what is highlights in a research paper

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How do I include Highlights with my manuscript?

Highlights are a short collection of three to five bullet points that:

Provide readers with a quick textual overview of the article.
Convey the core findings.
Describe the essence of the research (i.e. results or conclusion).
Highlight what's distinctive about it.

Highlights will be displayed in online search result lists, the contents list and in the online article, but won't (yet) appear in the article PDF file or print.

Answer Highlights are mandatory for some journals and optional for others. You can check the requirements for the journal you're submitting to by reading the Guide for Authors. To find the Guide for Authors:

Navigate to the journal's Homepage. To find the journal's Homepage search for the journal using the search box under 'Find by journal title' on the journal author's page .
Click on 'Guide for Authors' in the left-hand menu.

Highlights should be submitted in the following way:

Unless otherwise instructed in the Guide for Authors, Highlights should be included as a separate source file (i.e. Microsoft Word not PDF).

Select 'Highlights' from the drop-down file list when uploading files.
Use 'Highlights' as the file name.

With these specifications:

Include 3 to 5 highlights.
Each individual Highlight should be a maximum of 85 characters long, including spaces.
Only the core results of the paper should be covered.

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA), Bioenergetics, Volume 1807, Issue 10, October 2011, 1364-1369

A conformational two-state mechanism for proton pumping complex I is proposed.
The mechanism relies on stabilization changes of anionic ubiquinone intermediates.
Electron-transfer and protonation should be strictly controlled during turnover.

Learning and Instruction, Volume 21, Issue 6, December 2011, 746-756

Fading of a script alone does not foster domain-general strategy knowledge.
Performance of the strategy declines during the fading of a script.
Monitoring by a peer keeps performance of the strategy up during script fading.
Performance of a strategy after fading fosters domain-general strategy knowledge.
Fading and monitoring by a peer combined foster domain-general strategy knowledge.

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Highlights are three to five (three to four for Cell Press articles) bullet points that help increase the discoverability of your article via search engines. These bullet points should capture the novel results of your research as well as new methods that were used during the study (if any). Think of them as the "elevator pitch" of your article. Please include terms that you know your readers will be looking for online. Don't try to capture all ideas, concepts or conclusions as highlights are meant to be short: 85 characters or fewer, including spaces.

Highlights offer your paper a considerable advantage in the online world, as they ensure that search engines pick up your article and match it to the right audience. (Nowadays, machines read your work just as often as humans do!). Highlights have been proven to widen the reach of your work and help to ensure that your article is brought to the attention of interested colleagues, both inside and outside your usual research community. Apart from a wider distribution of your research, we hope that this will also lead to new collaborations and help accelerate the pace of science.

The small print

Not part of editorial consideration and aren't required until the final files stage

Only required for full research articles

Must be provided as a Word document— select "Highlights" from the drop-down list when uploading files

Each Highlight can be no more than 85 characters, including spaces

No jargon, acronyms, or abbreviations: aim for a general audience and use keywords

Consider the reader - Highlights are the first thing they'll see

From: Cancer Cell, Volume 32, Issue 2, 14 August 2017, Pages 169-184.e7 opens in new tab/window

Metastases mostly disseminate late from primary breast tumors, keeping most drivers

Drivers at relapse sample from a wider range of cancer genes than in primary tumors

Mutations in SWI-SNF complex and inactivated JAK-STAT signaling enriched at relapse

Mutational processes similar in primary and relapse; radiotherapy can damage genome

From: Learning and Instruction, Volume 21, Issue 6, December 2011, 746-756 opens in new tab/window

Fading of a script alone does not foster domain-general strategy knowledge

Performance of the strategy declines during the fading of a script

Monitoring by a peer keeps performance of the strategy up during script fading

Performance of a strategy after fading fosters domain-general strategy knowledge

Fading and monitoring by a peer combined foster domain-general strategy knowledge

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Education and Communications

How to Write Highlights for a Paper

Last Updated: March 20, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was reviewed by Gerald Posner and by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Gerald Posner is an Author & Journalist based in Miami, Florida. With over 35 years of experience, he specializes in investigative journalism, nonfiction books, and editorials. He holds a law degree from UC College of the Law, San Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-Berkeley. He’s the author of thirteen books, including several New York Times bestsellers, the winner of the Florida Book Award for General Nonfiction, and has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History. He was also shortlisted for the Best Business Book of 2020 by the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 52,917 times.

The highlights for a scientific paper make it easier for people to find it using a search engine. Ideally, your highlights serve as a sort of "elevator pitch" for your paper, describing the results and any new methods you used. Although it depends on the publisher, the highlights for a paper will usually be no more than 3 or 4 bullet-point phrases. You typically don't need to worry about your highlights until the final editing stages before your paper is published. However, strong highlights can get your paper noticed online more quickly, which can give your research a tremendous advantage. [1] X Research source

Drafting the Highlights for Your Paper

An essay open on a laptop with the main elements highlighted.

Conversely, good highlights also keep a potential reader from wasting their time. If your paper doesn't cover information that they need to know or are interested in, highlights let them know immediately so they don't have to read through half your paper before they find that out.

Step 2 Use active voice to keep your writing concise.

For example, you would write "UV rays affect skin's overall health" rather than "skin's overall health is affected by sun exposure."
Research papers often use passive voice, which is more wordy and difficult to understand. Because highlights have a strict length requirement, using active voice allows you to stay within the character limits while including the most important information from your article. For example, you might write: "Prolonged exposure to light damages skin cells."

Step 3 Revise for a general audience rather than your peers.

Use the simplest words possible, even if they aren't technically accurate. For example, instead of referring to "squamous cells," you could say "skin cells" or simply "skin." Your paper will get into the specific cells studied.

Tip: If you know a child or teenager, read your highlights to them and ask if they can understand what your paper is about. If they don't, ask them what they didn't understand and keep revising.

One method of proofreading is to read your highlights backward, moving word by word. This encourages you to focus on each individual word rather than the phrase as a whole.
It's also a good idea to let someone else give your highlights a read-through. Someone completely unfamiliar with your highlights or your paper might notice errors you've repeatedly overlooked because you know what you meant to say.

Using Proper Formatting for Your Highlights

Step 1 Ask the publisher what type of document to use for your highlights.

For example, the National Science Foundation wants each highlight on an individual Microsoft PowerPoint slide.
Highlights were introduced by the publisher Elsevier and many journals and publishers use similar procedures. If the journal or publisher tells you to use Elsevier's requirements, you can get those at https://www.elsevier.com/authors/journal-authors/highlights .

If you're providing your highlights in bullet points, the bullet point itself typically isn't considered a character. However, all other spaces and punctuation are.
Some journals or publishers may also have a minimum length. Even if a specific minimum length isn't given, having a highlight that's only 2 or 3 words typically doesn't provide enough information to a potential reader to be helpful.

Tip: You can typically adjust the settings of your word processing program to count characters rather than words. This will make it easier, as you're revising, to ensure your highlights stay within the length requirements.

