essay on monsoon in india for class 9

Essay on Monsoon in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Monsoon in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Monsoon in India

Introduction.

Monsoon in India is an annual phenomenon that greatly influences the country’s climate. It arrives around June and lasts until September.

Significance of Monsoon

The monsoon is crucial for India’s agriculture. It provides the necessary water for crop growth, helping farmers produce food for the nation.

Monsoon’s Impact

Monsoon also impacts the economy, as a good monsoon season boosts agricultural output, leading to economic growth. However, heavy rainfall can cause floods.

Despite challenges, the monsoon is eagerly awaited in India. It brings life, prosperity, and a break from the summer heat.

250 Words Essay on Monsoon in India

Monsoon, derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’ meaning season, plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic fabric of India. The monsoon season, characterized by heavy rainfall due to the southwest summer monsoons, typically spans from June to September, profoundly impacting agriculture, economy, and culture.

Monsoon is the lifeblood of India’s agrarian economy, influencing crop production, thereby determining the economic health of the country. The rain-fed paddy fields of West Bengal, the tea gardens of Assam, and the spice plantations of Kerala owe their bounty to the monsoon rains. The monsoon also replenishes reservoirs and groundwater, ensuring water security.

Monsoon and Culture

The monsoon has deeply permeated India’s cultural ethos. It’s celebrated in literature, music, dance, and festivals. The joyous festival of ‘Teej’ in Rajasthan or ‘Onam’ in Kerala, are intrinsically linked to the monsoon season.

Monsoon Variability and Climate Change

However, the monsoon’s capricious nature can wreak havoc, causing floods or droughts. Climate change exacerbates this variability, threatening food security and livelihoods. It necessitates the development of robust climate models and adaptation strategies to mitigate these risks.

In conclusion, the monsoon in India is not merely a meteorological phenomenon but a vital cog in the country’s economy and culture. Understanding its patterns and impacts is crucial, especially in the face of climate change. The monsoon, with its rhythmic ebb and flow, continues to shape the destiny of India.

500 Words Essay on Monsoon in India

Monsoon in India is a season of great significance, marking a period of rejuvenation for the country’s flora and fauna, agriculture, and economy. The Indian subcontinent, due to its geographical positioning and topography, experiences a unique monsoonal climate, characterized by a dramatic shift in wind patterns and rainfall.

The Phenomenon of Monsoon

The term ‘Monsoon’ is derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’, which translates to ‘season’. Essentially, it refers to a system of alternate wind circulation patterns, which change direction according to the seasons. During summers, a low-pressure area develops over the Indian subcontinent due to intense heating. This draws moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean, resulting in heavy rainfall across the country. Conversely, in winters, a high-pressure area develops over Central Asia, causing dry, cold winds to flow towards the Indian Ocean.

The Indian monsoon is a lifeline for the economy, particularly for the agricultural sector. Over 58% of India’s population relies on agriculture, which in turn is heavily dependent on the monsoon rains. The monsoon not only determines the yield of crops but also influences the prices of essential commodities, thereby impacting the country’s inflation and economic growth.

Beyond agriculture, the monsoon also replenishes reservoirs and groundwater levels, ensuring a year-round water supply for domestic and industrial use. Moreover, the monsoon season is crucial for maintaining the country’s rich biodiversity. Many species of animals and plants are adapted to the monsoon cycle, and their survival hinges on timely and adequate rainfall.

The monsoon has deeply influenced India’s cultural fabric. It has been celebrated in literature, music, dance, and festivals since ancient times. The arrival of monsoon is associated with joy and prosperity, symbolized by celebrations like Teej and Onam. Indian music and dance forms like Kathak and Bharatanatyam have specific ‘raagas’ and ‘mudras’ dedicated to the monsoon.

Challenges of Monsoon

Despite its significance, the Indian monsoon also poses serious challenges. Unpredictable rainfall patterns can lead to droughts or floods, causing immense damage to life and property. Climate change is exacerbating these challenges, making monsoon patterns increasingly erratic and unpredictable.

In conclusion, the monsoon in India is a complex phenomenon with far-reaching implications. It is a season of rejuvenation and celebration, yet it also brings with it challenges that need to be managed effectively. As climate change continues to alter monsoon patterns, it is imperative for India to invest in robust climate-resilient strategies to safeguard its economy, ecology, and cultural heritage.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Geography Notes

Monsoons: introduction, features and failure | essay | winds | geography.

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Here is an essay on ‘Monsoons’ for class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Monsoons’ especially written for school students.

Essay on Monsoons

Essay Contents:

• Essay on the Failure of Monsoons

Essay # 1. Introduction to Monsoons:

India’s climate is dominated by monsoons. Monsoons are strong, often violent winds that change direction with the season. Monsoon winds blow from cold to warm regions because cold air takes up more space than warm air. Monsoons blow from land toward sea in winter and from sea toward land in summer.

India’s winters are hot and dry. Monsoon winds blow from northeast and carry little moisture. Temperature is high because the Himalayas form a barrier that prevents cold air from passing onto the subcontinent.

Summer monsoons roar onto the subcontinent from southwest. The winds carry moisture from Indian Ocean and bring heavy rains from June to September. The torrential rainstorms often cause violent landslides. Despite the potential for destruction, summer monsoons are welcomed in India.

Monsoons may be considered as large scale sea breezes, due to seasonal heating and the resulting development of a thermal low over a continental landmass. Air over land warms faster and reaches a higher temperature than air over ocean. Hot air over land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. This creates a steady wind blowing toward land, bringing moist near- surface air over oceans with it.

Similar rainfall is caused by moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft or from storm- produced outflows at the surface. However, as lifting occurs, air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces condensation.

In winter, land cools off quickly, but ocean retains heat longer. Cold air over land creates a high pressure area which produces a breeze from land to ocean. Monsoons are similar to sea and land breezes, a term usually referring to localised, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines, but they are much larger in scale, stronger and seasonal.

Essay # 2. Significant Features of Monsoon :

Four significant features of monsoon are:

a. Date of onset.

b. Periods of active monsoon.

c. Breaks in monsoon.

d. Date of withdrawal.

a. Onset of Monsoon :

Monsoon rainy season begins earliest in south China towards early May. Over the Indian main continent, the monsoon sets either by the end of May or early-June along Malabar Coast (over Andaman and Nicobar islands it sets in by mid-May). Normal monsoon onset date over India is first June.

The onset is associated with heavy rains over Kerala and coastal Karnataka. It then spreads to Peninsular region and slowly to southwestern and southeastern parts of India by 10 June. Monsoon onset over rest of the central and northwest India is gradual and enters western Rajasthan by first July and Kashmir by 15 July.

Though the data of onset of monsoon is quite regular occurring around first June, there are occasions when not only the onset over Kerala coast is delayed but also the movement of monsoon across the country is sluggish. Under such weak monsoon conditions, delay in onset may be of few days or more than a week over Kerala while its delay may be around a month over arid parts of western Rajasthan.

b. Periods of Active Monsoon:

The monsoon current is pulsatory in nature and advance into different areas in two or three stages. In the first stage, rains cover west coast up to Konkan and Peninsular India and northeast region. This stage is accomplished in about 10 days after the onset of monsoon over Kerala coast.

However, if the monsoon current is weak, this movement is slowed down or initiates late as a result of which the onset over peninsular region can be delayed by a few days. The second stage usually follows after a gap of 7 days with rains advancing into Gangetic valley up to Uttar Pradesh and into Gujarat.

Again after a gap of about 7 days, rains further advance westwards and northwards. By the time the entire country is covered, the monsoon trough takes its normal position, with the trough extending from Ganganagar region in Rajasthan to northern part of Bay of Bengal. The active monsoon period is only from July to September. However, cyclonic- storms are frequent from October to December.

c. Break Monsoon Conditions :

Break conditions prevail in monsoon rainfall when the monsoon trough moves northwards to the foothills of Himalayas. During such periods, rainfall is limited to northeastern region of Assam and adjoining regions, while the rest of the country goes dry. Even in such occasions, some rainfall is recorded along west coast under the influence of waves in the easterlies at mid-level.

