impacts of the research project. Each of these three sections is required to be present and must be clearly defined. The project summary is one of the most important parts of the proposal.
These are the things you want to think about when writing this portion of your research proposal. The discussion portion connects your potential research to a broader context. You need to explain how your research makes an original impact on the field you are studying. You might also consider if your work will fill in gaps or oversights in the ...
A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer. [ 2] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about ...
A research proposal is prepared at the beginning of the project. In contrast, the research report is prepared after the completion of the project. The length of a research proposal is about 4-10 pages. On the contrary, the length of the research report is about 100 to 300 pages.
A research report describes the whole research study and is submitted after the competition of the whole research project. Thus, the main difference between research proposal and research report is that a research proposal describes the proposed research and research design whereas a research report describes the completed research, including ...
Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: 'A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management'.
1. Title. As is well known, the first thing that catches the reader's attention is a catchy title. Therefore, you should try to come up with a catchy yet informative title for your research proposal. Additionally, it should be concise and clear to reflect enough information about your research question.
08 March, 2022. On the surface, concept papers sound like they do the same job as a research proposal - and essentially, they do. Both are designed to communicate the rationale, methodology and outcomes of a proposed piece of work. The difference between the two lies mostly in the level of detail and the potential audience, based on which ...
The research protocol follows the proposal stage and serves as a detailed road map detailing how you. plan to complete your project. RFPs and Research. Many, perhaps most, research proposals and ...
Tweet Follow @ThePageCenter Page Center targets ethics in generative AI with 2025 call for research proposals. August 5, 2024 • Jonathan McVerry The Page Center is seeking research proposals that address the pressing need for practical guidelines and ethical standards for the use of generative artificial intelligence in communication. The call is part of the Center's Page/Johnson Legacy ...
Investors interested in Medical - Biomedical and Genetics stocks are likely familiar with Harmony Biosciences Holdings, Inc. (HRMY Quick Quote HRMY - Free Report) and Regeneron (REGN Quick Quote ...
Investors with an interest in Manufacturing - Electronics stocks have likely encountered both Powell Industries (POWL Quick Quote POWL - Free Report) and Eaton (ETN Quick Quote ETN - Free Report) .
The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) has decided to remove "equity" from its inclusion, equity, and diversity (IE&D) framework, now promoting "inclusion and diversity" (I&D ...
Cannabis is one of humanity's oldest crops. Ancient civilizations the world over cultivated the plant for food, fiber, medicine, and its mind-altering properties.. Today, some 12,000 years after ...
Proposals Garner Funding. ... With a research focus on cochlear implant electrophysiology, Dr. Tejani is excited to share knowledge with an audiology faculty member at NEOMED. "The way you advance science and fill in missing links or research gaps is through partnerships," he says. "This collaboration benefits both institutions by ...
The report included research recommendations and policy proposals. The report calls for much more research into treatments, diagnostics, biological mechanisms and the economic and social effects ...
A single ChatGPT query requires 2.9 watt-hours of electricity, compared with 0.3 watt-hours for a Google search, according to the International Energy Agency. Goldman Sachs Research estimates the overall increase in data center power consumption from AI to be on the order of 200 terawatt-hours per year between 2023 and 2030.
Issued a report on federal research and development (R&D) to advance trustworthy AI over the past four years. The report by the National Science and Technology Council examines an annual federal ...