Legal inssue and challenges
Right of transgender--India
Sex and Gender
Sexual abuse victims
Social Sciences
Social Sciences General
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Gayathri kumar.
1 Research Fellow, Trichy SRM Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India
2 Associate Professor, Trichy SRM Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India
3 Professor, Trichy SRM Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India
4 Associate Professor, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India
5 Assistant Professors, Trichy SRM Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India
Background:.
Transgender people experience widespread prejudice discrimination, violence and other harms of stigma and trans-phobia (dislike of or prejudice against trans-sexual or transgender people). To study various modes in which transgenders experience the stigma and discrimination and to understand situations and circumstances under which they are vulnerable toward stigma and discrimination.
The present study was a mixed-method study which was conducted during the months of January to June 2019 among 43 study participants. Focus group discussion and in-depth interview was conducted with these participants with subsequent transcription. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used for analysis.
Transgenders face discrimination and stigma in various setting including education, employment, healthcare, and various public setting. Difficulties in getting government identity cards (ID), facing difficulties in changing ID cards after transition, discrimination in getting bank loan, homelessness, travelling rejections were considered as major obstacles and discrimination by the study participants.
Multilevel interventions are needed for transgender populations, including legal protections, improvement of various settings. Inclusive measures should be taken to improve their status focusing on social stigma coupled with psychological pain and economic hardship.
The third gender, that is, “Transgender” signifies those individuals who are different in their biological constructions. They are different for the stereotype gender roles. Their gender makes them different and compelled to face discrimination in society. According to the definition, transgender, often shortened as trans, is an umbrella term; in addition to including people whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned sex (trans men and trans women), it may also include people who are non-binary or genderqueer.[ 1 ] Despite of all the constitutional rights, they are denied to have their basic rights like Right to Personal Liberty, Freedom of Expression, and Right to Education, Empowerment, and Right against discrimination, exploitation and violence etc.[ 2 ] The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (UTS) is the largest survey examining the experiences of transgender people in the United States, with 27,715 respondents from all 50 states, provides a detailed look at the experiences of transgender people.[ 3 ] There is a pervasive pattern of discrimination and prejudice against transgendered people within society. Both economic discrimination and experiencing violence could be the result of a larger social climate that severely sanctions people for not conforming to society’s norms concerning gender; as such, both would be strongly associated with each other. Most of the studies have relied on fairly limited measures of discrimination, focusing primarily on workplace discrimination[ 4 ] not exploring in detail on the overall discrimination and stigma faced. We are exploring the importance of the measures to reduce discrimination, stigma and violence in various settings including education, employment, healthcare, and public settings which has not been explored in detail in India in the past. This research explores the lived realities of transgenders who enter the Hijra community and the various forms of social exclusion that these individuals face.
To explore various modes in which transgenders experience the stigma and discrimination and to understand situations and circumstances under which they are vulnerable toward stigma and discrimination.
The present study was a qualitative study done in Chennai city focusing mainly on the in depth interview. A total of 8 focus group discussions and 14 in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted along with free listing and pile sorting. The study was conducted during the months of January to June 2019 among 43 study participants (Transgender of all age groups).Exclusion criteria being cisgenders, lesbians, gays, bisexuals, non-consenting transgender.They were recruited using a non-probability snowball sampling technique. The study participants were interviewed at the location and at the time of their convenience and after obtaining written informed consent. Institutional ethics committee clearance was obtained before start of study.
To explore various modes in which transgenders experience the stigma and discrimination and to understand situations and circumstances under which they are vulnerable toward stigma and discrimination investigators conducted a total eight focus group discussions and 14 in-depth Interview (IDI). Also, free listing and pile sorting were used to collect relevant qualitative data.
The following steps were done for Focussed Group Discussion (FGD):
Topic guide and interview schedule for the FGD and IDI
The analysis of FGDs was done through a conventional content analysis approach. Data were analyzed and managed simultaneously by sketching ideas, taking field notes, summarizing field notes, identifying codes, reducing codes into themes in Microsoft Excel, and finally developing categories. Smith’s salience score was calculated and the reasons with higher Smith’s S values were pile sorted. Smith’s S value refers to the importance, representativeness, or prominence of items to individuals or to the group. The analysis of free list and pile sort data was done using Anthropac software.
Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was also used for this research as it involves sensitive psychological issues.
A total of 43 participants throughout Chennai city participated in the study through 8 FGD (8–10 participants in each FGD), 14 IDI, free listing, and pile sorting. The majority of the participants are from the age group 35–45 (48.5%), followed by 25–35 (41.1%). The majority belonged to Hindu religion (61.7%) and more than half of them had primary level of education (51.4%). Majority of the women were involved in begging whereas there was one professional who is not working. To explore about the various discrimination and stigma faced, the free listing exercise was done [ Table 1 ].
Perceived discrimination and stigma among transgender population
Participant | Perceived factors | Group |
---|---|---|
1 | School dropout | Education |
4 | Bullying | |
13 | Lack family support | |
11 | No job opportunities | |
6 | Workplace harassment | Employment |
2 | Healthcare negligence | Healthcare |
19 | Homelessness | |
10 | Travelling rejection | |
3 | Difficulty in access to public toilets | Public setting |
5 | ID card issues | |
7 | Challenges in taking loan | |
8 | Abuse and safety issues |
A multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were done with pile sort data to get a collective picture of discrimination and sigma faced by transgenders. Results were categorized as: “school dropout’, physical bullying”, “lack of family support”, “lack of job opportunities”, “ harassment in work place”, “ negligence in healthcare setting”, “homelessness”, “travelling rejections”, “difficulty in accessing public toilet”, “ difficulties in getting ID cards”, “ challenges in taking loans”.
A total of 8 FGDs were conducted to explore more about the situations and circumstances under which they are vulnerable toward stigma and discrimination. Totally 43 people participated and each FGD had 8–10 participants. The results of the FGD are reported according to the themes in [ Table 2 ]. Main themes and categories discussed in FGD.
Response for circumstances under which transgender population face discrimination: Each domain discussed in FGD
Circumstances | Domains | Response |
---|---|---|
Educational setting | Transition period in school life | Abuse from co-students and imitation, school dropout due to lack of family support |
Employment/workplace | Job opportunities, harassment | Lack of job opportunities, increased work load, sexual harassment in workplace |
Healthcare field | Emergency care, for surgery | Need more empathy, negligence/ignorance, no help for surgery, various health issues |
Public setting | Accommodation, travel related, access to public toilet | Homelessness, verbal abuse and safety issues during travel, rejection to use public toilet are the major issues |
Other issues | ID cards, bank loans, no acceptance, crime against transgender, legal protection | Difficulty in getting/changing ID cards, no acceptance from family members and general public, increasing crime against them, lack of awareness on the legal rights and protection |
A total of 14 depth interviews were conducted until the point of saturation. The themes that emerged from the IDIs are presented below as headings and supported by quotes from the participants. Each quote is accompanied by the occupation and age of the participant in parentheses [ Table 3 ].
Themes and verbatim obtained from in depth interview:
Theme | Finding | Response |
---|---|---|
Discrimination in school life | When asked about specific discrimination in school, respondent reveals as follows | “…………I cannot describe in words how much discrimination we face during school life (clears throat), it was really hard to explain the physical changes to co students and also to family members” (shop owner, aged 34 years) “……….our co students literally tease us, not allow to study peacefully. They imitate us & ultimately, we drop out with no support” ( begging, aged 25 years) |
Workplace harassment | Employment related issues were probed | “…….first of all, no one gives us job….lot of comments about physical changes and we face lot of sexual abuse (cries)….…” (private job, aged 30 years) “……….our work load is always high when compared to others and we are underpaid….people think , begging is our only job…….We need more peer support & earning opportunities” ( professional, aged 36 years) |
Issues in healthcare setting | When asked about circumstances of discrimination in hospital facility, response was as follows | “……negligence and ignorance when we seek healthcare for our issues is common and there is also lot of stigma” ( industrial workers, aged 43 years) “………no one is ready to help me for surgery related issues & it’s very expensive they say……and we have lot of unrevealed health issues” ( private job, aged 29 years) |
Public place related and other issues | Discrimination in various setting was asked | “ no one gives us home and we face lot of disrespect…….people fear of travelling with us, I faced tremendous difficulty in getting loans/ID cards, we really need strong law…….(said angrily)” ( owns business, aged 45 years) “……We are often mobilized for sex work which often most of the time against our wish….” (Sex workers, aged 34 years) “…….I don’t know much about safe sex practice which ultimately elevate our vulnerability to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections….” (Begging, aged 44 years) |
In the present study, transgenders admit that they face discrimination and stigma in various setting including education, employment, healthcare, and various public settings. Also difficulties in getting government identity cards (ID), facing difficulties in changing ID cards after transition, discrimination in getting bank loan, homelessness, travelling rejections were considered as major obstacles and discrimination by the study participants. Perceived violence and stigma among our study participants are comparable to the other study findings from various setting.[ 5 , 6 , 7 ]
During the study one of the study participants discussed that they need more peer support and opportunities to earn which is similar to the findings from the study conducted in Mumbai city.[ 8 ] Issues faced by our study participants in various settings are compared to the study results of Indian research where lack of family support leading to various psychosocial consequences are highlighted.[ 9 ] Our study participants admit that they face discrimination in accessing healthcare which is also highlighted in another research article from India[ 10 ] where socio-economic barriers, lack of health insurance, exclusion from social protection schemes, and health systems barriers are addressed.