The northeast monsoon provides rainfall mainly to Peninsular India during October-December. Most of Tamil Nadu shielded by Western Ghats from southwest monsoon rains depends on northeast monsoon rains for its agriculture. There is no clear-cut distinction between withdrawal of southwest monsoon and onset of northeast monsoon.

d. Withdrawal of Monsoon :

Monsoon begins to withdraw from extreme arid areas of western Rajasthan by first September and in general, from northern India around mid-September. Withdrawal phase extends rapidly over western India up to west Uttar Pradesh, west Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat by first October.

Withdrawal phase is slow to the east of 80°E over Gangetic valley, northeastern India, eastern Madhya Pradesh, Vidharbha and adjoining Maharashtra and interior Peninsular India. By the end of October, it withdraws to south of 15°N. The northeast monsoon becomes active over peninsular region by October and northeast monsoon rains merge with withdrawal of southwest monsoon along coastal Andhra Pradesh.

During October-November, occasional low pressure systems form in the Bay of Bengal and at times intensify into cyclonic storms and lash coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The monsoon finally withdraws from Indian Peninsula by 15 December. Thus, the total duration of monsoon activity across the country varies from 122 days over Kerala coast, while over extreme parts of western Rajasthan, the duration is as low as 45 days.

Essay # 3. Southwest Monsoon :

Southwest monsoon occur from June through September. Thar Desert and adjoining areas of northern and central Indian subcontinent heats up considerably during hot summer. This causes a low pressure area over northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, moisture laden winds from Indian Ocean rush in to the subcontinent.

These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards Himalayas, creating winds blowing storm clouds towards the subcontinent. Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into Central Asia, thus forcing them to rise. With the gain in altitude of the clouds, temperature drops and precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10.000 mm (390 in) of rain (Fig. 2.10).

Southwest monsoon is, generally, expected to begin around start of June and fade down by the end of September or mid-October. Moisture laden winds on reaching southernmost point of Indian Peninsula, due to its topology, become divided into two parts- the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch.

Arabian Sea Branch of southwest monsoon first hits the Western Ghats of coastal state of Kerala, India, thus making it as the first state in India to receive rain from southwest monsoon. This branch of monsoon moves northwards along Western Ghats with precipitation on coastal areas, west of Western Ghats. Eastern areas of Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross Western Ghats.

Bay of Bengal Branch of southwest monsoon flows over Bay of Bengal heading towards northeast India and Bengal, picking up more moisture from Bay of Bengal. Winds arrive at Eastern Himalayas with large amounts of rain. Mawsynram, situated on southern slopes of Eastern Himalayas in Shillong, India, is one of the wettest places on the earth.

After arrival at Eastern Himalayas, the winds turns towards west, travelling over Indo-Gangetic plain at a rate of roughly 1-2 weeks per state, pouring rain all along its way. June 1 is regarded as the date of onset of monsoon in India, as indicated by the arrival of monsoon in southernmost state of Kerala.

Monsoon accounts for 80 per cent of rainfall in India. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on rains, for growing crops especially like cotton, rice, oilseeds and coarse grains. A delay by a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can badly affect the economy, as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in 1990s.

Essay # 4. Northeast Monsoon :

Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, northern land mass of Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. With this air pressure begins to build over northern India, Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat.

This causes the cold wind to sweep down from Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic plain towards vast spans of Indian Ocean south of Deccan Peninsula. This is known as northeast monsoon or retreating monsoon (Fig. 2.10).

While travelling towards Indian Ocean, the dry cold wind picks up some moisture from Bay of Bengal and pours it over Peninsular India and parts of Sri Lanka. Cities like Madras (Chennai), which gets less rain from southwest monsoon, receives rain from this monsoon. About 50 to 60 per cent of the rain received by the state of Tamil Nadu is from northeast monsoon.

In southern Asia, northeastern monsoons take place from December to early March when the surface high pressure system is strongest. The jet stream in this region splits into southern subtropical jet and polar jet.

The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia, creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India. Meanwhile, a low pressure system develops over Southeast Asia and Australasia and winds are directed toward Australia known as a monsoon trough.

Essay # 5. Failure of Monsoons :

Weather is the chance element in field crop production that can bring about crop failure in spite of providing all other necessary inputs. In some years, monsoons fail and dramatically impact agricultural production.

Failure of monsoon is attributed to several natural and human induced climatic factors of which the following are the possible ones:

1. El-Nino effect.

2. Southern Oscillation Index (SOI).

3. Past history of monsoon.

4. Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.

5. Deforestation.

6. Thinning of ozone layer.

El-Nino is a narrow current of warm water that appears off the coast of Peru in December. In some years, this warm current becomes more intense than usual. Southern oscillation is the see-saw pattern of meteorological changes that are often observed between the Pacific and the Indian oceans. When the surface pressure is high over the Pacific, pressure over the Indian Ocean tends to be low and vice-versa.

Southern oscillation, however, has fixed periodicity. Its spread varies from 2 to 5 years. Its different phases of oscillation can be observed through changes in pressure over the Pacific and the Indian oceans.

The difference of pressure between Tahiti (in French Polynesia representing the Pacific) and Port Darwin (in northern Australia representing the Indian Ocean) is called the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Negative value (-ve) of the index (Tahiti-Port Darwin) is the precursor of poor or deficient monsoon in India.

Circulation of air over tropics is dominated by Hadley cell (N-S direction) and Walker cell (E-W direction). Interaction of these two cells causes variation in descending and ascending nature of air over the tropics.

There exist three major regions of rising motion in these tropics:

1. Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific.

2. Tropical South America (Equador and Peru).

3. Congo basin of Africa.

These are the regions of high cloud cover, high rainfall and temperature. Disruption in these areas causes abnormality in the usual monsoon pattern.

Due to EL-Nino abnormality, the descending limb of the Walker cell moves eastward. Large area over India becomes a zone of descent rather than ascent and results in drought.

The sequences leading to drought to deficient rain are:

1. Negative SOI.

2. High pressure over Indian Ocean and low pressure over Pacific Ocean.

3. Descending instead of ascending motion over Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia and ascending motion instead of descending over eastern Pacific (Peru and Equador).

4. El-Nino abnormality.

These suggest a close association between southern oscillation and El-Nino. A negative value of SOI and El-Nino favours a year of deficient rainfall. However, this is also not correct always.

Related Articles:

• The Origin and Mechanism of Indian Monsoons
• Seasons in India: 4 Seasons | Geography
• Winds: Essay on Winds | Atmosphere | Earth | Geography
• Indian Monsoons: Significance and Peculiar Features

Essay , Essay on Monsoons , Geography , Monsoons , Winds

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Short Essay on Monsoon [100, 200, 400 Words] With PDF

Our today’s session is going to be focused on writing short essays on the Monsoon season. I will write three different sets of essays on monsoon in this session, covering different word limits most commonly recommended in various exams. 

Short Essay on Monsoon in 100 Words

The term monsoon is derived from the Arabic word ‘Mausam,’ meaning seasons. Several parts of the world actually experience two major seasons. Those are summer and winter. Alongside with it two short seasons of spring and autumn intermediate the major ones. But none experiences the rainy season as particular a part of the seasonal cycle.

Only India has this speciality, whose climate is the tropical monsoon since, for a greater part of the year, the people enjoy rainfall. Monsoon is the significant one helping in Indian agriculture. It is also the source of water for drought-prone and dry areas. Indian life depends principally on it since its arrival and departure is the reason for the well-being of the people.

Short Essay on Monsoon in 200 Words

Every place on earth is inhabited by certain people, vegetation, culture, which arise out of the typical climate and seasonal diversities that every place experiences. India is a land of diversities, not much for its variety in inhabitants and culture, several states, but also for the uniqueness of its climate.

Indian climate is called the Tropical Monsoon because it is the only country that experiences rainfall in a particular season. It is unavailable in the rest of the world. The term monsoon comes from the Arabic term ‘Mausam’ meaning season. The Indian climate favours the monsoon season as it is the most important force behind its agrarian economy. 

