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Dive into the world of historical scholarship with our comprehensive guide to the best history research paper topics . Primarily designed for students tasked with writing history research papers, this guide presents a curated list of 100 exceptional topics, divided into 10 distinct categories, each with a unique historical focus. The guide offers clear and practical advice on how to choose the most compelling history research paper topics, and provides 10 handy tips on crafting an outstanding research paper. In addition to academic guidance, the guide introduces the superior writing services of iResearchNet, a reliable option for students needing customized history research papers.
The following comprehensive list of the best history research paper topics is crafted to stimulate your curiosity and ignite your passion for historical study. These topics cover a range of historical periods and geographical locations to cater to the diverse interests of history students.
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Ancient History Topics
Medieval History Topics
Early Modern History Topics
Modern History Topics
Asian History Topics
American History Topics
European History Topics
African History Topics
Military History Topics
This expansive list of best history research paper topics offers a comprehensive exploration of the past, crossing different eras, regions, and themes. They form a rich tapestry of human experience and a foundation for understanding our present and future. Choose a topic that piques your interest, ignites your curiosity, and promises a journey of intellectual discovery. Remember that the exploration of history is a journey into the roots of our shared humanity and an exploration of the forces that shape our world.
As a subject of study, history is more than a chronological list of events, dates, and prominent figures. History is the exploration of human experiences, societal changes, political upheavals, cultural transformations, economic shifts, and technological advancements across different periods and regions. This exploration allows us to understand how the past has shaped our present and how it can potentially shape our future. It teaches us to appreciate the complexities and nuances of human nature and society, making history a rich field for research paper topics.
History is an interdisciplinary field, interweaving elements from various areas of study, including politics, sociology, economics, anthropology, geography, and literature. This interdisciplinary nature provides a wide array of best history research paper topics. Moreover, the global scope of history further broadens the pool of topics, as it encompasses every region of the world and every period from the dawn of human civilization to the present day.
Historical research often focuses on specific periods, each offering unique topics for exploration. For instance, Ancient History provides topics related to ancient civilizations like Rome, Greece, Egypt, China, and India, and key events such as Alexander the Great’s conquests or the fall of the Roman Empire.
The Medieval Period offers topics related to the socio-political structure of societies, the influence of religion, the impact of plagues, and the role of significant historical figures. Researching the Renaissance can focus on cultural, artistic, and scientific revolutions that have shaped the modern world.
The Modern History category contains topics related to significant events and transformations, such as world wars, the Great Depression, the Cold War, decolonization, and various national and international movements.
Geographical focus is another common approach in historical research. Asian history encompasses topics ranging from the influence of Confucianism in China to the impact of colonial rule in India. European history explores events such as the Enlightenment, the French and Russian revolutions, and the formation of the European Union. American history topics can cover everything from Manifest Destiny to the Civil Rights Movement. African history can delve into the effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade, the apartheid era, and decolonization.
In addition to period- and region-based topics, history offers an extensive range of thematic topics. These themes often intersect with other disciplines, leading to exciting interdisciplinary research opportunities.
Social and cultural history, for instance, covers diverse topics such as the influence of the Harlem Renaissance on African American culture, the counterculture movement of the 1960s, the role of film and television in shaping societies, or the impacts of the Internet on global culture.
Military history provides a wide range of topics related to warfare, strategy, technological developments, and the influence of military conflicts on societies and politics. From the use of the English longbow in medieval warfare to the impact of drones on modern warfare, this field offers a variety of fascinating topics.
The choice of a research paper topic in history should ideally be guided by your interest, the available resources, and the requirements of your assignment. With such a wide range of topics, it can be challenging to make a choice. But remember, a good history research paper topic is not just about the past; it should also engage with the present and potentially shed light on the future. The best research paper topics are those that not only delve deep into the annals of history but also resonate with current issues and debates.
The study of history is a gateway into the vast narrative of human civilization. With an extensive range of periods, regions, and themes to choose from, history offers a rich reservoir of research paper topics. As we delve into the past, we discover the forces that have shaped our world, gain insights into the human experience, and glean lessons for our future. This journey of exploration makes history an incredibly exciting field for research papers.
Choosing the best history research paper topic can be the first step towards a rewarding intellectual journey. It’s not just about meeting academic requirements; it’s about uncovering facets of the past that intrigue you and may potentially contribute to the broader understanding of history. Here are twenty in-depth tips that will guide you through the process and help you select the best topic for your history research paper.
Choosing the best history research paper topic is not merely about fulfilling an academic requirement. It’s about setting the stage for a journey into the past, an exploration of humanity’s collective memory. The right topic will not only make this journey enjoyable but also deeply enlightening. By considering these tips, you can select a topic that resonates with you and holds the potential for a meaningful scholarly contribution.
Writing a history research paper can be a rewarding experience, providing an opportunity to delve into the past and explore the events, ideas, and personalities that have shaped our world. However, crafting a high-quality paper requires more than just an interest in the subject matter. It involves thorough research, analytical thinking, and clear, persuasive writing. Here are twenty comprehensive tips on how to write a best history research paper.
In conclusion, writing a best history research paper requires careful planning, thorough research, clear writing, and detailed revision. However, the process can be highly rewarding, leading to new insights and a deeper understanding of history. These tips provide a comprehensive guide to help you craft a top-notch history research paper. Remember, history is a continually evolving dialogue, and your paper is your chance to join the conversation.