One of the major strength of our study is we included transgender population from various sectors covering most of the occupations. There are also limitations of the study where coping strategies for the various discrimination and stigma is not explored to greater extent. Also social desirability bias when reporting sensitive information, and some nuances may have been overlooked in translating interviews.
As evident from the qualitative analysis, transgender individuals have specific healthcare and social needs; however, they face multiple obstacles to accessing quality healthcare ranging from social stigma and discrimination to lack of awareness and inferior services. Community mobilization interventions offer a promising vulnerability reduction strategy for transgenders, and could be effective in safeguarding transgender rights and reducing disease vulnerability. Strengthening legal protection, inclusive measures along with multilevel interventions to address transgender issues is needed.
Since not much research especially qualitative studies have been done among transgenders from various sectors, this article will definitely contribute for their welfare measures. Challenges and obstacles faced in various settings have been explored in detail. There is an imperative need for enhancing interventions along with legal measures to address specific issues.
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Conflicts of interest.
There are no conflicts of interest.
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Indian adults nearly universally say it is important for women to have the same rights as men, including eight-in-ten who say this is very important. At the same time, however, there are circumstances when Indians feel men should receive preferential treatment: 80% agree with the idea that “when there are few jobs, men should have more rights to a job than women,” according to a new Pew Research Center report .
The report, based on a face-to-face survey of 29,999 Indian adults fielded between late 2019 and early 2020, before the COVID-19 pandemic , looks at how Indians view gender roles at home and in society more generally. The survey, which was also the basis for a 2021 report on religion in India , was conducted by local interviewers in 17 languages and covered nearly all of India’s states and union territories.
Here are key findings from the report.
Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to find out how Indians view gender roles in families and society. It is based on the March 2022 report “ How Indians View Gender Roles in Families and Society ,” and is part of the Center’s most comprehensive, in-depth exploration of Indian public opinion to date. For this report, we surveyed 29,999 Indian adults ages 18 and older living in 26 Indian states and three union territories. The sample included interviews with 22,975 Hindus, 3,336 Muslims, 1,782 Sikhs, 1,011 Christians, 719 Buddhists, 109 Jains and 67 respondents who belong to another religion or are religiously unaffiliated. Many findings from the survey in India were previously published in “ Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation ,” which looked in detail at religious and national identity, religious beliefs and practices, and attitudes among religious communities. The survey also included several questions on gender roles in Indian society, but these questions were not analyzed in the previous report and are now being published for the first time. Interviews for this nationally representative survey were conducted face-to-face in 17 languages from Nov. 17, 2019, to March 23, 2020.
Respondents were selected using a probability-based sample design that would allow for robust analysis of all major religious groups in India, as well as all major regional zones. Data was weighted to account for the different probabilities of selection among respondents, and to align with demographic benchmarks for the Indian adult population from the 2011 census.
Here are the questions used in this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .
International survey data referenced in this analysis can be found at the following links: 2019 Global Attitudes Survey , 2015 Global Attitudes Survey , Central and Eastern Europe , Latin America . Each survey’s methodology can also be found via these links.