Monsoon occurs on two spells in India, where the southern part experiences it twice during summer and winter. Monsoon arrives in India in June and continues till September. It is mainly conducted by the si=outh-west wind to drive the moist air from the Indian ocean and the Bay of Bengal to cause rainfall on its eastern sides.

The deserts remain dry because the moist water ends up by the time it reaches the west. An early or late monsoon is a symbol of flood and drought respectively since it is the vagaries that affect the cultivation. Hence its proper showering is essential for the sustenance of life.

Short Essay on Monsoon in 400 Words

Rain is one of the most significant natural forces on earth, which drives the course of vegetation, human and animal lives, and the cultural context of a certain place. If a place is well fed by rainfall then it will produce greenery and softness in minds of people, whereas regions on earth that hardly receive any water have to toil really hard with the deserts in their background. Thus monsoon is time to nurture nature and ourselves to the best of our ability.

The term monsoon is not an indigenous term. It is derived from the Arabic term ‘Mausam’ meaning season. Monsoon in plain terms means the rainy season and India is the best country to recognize the significance of Monsoon. It is the time when seasonal winds blow from the south towards the north, thus taking up moist winds from the Indian ocean and the Bay of Bengal and resulting in creating rainfall in the eastern part of India.

The winds blow from southwest to northeast. By the time it reaches the Western Ghats, the moist winds get dry and create very little rain. Monsoon determines the position of agriculture in India, where adequate rainfall supports optimum crop cultivation and production. Monsoon defines India according to two slopes. The places receiving rainfall are the perfect region to produce a better lifestyle, than the rain shadow areas that hardly ever receive rain. In fact, the equatorial regions also receive heavy rain throughout the year and are the belt of the deep equatorial forests. 

Monsoon is responsible for floods and drought. It happens according to the wet spell and dry spell. If the monsoon arrives prior to its time or departs much late than its usual time, it is the wet spell that creates a flood. On the other hand, if the monsoon is too late to arrive or arrives much before its completion of a cycle, then the dry spell creates drought and scarcity of water. These are the vagaries of monsoon and it creates immense trouble to the countrymen. India’s agrarian economy is highly hampered due to the drought and flood and it becomes very difficult to revive it again. 

Monsoon is hence one the most essential seasonal aspect of India, where Cherapunji receives the maximum rainfall in the whole world. While the world is satisfied with summer and winter, India experiences a wonderful and unique cycle of seasons, where monsoon is not just a show of drizzles.

I have written the essays above with a very simplistic approach for a better and easier understanding of all kinds of students. So, hopefully after going through this lesson, all your doubts regarding this context have been resolved. If you still have any queries regarding today’s session, kindly let me know through the comment section below. Keep browsing our website to read more such important sessions on various important topics. 

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Monsoon as a Unifying Bond - Concepts - Chapter 4 Class 9 Geography - Climate - Geography

Last updated at April 16, 2024 by Teachoo

Monsoon as a Unifying Bond

• The Himalayas protects the subcontinent from extremely cold winds from central Asia. 
• Due to this Northern India has uniform higher temperatures compared to other areas on the same latitudes.
• The Peninsular plateau, which is surrounded by the sea on three sides, has moderate temperatures. 
• There are significant temperature variations despite these moderating factors.
• Seasonal changes in wind system s and associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons. 
• Even the unpredictable rain and uneven distribution affect the Indian landscape, animal and plant life, agricultural calendar, and people's lives, including festivals.
• These monsoon winds bind the entire country by providing water to start agricultural activities.
• The river valleys carrying this water also form a single river valley unit.

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Chapter 4 Climate NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Geography

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NCERT Solutions Class 9 Geography Chapter – Climate: The climate of India is monsoon type and various factors are responsible for onset and advancement of monsoon in India. Solutions of the chapter ‘Climate’ Class 9 are given below.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Climate

Intext questions:.

Find Out: Page No: 27

1. Find out why the houses in Rajasthan have thick walls and flat roofs.

The thick walls of the houses insulate the people against the heat in summer and extreme cold in winter due to the desert. The thick walls do not allow the heat to get into the houses while the flat roofs help rain harvesting by retaining the rain water.

2. Find out why is it that the houses in the Tarai region and in Goa and Mangalore have sloping roofs.

The Tarai region, Goa and Mangalore receive heavy rains during monsoon seasons thus the houses have sloping roofs so that the rainwater flows off the roof. The flat roofs would retain water that could cause damages to the houses.

3. Why are houses in Assam built on stilts?

Assam receives abundant rainfall. Houses are built on stilts above the ground to avoid flooding of houses and also to keep houses safe from wild animals.

4. Why most of the world’s deserts are located in the western margins of continents in the subtropics?

Most of the world’s deserts are located in the western margins of continents in the subtropics because trade winds that blow in the region shed their moisture on the eastern side. They become dry by the time they reach the western margin of the continent.

Cold ocean currents also tend to stabilise the air over the coast and inhibit cloud formation.

Page No: 39

Q.1. Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world (a) silchar (b) mawsynram (c) cherrapunji (d) guwahati.

Ans: (b) Mawsynram

(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as: (a) Kaal Baisakhi (b) Loo (c) Trade Winds (d) None of the above

Ans: (b)  Loo

(iii) Which one of the following causes rainfall during winters in north-western part of India, (a) Cyclonic depression (b) Retreating monsoon (c) Western disturbances (d) Southwest monsoon

Ans: (c)  Western disturbances

(iv) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in: (a) Early May (b) Early July (c) Early June (d) Early August

Ans: (c)  Early June

(v) Which one of the following characterises the cold weather season in India? (a) Warm days and warm nights (b) Warm days and cold nights (c) Cool days and cold nights (d) Cold days and warm nights

Ans: (c)  Cool days and cold nights

Q.2. Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) what are the factors affecting the climate of india.

Ans: The factors controlling the climate of India are:

• Pressure and winds (jet streams)
• Distance from the sea
• Relief or mountains

(ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?

Ans: India has a monsoon type of climate because of the strong influence of the monsoon winds over the sub-continent. The summer monsoons cause heavy rainfall when they blow from sea to land. The winter monsoon winds blow from the interior of the continent to the sea and do not cause much rain. There is a seasonal reversal of the wind system ‘monsoon’.

(iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why?

Ans: The Thar desert experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature. This is because during the day the temperature rises to over 50°C, and at night due to the absence of the sun and lack vegetation the temperature drops to below 15°C the same night.

(iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar Coast?

Ans: Arabian Sea Branch of the South West summer Monsoons.

(v) What are jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?

Ans: Jet streams are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12000 m) westerly winds in the troposphere. The westerly flows are responsible for the western disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country.

(a) Their speed varies from about 110 km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in winter.

(b) A number of separate jet streams have been identified.

(c) The most constant are the mid latitude and subtropical jet streams.

(d) Jet streams over the Indian peninsula during the summer affect the monsoon.

(e) The subtropical westerly jet stream blow south of the Himalayas and is responsible for the western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north western parts of the country.

(f) An easterly jet stream blows over peninsular India. It affects the coastal regions of the country and is responsible for tropical cyclones during the monsoon as well as during the October to November period.

(g) They have immense importance for the cultivation of Rabi crops in the North India.

(vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by “break” in monsoon?

Ans: Monsoon: The word monsoon has been derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’ which means season.

Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year. In this season the winds blow from land to sea for 6 months and from sea to land for 6 months.

The break in the monsoon: It refers to the dry spells when the monsoon rain takes place only for a few days at a time. It is characterised by rainless intervals.

These breaks are related to the movement of the monsoon trough. When the axis of the monsoon trough lies over the plains, then the rainfall is heavier there. When the trough moves towards the Himalayas, the plains are dry but there is heavy rainfall occur over the mountains.

(vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond?

Ans: The monsoon is considered a unifying bond because:

• The Indian landscape, its flora and fauna, etc. are highly influenced by the monsoon.
• These monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water for agricultural activities.
• Most of the festivals in India that are related to agricultural cycle may be known by different names in different parts of the country, but their celebration is decided by the monsoon.
• Year after year, people of India from north to south and from east to west, eagerly await the arrival of the monsoon. The river valleys which carry this water also unite as a single river valley unit.