Step 3 Complete any required forms to grant permission to use highlights.

Double-check to make sure you've met all the publisher's requirements before you submit your highlights. Violations of the publisher's protocol could delay the publication of your paper.

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How To Write Highlights for an Academic or Scientific paper

Highlights in scientific papers are a recently introduced feature by journals. This is a modern phenomenon, developed by the digital journal repository Elsevier, to help ease digital searching by readers. Given the stature of Elsevier and the quick popularity of the highlights feature amongst readers, it is now imperative for every author to provide highlights along with an abstract or executive summary to journals for publication.

However, this also creates confusion amongst authors as to what exactly needs to be written in the highlight section! So, here are some tips to keep in mind while writing highlights for your research paper.

Elsevier describes Highlights are three to five (three to four for Cell Press articles) bullet points that help increase the discoverability of your article via search engines. These bullet points should capture the novel results of your research as well as new methods that were used during the study (if any). The key feature of highlights is the usage of ‘keywords’, the main currency in the age of digital search. Today, digital services shortlist a reader’s search based on the replication of keywords used by the user in their search string. As per most search algorithms, the content that matches the maximum number of items in the search string is highlighted as the best match to one’s search. But unlike staccato keywords, highlights allow authors sentences of not more than 85 characters (including space) to describe their academic paper.

According to Elsevier, the highlights convey the core findings and provide readers with a quick textual overview of the article. Highlights describe the essence of the research (e.g. Results, conclusions) and highlight what is distinctive about it. Thus, the highlight must be developed on the 3 major points highlighted, quick overview, essence of research, and core findings.

Core Findings: the first highlight should address the WHY behind the research paper What is the main question you are seeking to answer/address in this paper? This can take the form of (a) what is the ultimate question you are answering (b) why research on a certain topic or (c) What is the driving reason behind the research, depending on the exact details of the research paper.

Quick overview: This is another key highlight for the academic paper. Describe in one single sentence the entire exercise undertaken and the result sought. This can be something as simple as stating you undertook such an experiment, using a certain methodology, to establish a certain key hypothesis. This will also cover the main keywords for the paper as well as give a definitive idea to the reader what exactly to expect.

The essence of the research: this is where you talk about the key finding of the academic paper. This also highlights your main contribution via the paper.

The three sentences covering the above mentioned three points gives a gist of your paper to a potential reader and this is the key for highlights.

X (Twitter)

Understanding and incorporating implications in a research paper: types and examples.

Implications are the unseen jewels in the research field that show off a study’s real potential. These serve as links between the findings of the research and the actual world, offering upshots, enhancements, and answers. Research papers must comprehend and consider implications because they convert abstract ideas into concrete acts, regulations, and inventions. Researchers can […]

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Understanding Keywords After Abstract in Academic Writing

Regarding academic writing, “keywords after abstract” is pivotal in optimizing searchability. This blog delves into the importance of keywords after the abstract, including answering some commonly asked questions. What Does “Keywords” Mean in an Abstract? Keywords are important terms selected from your research paper that best summarize the main ideas of your study. They play […]

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How To Write Highlights for an Academic or Scientific Paper

Posted by Rene Tetzner | Sep 7, 2021 | Paper Writing Advice | 0 |

How To Write Highlights for an Academic or Scientific Paper Although some academic and scientific journals have a long tradition of requesting summaries of key findings from the authors of articles accepted for publication, highlights are, for the most part, a relatively recent development in scholarly publishing. Elsevier first introduced highlights in some of its scholarly journals less than a decade ago, with its other journals and many produced by other publishers soon picking up this feature as well. The increasing popularity of highlights for research articles can be explained by their usefulness and appeal for both readers and authors in an online publishing environment. Readers are able to find and view in an extremely concise format the results presented in a published manuscript and thus determine very quickly whether they want to read the paper or not. With the Elsevier Research Highlights app, they can easily do this on their smartphones and even have the articles they wish to read sent to their inboxes. Authors benefit because their papers are given the advantage of greater visibility and discoverability, which can lead to more readers and higher citation counts. In addition, condensing the key elements of a research article into a few highlights can help an author focus more effectively on the primary contributions of his or her research.

The content, length and format of highlights for a research paper differ somewhat among academic and scientific journals, so one journal may simply want a bulleted list of keywords or key phrases, whereas another will require a thorough summary of the research results in the form of a brief paragraph. Elsevier journals ask for a list of bullet points that communicate the core findings of an article, conveying the essence of the research as well as its distinctiveness, but eliminating the background, methodology and other information that might appear in an abstract. Between three and five highlights are usually required, with each one not exceeding 85 characters, including spaces. The Elsevier model may be a good one to use if the journal to which you are submitting a paper indicates that highlights are desirable but provides no specific instructions or guidelines. Yet varying preferences mean that it is always wise to take a close look at the highlights in papers the journal has recently published, particularly any papers that are very similar to your own. In some cases, highlights will not be required until a paper is accepted for publication, so be sure to note when highlights should be submitted as well what form they should take.

Regardless of the exact format of the highlights required, they will almost certainly need to be concise in order to condense a great deal of complex information into a very little textual space. Shortening phrases, simplifying vocabulary, eliminating redundant words and using the active voice will help with observing word and character limits, and replacing long words with shorter synonyms will also help with the latter. These are good writing strategies when addressing a wide or general audience in any case, and this tends to be a desirable goal in highlights for a research paper, as does avoiding jargon and highly technical language. Do note, however, that a few journals will want authors to assume an audience of specialist readers for their highlights, in which case the guidelines will probably specify this. Keywords and key phrases are often encouraged in highlights, but nonstandard abbreviations are best avoided and must be spelled out when first used if they prove necessary. Highlights are usually written in full sentences even when they are presented as bullet points, and it is essential to write clearly and correctly if you wish to communicate effectively with potential readers and hold out the prospect of an excellent paper, so errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation and logic must be eliminated. A logical approach to highlights that begins with clarifying the nature of the research, proceeds with clear statements about the most important results and finishes with outlining the paper’s contribution to the field will generally prove successful.

Keeping both your readers and your research firmly in mind as you write your highlights is vital. Simplifying language and tucking everything you need to say into short and engaging highlights can lead to oversimplifying or exaggerating research findings, especially since the highlights must stand alone without any of the explanations, nuances and complications offered in the main paper. It is therefore imperative to give your highlights serious thought, ensuring that they accurately represent for readers the primary or most exciting results presented in your paper, and also that the paper itself lays emphasis on the findings prioritised in your highlights. For this reason, highlights are best drafted after the paper is written, and some authors will even go back after the highlights are written and revise their papers to achieve a clearer focus on the highlighted results. The process of writing appropriate highlights can therefore enable effective editing and help an author produce a better paper. However you choose to work at writing the highlights for your academic or scientific paper, remember that they will probably be the first thing after the title that a prospective reader encounters and they may even appear in the journal’s table of contents, so you want your highlights to make the best possible impression and lead readers to a paper that lives up to their claims.