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Outline of Philippine history and government, based on the course of study and includes all changes before and after World War II. (Rev. ed.). (1950). Philippine Book Co. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991508294605682
Location: Hamilton DS670 .O88 1949
Voices, a Filipino American oral history. (1984). Filipino Oral History Project. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911221724605682
Location: Hamilton Main F870.F4 V65 1984
Gorospe, O. (1933). Making Filipino history in Hawaii. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma997879204605682
Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) DU620 .M5 v.45 p.241-253
Rafael, V. (2000). White love and other events in Filipino history. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9922646264605682
Location: Hamilton Asia DS685 .R24 2000b
Filipino-American history. (2008). Language, Literature & History Section, Hawaiʻi State Library, Hawaii State Public Library System. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9931245804605682
Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) IN CATALOGING 3124580
Bautista, V. (2002). The Filipino Americans: (1763-present) : their history, culture, and traditions (2nd ed.). Bookhaus Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9923164014605682
Location: Hamilton Main E184.F4 B38 2002
Okamura, J. (1991). Filipino organizations: a history. Operation Manong. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995894474605682
Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) DU624.7.F4 O42 1991
Agoncillo, T., & Guerrero, M. (1973). History of the Filipino people ([4th ed.]). R.P. Garcia. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919225084605682
Location: Hamilton Main DS668 .A32 1973
Tubangui, H. (1982). The Filipino nation : a concise history of the Philippines. Grolier International. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9913647534605682
Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .F5 1982
Batacan, D. (1966). The laughter of my people: a history of the Filipino people written a smile. Printed by MDB Pfint. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180194605682
Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .B38
Craig, A., Mabini, A., & Rizal, J. (1973). The Filipinos’ fight for freedom; true history of the Filipino people during their 400 years’ struggle. AMS Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9912137304605682
Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .C69 1973
Measham, F. (2016). The secret history of Filipino women. Lifted Brow, The, 29, 49–52. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/informit901765406961917
Location: ILL through unspecified college
San Juan, E. (1989). MAKING FILIPINO HISTORY IN A “DAMAGED CULTURE.” Philippine Sociological Review, 37(1/2), 1–11. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/jstor_archive_1241853640
Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) DS651 .P462 // Also through JSTOR
Online - Ebook
Nagano, Y. (2006). Transcultural Battlefield: Recent Japanese Translations of Philippine History. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68t5m5h0 https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/cdl_soai_escholarship_org_ark_13030_qt68t5m5h0
Link: Through escholarship UCLA https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68t5m5h0
Project Muse: https://muse-jhu-edu.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/journal/531
Journal title: Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints
Aquino, B. (2006). From Plantation Camp to Global Village:100 Years of Filipino History in Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910995904405681
Link: Through UH Scholarspace http://hdl.handle.net/10125/15379
Database: Historical Abstracts
Serizawa, T. (2019). Translating Philippine history in America’s shadow: Japanese reflections on the past and present during the Vietnam War. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 50(2), 222–245. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1017/S0022463419000274
Database: Business Source Complete
Reyes, P. L. (2018). Claiming History: Memoirs of the Struggle against Ferdinand Marcos’s Martial Law Regime in the Philippines. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 33(2), 457–498. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1355/sj33-2q
Database: Points of View Reference Center
Republic of the Philippines. (2003). In Background Notes on Countries of the World 2003 (pp. 1–15). http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=11208051&site=ehost-live
Database: MasterFILE Complete
Trent Smith, S. (2018). A Call to Arms. World War II, 33(3), 64–71. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=131241187&site=ehost-live
Suter, K. (2007). The Philippines: What Went Wrong with One Asian Economy. Contemporary Review, 289(1684), 53–59. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=24884353&site=ehost-live
FRANCIA, L. H. (2014). José Rizal: A Man for All Generations. Antioch Review, 72(1), 44–60. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.7723/antiochreview.72.1.0044
Luyt, B. (2019). The early years of Philippine Studies , 1953 to 1966. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 50(2), 202–221. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1017/S0022463419000237
Database: ABI/INFORM
Mercene, R. (2016, Mar 27). A shining moment in philippine history. Business Mirror Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/1776085049?accountid=27140
A guide to the philippines' history, economy and politics: Daily chart. (2016, May 06). The Economist (Online), Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/1787331077?accountid=27140
Carroll, J. (1961). Contemporary Philippine Historians and Philippine History. Journal of Southeast Asian History, 2(3), 23-35. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20067346
Zafra, N. (1958). On The Writing Of Philippine History. Philippine Studies, 6(4), 454-460. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42720410
Larkin, J. (1982). Philippine History Reconsidered: A Socioeconomic Perspective. The American Historical Review, 87(3), 595-628. doi:10.2307/1864158
Mulder, N. (1994). The Image of Philippine History and Society. Philippine Studies, 42(4), 475-508. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42633467
OWEN, N. (1974). The Principalia in Philippine History: Kabikolan, 1790-1898. Philippine Studies, 22(3/4), 297-324. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634875
Baumgartner, J. (1977). Notes on Piracy and Slaving in Philippine History. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 5(4), 270-272. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791568
Cristina E. Torres. (1997). Health Issues and the Quality of Life in Philippine History. Quality of Life Research, 6(5), 461-462. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4035251
Farrell, J. (1954). An Abandoned Approach to Philippine History: John R. M. Taylor and the Philippine Insurrection Records. The Catholic Historical Review, 39(4), 385-407. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25015651
GEALOGO, F. (2013). Reflections of A Filipino Social Historian. Philippine Sociological Review, 61(1), 55-68. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43486355
MAOHONG, B. (2012). On Studies of the History of the Philippines in China. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 60(1), 102-116. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634704
Nexis Uni
(October 3, 2020 Saturday). Studies on Philippine history. The Philippine Star. https://advance-lexis-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:6109-GWY1-JCH9-G1MH-00000-00&context=1516831 .