Q.3. Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India?

Answer: The Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoon moves towards northeast carrying more moisture and they give heavy rainfall in this region. As they move further towards west, they carry less moisture content with themselves resulting in decrease in rainfall in the west.

Q.4 . Give reasons as to why:

(i) seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the indian subcontinent.

• Seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent takes place due to temperature and pressure differential causing different pressure conditions over land and seas.
• In summer the land mass of India is warmer than the surrounding sea and a low-pressure area develops over interior Asia as well as over north-western India. The sea is cooler, thereby having higher pressure. So, the winds blow from sea to land and it is called south-wets monsoon. with winds blowing from southwest to northeast.
• In winter the land has high pressure while the sea has low pressure. There is a high-pressure area north of the Himalayas. Cold winds blow from this region to the low-pressure areas over the oceans to the south. Therefore, the winds blow towards the sea from northeast to southwest.
• Thus, a seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place.

(ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.

Ans: In India the bulk of the rainfall is concentrated over a few months. The main source of rainfall is the monsoon wind which. The duration of the monsoon is between 100-120 days from early June to mid-September. Thus, we can say that rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.

(iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall winds.

Ans: During the winter season the Tamil Nadu coast receives rain from the north east Monsoon which blow from land to sea. During the winter season, the north-west trade winds prevail over the country. They blow from land to sea and hence for most part of the country it is a dry season. Some amount of rainfall occurs on the Tamil Nadu coast from these winds as here they blow from sea to land.

(iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones .

• Ans: The Bay of Bengal is the centre of various pressure changes and hence there is always a chance of development of cyclone. By early November, the low-pressure conditions over north western India get transferred to the Bay the Bengal. This shift is responsible for the occurrence of cyclonic depressions which originate over the Andaman Sea. These then cross the eastern coast causing heavy widespread rain leading to great damage to life and property.
• The thickly populated deltas of the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri are frequently struck by cyclones which cause great damage to life and property.
• Sometimes these cyclones arrive at the coasts of Odisha, West Bengal and Bangladesh.

(v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone.

Ans: Relief/Mountains play an important role in the distribution of rainfall in India. The moisture laden winds (South West Monsoons) cause heavy rain on the windward slopes of the Western Ghats and Khasi-Garo hills. As the winds cross over to the leeward slopes, there is less rainfall as most of it has been deposited on the slope facing the winds. All the area on the leeward side is deprived of rain and is drought prone. Rajasthan also lies in the rain shadow of the Aravalli hills.

Q.5. Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of suitable examples.

Answer: The great regional variations in the climatic conditions of India are seen mainly in temperature and rainfall.

Temperature:  In summer the temperature rises above 50° Cin some parts of Rajasthan while in Jammu and Kashmir it may be around 20 C at the same time. During winter the temperature goes down to even minus 45 C while it may be around 22 c in the Thiruvananthapuram.

Coastal areas have a moderate climate while the interior of India has extreme or continental climate.

Precipitation:  The rainfall is as high as 400cm in in Meghalaya while it is less than 10 cm in W. Rajasthan and Ladakh. Most part of India gets rainfall between June to September while Tamil Nadu receives rainfall between November and December.

Q.6. Discuss the mechanism of monsoons.

Answer: Following are the factors responsible for the mechanism of monsoon:

• The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.
• The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is normally positioned about 5°N of the equator. It shifts over the Ganga plains during summer. It is also known as the monsoon trough during the monsoon season.
• The high-pressure area, east of Madagascar is approximately 20°S over the Indian Ocean. This area affects the Indian Monsoon.
• The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer. This results in strong vertical air currents and formation of high pressure over the plateau. This high-pressure zone is about 9 km above the sea level.
• The westerly jet stream moves to the north of the Himalayas, and the tropical easterly jet stream moves over the Indian Peninsula during summer.
• The periodic change in pressure conditions between Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean that is known as the Southern Oscillation or SO also affects the monsoon.
• The difference in pressure over Tahiti and Darwin is computed to predict the intensity of the monsoons. Tahiti (18°S/149°W) lies in the Pacific Ocean and Darwin (12°30’S/131°E) lies in northern Australia. If the pressure differences are negative, it means a below average and late monsoon

Withdrawal or Retreat of Monsoon  The withdrawal or retreat of the monsoon begins in the states of India by early September. By mid-October, it withdraws completely from the northern half of peninsula. By December, the monsoon has withdrawn from the rest of the country.

Q.7. Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season.

Answer: The cold weather season begins from the November in northern India and stays till February. December and January are the coldest months in the northern part of India. The temperature is higher in the south due to the moderating influence of the sea but decreases as one goes northwards where it ranges between 10° and 15° Celsius. Frost is common in the north and there is snowfall in the higher slopes of the Himalayas. Winds blow from land to sea and are dry except when they pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and cause rainfall in Tamil Nadu.

(i) The weather is normally marked by clear sky, low temperatures, low humidity and feeble variable winds.

(ii) Days are warm and nights are cold. Frost is common in the north and higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall.

(iii) During this season, the north-east trade winds blow from land to sea and hence for most parts of the country it is a dry season. Some amount of rainfall occurs on the Tamil Nadu coast from these winds as they blow there from sea to land.

(iv) A characteristic feature of the cold weather season over the northern plains is the inflow of cyclonic disturbances from the west and the north-west. The low-pressure systems originate over the Mediterranean Sea and Western Asia and move into India along with the westerly flow. They cause the much-needed winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.

(v) Although, the total amount of winter rainfall locally known as ‘Mahawat’ is small, it is of immense importance for the cultivation of ‘rabi’ crops.

(vi) The peninsular region does not have a well-defined cold season. There is hardly any noticeable change in temperature pattern during winter due to the moderating influence of the sea.

Q.8. Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India.

Characteristics of the monsoon rainfall in India:

• The duration of the monsoon varies from 100 to 120 days from early June to mid- September.
• Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues regularly for several days. This is called the ‘burst’ of the monsoon.
• They are distinguished from the pre-monsoon showers because of their increase in rainfall amount and regularity.
• The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian Peninsular generally by the first week of June.
• The rainfall is unevenly distributed across the country.

Effects of the monsoon rainfall in India:

The monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water to set the agricultural activities in motion. A good harvest affects the Indian economy favourably.

• Agriculture in India largely depends on Indian monsoons for water. Late, Low or excessive rains have a negative impact on crops.
• Due to uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are few places that are drought prone and few are flood affected.
• The monsoon provides India with a diverse climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and its people.

For Doing it You rself – Page 40

Q.2.  Re-arrange the ten stations in two different sequences

(i) According to their distance from the equator.

(ii) According to their altitude above mean sea-level.

Q.3.  (i) Name two rainiest stations.

Answer  Shillong and Mumbai.

(ii)  Name two driest stations.

Answer  Leh and Jodhpur.

(iii)  Name two stations with most equable climate.

Answer  Thiruvananthapuram and Mumbai.

(iv)  Name two stations with most extreme climate.

(v)  Name two stations most influenced by the Arabian branch of south-west monsoons.

Answer  Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram.

(vi)  Name two stations most influenced by the Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoons.

Answer  Shillong and Kolkata.

(vii)  Name two stations influenced by both branches of the south-west monsoons.

Answer  Delhi and Nagpur.

(viii)  Name two stations influenced by retreating and north-east monsoons.

Answer  Thiruvananthapuram and Chennai.

(ix)  Name two stations receiving winter showers from the western disturbances.

Answer  Delhi and Kolkata.

(x) Name two hottest stations in the months of

(a) February (b) April (c) May (d) June

(a) Thiruvananthapuram and Chennai.

(b) Nagpur and Chennai.

(c) Nagpur and Delhi / Jodhpur.

(d) Jodhpur and Delhi.

Q.4.  Now find out

(i)  Why are Thiruvananthapuram and Shillong rainier in June than in July?

Answer  They are rainier in June as the monsoon’s arrival occurs in both places in June and the initial impact of the monsoon is an intense period of heavy rain.

(ii)  Why is July rainier in Mumbai than in Thiruvananthapuram?