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Toolkit: How to write a great paper

A clear format will ensure that your research paper is understood by your readers. Follow:

1. Context — your introduction

2. Content — your results

3. Conclusion — your discussion

Plan your paper carefully and decide where each point will sit within the framework before you begin writing.

Collection: Careers toolkit

Straightforward writing

Scientific writing should always aim to be A, B and C: Accurate, Brief, and Clear. Never choose a long word when a short one will do. Use simple language to communicate your results. Always aim to distill your message down into the simplest sentence possible.

Choose a title

A carefully conceived title will communicate the single core message of your research paper. It should be D, E, F: Declarative, Engaging and Focused.

Conclusions

Add a sentence or two at the end of your concluding statement that sets out your plans for further research. What is next for you or others working in your field?

Find out more

See additional information .

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01362-9

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Writing meaningful Highlights in scientific papers

One novelty in scientific papers in the last decade was Elsevier’s introduction of highlights. Are authors paying sufficient attention to highlights writing?

Highlights are 3 to 5 short sentences containing core findings of the research described in the paper. Highlights are available only online with the purpose of driving a person’s attention toward reading the paper. Therefore, when we’re invited to review a paper, the core findings are one of the first things we need to review and … what a mess!

Instead of core findings we read a short version of the title, operating conditions, etc. It’s like we’re reading an abstract divided into short sentences. So I wondered, is it possible to find guidelines to write more meaningful highlights by ourselves, instead of paying someone else to do it for us?

I find highlights a very important step in scientific articles. Thus, these are my 6 “Highlights” for writing more meaningful highlights based on experience, Journals’ recommendations and the little advice we can find in the web.

1. Understand Highlights Meaning

When I read the highlights in a paper I review, my first question was – “do authors understand what highlights mean?”

I think if authors realized how important highlights are, they would pay a lot more attention to them. Besides the title, highlights are the first thing a person reads while searching the web for any publications in a certain field. It’s my opportunity as an author, or co-author, to capture someone attention to read my research.

Things are changing in the scientific articles publishing industry, and there is a movement toward the relevance of having more “reads” of your paper, rather than publishing in high impact factor journals.

If you understand what highlights may represent in leading people to read your paper then you realize how important it is to know their meaning.

According to Elsevier, the publisher which introduced highlights, these convey the core findings and provide readers with a quick textual overview of the article . Highlights describe the essence of the research (e.g. Results, conclusions) and highlight what is distinctive about it.

Core Findings.

Quick overview.

The essence of research.

These are the keywords to understand highlights meaning. The challenge is how to express them in sentences shorter than a tweet…

2. Clear view of the nature of your research

When details in our research work are challenging, we tend to focus our writing describing them. Details are important, especially if challenging, because someone else might want to reproduce your experience and needs those details. But the details of your thought process, or experiments are not the nature of your research. Therefore, they shouldn’t be highlights.

The nature of your research is your WHY .

What is the ultimate question your research is trying to answer?

Why are you researching on a certain topic in the first place?

What drives your research?

Some topics are easier than others, but having a clear view of the WHY in your research is essential for writing meaningful highlights.

3. Realize people know little about your topic

I remember speaking to a small audience and feel I’m not making myself understood. This is a common flaw. Even if you have one, two or more experts in your field in front of you, when presenting an article at a conference, you should always assume there’s someone in the audience who is not an expert in your field. And when you prepare your presentation, you are speaking to this person, not the experts.

Highlights audience is the world. Therefore, you are 100% sure people which know little about your topic will read your highlights. You must write to them.

This is a major challenge because, ideally, you should be able to express the complexity of your topic in simple, clear and concise words. A way to test these highlights is asking a friend from another field for an opinion.

4. Evidence your contribution in the field

I struggle when people literally waste their highlights with things that don’t provide the nature of their research or evidence their contribution. Let me give you an example.

If I write

“a hollow-cone spray is used in an impinging process occurring on a flat surface”

Why is this a highlight? Actually, this is close to what I read recently in a paper I reviewed. In all research about impinging sprays, isn’t it logical this impingement occurs in a surface? Why is this a highlight? The surface can be flat, curved, dried, wetted, structured or not, but this sentence does not explain the nature of research, nor expresses any contribution in the field.

If we wanted to change this sentence to something more meaningful, it could be

“Hollow-cone sprays in cooling processes address heterogeneities in temperature field.”

The sentence is not perfect, but it has 85 characters (after 2 iterations) and contains the nature of research. It introduces the type of sprays; if they’re used in cooling processes, it means their impact on a surface is logical; and it states the purpose of that impact, which is cooling the surface and addressing heterogeneities in temperature fields, thus pointing to the challenge. Let me repeat, this is not a perfect example, but illustrates what I mean.

Another example where a small change can make a difference, at least from my viewpoint. Again, close to what I’ve read recently.

“The effect of drop dynamics, surface temperature and spray height on the liquid film formed after spray impact.”

First, it’s too long, so it needs to be shorten. But it contains what’s included in the paper’s scope, when the journal requires the core findings. Suppose the authors found these three parameters produced an effect on the outcome, a small change can resolve the issue,

“Drop dynamics, surface temperature and spray height affects liquid film formation.”

While the highlight in the first example contextualised the reader, spray cooling involves the formation of liquid films. And through this highlight, the reader knows which parameters affect the outcome and, if interested, he will read the paper to know how.

5. Be clear, concise, and go straight to the point

A non-negligible number of papers I reviewed doesn’t pay much attention to the 85 characters limitation. It forces us to seek clarity in our statements. Be concise in the words used to convey meaning. And go straight to the point because that’s what highlights are for, right? Lead the potential reader to make a quick assessment whether he should read the paper or not.

A good exercise is to distance yourself from your paper. Put yourself in the reader shoes and be critical. Would you read this paper about a topic in your field with these highlights?

6. Use simple terms

This is probably the greatest challenge. But it is important to understand what we mean by simple terms. Some research topics involve words which are not simple because their part of the lexical used in the field. Simple terms come naturally when we have a mature and clear view of our main breakthroughs.

Highlights help you refine the message in your research, evidencing only what really matters. And when we express what matters in simple terms, a reader should experience clarity and the desire to know more.

These reflections are not exhaustive and I hope these “guidelines” motivated you to be more careful in writing meaningful highlights.

QUESTION: Are there any other suggestions, based on your experience, that would help authors write more meaningful Highlights?

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Home » Research Summary – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Summary – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Summary

Definition:

A research summary is a brief and concise overview of a research project or study that highlights its key findings, main points, and conclusions. It typically includes a description of the research problem, the research methods used, the results obtained, and the implications or significance of the findings. It is often used as a tool to quickly communicate the main findings of a study to other researchers, stakeholders, or decision-makers.