Indians broadly accept women as political leaders. India has a long history of women holding political power, from the 1966 election of Indira Gandhi , one of the world’s first woman prime ministers, to other well-known figures, such as Jayalalitha , Mamata Banerjee and Sushma Swaraj .
The survey results reflect this comfort with women in politics. Most adults say that women and men make equally good political leaders (55%) or that women generally make better leaders than men (14%). Only a quarter of Indian adults take the position that men tend to make better political leaders than women.
While most Indians say that men and women should share some family responsibilities, many still support traditional gender roles. For instance, 62% of adults say both men and women should be responsible for taking care of children, while roughly a third of adults (34%) feel that child care should be handled primarily by women. Similarly, a slim majority (54%) say that both men and women in families should be responsible for earning money, yet many Indians (43%) see this as mainly the obligation of men.
Meanwhile, nearly nine-in-ten Indians (87%) completely or mostly agree with the notion that “a wife must always obey her husband.” This includes a majority of Indians (64%) who completely agree with this sentiment. Women are only modestly less likely than men to say that wives should obey their husbands in all situations, and most Indian women express total agreement with this sentiment (61% vs. 67% among men). (Throughout this report, differences in opinion between men and women are modest. In other words, Indian women typically are not much more likely than Indian men to express egalitarian views on gender roles.)
An overwhelming majority of Indian adults say it is very important for families to have both sons and daughters, and a substantial share are accepting of sex-selective abortion. Indians are united in the view that it is very important for a family to have at least one son (94%) and, separately, a daughter (90%). Historically in Indian society, though, families have tended to place higher value on their sons than their daughters, a custom broadly referred to as “ son preference .” One enduring manifestation of son preference has been the illegal practice of sex-selective abortions – using ultrasound or other tests to learn the sex of a fetus and terminating the pregnancy if the fetus is female.
The survey finds that four-in-ten Indians say it is either “completely acceptable” or “somewhat acceptable” to “get a checkup using modern methods to balance the number of girls and boys in the family,” a euphemism that connotes sex-selective abortion. In contrast, roughly half of adults (53%) say that this practice is either somewhat or completely unacceptable .
Most Indians (63%) say sons should be primarily responsible for parents’ last rites or burial rituals, although attitudes differ significantly across religious groups. Religious funeral practices for loved ones are widely seen as very important in India, and at least according to Hindu tradition , sons must perform last rites for a parent to ensure freedom for the soul in the afterlife.
Most Muslims (74%), Jains (67%) and Hindus (63%) say sons should be primarily responsible for funeral rituals, but far fewer Sikhs (29%), Christians (44%) and Buddhists (46%) expect this from sons. (Muslims and Christians were asked about “burial rituals,” while all other respondents were asked about “last rites.”) Instead, Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists are more likely to say that both sons and daughters should be responsible for their parents’ last rites. Very few Indians, regardless of religion, say daughters should be primarily responsible for funeral rituals.
Muslims are more likely than other Indians to support traditional gender roles in families, while Sikhs are often the least likely community to hold such views. For example, while most Indian Muslims (61%) say that men in a family should be primarily responsible for earning money, just 17% of Sikhs say this. And Muslims are more than twice as likely as Sikhs to assign sons the primary responsibility of caring for aging parents (43% vs. 17%).
Indians favor teaching boys to respect women as a way to improve women’s safety. As described in a previous Pew Research Center report , roughly three-quarters of Indian adults (76%) say violence against women is a “very big problem” in their country. Police cases registered as “crimes against women” nearly doubled between 2010 and 2019 , and rapes and murders of women have led to massive protests across India . The survey asked respondents which of two options is more important to improve the safety of women in their community: teaching boys to respect all women or teaching girls to behave appropriately.
About half of Indians (51%) say it is more important to teach boys to respect all women, while roughly a quarter (26%) say it is more important to teach girls to behave appropriately. An additional quarter of Indian adults don’t take a clear position between those two options, instead voicing that some combination of the two approaches is necessary, that improved law and order through policing will improve the situation, or that women are already safe.