Answer  The monsoon reaches Mumbai about 10 days after Thiruvananthapuram and so the initial impact of the monsoon continues into the next month. After the first initial downpour the monsoon falls into a steady pattern of raining for at least a couple of hours most days. So, it reduces in Thiruvananthapuram earlier than in Mumbai.

(iii) Why are south-west monsoons less rainy in Chennai?

Answer  Chennai doesn’t receive much rain during the south-west monsoon, as the south of India (the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala) gets most of its rainfall from the north-east monsoon, from October to December.

(iv)  Why is Shillong rainier than Kolkata?

Answer  Shillong is in a hilly area and the hills trap the monsoon winds, so that Shillong becomes rainier than Kolkata.

(v)  Why is Kolkata rainier in July than in June unlike Shillong which is rainier in June than in July?

Answer  The monsoon reaches Shillong earlier than Kolkata (refer to the ‘Advancing Monsoon’ map in your textbook) and the initial impact is heavier than the later showers. So, Shillong is rainier in June while Kolkata is rainier in July.

(vi)  Why does Delhi receive more rain than Jodhpur?

Answer  Jodhpur is on the edge of the Thar Desert and by the time the monsoon winds reach it, most of their moisture is finished. Delhi is more east than Jodhpur and so it receives more rainfall.

Q.5.  Now think why

(i)  Thiruvananthapuram has equable climate?

Answer  Thiruvananthapuram has equable climate because of be reasons

(a) It is on the sea coast. The moderating influence of the sea makes the climate equable.

(b) It is near to the equator. At the equator, all the seasons have similar temperatures and so this makes the climate equable.

(ii)  Chennai has more rains only after the fury of monsoon is over in most parts of the country?

Answer  Chennai receives most of its rainfall from the north-east monsoon, which gives rains mostly from October to December, and not the south-west monsoon. That is why Chennai gets most of its rainfall later than most other parts of the country.

(iii)  Jodhpur has a hot desert type of climate?

Answer  Jodhpur is in the extreme western part of India and so. When the monsoon winds reach it, they have exhausted their moisture. Further it is on the edge of the Thar Desert. That is why it has a hot desert type of climate.

(iv)  Leh has moderate precipitation almost throughout the year?

Answer  Leh is in the ‘cold desert’ called Ladakh, which is a valley in between two mountain ranges. No monsoon winds are able to reach it. That is why it has moderate precipitation almost throughout the year.

(v)  While in Delhi and Jodhpur most of the rain is confined to nearly three months, in Thiruvananthapuram and Shillong it is almost nine months of the year?

Answer  Thiruvananthapuram is on the sea coast and so it receives rainfall from both the southwest and north-east monsoons, besides receiving rainfall due to local disturbances which pick up moisture from the sea. Shillong is in a hilly area and so receives rain from the monsoon as well as from local disturbances which are trapped by the hills.

(vi)  In spite of these facts see carefully if there are strong evidences to conclude that the monsoons still provide a very strong framework lending overall climatic unity to the whole country.

Answer  The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons. Monsoon rains are unevenly distributed and typically uncertain. The Indian landscape, plant and animal life, agriculture, the people and their festivities, all revolve around the monsoon.

All the Indian people eagerly await the arrival of the monsoon. It binds the whole country by providing water which sets all agricultural activities in motion. That is why the monsoon is considered a unifying bond.

Q.9. On an outline map of India, show the following. (i) Areas receiving rainfall over 400 cm. (ii) Areas receiving less than 20 cm of rainfall. (iii) The direction of the South-West Monsoon over India.

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Class Notes

Free Class Notes & Study Material

Geography Chapter 4 Climate – Notes & Study Material

Last Updated on July 3, 2023 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

☛ NCERT Solutions – Chapter 4 Climate

• 3 Precipitation
• 6 Pressure and Winds
• 7 Jet Stream
• 8 Western Cyclonic Disturbances
• 9 Southern Oscillation (SO)
• 11 The Onset of the Monsoon
• 12 Withdrawal or Retreat of Monsoon
• 13.1 (i) The Cold Weather Season (Winter)
• 13.2 (ii) The Hot Weather Season (Summer)
• 13.3 (iii) Advancing Monsoon (The Rainy Season)
• 13.4 (iv) Retreating Monsoon (The Transition Season) 
• 14 Distribution of Rainfall
• 15 Monsoon as a Unifying Bond

It refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than 30 years).

It refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time.

(i) The elements of weather and climate are same i.e., temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.

(ii) The climate of India is described as the ‘monsoon’ type. In Asia, this type of climate is found mainly in the south and south-east.

(iii) The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’, which literally means season.

(iv) Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in wind direction during a year.

(v) Variations in climatic conditions are found in our country especially relating to two important elements-temperature and precipitation. They vary from place to place, and season to season.

Precipitation

(i) There are variations not only in the form and types of precipitation but also in its amount and seasonal distribution.

(ii) Precipitation is mostly in the form of snowfall in the upper parts of Himalayas and rains over the rest of the country.

(iii) The annual precipitation varies from over 400 cm in Meghalaya to less than 10 cm in Ladakh and western Rajasthan.

(iv) Most parts of the country receive rainfall from June to September. However, some parts like the Tamil Nadu coast get most of its rain during October and November.

(v) In general, coastal areas experience less contrasts in temperature conditions. Seasonal contrasts are more in the interior of the country.

Climatic Controls There are six major controls of the climate of any place. They are latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea (continentality), ocean currents and relief features.

(i) Due to the curvature of the Earth, the amount of solar energy received varies according to latitude.

(ii) Air temperature generally decreases from the equator towards the poles.

(iii) The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of Kachchh in the west to Mizoram in the east.

(iv) Almost half of the country lying south of the Tropic of Cancer belongs to the tropical areas. All the remaining area north of this lies in the sub-tropics.

(v) Therefore, India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as subtropical climates.

(i) As one goes from the surface of the Earth to higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature decreases. The hills are therefore cooler during the summers.

(ii) India has mountains to the north, which have an average height of about 6000 metres. The elevation in coastal areas is a maximum of 30 metres.

(iii) The Himalayas prevent the entry of the cold winds from Central Asia. It is because of these mountains that this sub-continent experiences comparatively milder winters as compared to Central Asia.

Pressure and Winds

(i) The pressure and wind system of any area depend on the latitude and altitude of the place.

(ii) These influence the temperature and rainfall pattern.

(iii) The climate and associated weather conditions in India are governed by the following atmosphere conditions.

(iv) Pressure and surface winds.

(v) Upper air circulation.

(vi) Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones.

(vii) The pressure and wind conditions over India are unique.During winter, there is a high pressure area north of the Himalayas.

(viii) Cold dry winds blow from this region to the low pressure areas over the oceans to the south. In summer, a low pressure area develops over interior Asia as well as over north-western India. This causes a complete reversal of the direction of winds during summer.

(ix) Air moves from high pressure area over the southern Indian ocean, in a south easterly direction, crosses the equator and turns right toward, the low-pressure areas over the Indian subcontinent. These are known as the Southwest Monsoon winds.

(x) These winds blow over the warm oceans, gather moisture and bring widespread rainfall over the mainland of India lasting for 100-120 days.

Coriolis Force This is an apparent force caused by the Earth’s rotation. The Coriolis force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. This is known as Ferrel’s law.

(i) There are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12,000 m) westerly winds in the troposphere.

(ii) Their speed varies from about 110 km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in winter.

(iii) A number of separate jet streams have been identified.

(iv) The most constant are the mid latitude and the sub-tropical jet stream.

(v) The jet streams are located approximately over 27° – 30° north latitude and therefore, they are known as subtropical westerly jet streams.

(vi) In summer, the sub-tropical westerly jet stream moves north of the Himalayas with the apparent movement of the Sun.

(vii) An easterly jet stream called the sub-tropical easterly jet stream blows over peninsular India approximately over 14° N during the summer months.

Western Cyclonic Disturbances

  (i) The western cyclonic disturbances are weather phenomena of the winter brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region.

(ii) They usually influence the weather of the north and north-western regions of India.

(iii) Tropical cyclones occur during the monsoon as well as in October-November and are part of the easterly flow. They affect the coastal regions of the country.