Structure of Research Summary

The Structure of a Research Summary typically include:

Introduction : This section provides a brief background of the research problem or question, explains the purpose of the study, and outlines the research objectives.
Methodology : This section explains the research design, methods, and procedures used to conduct the study. It describes the sample size, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
Results : This section presents the main findings of the study, including statistical analysis if applicable. It may include tables, charts, or graphs to visually represent the data.
Discussion : This section interprets the results and explains their implications. It discusses the significance of the findings, compares them to previous research, and identifies any limitations or future directions for research.
Conclusion : This section summarizes the main points of the research and provides a conclusion based on the findings. It may also suggest implications for future research or practical applications of the results.
References : This section lists the sources cited in the research summary, following the appropriate citation style.

How to Write Research Summary

Here are the steps you can follow to write a research summary:

Read the research article or study thoroughly: To write a summary, you must understand the research article or study you are summarizing. Therefore, read the article or study carefully to understand its purpose, research design, methodology, results, and conclusions.
Identify the main points : Once you have read the research article or study, identify the main points, key findings, and research question. You can highlight or take notes of the essential points and findings to use as a reference when writing your summary.
Write the introduction: Start your summary by introducing the research problem, research question, and purpose of the study. Briefly explain why the research is important and its significance.
Summarize the methodology : In this section, summarize the research design, methods, and procedures used to conduct the study. Explain the sample size, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
Present the results: Summarize the main findings of the study. Use tables, charts, or graphs to visually represent the data if necessary.
Interpret the results: In this section, interpret the results and explain their implications. Discuss the significance of the findings, compare them to previous research, and identify any limitations or future directions for research.
Conclude the summary : Summarize the main points of the research and provide a conclusion based on the findings. Suggest implications for future research or practical applications of the results.
Revise and edit : Once you have written the summary, revise and edit it to ensure that it is clear, concise, and free of errors. Make sure that your summary accurately represents the research article or study.
Add references: Include a list of references cited in the research summary, following the appropriate citation style.

Example of Research Summary

Here is an example of a research summary:

Title: The Effects of Yoga on Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis

Introduction: This meta-analysis examines the effects of yoga on mental health. The study aimed to investigate whether yoga practice can improve mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, stress, and quality of life.

Methodology : The study analyzed data from 14 randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of yoga on mental health outcomes. The sample included a total of 862 participants. The yoga interventions varied in length and frequency, ranging from four to twelve weeks, with sessions lasting from 45 to 90 minutes.

Results : The meta-analysis found that yoga practice significantly improved mental health outcomes. Participants who practiced yoga showed a significant reduction in anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as stress levels. Quality of life also improved in those who practiced yoga.

Discussion : The findings of this study suggest that yoga can be an effective intervention for improving mental health outcomes. The study supports the growing body of evidence that suggests that yoga can have a positive impact on mental health. Limitations of the study include the variability of the yoga interventions, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.

Conclusion : Overall, the findings of this meta-analysis support the use of yoga as an effective intervention for improving mental health outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the optimal length and frequency of yoga interventions for different populations.

References :

Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Langhorst, J., Dobos, G., & Berger, B. (2013). Yoga for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and anxiety, 30(11), 1068-1083.
Khalsa, S. B. (2004). Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 48(3), 269-285.
Ross, A., & Thomas, S. (2010). The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(1), 3-12.

Purpose of Research Summary

The purpose of a research summary is to provide a brief overview of a research project or study, including its main points, findings, and conclusions. The summary allows readers to quickly understand the essential aspects of the research without having to read the entire article or study.

Research summaries serve several purposes, including:

Facilitating comprehension: A research summary allows readers to quickly understand the main points and findings of a research project or study without having to read the entire article or study. This makes it easier for readers to comprehend the research and its significance.
Communicating research findings: Research summaries are often used to communicate research findings to a wider audience, such as policymakers, practitioners, or the general public. The summary presents the essential aspects of the research in a clear and concise manner, making it easier for non-experts to understand.
Supporting decision-making: Research summaries can be used to support decision-making processes by providing a summary of the research evidence on a particular topic. This information can be used by policymakers or practitioners to make informed decisions about interventions, programs, or policies.
Saving time: Research summaries save time for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and other stakeholders who need to review multiple research studies. Rather than having to read the entire article or study, they can quickly review the summary to determine whether the research is relevant to their needs.

Characteristics of Research Summary

The following are some of the key characteristics of a research summary:

Concise : A research summary should be brief and to the point, providing a clear and concise overview of the main points of the research.
Objective : A research summary should be written in an objective tone, presenting the research findings without bias or personal opinion.
Comprehensive : A research summary should cover all the essential aspects of the research, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions.
Accurate : A research summary should accurately reflect the key findings and conclusions of the research.
Clear and well-organized: A research summary should be easy to read and understand, with a clear structure and logical flow.
Relevant : A research summary should focus on the most important and relevant aspects of the research, highlighting the key findings and their implications.
Audience-specific: A research summary should be tailored to the intended audience, using language and terminology that is appropriate and accessible to the reader.
Citations : A research summary should include citations to the original research articles or studies, allowing readers to access the full text of the research if desired.

When to write Research Summary

Here are some situations when it may be appropriate to write a research summary:

Proposal stage: A research summary can be included in a research proposal to provide a brief overview of the research aims, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.
Conference presentation: A research summary can be prepared for a conference presentation to summarize the main findings of a study or research project.
Journal submission: Many academic journals require authors to submit a research summary along with their research article or study. The summary provides a brief overview of the study’s main points, findings, and conclusions and helps readers quickly understand the research.
Funding application: A research summary can be included in a funding application to provide a brief summary of the research aims, objectives, and expected outcomes.
Policy brief: A research summary can be prepared as a policy brief to communicate research findings to policymakers or stakeholders in a concise and accessible manner.

Advantages of Research Summary

Research summaries offer several advantages, including:

Time-saving: A research summary saves time for readers who need to understand the key findings and conclusions of a research project quickly. Rather than reading the entire research article or study, readers can quickly review the summary to determine whether the research is relevant to their needs.
Clarity and accessibility: A research summary provides a clear and accessible overview of the research project’s main points, making it easier for readers to understand the research without having to be experts in the field.
Improved comprehension: A research summary helps readers comprehend the research by providing a brief and focused overview of the key findings and conclusions, making it easier to understand the research and its significance.
Enhanced communication: Research summaries can be used to communicate research findings to a wider audience, such as policymakers, practitioners, or the general public, in a concise and accessible manner.
Facilitated decision-making: Research summaries can support decision-making processes by providing a summary of the research evidence on a particular topic. Policymakers or practitioners can use this information to make informed decisions about interventions, programs, or policies.
Increased dissemination: Research summaries can be easily shared and disseminated, allowing research findings to reach a wider audience.