Compared with people in other countries around the world, Indians have relatively traditional views on gender roles. Although Indian adults are roughly in line with the global median in their support for equal rights for women, by two other measures the Indian public appears much more conservative, according to a series of other surveys conducted by the Center in recent years.
Only one out of 61 countries surveyed has a higher share of adults than in India who agree completely with the notion that men should have greater rights to a job than women when jobs are scarce. And just two out of 34 countries surveyed exceed India in the shares who say a marriage is more satisfying if the husband provides for the family and the wife takes care of the house and children. On this question, the percentage of Indians who take this view (40%) is well above the global median (23%).
Note: Here are the questions used in this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .
Jonathan Evans is a senior researcher focusing on religion research at Pew Research Center .
4 facts about religion and diversity in taiwan, across asia, respect for elders is seen as necessary to be ‘truly’ buddhist, religion and spirituality in east asian societies, how people in south and southeast asia view religious diversity and pluralism, most popular.
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ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .
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Vellore Institute of Technology
Transgender victimogenesis in India is a complex subject due to multitudinous perspectives on gender identity. Significant means of conflict of norms on transgender identity often led to exposure to various forms of discrimination, violence, and abuse. From family to society, a large number of people share a substantial percentage of making them vulnerable to becoming victims of crime. This paper examines various factors that cause victimization and the victim's proneness towards the transgender community, it includes analyzing Social and institutional discrimination and Exclusion factors, which adversely affect every transgender personal and social life, resulting in lifelong victimization. To protect transgender rights from multiple crimes, it is essential to understand transgender victimization from multiple perspectives.
Keywords: victimogenesis, transgender, victimization
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
Department of Physics School of Advanced Sciences Chennai, TN 600127 India
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In this chapter, Ewing and Taylor examine how individuals in India negotiate contradictory and politicized possibilities for narrating the ambivalently gendered self. Ewing and Taylor focus on members of the Bengali middle class ( bhadralok ) who have gone through sex reassignment surgery to transition from the status of “man” to “woman.” They examine tensions among three different ways of understanding gender and its relationship to the self: the concepts of transsexual/transgender, the third gender, and gender fluidity. They focus on middle-class transitions because the bhadralo k were shaped by colonial ideologies of power and gender. Today middle-class transsexuals must negotiate a transnational medical discourse that generates a rationale for SRS in terms of a rigid gender binary, which is in tension with Hindu traditions of gender fluidity.
We would like to thank participants in the Lemelson/SPA Conference “Culture and Political Subjectivities” at Columbia University for their insightful comments on an earlier version of this essay, especially Murphy Halliburton, who served as discussant, Jack Friedman, and Claudia Strauss.
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Department of Religion, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Katherine Pratt Ewing
Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA
Baishakhi Banerjee Taylor
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Claudia Strauss
Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Jack R. Friedman
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Ewing, K.P., Taylor, B.B. (2018). The Ungendered Self: Sex Reassignment, the Third Gender, and Gender Fluidity in India. In: Strauss, C., Friedman, J. (eds) Political Sentiments and Social Movements. Culture, Mind, and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72341-9_7
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72341-9_7
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1. Introduction. The passage of the Yogyakarta plus 10 principles 1 institutionalized the inclusion of non-binary gender identities such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ+) persons in the discussions of human rights (Grinspan et al. 2017).Since then, a rapidly growing body of research and activism at regional, national, and international levels indicated that ...
Many incidents go unreported due to fear of retribution or lack of legal recognition. "Around 80% of transgender people in India are either engaged in sex work or begging, and a large number of ...
However, in contemporary India, the gender nonconformity of transgenders makes them marginalized in terms of lack of a gender recognition, sexual expression, employment, decent housing, subsidized health care services, and as well as the risk of violence and various forms of transgressions they suffer. Therefore, in India, the hijras represent ...
1, for the first time provided three codes i.e. Male-1, Female -2, and Others -3 for enumeration. Although the process had its own limitations, the Census (2011) recorded 4,87. her' than male or female.Measures for Protection and Welfare of the Transgender Persons in IndiaTransgender persons have faced several issues of discrimination ...