ABI/INFORM
Filipino history, culture studied in international seminar. (2019, May 16). Business Mirror Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/2226338201?accountid=27140
Association For Asian Studies
Totanes, V. R. (2010). History of the Filipino people and martial law: a forgotten chapter in the history of a history book, 1960-2010. Philippine Studies, 58(3), 313–348. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS788208&site=ehost-live
Okamura, J. Y. (1996). Filipino American history, identity and community in Hawai’i: in commemoration of the 90th anniversary of Filipino migration to Hawai’i. Honolulu. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS515519&site=ehost-live
Association for Asian Studies
Rafael, V. L. (1995). Discrepant histories: translocal essays on Filipino cultures. Philadelphia, Pa. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS559630&site=ehost-live
Association for Asian Studies
Pinzon, J. C. (2015). Remembering Philippine history: satire in popular songs. South East Asia Research, 23(3), 423–442. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS872861&site=ehost-live
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The spanish period in the philippines, the 19th century in the philippines, the philippine revolution, the period of u.s. influence.
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history of the Philippines , a survey of notable events and people in the history of the Philippines . The Philippines takes its name from Philip II , who was king of Spain during the Spanish colonization of the islands in the 16th century. Because it was under Spanish rule for 333 years and under U.S. tutelage for a further 48 years, the Philippines has many cultural affinities with the West. The country was wracked by political turmoil in the last quarter of the 20th century. After enduring more than a decade of authoritarian rule under Pres. Ferdinand Marcos , the broadly popular People Power movement in 1986 led a bloodless uprising against the regime. The confrontation resulted not only in the ouster and exile of Marcos but also in the restoration of democratic government to the Philippines.
The Philippines is the only country in Southeast Asia that was subjected to Western colonization before it had the opportunity to develop either a centralized government ruling over a large territory or a dominant culture . In ancient times the inhabitants of the Philippines were a diverse agglomeration of peoples who arrived in various waves of immigration from the Asian mainland and who maintained little contact with each other. Contact with Chinese traders was recorded in 982, and some cultural influences from South Asia , such as a Sanskrit -based writing system, were carried to the islands by the Indonesian empires of Srivijaya (7th–13th century) and Majapahit (13th–16th century); but in comparison with other parts of the region, the influence of both China and India on the Philippines was of little importance. The peoples of the Philippine archipelago, unlike most of the other peoples of Southeast Asia, never adopted Hinduism or Buddhism .
According to what can be inferred from somewhat later accounts, the Filipinos of the 15th century must have engaged primarily in shifting cultivation , hunting , and fishing . Sedentary cultivation was the exception. Only in the mountains of northern Luzon , where elaborate rice terraces were built some 2,000 years ago, were livelihood and social organization linked to a fixed territory. The lowland peoples lived in extended kinship groups known as barangay s , each under the leadership of a datu , or chieftain. The barangay , which ordinarily numbered no more than a few hundred individuals, was usually the largest stable economic and political unit.
Within the barangay the status system, though not rigid, appears to have consisted of three broad classes: the datu and his family and the nobility, freeholders, and “dependents.” This third category consisted of three levels—sharecroppers, debt peons , and war captives—the last two levels being termed “slaves” by Spanish observers. The status of the debt peons and war captives was inherited but, through manumission and interclass marriage, seldom extended over more than two generations. The fluidity of the social system was in part the consequence of a bilateral kinship system in which lineage was reckoned equally through the male and female lines. Marriage was apparently stable, though divorce was socially acceptable under certain circumstances.
Early Filipinos followed various local religions, a mixture of monotheism and polytheism in which the latter dominated. The propitiation of spirits required numerous rituals, but there was no obvious religious hierarchy . In religion, as in social structure and economic activity, there was considerable variation between—and even within—islands.
This pattern began to change in the 15th century, however, when Islam was introduced to Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago through Brunei on the island of Borneo . Along with changes in religious beliefs and practices came new political and social institutions. By the mid-16th century two sultanates had been established, bringing under their sway a number of barangay s. A powerful datu as far north as Manila embraced Islam. It was in the midst of this wave of Islamic proselytism that the Spanish arrived. Had the Spanish come a century later or had their motives been strictly commercial, Filipinos today might be a predominantly Muslim people.
Spanish colonial motives were not, however, strictly commercial. The Spanish at first viewed the Philippines as a stepping-stone to the riches of the East Indies (Spice Islands), but, even after the Portuguese and Dutch had foreclosed that possibility, the Spanish still maintained their presence in the archipelago.
The Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan headed the first Spanish foray to the Philippines when he made landfall on Cebu in March 1521; a short time later he met an untimely death on the nearby island of Mactan . After King Philip II had dispatched three further expeditions that ended in disaster, he sent Miguel López de Legazpi , who established the first permanent Spanish settlement, in Cebu, in 1565. The Spanish city of Manila was founded in 1571, and by the end of the 16th century most of the coastal and lowland areas from Luzon to northern Mindanao were under Spanish control. Friars marched with soldiers and soon accomplished the nominal conversion to Roman Catholicism of all the local people under Spanish administration. But the Muslims of Mindanao and Sulu, whom the Spanish called Moros , were never completely subdued by Spain.
Spanish rule for the first 100 years was exercised in most areas through a type of tax farming imported from the Americas and known as the encomienda . But abusive treatment of the local tribute payers and neglect of religious instruction by encomenderos (collectors of the tribute), as well as frequent withholding of revenues from the crown, caused the Spanish to abandon the system by the end of the 17th century. The governor-general, himself appointed by the king, began to appoint his own civil and military governors to rule directly.