Limitations of Research Summary

Limitations of the Research Summary are as follows:

Limited scope: Research summaries provide a brief overview of the research project’s main points, findings, and conclusions, which can be limiting. They may not include all the details, nuances, and complexities of the research that readers may need to fully understand the study’s implications.
Risk of oversimplification: Research summaries can be oversimplified, reducing the complexity of the research and potentially distorting the findings or conclusions.
Lack of context: Research summaries may not provide sufficient context to fully understand the research findings, such as the research background, methodology, or limitations. This may lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations of the research.
Possible bias: Research summaries may be biased if they selectively emphasize certain findings or conclusions over others, potentially distorting the overall picture of the research.
Format limitations: Research summaries may be constrained by the format or length requirements, making it challenging to fully convey the research’s main points, findings, and conclusions.
Accessibility: Research summaries may not be accessible to all readers, particularly those with limited literacy skills, visual impairments, or language barriers.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Understanding and solving intractable resource governance problems.

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Color-coding your highlighting when reading articles and book chapters

One of the skills that needs to be in undergraduate and graduate students’ portfolios (and even post-PhD folks) is the ability to read, analyze, synthesize and then produce summaries of the research work we do. Highlighting is one of the ways in which I help myself learn the material I read , and I do it by hand rather than on the screen (many PDF-handling tools have highlighting features, but I prefer the actual physical thing). This week, I was trying to help my undergraduate students learn how to summarize journal articles and book chapters for their literature reviews and how to write reflective memos (most of my students are in 3rd and 4th year, so they are already in the process of writing the honors thesis/capstone paper). I figured I would post how I highlight (my own method) and perhaps some of them might find it useful for their own studying. I find it useful for my own research !

Some of my students ask why I use pink, yellow, green and blue highlighter. I use yellow for fundamental ideas. Green for second level. — Dr Raul Pacheco-Vega (@raulpacheco) October 4, 2015

Trust me when I say that this is a topic that is often searched for on the internet ( look at the results of this Google search !). But I find that most of this knowledge seems to be passed on by oral tradition (from professor to student “this is how I did my studying” or from parent, sibling or friend to child, sibling or friend). In fact, much of what I do now is a refined version of what my own PhD advisor, or professors, or even colleagues did, coupled with my own obsessive tendencies to organize everything.

Something else that many people have noticed when I highlight is that not only do I highlight, but I also use colored pens to write on the margins of the journal article. Mostly, these color codes are consistent with traditional views (e.g. red for VERY IMPORTANT STUFF, black for main ideas, blue for “interesting, though not fundamental”).

Something I’ve learned is that even though my own color-coding scheme will evolve, the main strategy of engaging with the material, reading and writing on the margins actually helps me with my own thinking. I’m definitely not the only academic who does this! (see below). Hopefully sharing my method will help my own students and someone else too!

@milaficent @raulpacheco i have sharpies, post it flags, and highlighters all keyed to one another and particular meanings. 🙂 — Aimée Morrison (@digiwonk) October 5, 2015

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Effective Teaching Strategies

How Highlighters Can Help Students Write Better Research Papers

June 22, 2022
Susan M. Plachta, MA, MS

For decades, students have used highlighters to color-code notes and to indicate key passages of research sources, but there is another, less common but equally important, use for highlighters in the research writing process: highlighting research essay drafts.

As a composition professor, each semester I teach students the art of writing a research paper, but no matter how much I stress to students the importance of balancing cited information with their own writing, many drafts either contain far too few citations or are overpowered with paragraphs composed almost entirely of cited content. Even after further lectures and feedback on drafts, it still doesn’t always click with students. Over the years, I’ve tried a number of different strategies, all with varying degrees of success. Frustrated with the results, I knew there must be another way to help students write a better research paper.

Enter the humble highlighter.

The process

Highlighting drafts in a face-to-face class

In addition to a hard copy of their draft, I ask students to bring a highlighter with them on peer review day. I never tell them why, as we make it a lighthearted guessing game of what we will be doing with highlighters. (Two of my favorite student guesses: using highlighters to create visuals for their research paper and using highlighters to create tattoo designs.)

Students don’t draw any images on peer-review day but instead use highlighters in a much more traditional sense; they highlight any information that they learned through reading a source. In other words, they highlight any information that requires citation.

After they’ve finished highlighting, I remind my students of two points:

If they haven’t highlighted anything (or have highlighted very little), the draft doesn’t contain enough cited evidence.
If highlighting has changed the color of their paper, the draft includes too many citations.

Highlighting drafts in an online class

Adapting draft highlighting in the virtual classroom can take different forms. In a synchronous class, a live video conference can replicate highlighting just as it would in a face-to-face course. If teaching asynchronously, some of the immediacy of the interaction is lost, but the experience can be replicated by walking students through the process with a short video. Though many online students may prefer to simply highlight their drafts on the screen, I encourage them to print whenever possible, as seeing the printed page provides a visual of an entire document at once.

The follow-up

After students highlight their drafts, we again discuss the importance of balancing arguments and cited evidence. I ask for volunteers to share their drafts to provide a visual of what too little or too much citation may look like. I also share a sample student paper with an appropriate amount of citation.

Even though students have practiced citation and examined student samples before writing their drafts, when they directly apply the concept to their own writing, they develop a better understanding of how to effectively incorporate evidence and are less-likely to submit a paper composed almost entirely of quotes from research sources.

How highlighting benefits students and helps them write better research papers

Highlighting builds community

Research has shown that creating a sense of community within the classroom benefits students emotionally, academically, and socially. Students who feel a sense of community are also better at managing stress and are less likely to drop out (Berry, 2019). I teach at a community college, and my courses may have dual-enrolled high school students as well as older, returning students. A larger disparity in age can sometimes make it more difficult for students to connect with each other, but this low-stakes activity is easily completed by everyone. The shared learning experience means that students are more likely (and more willing) to share their writing with classmates and form connections with each other as they navigate the research essay assignment.

Highlighting engages students of various learning styles

As teachers, we often teach in ways that match our own learning styles; however, by including classroom activities that engage varied learning styles, the academic achievement of those students who have learning styles that differ from our own will likely increase (Ovez and Uyangor, 2016). Highlighting drafts engages the four learning styles of the VARK model (visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinesthetic). Highlighting engages visual learners by creating a visible representation of how much information they have cited. Auditory learners benefit from highlighting by listening to directions and then discussing results with classmates. Reading/writing learners become further engaged with their own writing as they develop their arguments through highlighting, revising, and editing. Highlighting helps kinesthetic learners, as they feel connected by physically working with their drafts.

This exercise also benefits students with learning styles in the expanded model. It engages logical learners by providing another way to organize their thoughts and practice the detailed procedures of citation. It can also engage both social (extroverted) and solitary (introverted) learners, as the exercise may be set up to allow students to work in groups or work individually.

Highlighting helps prevent accidental plagiarism

Students who are new to research writing sometimes mistakenly believe that a paraphrase or statistic from a source doesn’t need to be cited. During this exercise, I remind them that if they’re highlighting any part of their drafts, they learned the information from a source, and thus it must be followed by an in-text citation. While students in upper division courses might not need this reminder, highlighting can still be a useful tool to double-check correct citation.

