case study meaning noun

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• a study of an individual unit, as a person, family, or social group, usually emphasizing developmental issues and relationships with the environment, especially in order to compare a larger group to the individual unit.
• case history .
• the act or an instance of analysing one or more particular cases or case histories with a view to making generalizations

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Methodology

• What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

Published on May 8, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating and understanding different aspects of a research problem .

Table of contents

When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyze the case, other interesting articles.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.

You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

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Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:

• Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject
• Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
• Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem
• Open up new directions for future research

TipIf your research is more practical in nature and aims to simultaneously investigate an issue as you solve it, consider conducting action research instead.

Unlike quantitative or experimental research , a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.

Example of an outlying case studyIn the 1960s the town of Roseto, Pennsylvania was discovered to have extremely low rates of heart disease compared to the US average. It became an important case study for understanding previously neglected causes of heart disease.

However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience or phenomenon.

Example of a representative case studyIn the 1920s, two sociologists used Muncie, Indiana as a case study of a typical American city that supposedly exemplified the changing culture of the US at the time.

While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:

• Exemplify a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation
• Expand on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated
• Challenge a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions

To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.

There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews , observations , and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data.

Example of a mixed methods case studyFor a case study of a wind farm development in a rural area, you could collect quantitative data on employment rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and analyze local and national media coverage of the development.

The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.

In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.

How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis , with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results and discussion .

Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyze its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).

In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Ecological validity

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

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• 1.1.1 Translations
• 1.1.2 See also
• 1.2 References

case study ( plural case studies )

• ( uncountable ) Research performed in detail on a single individual , group , incident or community , as opposed to, for instance, a sample of the whole population.
• ( countable ) A case used in a such research.

Translations

• case report
• “ case study ”, in OneLook Dictionary Search .

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How to Write a Case Study in 5 Steps: A Guide

What is a case study and how do you write one? We explain everything there is to know about case studies and provide you with a checklist that will make you succeed on your first try.

First things first:

• A case study examines organizations, people, places or events in order to gain (new) insights into familiar problems or to identify new problems.
• There are four types of case studies: Case-Study-Method, Case-Problem-Method, Case-Incident-Method, and Stated-Problem-Method
• There are five steps in conducting a case study: a research objective, a case, suitable literature, a precise description of your case and a link between your case and existing theories.

What is a case study?

A case study is a research method that is typically used in qualitative research and is often applied in academic papers such as bachelor’s or master’s theses. Having originated from the social sciences , the case study is now used in many other fields such as economics, political science and media studies.

The case study examines a specific example of an event or phenomenon in the real world. All relevant details of the case are thoroughly analyzed, always taking into account the surrounding context and existing theoretical frameworks. If several cases are compared with each other, this is referred to as a comparative case study or a multiple case study .

Objectives and methods of case studies

The main objective of a case study is to gain comprehensive insights into a specific phenomenon and to develop new solutions or perspectives. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are useful for collecting and analyzing relevant data for the case study. Organizations, people, places or events that offer important insights are examined.

Case studies allow you to analyze complex problems in detail , making them an indispensable tool in scientific research.

Case studies: different types and approaches

Depending on your research question, there are different types of case studies you can consider. Each type of case study has its own special features, and the transitions are sometimes fluid. The following paragraphs introduce four common types of case studies to give you an idea of the different approaches:

• Case Study Method : This classic type of case study is often used when you are familiar with a specific case but have not yet identified the hidden problems within it. During your investigation, you will recognize both the challenges and possible solutions. This method helps you to dive deep into the details of the case and gain unexpected insights.
• Case-Problem Method : This type of case study focuses on evaluating different approaches to a solution. You analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each method, evaluate its effectiveness and look for alternatives if necessary. This approach is ideal for case studies that aim to optimize processes or improve strategies.
• Case-Incident Method : This form of case study is often the most challenging as it works with incomplete or missing data. Your task is to create a sound case study despite these limitations. This requires creative methods of data collection and analysis to get a clear picture of the situation.
• Stated-Problem Method : This is the exact opposite of the first methos. You start with a known problem and look for the causes and possible solutions through your case study. This method is particularly useful if you want to explore the deeper roots of a problem.

By choosing the right type of case study, you can ensure that your research is both thorough and focused. Each of these approaches offers different perspectives and methods to arrive at valuable insights that can be explored in detail in the case studies.

How is a case study conducted?

Companies are often looking for a case study that offers a solution to a complex problem. You don’t have to reinvent the wheel. You should simply collect and structure all the relevant information for your case study. At GRIN, you will find numerous case studies that give you a good insight into the structure of this type of text. These practical examples, which are often based on data from real companies, will help you understand how to successfully complete a case study.