Central government in Manila retained a medieval cast until the 19th century, and the governor-general was so powerful that he was often likened to an independent monarch. He dominated the Audiencia , or high court, was captain-general of the armed forces, and enjoyed the privilege of engaging in commerce for private profit.
Manila dominated the islands not only as the political capital. The galleon trade with Acapulco , Mexico , assured Manila’s commercial primacy as well. The exchange of Chinese silks for Mexican silver not only kept in Manila those Spanish who were seeking quick profit, but it also attracted a large Chinese community . The Chinese, despite being the victims of periodic massacres at the hands of the Spanish, persisted and soon established a dominance of commerce that survived through the centuries.
Manila was also the ecclesiastical capital of the Philippines. The governor-general was civil head of the church in the islands, but the archbishop vied with him for political supremacy. In the late 17th and 18th centuries the archbishop, who also had the legal status of lieutenant governor, frequently won. Augmenting their political power, religious orders, Roman Catholic hospitals and schools, and bishops acquired great wealth, mostly in land. Royal grants and devises formed the core of their holdings, but many arbitrary extensions were made beyond the boundaries of the original grants.
The power of the church derived not simply from wealth and official status. The priests and friars had a command of local languages rare among the lay Spanish, and in the provinces they outnumbered civil officials. Thus, they were an invaluable source of information to the colonial government. The cultural goal of the Spanish clergy was nothing less than the full Christianization and Hispanization of the Filipino. In the first decades of missionary work, local religions were vigorously suppressed; old practices were not tolerated. But as the Christian laity grew in number and the zeal of the clergy waned, it became increasingly difficult to prevent the preservation of ancient beliefs and customs under Roman Catholic garb. Thus, even in the area of religion, pre-Spanish Filipino culture was not entirely destroyed.
Economic and political institutions were also altered under Spanish impact but perhaps less thoroughly than in the religious realm. The priests tried to move all the people into pueblos, or villages, surrounding the great stone churches. But the dispersed demographic patterns of the old barangay s largely persisted. Nevertheless, the datu ’s once hereditary position became subject to Spanish appointment.
Agricultural technology changed very slowly until the late 18th century, as shifting cultivation gradually gave way to more intensive sedentary farming, partly under the guidance of the friars. The socioeconomic consequences of the Spanish policies that accompanied this shift reinforced class differences. The datu s and other representatives of the old noble class took advantage of the introduction of the Western concept of absolute ownership of land to claim as their own fields cultivated by their various retainers, even though traditional land rights had been limited to usufruct. These heirs of pre-Spanish nobility were known as the principalia and played an important role in the friar-dominated local government.
By the late 18th century, political and economic changes in Europe were finally beginning to affect Spain and, thus, the Philippines. Important as a stimulus to trade was the gradual elimination of the monopoly enjoyed by the galleon to Acapulco. The last galleon arrived in Manila in 1815, and by the mid-1830s Manila was open to foreign merchants almost without restriction. The demand for Philippine sugar and abaca (hemp) grew apace, and the volume of exports to Europe expanded even further after the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869.
The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in the appearance of a new class. Alongside the landholdings of the church and the rice estates of the pre-Spanish nobility there arose haciendas of coffee , hemp , and sugar , often the property of enterprising Chinese-Filipino mestizos. Some of the families that gained prominence in the 19th century have continued to play an important role in Philippine economics and politics.
Not until 1863 was there public education in the Philippines, and even then the church controlled the curriculum. Less than one-fifth of those who went to school could read and write Spanish, and far fewer could speak it properly. The limited higher education in the colony was entirely under clerical direction, but by the 1880s many sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe to study. There, nationalism and a passion for reform blossomed in the liberal atmosphere. Out of this talented group of overseas Filipino students arose what came to be known as the Propaganda Movement . Magazines , newspapers , poetry , and pamphleteering flourished , most notably the biweekly paper La Solidaridad , which began publication in 1889. José Rizal , this movement’s most brilliant figure, produced two political novels— Noli me tangere (1887; Touch Me Not ) and El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed )—which had a wide impact in the Philippines. In 1892 Rizal returned home and formed the Liga Filipina, a modest reform-minded society, loyal to Spain, that breathed no word of independence. But Rizal was quickly arrested by the overly fearful Spanish, exiled to a remote island in the south, and executed in 1896. Meanwhile, within the Philippines there had developed a firm commitment to independence among a somewhat less privileged class.
Shocked by the arrest of Rizal in 1892, these activists quickly formed the Katipunan under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio , a self-educated warehouseman. The Katipunan was dedicated to the expulsion of the Spanish from the islands, and preparations were made for armed revolt. Filipino rebels had been numerous in the history of Spanish rule, but now for the first time they were inspired by nationalist ambitions and possessed the education needed to make success a real possibility.
In August 1896, Spanish friars uncovered evidence of the Katipunan’s plans, and its leaders were forced into premature action. Revolts broke out in several provinces around Manila. After months of fighting, severe Spanish retaliation forced the revolutionary armies to retreat to the hills. In December 1897 a truce was concluded with the Spanish. Emilio Aguinaldo , a municipal mayor and commander of the rebel forces, was paid a large sum and was allowed to go to Hong Kong with other leaders; the Spanish promised reforms as well. But reforms were slow in coming, and small bands of rebels, distrustful of Spanish promises, kept their arms; clashes grew more frequent.
Meanwhile, war had broken out between Spain and the United States (the Spanish-American War ). After the U.S. naval victory in the Battle of Manila Bay in May 1898, Aguinaldo and his entourage returned to the Philippines with the help of Adm. George Dewey . Confident of U.S. support, Aguinaldo reorganized his forces and soon liberated several towns south of Manila. Independence was declared on June 12 (now celebrated as Independence Day). In September a constitutional congress met in Malolos , north of Manila, which drew up a fundamental law derived from European and Latin American precedents. A government was formed on the basis of that constitution in January 1899, with Aguinaldo as president of the new country, popularly known as the “Malolos Republic.”