(iv) The factors influencing the mechanism of monsoons are

(a) The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.

(b) The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer over the Ganga plains. This is the equatorial through normally positioned about 5°N of the equator. It is also known as the monsoon trough during the monsoon season.

(c) The presence of the high pressure area Madagascar approximately at 20°S over the Indian ocean. The intensity and position of the high pressure area affects the Indian monsoon.

(d) The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer which results in strong vertical air currents and the formation of low pressure over the plateau at about 9 km above sea level.

(e) The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during the summer.

Southern Oscillation (SO)

(i) Normally, when the tropical eastern south Pacific Ocean experiences high pressure, the tropical eastern Indian ocean experiences low pressure. But in certain years, there is a reversal in the pressure in comparison to the eastern Indian ocean. This periodic change in pressure conditions is known the Southern Oscillation (SO).

(i) A feature connected with the Southern Oscillation (SO) is the El Nino event during which a warm ocean current that flows past the peruvian coast in place of the cold peruvian current every 2 to 5 years. The change in pressure conditions is connected to the El Nino. Hence, then phenomenon is referred to as ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillations).

(ii) El Nino is a Spanish word meaning ‘the child’ and refers to the baby Christ, as this current starts flowing during Christmas.

(iii) The presence of El Nino leads to an increase in sea surface temperatures and weakening of the trade winds in the region.

The Onset of the Monsoon

(i) The monsoon winds, unlike the trades are not steady winds but are pulsating in nature and are affected by different atmospheric conditions encountered by them on their way over the warm tropical seas.

(ii) The duration of the monsoon is between 100-120 days from early June to mid September.

(iii) Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues constantly for several days. This is known as burst’ of monsoon and can be distinguished from the premonsoon showers.

(iv) The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by the first week of June.Subsequently, it divides into two, the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch.

(v) The Arabian Sea branch reaches Mumbai about ten days later on approximately 10th June.

(vi) This is a fairly rapid advance.

(vii) The Bay of Bengal branch also advances rapidly and arrives in Assam in the first week of June

(viii) The lofty Himalaya mountain cause the monsoon winds to deflect towards the west over the Ganga plain.

(ix) By mid June the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon arrives over Saurashtra-Kuchchh and the central part of the country.

(x) The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal branches of the monsoon merge over the north-western part of the Ganga plains.

(xi) Delhi receives the monsoon showers by the end of June (around 29th June). By the first weak of July, western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and eastern Rajasthan experience the monsoon. By mid July, the monsoon reaches Himachal Pradesh and the rest of the country.

Withdrawal or Retreat of Monsoon

(i) Withdrawal or the retreat of the monsoon is a more gradual process.

(ii) The north-western states of India by early September.

(iii) By mid October, it withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula.

(iv) The withdrawal from the southern half of the peninsula is fairly rapid. By early December, the monsoon has withdrawn from the rest of the country.

(v) The islands receive the very first monsoon showers, progressively from south to north from the last week of April to the first week of May.

(vi) The withdrawal takes place progressively from north to south from the 1st week of December to the first week of January. By this time, the rest of the country is already under the influence of winter monsoon.

The Seasons

Four main seasons can be identified in India: the cold weather season, the hot weather season, the advancing monsoon and the retreating monsoon, with some regional variations.

(i) The Cold Weather Season (Winter)

(a) The cold weather season begins from mid November in northern India and stays till February.

(b) December and January are the coldest months in the northern part of India.

(c) The temperatures decreases from south to the north.

(d) The average temperature of Chennai on the East coast is between 24°-25° Celsius, while in the Northern plains it ranges between 10° – 15° Celsius.

(e) Days are warm and nights are cold.

(f) Frost is common in the North and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall. 

(g) In the northern part of the country, the weather is normally marked by clear sky, low temperature, low humidity and feeble variable winds.

(h) The winter rainfall locally known as Mahawat’ is small, but it is of immense importance for the cultivation of Rabi crops.

(i) The peninsular region does not have a well defined cold season. There is hardly any noticeable seasonal change in temperature pattern, during winter due to moderating influence of the sea.

(ii) The Hot Weather Season (Summer)

(a) The summer season occurs from March to May.

(b) In May, temperatures between 42° to 45° are common.

(c) In peninsular India, temperatures remain lower due to the moderating influence of the ocean.

(d) Loo’ these are strong gusty, hot dry winds blowing during the day over the north and north-western India. Direct exposure to these winds may even prove to be fatal.

(e) Dust storms are very common during the month of May in northern India.

(f) This is also the season for localised thunderstorms associated with violent winds and torrential downpours often accompanied by hail.

(g) In West Bengal, these storms are known as ‘Kaal Baisakhi’ or calamity of the month of Baisakhi.

(h) In Kerala and Karnataka, premonsoon showers are common. They help in the early ripening of mangoes  and are often referred to as ‘mango showers’.

(iii) Advancing Monsoon (The Rainy Season)

(a) By early June, the trade winds are attracted by the low pressure condition over the northern plains.

(b) They cross the equator and blow in a south westerly direction. They enter the Indian peninsula as the south west monsoon.

(c) As these winds blow over the warm oceans, they bring abundant moisture to the subcontinent.

(d) Early in the monsoon season the windward side of the Western Ghats receives very heavy rainfall, more than 250 cm.

(e) The Deccan plateau and parts of Madhya Pradesh also receive some amount of rain inspite of lying in the rain shadow area.

(f) The maximum rainfall of this season is received in the north-eastern part of the country.

(g) Mawsynram in the Southern ranges of the Khasi Hills receives the highest average rainfall in the world.

(h) Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat get scanty rainfall.

(i) Another phenomenon associated with the monsoon is its tendency to have ‘breaks’, i.e., the monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time.

(j) These breaks in monsoon are related to the movement of the monsoon trough.

(k) When the axis of the monsoon trough lies over the plains, rainfall is good in these parts. Whenever the axis shifts closer to the Himalayas, there are longer dry spells in the plains.

(l) Widespread rain occurs in the mountainous catchment areas of the Himalayan rivers. These heavy rains bring in their wake devastating floods causing damage to life and property in the plains.

(m) The frequency and intensity of tropical depressions too  determine the amount and duration of monsoon rains.

(iv) Retreating Monsoon (The Transition Season)  

(a) During October and November the south west monsoon winds weaken and start withdrawing gradually. By the beginning of October, the monsoon withdraws from the northern plains.

(b) The months of October November form a period of transition from hot rainy season conditions. The retreat of the monsoon is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature.

(c) Day temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. The land is moist.

(d) Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather oppressive during the day. This is commonly known as ‘October Heat.’ In the second half of October, the mercury begins to fall rapidly in northern India.

(e) The low pressure conditions over north western India, get transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early November. This shift is associated with the occurrence of cyclonic depressions which originates over the Bay of Bengal. Deltas of Krishna and Kaveri are struck by cyclones, which are often very destructive and cause damage to life and property.

(f) Sometimes these cyclones arrive on the coasts of Orrisa, Paschim Banga and Bangladesh.

(g) The maximum rainfall on the coromandal coast is derived from depressions and cyclones.

Distribution of Rainfall

(i) Parts of the western coast and north-eastern India receive over about 400 cm of rainfall annually.

(ii) It is less than 60 cm in Western Rajasthan adjoining parts of Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab.

(iii) Rainfall is equally low in the interior Deccan plateau and east of Sahyadris.

(iv) A third area of low precipitation is around Leh in Jammu and Kashmir.

(v) The rest of the country receives moderate rainfall.

(vi) Snowfall is restricted to the Himalayan region.

(vii) Owing to the nature of monsoons, the annual rainfall is highly variable from year to year.

Monsoon as a Unifying Bond

(i) India is a land of diversities. It has diverse food habits, languages, customs and festivals; also it has diverse climatic conditions.

(ii) However, the monsoons have a unifying influence on the Indian subcontinent.

(iii) The Indian landscape, its animals and plant life, its entire agricultural calender and the life of the people including their festivals revolve around this phenomenon (monsoon).