The 5 steps of conducting a case study

Define your research objective

Start your case study by first defining a clear research objective and formulating a precise research question. Decide whether your aim is exploratory (discovering), descriptive (describing) or explanatory (explaining/justifying), or a combination of these , to determine your research direction. Since case studies are qualitative research, how or why questions are particularly suitable.

Choose your case

For your case study, you should of course choose an example that is relevant to your research objective . If you are writing about a specific company, you already have the case automatically, but events, people, places or phenomena are also suitable. To choose a suitable example, you can use the following criteria as a guide:

• Take an unusual or atypical example that firstly makes you curious yourself and secondly provides new insights into a known problem.
• The example should critically question existing assumptions or theories.
• Ideally, your case should open up new approaches for future research.

Link your case study to existing theories and literature

Once you have defined your research objective and case for your case study, the next step is to link it to existing literature and the current state of research . Conduct a comprehensive literature review to compare your findings with relevant thematic texts.

To create a solid theoretical framework, draw on an appropriate theory that allows you to understand and explain the case in depth. When analyzing your results, you can then discuss how they behave in the context of this theory and what they say about the topic.

Describe your case study

Once you have finished researching existing theories and literature, start describing your case in detail. If it is an event, a timeline can be helpful, showing all the important events along with their causes and effects. The aim is to clearly differentiate your case study from other studies and research questions.

An important part of the case study is the description of the initial situation , the framework conditions and the problems to be solved . It is essential that your (possibly fictitious) customer recognizes themselves in the description. Be authentic and use the technical vocabulary of the respective industry . This increases the relevance of your case study.

Analyze the case

The final step in your case study is to comprehensively analyze the collected data. Evaluating and explaining this information will allow you to answer your research question . You can embed your findings in a broader theoretical context by drawing connections to existing literature and theories that you identified during your literature review.

In this section of your case study, you also explain how you analyzed the situation, what kind of strategy you developed and how you implemented it operationally. It is also important to mention any problems and obstacles you encountered.

Analysis tools for solving a case study

When working on business case studies in particular, there are a number of models, so-called frameworks , that can be of great help. Which framework is suitable for which problem depends on the type of case study. These can basically be divided into three categories:

External problem

This example focuses on external factors: e.g. the market environment of the company under investigation. The five forces model and the PESTEL analysis are suitable for identifying and analyzing such research areas.

Internal problem definition

Internal company issues are considered here, e.g. low employee satisfaction. The value chain analysis or the BCG matrix are suitable for such internal analyses.

Internal and external problems

Most case studies examine external and internal problems in equal measure, as mixed cases are often considered, e.g. a decline in a company’s sales. These cases can be analyzed using the profit equation , the four-C concept , the SWOT analysis , or the Ansoff matrix.

Checklist: Case study for companies

Case studies for companies always follow the same structure. You can therefore use this checklist as a guide:

• Title of the case study: What is it about in a nutshell?
• Introduction of the company: Who is the case study aimed at?
• Problem/research question: What is it about (specifically), what are the current challenges and what should be changed?
• Facts : What does the company offer? What is the market and market environment like? Which target group should be addressed?
• Results: What follows from the facts analyzed?
• Graphics: Graphical representations are always good for case studies. Present the facts in table form, create diagrams and add them to your continuous text. This will enhance your study.
• Solution: What specific recommendations for action do you give to the company you have analyzed?

Key Takeaways

A case study is a research method that allows you to analyze specific cases such as organizations, people, or events from different perspectives and relate them to existing theories. This method is particularly valuable for bachelor’s and master’s theses, as it provides in-depth insights into the research topic.

The goal of a case study is to understand and explain a specific case by analyzing it in detail and linking it to existing theories identified during the literature review. This method helps to answer open questions and develop solutions to existing problems.

You will conduct a case study in five steps: you define your research goal, select a case, find suitable literature and theory, describe the case, and analyze it by examining it comprehensively and linking it to existing theories.

Choosing a case study has a few advantages: You can investigate a real case that interests you, which makes your study more relevant. Case studies also require less organizational effort than interviews or surveys, and can uncover previously unknown problems or questions that are of interest for further research. And another advantage: Case studies are used in many companies in the application process to test applicants. If you have already gained experience with it during your studies, this can be an advantage for you later on.

A good case study must definitely be relevant to your study. In addition, it should provide new insights into a known problem, critically question existing assumptions and open up new approaches for future research.

Examples for case studies in the GRIN shop:

Corporate Social Responsibility and its Impact on Consumer Buying Behaviour. A Case Study on H&M

Supply Chain Management. Case Study on Amazon

A Microsoft Case Study. Managing a Culturally Diverse Workforce

The Facebook acquisition of Instagram. A Case Study

Do you like our magazine? Then sign up for our GRIN newsletter now!