Meanwhile, U.S. troops had landed in Manila and, with important Filipino help, forced the capitulation in August 1898 of the Spanish commander there. The Americans, however, would not let Filipino forces enter the city. It was soon apparent to Aguinaldo and his advisers that earlier expressions of sympathy for Filipino independence by Dewey and U.S. consular officials in Hong Kong had little significance. They felt betrayed.
U.S. commissioners to the peace negotiations in Paris had been instructed to demand from Spain the cession of the Philippines to the United States; such cession was confirmed with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. Ratification followed in the U.S. Senate in February 1899, but with only one vote more than the required two-thirds. Arguments of “ manifest destiny ” could not overwhelm a determined anti-imperialist minority.
By the time the treaty was ratified, hostilities had already broken out between U.S. and Filipino forces. Since Filipino leaders did not recognize U.S. sovereignty over the islands and U.S. commanders gave no weight to Filipino claims of independence, the conflict was inevitable. It took two years of counterinsurgency warfare and some wise conciliatory moves in the political arena to break the back of the nationalist resistance. Aguinaldo was captured in March 1901 and shortly thereafter appealed to his countrymen to accept U.S. rule.
The Filipino revolutionary movement had two goals, national and social. The first goal, independence, though realized briefly, was frustrated by the American decision to continue administering the islands. The goal of fundamental social change , manifest in the nationalization of friar lands by the Malolos Republic, was ultimately frustrated by the power and resilience of entrenched institutions. Share tenants who had rallied to Aguinaldo’s cause, partly for economic reasons, merely exchanged one landlord for another. In any case, the proclamation of a republic in 1898 had marked the Filipinos as the first Asian people to try to throw off European colonial rule.
The juxtaposition of U.S. democracy and imperial rule over a subject people was sufficiently jarring to most Americans that, from the beginning, the training of Filipinos for self-government and ultimate independence—the Malolos Republic was conveniently ignored—was an essential rationalization for U.S. hegemony in the islands. Policy differences between the two main political parties in the United States focused on the speed with which self-government should be extended and the date on which independence should be granted.
In 1899 Pres. William McKinley sent to the Philippines a five-person fact-finding commission headed by Cornell University president Jacob G. Schurman. Schurman reported back that Filipinos wanted ultimate independence, but this had no immediate impact on policy. McKinley sent the Second Philippine Commission in 1900, under William Howard Taft ; by July 1901 it had established civil government.
In 1907 the Philippine Commission , which had been acting as both legislature and governor-general’s cabinet, became the upper house of a bicameral body. The new 80-member Philippine Assembly was directly elected by a somewhat restricted electorate from single-member districts, making it the first elective legislative body in Southeast Asia. When Gov.- Gen. Francis Burton Harrison appointed a Filipino majority to the commission in 1913, the American voice in the legislative process was further reduced.
Harrison was the only governor-general appointed by a Democratic president in the first 35 years of U.S. rule. He had been sent by Woodrow Wilson with specific instructions to prepare the Philippines for ultimate independence, a goal that Wilson enthusiastically supported. During Harrison’s term, a Democratic-controlled Congress in Washington, D.C., hastened to fulfill long-standing campaign promises to the same end. The Jones Act , passed in 1916, would have fixed a definite date for the granting of independence if the Senate had had its way, but the House prevented such a move. In its final form the act merely stated that it was the “purpose of the people of the United States” to recognize Philippine independence “as soon as a stable government can be established therein.” Its greater importance was as a milestone in the development of Philippine autonomy . Under Jones Act provisions, the commission was abolished and was replaced by a 24-member Senate, almost wholly elected. The electorate was expanded to include all literate males.
Some substantial restrictions on Philippine autonomy remained, however. Defense and foreign affairs remained exclusive U.S. prerogatives . American direction of Philippine domestic affairs was exercised primarily through the governor-general and the executive branch of insular government. There was little more than one decade of thoroughly U.S. administration in the islands, however—too short a time in which to establish lasting patterns. Whereas Americans formed 51 percent of the civil service in 1903, they were only 29 percent in 1913 and 6 percent in 1923. By 1916 Filipino dominance in both the legislative and judicial branches of government also served to restrict the U.S. executive and administrative roles.
By 1925 the only American left in the governor-general’s cabinet was the secretary of public instruction, who was also the lieutenant governor-general. This is one indication of the high priority given to education in U.S. policy. In the initial years of U.S. rule, hundreds of schoolteachers came from the United States. But Filipino teachers were trained so rapidly that by 1927 they constituted nearly all of the 26,200 teachers in public schools. The school population expanded fivefold in a generation; education consumed half of governmental expenditures at all levels, and educational opportunity in the Philippines was greater than in any other colony in Asia.
As a consequence of this pedagogical explosion, literacy doubled to nearly half in the 1930s, and educated Filipinos acquired a common language and a linguistic key to Western civilization. By 1939 some one-fourth of the population could speak English, a larger proportion than for any of the native dialects . Perhaps more important was the new avenue of upward social mobility that education offered. Educational policy was the only successful U.S. effort to establish a sociocultural basis for political democracy.
American attempts to create equality of economic opportunity were more modest and less successful. In a predominantly agricultural country the pattern of landownership is crucial. The trend toward greater concentration of ownership, which began in the 19th century, continued during the American period, despite some legal barriers. Vast American-owned plantations were forestalled, but legal restrictions had little effect on those politically well-connected Filipinos who were intent on amassing fortunes. The percentage of farmers under share tenancy doubled between 1900 and 1935, and the frustration of the tenants erupted in three small rebellions in central Luzon during the 1920s and ’30s.