(iv) Year after year the people of India from north to south and from east to west eagerly await the arrival of the monsoon.

(v) These monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water to set the agricultural activities in motion.

(vi) The river valleys which carry this water also unite as a single river valley unit.

About Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

Author of this website, Mrs. Shilpi Nagpal is MSc (Hons, Chemistry) and BSc (Hons, Chemistry) from Delhi University, B.Ed. (I. P. University) and has many years of experience in teaching. She has started this educational website with the mindset of spreading free education to everyone.

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• CBSE Notes For Class 9
• Class 9 Social Science Notes
• Class 9 Geography Notes
• Chapter 4 Climate

CBSE Notes Class 9 Geography Chapter 4 - Climate

In this chapter, you will learn about the atmospheric conditions of India. By going through CBSE Notes Class 9 Geography Chapter 4 on Climate, you will get the answers to many questions, such as why do we wear woollens in December or why is it hot and uncomfortable in the month of May and why it rains in June – July? You can also download these notes in pdf for future reference.

• Chapter 1 India Size And Location
• Chapter 2 Physical Features Of India
• Chapter 3 Drainage
• Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation And Wildlife
• Chapter 6 Population

CBSE Notes Class 9 Geography Chapter 4 – Climate

Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point in time.

The elements of weather and climate are the same, i.e. temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. On the basis of the monthly atmospheric conditions, the year is divided into seasons such as:

• Rainy Seasons

Climatic Controls

The climate of any place depends on the following factors:

1) Latitude

The amount of solar energy received varies according to latitude due to the curvature of the earth. That’s why air temperature generally decreases from the equator towards the poles.

2) Altitude

The atmosphere becomes less dense, and temperature decreases when we go to a higher altitude from the Earth’s surface. This is the reason why hills are cooler during summer.

3) Pressure and wind system

The pressure and wind system of any area depend on the latitude and altitude of the place. It influences the temperature and rainfall pattern.

4) Distance from the sea

The sea exerts a moderating influence on the climate. As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases and people experience extreme weather conditions. This condition is known as continentality, i.e. very hot during summers and very cold during winters.

5) Ocean currents

Ocean currents, along with onshore winds, affect the climate of the coastal areas. For example, any coastal area with warm or cold currents flowing past it will be warmed or cooled if the winds are onshore.

6) Relief features

Relief plays a major role in determining the climate of a place. High mountains act as barriers to cold or hot winds. They may also cause precipitation if they are high enough and lie in the path of rain-bearing winds. Precipitation is any form of moisture which falls to the earth. It includes rain, snow, hail and sleet.

Factors Affecting India’s Climate

The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of Kachchh in the west to Mizoram in the east. India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as subtropical climates.

India has mountains to the north and also has a vast coastal area where the maximum elevation is about 30 metres. Owing to the mountains, the subcontinent experiences comparatively milder winters as compared to central Asia.

Pressure and winds

The climate and weather conditions in India are governed by the following atmospheric conditions:

• Pressure and surface winds
• Upper air circulation
• Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones

Air moves from the high-pressure area over the southern Indian Ocean in a south-easterly direction, crosses the equator and turns right towards the low-pressure areas over the Indian subcontinent. These are known as the Southwest Monsoon winds . These winds blow over the warm oceans, gather moisture and bring widespread rainfall over the territories of India.

Jet streams are fast-flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmosphere.

The Indian Monsoon

The climate of India is strongly influenced by monsoon winds. The seasonal reversal of the

wind system is known as “ monsoon ”. The monsoons are experienced in the tropical area roughly between 20° N and 20° S. Go through the following facts to understand the mechanism of the monsoons in a better way:

• The differential heating and cooling of land and water create a low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.
• The shift of the position of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer over the Ganga plain is also known as the monsoon trough during the monsoon season.
• The presence of the high-pressure area east of Madagascar , approximately 20°S over the Indian Ocean, affects the Indian Monsoon.
• The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer, which results in strong vertical air currents and the formation of low pressure over the plateau at about 9 km above sea level.
• The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer also impact the Indian Monsoon.

The changes in the pressure conditions over the southern oceans also affect the monsoons. The irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean that affects the climate of the tropics and subtropics is known as Southern Oscillation or SO .

The Onset of the Monsoon and Withdrawal

The duration of the monsoon is between 100-120 days from early June to mid-September. Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues constantly for several days, which is known as the “ burst ” of the monsoon.

Arrival of the Monsoon in Different Parts of India

The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by the 1st week of June. Subsequently, it proceeds into two – the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch.

• The Arabian Sea branch reaches Mumbai on approximately the 10th of June.
• The Bay of Bengal branch arrives in Assam in the 1st week of June.
• By mid-June, the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon arrives over Saurashtra-Kuchchh and the central part of the country.
• The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal branches of the monsoon merge over the northwestern part of the Ganga plains.
• Delhi receives the monsoon showers from the Bay of Bengal branch by the end of June.
• By the first week of July, western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and eastern Rajasthan experience the monsoon.
• By mid-July, the monsoon reaches Himachal Pradesh and the rest of the country.

Withdrawal of the Monsoon

The withdrawal of the monsoon begins in the northwestern states of India by early September. By mid-October, it withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula. From north to south, the withdrawal of monsoon takes place from the first week of December to the first week of January. By early December, the monsoon has withdrawn from the rest of the country.

The Seasons

4 main seasons can be identified in India:

• The cold weather season (Winter)
• The hot weather season (Summer)
• The advancing monsoon (Rainy Season)
• The retreating monsoon with some regional variations (Transition Season)

Let’s discuss each of them in detail:

The Cold Weather Season (Winter)

Winter begins in mid-November in northern India and stays till February.

• December and January are the coldest months in the northern part of India.
• The temperature decreases from the south to the north.
• Days are warm and nights are cold.
• The weather is marked by clear sky, low temperatures and low humidity and feeble, variable winds.
• This season is extremely important for the cultivation of ‘rabi’ crops.

The Hot Weather Season (Summer)

From March to May, a hot weather season is observed in India. The summer months experience rising temperatures and falling air pressure in the northern part of the country. A striking feature of the hot weather season is the ‘ loo ’. Loo is the strong, gusty, hot, dry winds blowing during the day over north and northwestern India.

Towards the close of the summer season, pre-monsoon showers come, which help in the early ripening of mangoes and are often referred to as ‘ mango showers ’.

Advancing Monsoon (The Rainy Season)

South-east trade winds originate over the warm subtropical areas of the southern oceans. They cross the equator and blow in a southwesterly direction entering the Indian peninsula as the southwest monsoon. The monsoon winds cover the country for about a month. Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills receives the highest average rainfall in the world.

A phenomenon associated with the monsoon is its tendency to have ‘breaks’ in rainfall. These breaks in monsoon are related to the movement of the monsoon trough. The trough and its axis keep on moving northward or southward and determine the spatial distribution of rainfall. The

frequency and intensity of tropical depressions also determine the amount and duration of monsoon rains. The monsoon is known for its uncertainties. The alternation of dry and wet spells varies in intensity, frequency and duration.

Retreating/Post Monsoons (The Transition Season)

The months of October-November form a period of transition from hot rainy season to dry winter conditions. The retreat of the monsoon is marked by clear skies and a rise in temperature. While day temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather oppressive during the day. This is commonly known as ‘ October heat ’. In the second half of October, the mercury begins to fall rapidly in northern India.

Distribution of Rainfall

• Parts of the western coast and northeastern India receive over about 400 cm of rainfall annually.
• Rainfall is less than 60 cm in western Rajasthan and adjoining parts of Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab.
• Rainfall is low in the interior of the Deccan plateau and east of the Sahyadris.
• Snowfall is restricted to the Himalayan region.
• The annual rainfall is highly variable from year to year.

Monsoon as a Unifying Bond

The unifying influence of the monsoon on the Indian subcontinent is quite noticeable. The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons. The uncertainties of rain and uneven distribution are very much typical of the monsoons. Year after year, the people of India, from north to south and from east to west, eagerly await the arrival of the monsoon. These monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water to set agricultural activities in motion.