Highlighting provides a quick way to create a reverse outline

A reverse outline allows writers to examine the focus, content, and organization of their drafts. By highlighting cited evidence in each paragraph, students strip away supporting details and can easily identify the topic sentence in each paragraph (or note where topic sentences may be missing).

More experienced writers may simply need to quickly review each paragraph to double-check the focus; however, less-experienced writers may wish to develop their reverse outline more completely by choosing another color highlighter to mark the thesis statement and topic sentences or even use a separate document to complete a reverse outline.

The takeaway

Don’t rule out the simplicity or effectiveness of low-tech options. In a world where seemingly almost every aspect of our lives is immersed in technology, one where online learning platforms and digital solutions can feel like the only solution, using a low-tech or traditional teaching strategy can often result in not only building community in the classroom but also creating a positive learning environment for all students.

Susan M. Plachta, MA and MS, is an English professor at St. Clair County Community College with 20+ years teaching experience.

Berry, Sharla (2019). “Teaching to Connect: Community-Building Strategies for the Virtual Classroom.” Online Learning. 23, no. 1: 164-183. doi:10.24059/olj.v23i1.1425.

Övez, Filiz T.D. and Sevinc M. Uyangör (2016). “The effect of the match between the learning and teaching styles of secondary school mathematics teachers on students’ achievement,” Journal of Education and Practice . 7 no. 29: 125-132. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1118892.pdf

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How to write the “highlights” for a research paper

15/12/2014 de Lingua 2.0

One of the most recent innovations in academic publishing is the “highlights” section, which often appears immediately after the article’s title in online journals. Some authors may wonder why they now have to produce a “highlights” section as well as an abstract, and how they should go about writing it.

In fact, this is a very new development. Elsevier journals started inserting highlights sections around 2010 and gradually phased this feature in across their whole range. Since Elsevier is the largest publisher of scientific journals, currently running around 3000 titles, its decision to introduce highlights has had a major impact on the sector as a whole. Now that the “highlights” sections are mandatory, Elsevier has now moved on to the second stage of what is evidently a long-term plan: in January 2014 Elsevier launched a “Research Highlights app” which is designed to make it easy to consult research papers on a smartphone – something that would not be possible if information were not available in the condensed, schematic format provided by the title and “highlights”.

So what exactly should the “highlights” section contain? Since this is a new genre, there is a certain amount of confusion among authors, and a high degree of variation can be observed between the “highlights” sections of different journals and papers, which range from lists of keywords displayed with bullet points, to detailed and complex accounts of results. According to the official Elsevier authors’ website, highlights are “a short collection of bullet points that convey the core findings” and provide researchers with a quick overview of the article in text form. Moreover, according to the same authors’ website, highlights should “describe the essence of the research (e.g. results or conclusions) and highlight what is distinctive about it”. Yet a cursory glance at the examples provided on the authors’ website is enough to tell us that this is not the whole truth. In fact, the examples provided by the publisher itself seem to suggest that the highlights can best be understood as a highly condensed abstract foregrounding the design of the study, on the one hand, and the results, on the other.

In particular, two features of the examples recommended by Elsevier should be noted. First, in these examples, the first one or two sentences in the “highlights” are used to orientate the reader as to the nature of the study, while the rest are a summary of the main results. Second, even though the characteristic format of the “highlights” section is the use of bullet points, in Elsevier ’s examples the highlights themselves are expressed in full sentences, rather than making use of the more schematic style permitted in English when using bullet points. Taken together, these features suggest that when writing highlights, it is best to think of them as a kind of short abstract, than as either a summary of results or a list of points.

Perhaps the best advice is to allow yourself to be guided by the comment made by one researcher who found that the highlights were “quick to read and gave me a flavour of the research without giving me too much to sift through”. The aim of the “highlights” section is that researchers who glance at their mobile phone in search of information should able to read something comprehensible on a field they know little about. So you should start with a sentence that orientates the reader as to the nature of the study. Then move on to explain your most interesting findings in simple terms. Finish with a sentence that summarizes what your study contributes to the field. The language should be clear, concise and to the point, and you should use full sentences

For examples, see:

http://www.elsevier.com/journal-authors/highlights

Compártelo:

Relacionado, autor: lingua 2.0.

Equipo Lingua 2.0 de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (Universidad de Navarra)

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Knowledge Base
Research paper

How to Write a Research Paper | A Beginner's Guide

A research paper is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, and argument based on in-depth independent research.

Research papers are similar to academic essays , but they are usually longer and more detailed assignments, designed to assess not only your writing skills but also your skills in scholarly research. Writing a research paper requires you to demonstrate a strong knowledge of your topic, engage with a variety of sources, and make an original contribution to the debate.

This step-by-step guide takes you through the entire writing process, from understanding your assignment to proofreading your final draft.

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Understand the assignment, choose a research paper topic, conduct preliminary research, develop a thesis statement, create a research paper outline, write a first draft of the research paper, write the introduction, write a compelling body of text, write the conclusion, the second draft, the revision process, research paper checklist, free lecture slides.

Completing a research paper successfully means accomplishing the specific tasks set out for you. Before you start, make sure you thoroughly understanding the assignment task sheet:

Read it carefully, looking for anything confusing you might need to clarify with your professor.
Identify the assignment goal, deadline, length specifications, formatting, and submission method.
Make a bulleted list of the key points, then go back and cross completed items off as you’re writing.

Carefully consider your timeframe and word limit: be realistic, and plan enough time to research, write, and edit.

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There are many ways to generate an idea for a research paper, from brainstorming with pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student or professor.

You can try free writing, which involves taking a broad topic and writing continuously for two or three minutes to identify absolutely anything relevant that could be interesting.

You can also gain inspiration from other research. The discussion or recommendations sections of research papers often include ideas for other specific topics that require further examination.

Once you have a broad subject area, narrow it down to choose a topic that interests you, m eets the criteria of your assignment, and i s possible to research. Aim for ideas that are both original and specific:

A paper following the chronology of World War II would not be original or specific enough.
A paper on the experience of Danish citizens living close to the German border during World War II would be specific and could be original enough.

Note any discussions that seem important to the topic, and try to find an issue that you can focus your paper around. Use a variety of sources , including journals, books, and reliable websites, to ensure you do not miss anything glaring.

Do not only verify the ideas you have in mind, but look for sources that contradict your point of view.

Is there anything people seem to overlook in the sources you research?
Are there any heated debates you can address?
Do you have a unique take on your topic?
Have there been some recent developments that build on the extant research?

In this stage, you might find it helpful to formulate some research questions to help guide you. To write research questions, try to finish the following sentence: “I want to know how/what/why…”

A thesis statement is a statement of your central argument — it establishes the purpose and position of your paper. If you started with a research question, the thesis statement should answer it. It should also show what evidence and reasoning you’ll use to support that answer.

The thesis statement should be concise, contentious, and coherent. That means it should briefly summarize your argument in a sentence or two, make a claim that requires further evidence or analysis, and make a coherent point that relates to every part of the paper.

You will probably revise and refine the thesis statement as you do more research, but it can serve as a guide throughout the writing process. Every paragraph should aim to support and develop this central claim.