Nor was U.S. trade policy conducive to the diffusion of economic power. From 1909 the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act allowed free entry of Philippine products into the U.S. market, at the same time U.S. products, mostly manufactured, were exempted from tariff in the Philippines. The free flow of U.S. imports was a powerful deterrent to Philippine industrial growth. Export agriculture, especially sugar, prospered in the protected U.S. market. Owners of mills and large plantations profited most, thus reinforcing the political dominance of the landed elite.
American preparation of the Philippines for democratic self-government suffered from an inherent contradiction, perhaps not recognized at the time. Transferring governmental responsibility to those capable of undertaking it was not consistent with building a social and economic base for political democracy. Self-government meant, of necessity, assumption of power by those Filipinos who were already in positions of leadership in society. But those men came for the most part from the landed elite; preservation of their political and economic position was incompatible with equalizing opportunity. Even the expansion of an educated middle class did not necessarily result in a transformation of the pattern of power. Most middle-class aspirants for political leadership adjusted to the values and the practices of the existing power elite.
Filipino leaders quickly and skillfully utilized the opportunities for self-government that the Americans opened to them. The Filipino political genius was best reflected in an extralegal institution—the political party . The first party, the Federal Party , was U.S.-backed and stressed cooperation with the overlords, even to the point of statehood for the Philippines. But when openly nationalist appeals were allowed in the 1907 election, the Nacionalista Party, advocating independence, won overwhelmingly. The Federalists survived with a new name, Progressives, and a new platform, ultimate independence after social reform. But neither the Progressives nor their successors in the 1920s, the Democrats, ever gained more than one-third of the seats in the legislature. The Nacionalista Party under the leadership of Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeña dominated Philippine politics from 1907 until independence.
More significant than the competition between the Nacionalistas and their opposition was the continuing rivalry between Quezon and Osmeña. In fact, understanding this personality conflict provides more insight into the realities of prewar Philippine politics than any examination of policy or ideology .
In 1933 the U.S. Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act , which set a date for Philippine independence. The act was a fulfillment of the vague pledge in the Jones Act; it was also responsive to the demands of a series of “independence missions” sent to Washington by the Philippine legislature. But this unprecedented transfer of sovereignty was decided upon in the dark days of the Great Depression of the 1930s—and with the help of some incongruous allies. The Depression had caused American farm interests to look desperately for relief, and those who suffered real or imaginary hurt from the competition of Philippine products sought to exclude those products. They had already failed in a direct attempt to amend the tariff on Philippine imports but found that the respectable cloak of the advocacy of independence increased the effectiveness of their efforts. Tied to independence was the end of free entry into American markets of Philippine sugar, coconut oil , rope, and other less important items. That those economic interests were able to accomplish what they did is partly explainable by the fact that their political clout was great compared with that of the small group of American traders and investors in the Philippines.
The Philippine legislature rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, apparently as a result of the Osmeña-Quezon feud, much to the displeasure of American officialdom. But, when Quezon came to Washington the following year to work for a new bill, the same alliance of forces in the U.S. Congress obliged by producing the almost identical Tydings-McDuffie Act . Endorsed by Quezon and accepted with alacrity by the Manila legislature, it provided for a 10-year commonwealth during which the United States would retain jurisdiction over defense and foreign affairs. Filipinos were to draft their own constitution, subject to the approval of the U.S. president.
A constitutional convention was quickly elected and a constitution (which bore a strong resemblance to its U.S. model) framed and approved by plebiscite and by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt . The last governor-general, Frank Murphy , became the first high commissioner, with more of a diplomatic than a governing role. The commonwealth was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. The Nacionalista Party patched up its internal quarrels and nominated Quezon for president and Osmeña for vice president. They were elected overwhelmingly.
The commonwealth period was intended to be devoted to preparation for economic and political independence and perfection of democratic institutions. But even before the tragic events of World War II , the transition did not run smoothly.
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This paper is an exploratory study of the specialized information centers, referred to as local studies centers, in three regions of the Philippines, namely, Central Luzon, CALABARZON and MIMAROPA. It aims to identify and describe the nature, practices and status of these centers and to explore their innovative and transformative role in the fields of history, culture and heritage studies in the Philippines. It examines the impact of their programs, projects, services, and activities on the study, development and promotion of these three fields. Some of the outstanding features of local studies centers in the Philippines that were identified include: 1) they collect materials pertaining to ethnic groups, and make the materials available and accessible to potential users, mostly in one center; 2) their holdings include library materials, archives and museum artefacts; 3) they conduct research and publish books, relating to history, culture and heritage of the localities they serve and the Philippines. This paper may provide insights for the management (or future establishment) of local studies centers not just in the Philippines, but also in other countries. This paper received the IFLA LIS Student Paper Award 2012.
Special Library Administration, Standardization and Technological Integration
Martin Julius V Perez
Local studies centers are specialized information centers combining a library, an archives and a museum in terms of the range of the collections, and serving one purpose of preservation of knowledge about a certain locality defined in all facets. In the Philippines, these local studies centers were established as early as 1975 and from there, different local studies centers were established. This chapter aims to present an introductory text to the local studies centers in the Philippines. It describes and identifies what a local studies center is based on the structure and characteristics of existing local studies centers in the Philippines, specifically: organization and administration; collection; and services and programs. Further, this chapter intends to present select established local studies centers in the Philippines.