We hope CBSE Notes for Class 9 Social Science helped you in your studies. Keep learning and stay tuned for more updates on CBSE and NCERT. Download the BYJU’S App and subscribe to the YouTube channel to access interactive Maths and Science videos.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes Chapter 4 Climate

What is an ocean current.

An ocean current is a continuous movement of ocean water from one place to another.

What are the types of wind zones of the Earth?

The Earth contains five major wind zones: polar easterlies, westerlies, horse latitudes, trade winds and the doldrums.

What is differential heating?

Differential heating is the disparity in heating of air over land versus water.

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Climate (Easy and detailed Notes for class 9th)

Introduction:.

• Variations in India's Climate:
• Factors Affecting India's Climate:

Monsoon Arrival and Withdrawal:

Rainfall distribution in india:, monsoon as a unifying bond:.

In the previous chapters, we explored India’s land-forms and its rivers. Now, it’s time to delve into the third key element of our natural environment: the climate. We’ll uncover why we wear warm clothes in December, experience scorching heat in May, and welcome the rains in June and July. All these mysteries can be unraveled by studying India’s climate.

Climate in India:

India experiences a monsoon climate marked by seasonal shifts in wind direction and rainfall patterns. The term “monsoon” originates from the Arabic word ‘mausim,’ which translates to ‘season.’ It symbolizes the annual reversal in wind flow, bringing distinct wet and dry seasons to the region.

Variations in India’s Climate :

• India’s climate varies by region and season.
• In summer, Rajasthan’s desert sizzles at 50°C, while Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir maintains a cooler 20°C.
• During winter, Drass in Jammu and Kashmir can plummet to a bone-chilling -45°C, while Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala enjoys a pleasant 22°C.
• Some areas, like the Thar Desert, experience scorching days and cooler nights, whereas others, like the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Kerala, remain relatively stable.
• Himalayan regions receive snowfall, while the rest of India welcomes rain.
• Annual rainfall varies from over 400 cm in Meghalaya to under 10 cm in Ladakh and western Rajasthan.
• Rain primarily falls from June to September, except for the Tamil Nadu coast, which receives its share in October and November.
• Coastal regions experience milder temperature changes compared to the interior.
• Rainfall decreases from east to west in the Northern Plains.
• These variations influence people’s lifestyles, including their choices of food, clothing, and housing.
• Geography shapes India’s climate.
• High mountains, such as the Himalayas, block winds and bring rain.
• The opposite side of mountains remains drier.

Climate Influences:

Six key factors determine a region’s climate:

• Latitude: Temperature changes from the equator to the poles due to sunlight variations.
• Altitude: Higher elevations have cooler temperatures due to thinner air.
• Pressure and Winds: Climate depends on location’s altitude and latitude, impacting temperature and rainfall.
• Distance from the Sea: Proximity to the sea moderates climate; inland areas have more extreme weather.
• Ocean Currents: Coastal climates are affected by onshore winds and nearby warm or cold ocean currents.
• Geography and Relief: Land features, such as mountains and valleys, shape climate by blocking winds and affecting rainfall. High mountains may bring rain if tall and in the wind path, while the leeward side stays dry, impacting temperature and wind patterns.

These six factors collectively shape regional climates, making each area unique in its weather patterns.

Factors Affecting India’s Climate :

• India spans from the Tropic of Cancer in the south to the subtropics in the north, resulting in a blend of tropical and subtropical climates.
• Varying altitudes, from high northern mountains to low coastal areas, affect temperature. The Himalayas shield India from cold Central Asian winds.
• India’s climate is shaped by winter north easterly winds and summer Southwest Monsoon winds, driven by pressure variations.
• Upper air circulation, including subtropical westerly and easterly jet streams, influences weather patterns and cyclonic disturbances.

These factors create India’s diverse climate conditions, from arid regions to those receiving heavy monsoon rains.

Jet Streams: They are narrow, high-speed air currents in the Earth’s atmosphere, typically found in the upper levels of the troposphere. Coriolis force: It is an apparent force caused by the Earth’s rotation, which deflects moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. Western Cyclonic Disturbances: Western cyclonic disturbances are weather patterns in India during winter. They come from westerly winds from the Mediterranean and affect the north and northwest regions, causing changes in temperature and rainfall. Tropical cyclones: These are intense storms that form over warm ocean waters, typically occurring during the monsoon season and in October-November. They affect coastal regions and can lead to severe weather events, including heavy rainfall and strong winds.

The Indian Monsoon:

India’s climate is heavily influenced by monsoon winds, a phenomenon noticed by early sailors and traders. Monsoons occur in the tropical area, roughly between 20° N and 20° S. To understand monsoons, consider these key factors:

• Heating and Cooling: Land heats and cools faster than water, causing low pressure over India’s landmass and high pressure over the seas.
• ITCZ Shift: The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), or monsoon trough during monsoon season, moves over the Ganga plain, impacting monsoons.
• Indian Ocean High-Pressure Area: A high-pressure area east of Madagascar (around 20°S) affects the Indian Monsoon.
• Tibetan Plateau Heating: In summer, intense heating of the Tibetan plateau creates strong vertical air currents and low pressure above the plateau.
• Jet Streams: The westerly jet stream shifts north of the Himalayas, while the tropical easterly jet stream influences summer weather.
• SO and ENSO: Pressure changes over southern oceans, especially the difference between the eastern South Pacific Ocean and the eastern Indian Ocean, influence monsoons. Negative pressure differences lead to below-average and delayed monsoons.

Monsoons result from these factors, shaping India’s climate, seasons, and weather patterns.

India experiences a monsoon season that spans about 100-120 days, from early June to mid-September.

• Monsoon “Burst”: At the beginning of the monsoon, there’s a sudden and heavy rainfall that lasts for days.
• Arrival: The monsoon starts in southern India in early June, splitting into branches from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
• Spread: By mid-June, it reaches central India and covers most of the country by July.
• Withdrawal: The monsoon gradually retreats from northwestern India by early September and departs from the rest of the country by early December.
• Islands and Winter Monsoon: Islands receive the monsoon from late April to early May and experience withdrawal from early December to early January, coinciding with the start of the winter monsoon in the rest of India.

Seasons in India:

India experiences four distinct seasons:

1. Cold Weather Season (Winter):

• Occurs from mid-November to February.
• Northern regions have colder temperatures.
• Dry conditions prevail due to northeast trade winds.
• Winter rains brought by cyclonic disturbances from the west and northwest.

2. Hot Weather Season (Summer):

• Takes place from March to May.
• Temperatures rise significantly with falling air pressure.
• Characterized by the scorching “loo” winds and dust storms, especially in northern India.
• Pre-monsoon “mango showers” benefit certain regions.

3. Advancing Monsoon (Rainy Season):

• Commences in early June with intensified low-pressure conditions.
• South-southeast trade winds usher in heavy rainfall.
• Rainfall patterns vary with intermittent “breaks” influenced by the monsoon trough.

4. Retreating Monsoon (Transition Season):

• Occurs in October-November.
• Marks the shift to dry winter conditions.
• South-west monsoon winds gradually withdraw.
• Cyclonic depressions originating from the Andaman Sea bring heavy rain to the east coast.

India’s climate is characterized by its unpredictable nature, impacting agriculture and daily life.

India’s annual rainfall varies:

• High Rainfall Regions:
• Western coast and northeastern India: >400 cm.
• Abundant monsoon rainfall.
• Low Rainfall Regions:
• The Western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab: <60 cm.
• Interior Deccan plateau, areas east of Sahyadris, Leh in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Limited rainfall due to location and monsoon nature.
• Moderate Rainfall Regions:
• Rest of India: Moderate Rainfall, varying yearly.
• Himalayan region: Snowfall.
• Rainfall Variability:
• Monsoon-driven; annual variation.
• Low-rainfall Regions are prone to drought; high-rainfall Regions are prone to floods.
• The Himalayas shield India from freezing Central Asian winds, ensuring warmer temperatures in the north.
• The surrounding seas have moderate temperatures on the plateau.
• The monsoon unifies India’s climate, impacting its land, agriculture, and culture.
• The monsoon’s significance extends to India’s rivers, which sustain its people.

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