A research paper outline is essentially a list of the key topics, arguments, and evidence you want to include, divided into sections with headings so that you know roughly what the paper will look like before you start writing.

A structure outline can help make the writing process much more efficient, so it’s worth dedicating some time to create one.

Your first draft won’t be perfect — you can polish later on. Your priorities at this stage are as follows:

Maintaining forward momentum — write now, perfect later.
Paying attention to clear organization and logical ordering of paragraphs and sentences, which will help when you come to the second draft.
Expressing your ideas as clearly as possible, so you know what you were trying to say when you come back to the text.

You do not need to start by writing the introduction. Begin where it feels most natural for you — some prefer to finish the most difficult sections first, while others choose to start with the easiest part. If you created an outline, use it as a map while you work.

Do not delete large sections of text. If you begin to dislike something you have written or find it doesn’t quite fit, move it to a different document, but don’t lose it completely — you never know if it might come in useful later.

Paragraph structure

Paragraphs are the basic building blocks of research papers. Each one should focus on a single claim or idea that helps to establish the overall argument or purpose of the paper.

Example paragraph

George Orwell’s 1946 essay “Politics and the English Language” has had an enduring impact on thought about the relationship between politics and language. This impact is particularly obvious in light of the various critical review articles that have recently referenced the essay. For example, consider Mark Falcoff’s 2009 article in The National Review Online, “The Perversion of Language; or, Orwell Revisited,” in which he analyzes several common words (“activist,” “civil-rights leader,” “diversity,” and more). Falcoff’s close analysis of the ambiguity built into political language intentionally mirrors Orwell’s own point-by-point analysis of the political language of his day. Even 63 years after its publication, Orwell’s essay is emulated by contemporary thinkers.

Citing sources

It’s also important to keep track of citations at this stage to avoid accidental plagiarism . Each time you use a source, make sure to take note of where the information came from.

You can use our free citation generators to automatically create citations and save your reference list as you go.

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The research paper introduction should address three questions: What, why, and how? After finishing the introduction, the reader should know what the paper is about, why it is worth reading, and how you’ll build your arguments.

What? Be specific about the topic of the paper, introduce the background, and define key terms or concepts.

Why? This is the most important, but also the most difficult, part of the introduction. Try to provide brief answers to the following questions: What new material or insight are you offering? What important issues does your essay help define or answer?

How? To let the reader know what to expect from the rest of the paper, the introduction should include a “map” of what will be discussed, briefly presenting the key elements of the paper in chronological order.

The major struggle faced by most writers is how to organize the information presented in the paper, which is one reason an outline is so useful. However, remember that the outline is only a guide and, when writing, you can be flexible with the order in which the information and arguments are presented.

One way to stay on track is to use your thesis statement and topic sentences . Check:

topic sentences against the thesis statement;
topic sentences against each other, for similarities and logical ordering;
and each sentence against the topic sentence of that paragraph.

Be aware of paragraphs that seem to cover the same things. If two paragraphs discuss something similar, they must approach that topic in different ways. Aim to create smooth transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections.

The research paper conclusion is designed to help your reader out of the paper’s argument, giving them a sense of finality.

Trace the course of the paper, emphasizing how it all comes together to prove your thesis statement. Give the paper a sense of finality by making sure the reader understands how you’ve settled the issues raised in the introduction.

You might also discuss the more general consequences of the argument, outline what the paper offers to future students of the topic, and suggest any questions the paper’s argument raises but cannot or does not try to answer.

You should not :

Offer new arguments or essential information
Take up any more space than necessary
Begin with stock phrases that signal you are ending the paper (e.g. “In conclusion”)

There are four main considerations when it comes to the second draft.

Check how your vision of the paper lines up with the first draft and, more importantly, that your paper still answers the assignment.
Identify any assumptions that might require (more substantial) justification, keeping your reader’s perspective foremost in mind. Remove these points if you cannot substantiate them further.
Be open to rearranging your ideas. Check whether any sections feel out of place and whether your ideas could be better organized.
If you find that old ideas do not fit as well as you anticipated, you should cut them out or condense them. You might also find that new and well-suited ideas occurred to you during the writing of the first draft — now is the time to make them part of the paper.

The goal during the revision and proofreading process is to ensure you have completed all the necessary tasks and that the paper is as well-articulated as possible. You can speed up the proofreading process by using the AI proofreader .

Global concerns

Confirm that your paper completes every task specified in your assignment sheet.
Check for logical organization and flow of paragraphs.
Check paragraphs against the introduction and thesis statement.

Fine-grained details

Check the content of each paragraph, making sure that:

each sentence helps support the topic sentence.
no unnecessary or irrelevant information is present.
all technical terms your audience might not know are identified.

Next, think about sentence structure , grammatical errors, and formatting . Check that you have correctly used transition words and phrases to show the connections between your ideas. Look for typos, cut unnecessary words, and check for consistency in aspects such as heading formatting and spellings .

Finally, you need to make sure your paper is correctly formatted according to the rules of the citation style you are using. For example, you might need to include an MLA heading or create an APA title page .

Scribbr’s professional editors can help with the revision process with our award-winning proofreading services.

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Checklist: Research paper

I have followed all instructions in the assignment sheet.

My introduction presents my topic in an engaging way and provides necessary background information.

My introduction presents a clear, focused research problem and/or thesis statement .

My paper is logically organized using paragraphs and (if relevant) section headings .

Each paragraph is clearly focused on one central idea, expressed in a clear topic sentence .

Each paragraph is relevant to my research problem or thesis statement.

I have used appropriate transitions to clarify the connections between sections, paragraphs, and sentences.

My conclusion provides a concise answer to the research question or emphasizes how the thesis has been supported.

My conclusion shows how my research has contributed to knowledge or understanding of my topic.

My conclusion does not present any new points or information essential to my argument.

I have provided an in-text citation every time I refer to ideas or information from a source.

I have included a reference list at the end of my paper, consistently formatted according to a specific citation style .

I have thoroughly revised my paper and addressed any feedback from my professor or supervisor.

I have followed all formatting guidelines (page numbers, headers, spacing, etc.).

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How should I highlight extensive changes in a revised manuscript?

I revised and resubmitted my manuscript (rejected with the chance of resubmission) to the same journal. I listed all my answers to the reviewers' comments at the beginning of the document. Later, the editor asked me to highlight the changes in the text to make it easier to track them. Since I almost rewrote the entire paper (I mention it in the resubmission letter), about 85-90% of the text would be colored.