Community-based approach to museum development in Asia and the Pacific for culture and sustainable development
Ana P . Labrador
This is one among ten articles from community-based museums in the Asia Pacific region outlines different approaches made to enhance the role of museums in the service of community development. Their successes and the challenges that are ever present are described in these examples, in addition to the activities of the community-based museums that provide further insight into their development and various management styles that have been applied since their inception. In the Philippines case, the challenges of getting an academic program off the ground, using the framework of community museum development were difficult but not insurmountable. Labrador cites several museums in communities that helped in creating a new concept for museum practice. Any museum studies program would only be relevant using a consultative process from the ground up.
The Journal of History
Erlinda Alburo
Raising awareness of local heritage for its preservation is part of the program of the local governance of Cebu. The town history project of the province has forced local historians to review the natural, tangible and intangible heritage items of their place that they felt should be included in the histories. At the same time, these same heritage icons have been reinvented in response to the tourism thrust of the province. This paper wants mainly to review the representations of the three forms of heritage in the local histories, showing how the original reports in the 1953 Historical Data Papers have been used. A secondary aim is to see how recent developments have influenced such representations.
The SAA Archaeological Record
Stephen Acabado
September 2020 • The SAA Archaeological Record 33 n the Philippines, rapid urbanization has made archaeology a difficult process; many potential excavation sites have been covered with concrete pavements or other aspects of the modern built environment, and even when sites are visible, locals are understandably skeptical of researchers infringing on these spaces. 1 Utilizing indigenous epistemologies within these local ethnic communities would foster positive research and support the maintenance of tradition and heritage. By collaborating with community stakeholders and developing models of support, archaeology can both uncover and help sustain important places of heritage. In this article, we provide case studies from different areas of the Philippines: Rizal, Kalinga, and Camarines Sur, Bicol (Figure 1). Archaeology work in Kalinga Province was revitalized due to important finds pertaining to Philippine hominin ancestry (Ingicco et al. 2018). These recent developments were critical for bringing in new resources to the community so that additional future research could be accessible to and conducted by local stakeholders. Meanwhile in Bicol, recent excavations at colonial Catholic churches facilitated a new partnership between researchers and the Catholic Church. This is reflective of the strongly religious nature of the region, which was subject to a strong Spanish presence in the sixteenth century. The case studies are each reflective of the dynamic histories that have shaped each region, and the many individuals who have risen to the challenge of sustaining their heritage.
Leodinito Cañete
The paper reviews the cooperation agreement in cultural affairs between Cebu Normal University (CNU) and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). In the summers of 2011 and 2012, CNU's College of Teacher Education, as authorized by the CNU Board of Regents, implemented the NCCA-designed two-summer 24-unit post-baccalaureate program which offered foundation and major courses to enhance the participants' understanding of the basic theories, processes and applications of arts, culture, and heritage in the culture-based teaching of the basic education curriculum. It was evident that through this unique program, CNU contributed to ensuring the widest dissemination of artistic and cultural products of the Philippines. The spatial relationship between CNU and NCCA in the governance structure of cultural affairs in the Philippines was a legitimate means of advancing, preserving and developing the culture and the arts of the country through the training of Filipino educators that is responsive to the multicultural needs of the Filipinos to improve their quality of life.
Alon: Journal for Filipinx American and Diasporic Studies
Alana J Bock
Br. Bela Lanyi
This research analyzes the history, statutes, and opportunities of the Cebu Archdiocesan Commission for Cultural Heritage of the Church (CACCHC) to increase its efficiency. As the representative of the Archbishop of Cebu, the Commission carries the responsibility for the quality and quantity of architectural conservation activities of the Archdiocese which are still dominated by amateurish approaches. The Archdiocese is seriously interested in heritage conservation but ignorance and lack of resources create obstacles. This study's main objective is to analyze the reasons of inefficiency and to offer an updated operational model. The results and findings of the study may contribute to the making of an efficient Commission that promotes knowledge on the history of architecture in Cebu and understanding the Filipino cultural identity through a better state of sacred heritage. The study's scope includes objective and subjective factors of the Commission's efficiency and the ...
International Summer Academy Cottbus; Understanding Heritage (ISAC)
What exactly constitutes and how do we define "Filipino identity"? Given the Philippines' rich history -- its precolonial/colonial past up to its current issues -- the question of identity has become the subject of ongoing discussion and debate. This issue is naturally tied up to questions on Philippine Heritage -- what forms our heritage and what is there to protect and conserve? Without a proper understanding of our identity and heritage and the proper analysis and transmission of data related to these concepts, we fail to maximize knowledge that may contribute to the country's economic growth and unite us as a nation. Tuklas Society (Discover) seeks to address this problematique. Tuklas is a group of young enthusiasts aiming for heritage literacy for Filipino children and communities. Using public archaeology to engage people and promote stewardship of cultural resources, we move from an activity-based perspective towards an alternative education approach. This research will discuss the legal aspect of heritage valuation and how it is reflected in the Philippine education system. It will study the limitations of the existing organisation and demonstrate how a combination of design and progressive educational approaches enables an effective and holistic experience in studying Philippine heritage for the proper utilisation of both tangible and intangible resources.
Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints
Renato Lucas
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Museum International
Ana Maria Theresa P . Labrador
Anastazja Harding
Development and Change
Frank Hirtz
Philosophia: International Journal of Philosophy 34/6 (1)
Rolando M Gripaldo
Ferdinand Dela Paz
Iyra Buenrostro , Johann Frederick A Cabbab , #Buenrostro Sibucao#
Czarita Aguja
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Ellen Hsieh
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Edgardo Besmonte
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Robert John P Pastera
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Ikhtiar Anugrah Hidayat
MINDAyawan Journal of Culture and Society
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Chantana Surasawadee
Sarahlyn Cabildo
Lumina Pandit a Continuum
Maria Bernardita M Reyes
Sheree Lyn Lazo
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The Filipino "elites" have a starring role as heroes and villains in Philippine history. So-called "ilustrados" were vanguards of the Propaganda Movement whose writings helped inspire the Philippine Revolution in the late nineteenth... more. View Philippine History Research Papers on Academia.edu for free.