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case noun 1

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What does the noun case mean?

There are 20 meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun case , five of which are labelled obsolete. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.

case has developed meanings and uses in subjects including

How common is the noun case ?

How is the noun case pronounced?

British english, u.s. english, where does the noun case come from.

Earliest known use

Old English

The earliest known use of the noun case is in the Old English period (pre-1150).

case is of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French.

Etymons: Latin cāsus ; French cas .

Nearby entries

• cascalho, n. 1812–
• cascan, n. 1696–1721
• cascara, n. 1879–
• cascarilla, n. 1686–
• cascarillin, n. 1875–
• casceis, n. 1578
• caschielawis, n. 1596–99
• caschrom, n. 1803–
• casco, n. 1755–
• cascode, n. 1939–
• case, n.¹ Old English–
• case, n.² a1382–
• case, n.³ 1658–
• case, n.⁴ 1859–
• case, v.¹ a1525–
• case, v.² 1647–92
• caseable, adj. a1635–
• casease, n. 1884–
• caseate, n. 1819–
• caseate, v. 1869–
• caseated, adj. 1873–

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Meaning & use

Pronunciation, compounds & derived words, entry history for case, n.¹.

case, n.¹ was revised in September 2014.

case, n.¹ was last modified in March 2024.

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Revisions and additions of this kind were last incorporated into case, n.¹ in March 2024.

Earlier versions of this entry were published in:

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Definition of case study – Learner’s Dictionary

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(Definition of case study from the Cambridge Learner's Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

Translations of case study

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Definition of case

 (Entry 1 of 3)

Definition of case  (Entry 2 of 3)

Definition of case  (Entry 3 of 3)

transitive verb

instance , case , illustration , example , sample , specimen mean something that exhibits distinguishing characteristics in its category.

instance applies to any individual person, act, or thing that may be offered to illustrate or explain.

case is used to direct attention to a real or assumed occurrence or situation that is to be considered, studied, or dealt with.

illustration applies to an instance offered as a means of clarifying or illuminating a general statement.

example applies to a typical, representative, or illustrative instance or case.

sample implies a part or unit taken at random from a larger whole and so presumed to be typical of its qualities.

specimen applies to any example or sample whether representative or merely existent and available.

Examples of case in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'case.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Middle English cas , from Anglo-French, from Latin casus fall, chance, from cadere to fall — more at chance

Middle English cas , from Anglo-French case, chase , from Latin capsa chest, case, probably from capere to take — more at heave entry 1

before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at sense 3a

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

circa 1525, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Phrases Containing case

• a case of mistaken identity
• a case of the sulks
• basket case
• best - case
• carrying case
• case fatality rate
• case fatality ratio
• case - harden
• case history
• case in point
• case of mistaken identity
• case - sensitive
• case system
• classic case
• cosmetic case
• dispatch case
• federal case
• get off someone's case
• get on someone's case
• getting on his case
• in any case
• in that case
• in which case
• is it not the case
• make a federal case out of
• mental case
• oblique case
• on someone's case
• pencil case
• press one's case
• textbook case / example
• traveling case
• whatever the case (may be)
• worst - case

Articles Related to case

The Fossil Encased in "Case In Point"

"In point" only lives on in this phrase.

Dictionary Entries Near case

Cite this entry.

“Case.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/case. Accessed 31 Aug. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of case.

 (Entry 1 of 2)

Kids Definition of case  (Entry 2 of 2)

Middle English cas "situation needing action," from early French cas (same meaning), from Latin casus "fall, chance," from cadere "to fall, happen, come by chance"

Middle English cas "box, container," from early French case, chase (same meaning), from Latin capsa "chest, box," from capere "to take" — related to capture , cash

Medical Definition

Medical definition of case, legal definition, legal definition of case.

Note: A test case is selected from a number of cases in order to avoid a flood of litigation. All of the parties to the cases must agree to accept the outcome of the test case as binding.

Legal Definition of case  (Entry 2 of 2)

Latin casus accident, event, set of circumstances, literally, act of falling

More from Merriam-Webster on case

Nglish: Translation of case for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of case for Arabic Speakers

Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about case

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Definition of study noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

activity of learning

• a room set aside for private study
• academic/literary/scientific study
• It is important to develop good study skills .
• Physiology is the study of how living things work.
• distance learning
• further education
• higher education
• qualification
• Now that her children are all at school, she's going to take up full-time study again.
• Students do a foundation year before specializing in their chosen field of study.
• The course integrates academic study and practical training.
• This grammar book is suitable both for classroom use and for independent study.
• The scientific study of American dialects began in 1889.
• The company allows its staff to take paid study leave.
• A study group meets every Sunday at the church.
• This work is the result of decades of study and research.
• Students have great opportunities through study abroad and internship programs.
• programme/​program
• an area of study
• a field of study

Questions about grammar and vocabulary?