Abstract This essay is a set of reflections arising out of prolonged conversations in which we compared notes on our respective experiences as activist (Raina) and ethnographer (Aniruddha) ... Transgender India, activist groups like the Association of Transgender/Hijra in Bengal, and films on "male-to-female transgender people" like Rupantar
The progress of transgender rights in India has seen significant strides with milestones such as the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) judgment and the enactment of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act in 2019. The NALSA judgment recognized the right of transgender individuals to self-identify their gender.
transgender is 4,87,803 and the state-wise distribution of transgender in India Is shown in the figure, with UP having most of the transgender population 1,37,465 and Lakshadweep having only 2 transgender. Figure 7.4.2. shows the Literacy rate of transgender according to the census 2011,
This article investigates the impact of COVID-19 on the health and lived experiences of the transgender community in India. In particular, the study analyses how COVID-19 affects the lives of the transgender community in terms of their interaction with the government policymaking and identity negotiation, livelihoods, access to health resources, availability of gender transition services and ...
The prominent transgender activist Laxmi Narayan Tripathi initially brought the suit in 2012 seeking equal rights. She said the decision was hard-won in this traditionally conservative country.
This essay is a set of reflections arising out of prolonged conversations in which we compared notes on our respective experiences as activist (Raina) and ethnographer (Aniruddha) working among, and to different extents belonging to, gender/sexually marginalized communities in eastern India. As we shall argue, the attempted universalization of ...
The article explores the trajectory of transgender rights in India, through an analysis of case law prior to and post the landmark NALSA decision, to understand how the approach to transgender rights and identities has been shaped by and shapes, in turn, normative conceptions of gender. The article argues for the incorporation of temporal pluralism into the law that would allow courts to hear ...
Studies described varying levels of family acceptance and its impact for LGBTQIA+ individuals. 66, 69 A number of lesbians, bisexual women, and trans individuals pan India reported that their experiences with family were full of violence, sexual abuse, neglect, discrimination, and that the extended family also exerted control and was complicit ...
In India, transgender persons were recognised as the 'third gender' in 2014. The third gender population of India is marginalised to a great extent in every sector. Often, transgender persons have been the subjects of sociology, psychology, and health issues. There was a dearth of data regarding their major health problems including bone ...
Explained: Major Challenges Faced By Transgenders in India Transgender is the term used for people whose gender identity or gender expression does not conform to the sex that they were assigned to at birth. Sex and gender differ from each other. Divine D Updated: Jun 25, 2023, 12:14 IST.
Right of transgender--India Sex and Gender Sexual abuse victims Social Sciences Social Sciences General: University: Banaras Hindu University: Completed Date: 2021: Abstract: True concerns about sex and gender were a feature of the present century in newlinepromoting egalitarian participants in the society. Gender is a complex social construct ...
Despite of all the constitutional rights, they are denied to have their basic rights like Right to Personal Liberty, Freedom of Expression, and Right to Education, Empowerment, and Right against discrimination, exploitation and violence etc. The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (UTS) is the largest survey examining the experiences of transgender ...
Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to find out how Indians view gender roles in families and society. It is based on the March 2022 report "How Indians View Gender Roles in Families and Society," and is part of the Center's most comprehensive, in-depth exploration of Indian public opinion to date.For this report, we surveyed 29,999 Indian adults ages 18 and older living in 26 ...
Transgender victimogenesis in India is a complex subject due to multitudinous perspectives on gender identity. Significant means of conflict of norms on transgender identity often led to exposure to various forms of discrimination, violence, and abuse. From family to society, a large number of people share a substantial percentage of making ...
Abstract. In this chapter, Ewing and Taylor examine how individuals in India negotiate contradictory and politicized possibilities for narrating the ambivalently gendered self. Ewing and Taylor focus on members of the Bengali middle class (bhadralok) who have gone through sex reassignment surgery to transition from the status of "man" to ...
A steady increase in female voter participation has been observed across India, wherein the sex ratio of voters (number of female voters vis-à-vis male) has increased from 715 in the 1960s to 883 ...
o inherit ancestral agricultural land. Transgender welfare board may be established as mandated under the Section 10 (1) of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020, framed for implementing the Transgender P. sons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. The concerned Ministry should ensure the timely releas.
essays for this volume and Dr. Shamika Ravi, Research Director at Brookings India, took upon the mantle of editing and weaving them together. The compendium seeks to provide a lens to view gender ...