Best US History Research Paper Topics. Discuss the development and importance of photography in art history. The civil rights movement and its achievements. The US Constitution: Its evolution and modern role. Impact of religion on political decisions in America.
25 Good Research Paper Topics for History: 1950-1970. General Eisenhower: Critical Actions of His Presidency. Stalin's Death and its Effect on the Political Landscape. The Team that Conquered Mt. Everest for the First Time. The Conditions of the Military Aid Pact between China and Pakistan.
History Research Paper Topics Philippines. The origins of the name Philippines. Filipino history as a colonial resistance. Christian-Muslim relations in the Philippines. History of the Philippines from different perspectives. The fundamentals of the barrio government system.
History Research Paper Topics Philippines. The fundamentals of the Barrio Government System. The origins of the name the Philippines. Communist Party of the Philippines. Trading with the Chinese. The Consequences of Magellan's murder. US colonization of the Philippines.
his bo ok entitled " The Philippines: A Past Revisited" is what this paper is going to focus on. Constantino wrote this book in hopes to enl ighten Filipino people about the struggles ...
Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints is an internationally refereed journal that publishes scholarly articles and other materials on the history of the Philippines and its peoples, both in the homeland and overseas. It believes the past is illuminated by historians as well as scholars from other disciplines; at the same time, it prefers ethnographic approaches to the ...
Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints is an internationally refereed journal that publishes scholarly articles and other materials on the history of the Philippines and its peoples, both in the homeland and overseas. It believes the past is illuminated by historians as well as scholars from other disciplines; at the same time, it prefers ethnographic approaches to the ...
Starting from a research project initially focused on the Spanish-colonial Philippines, editors Eberhard Crailsheim, Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellow at the Institute of History, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), in Madrid, Spain, and María Dolores Elizalde, a CSIC researcher as well, expand the focus of security studies ...
No country has a longer and more varied imperial history than the Philippines. Spain laid claim to the archipelago in 1521; independence came in 1946. In the intervening centuries, the country was ruled successively by Spain, the United States, and, briefly, Japan. The British, too, were never far from the scene.
Get Access. Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints is an internationally refereed journal that publishes scholarly articles and other materials on the history of the Philippines and its peoples, both in the homeland and overseas. It believes the past is illuminated by historians as well as scholars from other disciplines; at ...
Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints is an internationally refereed journal that publishes scholarly articles and other materials on the history of the Philippines and its peoples, both in the homeland and overseas.. It believes the past is illuminated by historians as well as scholars from other disciplines; at the same time, it prefers ethnographic approaches to the ...
Dive into the world of historical scholarship with our comprehensive guide to the best history research paper topics.Primarily designed for students tasked with writing history research papers, this guide presents a curated list of 100 exceptional topics, divided into 10 distinct categories, each with a unique historical focus.
Calanno, Jason N. Readings in Philippine History. BSBA-MM 3- 1D. Introduction. Centuries have pass since Philippines were colonized by the Spaniards. An event. which without a doubt, made a huge ...
Frequently Asked Research Topics Toggle Dropdown. Architecture ; Literature ; Martial Arts ... Nrman G. Trends and Directions of Research on Philippine History, an Informal Essay. Place of publication not identified: Publisher not identified, 1975. ... MAOHONG, B. (2012). On Studies of the History of the Philippines in China. Philippine Studies ...
history of the Philippines, a survey of notable events and people in the history of the Philippines. The Philippines takes its name from Philip II, who was king of Spain during the Spanish colonization of the islands in the 16th century. Because it was under Spanish rule for 333 years and under U.S. tutelage for a further 48 years, the ...
INDEX. Download. XML. Unlike other conventional histories, the unifying thread of A History of the Philippines is the struggle of the peoples themselves against various forms of opp...
Mariel R. Templanza graduated from the School of Library and Information Studies of the University of the Philippines Diliman (UP Diliman) (Quezon City, Philippines) with a Latin Honors. With the course Bachelor of Library and Information Science, she took up subjects on the archive track and finished her thesis with focus on the local studies centers and cultural heritage of Mangyans and the ...
Foronda (1972) noted that interest in research and writing of local history increased after World War II and this apparently was due to the resurgence of nationalism among Filipinos. Prior to that, the history of the Philippines and bibliographies of Filipiniana materials were written mostly by foreigners.
Philippine History Research Paper Topics - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The document discusses the challenges of writing a thesis on Philippine history. It notes that selecting a unique topic, conducting extensive research, and synthesizing information into a coherent narrative while maintaining academic integrity can be immensely challenging.
This historiography essay will look at the history of the discipline of history in the Philippines, discussing the nature, characteristics and trends in historical writing, especially from the period in the 19th century when educated Filipinos, referred to as ilustrados, studied and wrote about their history, society, and culture. The
Flannery, K. P. (2013). Loyalty, disobedience, and the myth of the Black Legend in the Philippines during the Seven Years War. (Masters Thesis).
This essay was originally written by Yoshiko Nagano in 2004 in Japanese as a commentary to a book where Japanese translation of eight essays by three Filipino historians, Reynaldo C. Ileto, Vicente L. Rafael and Floro C. Quibuyen - originally written in English - are compiled.