Find the answers with Practical English Usage online, your indispensable guide to problems in English.

• to continue your studies
• Many undertake further studies after college.
• She returned to her studies when her children reached school age.
• When he has completed his studies, he'll travel around the world.
• He needed more leisure to pursue his studies.

academic subject

• business/media/American studies
• He lectures in management studies.
• She's doing women's studies at Liverpool University.
• the university's cultural studies course
• to conduct/undertake a study
• Research studies carried out in Italy confirmed the theory.
• study on something He has recently done a study on the effects of traffic and aircraft noise.
• study of something a detailed study of how animals adapt to their environment
• scientific studies of fishing grounds and methods of fishing
• This study shows/finds/suggests that…
• the purpose/aim of a study
• the results/findings of a study
• in a study the methods used in the present study
• in previous/earlier studies
• according to a study According to a recent study published in the Journal of Sleep Research…
• formulate/​advance a theory/​hypothesis
• build/​construct/​create/​develop a simple/​theoretical/​mathematical model
• develop/​establish/​provide/​use a theoretical/​conceptual framework
• advance/​argue/​develop the thesis that…
• explore an idea/​a concept/​a hypothesis
• make a prediction/​an inference
• base a prediction/​your calculations on something
• investigate/​evaluate/​accept/​challenge/​reject a theory/​hypothesis/​model
• design an experiment/​a questionnaire/​a study/​a test
• do research/​an experiment/​an analysis
• make observations/​measurements/​calculations
• carry out/​conduct/​perform an experiment/​a test/​a longitudinal study/​observations/​clinical trials
• run an experiment/​a simulation/​clinical trials
• repeat an experiment/​a test/​an analysis
• replicate a study/​the results/​the findings
• observe/​study/​examine/​investigate/​assess a pattern/​a process/​a behaviour
• fund/​support the research/​project/​study
• seek/​provide/​get/​secure funding for research
• collect/​gather/​extract data/​information
• yield data/​evidence/​similar findings/​the same results
• analyse/​examine the data/​soil samples/​a specimen
• consider/​compare/​interpret the results/​findings
• fit the data/​model
• confirm/​support/​verify a prediction/​a hypothesis/​the results/​the findings
• prove a conjecture/​hypothesis/​theorem
• draw/​make/​reach the same conclusions
• read/​review the records/​literature
• describe/​report an experiment/​a study
• present/​publish/​summarize the results/​findings
• present/​publish/​read/​review/​cite a paper in a scientific journal
• A new study shows that fewer students are studying science.
• A preliminary study suggested that the product would be popular.
• An independent study was commissioned by the department.
• He has made a special study of the way that birds communicate with one another.
• In a recent study, 40% of schools were found to be understaffed.
• The company undertook an extensive feasibility study before adopting the new system.
• The present study reveals an unacceptable level of air pollution in the city centre.
• The study aims to examine bias in television news coverage.
• The study compares the incidence of bone cancer in men and women.
• The study group was selected from a broad cross section of the population.
• The study highlighted three problem areas.
• The study provided valuable insight into the development of the disease.
• The ten-year study covered 13 000 people aged 15-25.
• This phenomenon has been observed in both laboratory and field studies.
• A comparative study was carried out into the environmental costs of different energy sources.
• They undertook a study of a sample of 992 first year students in 13 secondary schools.
• Most previous studies have focused on the elderly.
• Clinical studies show that adding calcium to your diet can help people lose weight.
• Animal studies have linked the chemical to certain cancers.
• According to the study, respondents preferred the strawberry-flavoured drink.
• Studies conducted in Iowa have produced similar results.
• In a study of 400 patients, half of those given the medication saw the number of their headaches halved.
• Study participants developed no major side effects.
• aim at something
• aim to do something
• according to a/​the study
• in a/​the study
• under study
• the author of a/​the study
• a study of Jane Austen's novels
• Shakespeare is the subject of a new study by Anthony Bryan.
• These proposals deserve careful study.
• under study the biochemical process under study
• She crossed the hallway and opened the door to her private study.
• a study of Chartres Cathedral
• a nude study
• The novel is a character study of a city and its people.
• (also étude ) [countable] a piece of music designed to give a player practice in technical skills Topics Music c2

perfect example

• His face was a study in concentration.
• (old-fashioned, British English) thinking deeply so that you do not notice what is happening around you

Other results

• the Institute for Advanced Study
• Institute for Advanced Study
• in a brown study

Nearby words