I have two questions:

Should I fulfill the editor's request even if almost the whole manuscript turns into let's say red? I'd prefer yes.
Should I place color tags in the Latex source file, or should I highlight changes directly in the pdf file? Which of these or even other choices are the most appropriate?
peer-review
paper-submission

I did not ask how to track changes in Latex. I would like to know if it is acceptable to highlight changes in PDF instead of Latex (the source files need to be uploaded as well). And if it is awkward to color almost the whole manuscript. – SnOwl Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 10:36
Ah, yes, you're right: I've misread the question. I now retracted the close vote. – Massimo Ortolano Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 10:38
I wouldn't touch the latex source, there's a good chance you'll loose track of changes and end up with two versions. Speaking from experience here. Colour the pdf. – Karl Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 11:23
You might wish to color the old text only and tell the editor that the new text is in black. – Orion Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 11:47
Just to check, are you positive the editor meant to literally highlight the changes, or to emphasize the major changes by adding a thematic overview/summary of what you did? The latter is certainly what I thought when I first read that sentence. – cactus_pardner Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 20:11

2 Answers 2

If the editor's already asked you to highlight the changes, then you should highlight the changes even if it's 85-90% of the text.

As for color tags, it's up to you. Both are equally good. I would highlight on the PDF since I find it easier to do, but if you prefer color tags that's just as good. Be sure to pick a color like red or blue - something that makes it easy to discern the changes from the rest of the text.

1 A text that is 90% coloured won't help the editor or reviewer. – Karl Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 11:15
I agree with @Karl. What about highlighting what did not change? – Matteo Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 11:19
No, but it's what the editor requested. I would consider it pretty impudent if I directly request an author do something and they don't do it (without a very good reason). – Allure Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 11:19
1 Let's try to move away from the letter of the request, and focus on the need behind the request: the editor wants to be able to distinguish between parts that changed and parts that didn't. Highlighting the parts that didn't change satisfies the need behind the request. Explaining to the editor why one did it this way should be sufficient to convince them. – Matteo Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 11:43
1 @Matteo I would make sure to highlight the explanation, then because, like all of us, editors are creatures of habit. – aeismail Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 13:19

I recommend that you submit multiple files, which should fulfill the practical solution of submitting the more useful unmarked file for review while also explicitly fulfilling the editor's request. Specifically, I recommend that you submit:

The revised manuscript with no revision marks. This should be your official resubmission file.
The colour-highlighted PDF file in fulfilment of the editor's request: this should be an additional file for reviewers only. Since the editor requested it and you are submitting it as a supplementary file, there should be no problem even if it is 90% highlighted. Concerning your second question, I think highlighting the PDF is sufficient, if it is easy for you to do. However, if it is easier for you to highlight the Latex version (e.g. via diff), then you could do that instead.
The Latex source of your final version: You mentioned in a comment that you are required to upload this, so you should do so regardless. Concerning your second question, I don't see why you would need to highlight the Latex if you submit a highlighted PDF version.

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QSR Paper Highlights

The effect of regulatory oversight on nonbank mortgage subsidiaries — the journal of real estate finance and economics.

Eliana Balla , Ray Brastow , Daniel Edgel and Morgan Rose

Given the role that the housing market played in the financial crisis of 2007-2009, policymakers and regulators subsequently subjected mortgage lenders to greater scrutiny. For example, in 2009, the Federal Reserve issued new rules extending consumer compliance supervision to nonbank mortgage-originating subsidiaries of bank holding companies. However, these new rules did not apply to independent nonbank mortgage originators. Did this policy change affect the relative riskiness of mortgages issued by the two groups of nonbanks?

Balla et al. study this question using a large sample of mortgages originated by independent nonbanks and nonbank subsidiaries of depository institutions and bank holding companies from 2000 to 2015. Before the Fed’s policy change, mortgages by subsidiary nonbanks had a higher probability of default than mortgages issued by independent nonbanks; after the policy change, the opposite was true. Additionally, there was a small but statistically significant decrease in loan interest rates and loan-to-value ratios for subsidiary nonbanks relative to independent nonbanks after the policy change. These results hold for prime mortgages. For subprime mortgages, subsidiary nonbank originators had higher interest rates and lower loan-to-value ratios than independent nonbank mortgages after the policy change. While the authors do not identify a causal link between the changes in mortgages originated and the Fed’s policy change, their findings are consistent with bank holding companies reducing risk shifting in mortgage lending across subsidiaries after being subjected to greater regulatory scrutiny.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-022-09906-z

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Two decades of advancements in cold supply chain logistics for reducing food waste: a review with focus on the meat industry.

1. Introduction

Objective and scope of study.

What is the current state of the art on beef CSCL in terms of management, sustainability, network design, and the use of information technologies for red meat waste reduction?
To provide an overview of the current state of the art and to identify the gaps and contemporary challenges to red meat waste reduction;
To identify key research themes and their potential role and associated elements in mitigating red meat waste reduction, especially across the beef CSCL systems;
To pinpoint the directions in each theme that warrant further research advancement.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. literature retrieval and selection, 2.2. extracting the research themes, 3.1. the literature review identified themes and subjects, 3.2. the literature’s evolution and descriptive results, 3.3. management, 3.3.1. logistics management and chronological evolution, 3.3.2. management and regulations, 3.3.3. management and collaboration, 3.3.4. management and costs, 3.3.5. management and inventory, 3.3.6. management and decision-making, 3.3.7. management and risks, 3.3.8. management and waste reduction, 3.3.9. management and information, 3.3.10. management and cold chain deficiencies, 3.4. sustainability, 3.4.1. sustainability and closed-loop scs (clscs), 3.4.2. sustainability and business models, 3.4.3. sustainability and wastage hotspots, 3.4.4. sustainability and packing, 3.4.5. sustainability and information flow, 3.5. network design optimisation, 3.5.1. network design and decision levels, 3.5.2. network design and the location–inventory problem, 3.5.3. network design and routing-inventory problem, 3.5.4. network design and the location routing problem, 3.5.5. network design and the integrated location–inventory routing problem, 3.5.6. network design and sustainability, 3.5.7. network design and information flow, 3.6. information technologies, 3.6.1. it and meat sc transformation, 3.6.2. emerging information technologies and meat scs, technical instruments, technological systems, 4. discussion, 4.1. management, 4.2. sustainability, 4.3. network design, 4.4. information technology, 5. conclusions.

Management: ◦ Effective management practices are crucial for addressing FLW in beef CSCL systems. ◦ There is a notable transition from LM to FLM and SFLM, with the potential for emerging technologies to create an “Intelligent Sustainable Food Logistics Management” phase. ◦ Suboptimal management practices continue to contribute significantly to FLW, underscoring the need for enhanced strategies and adherence to regulations and standards.
Sustainability: ◦ Sustainability in beef CSCL involves addressing social, economic, and environmental benefits. ◦ Reducing FLW can lead to increased profits, improved customer satisfaction, public health, equity, and environmental conservation by minimising resource use and emissions. ◦ Comprehensive research integrating all sustainability dimensions is needed to fully understand and mitigate FLW. Current efforts often address only parts of sustainability. A more holistic approach is required to balance environmental, economic, and social dimensions effectively.
Network Design: ◦ Effective network design and optimisation are pivotal in reducing FLW within beef CSCL systems. ◦ There is a necessity for integrating all three levels of management decisions in the logistics network design process. Decision levels in network design must be considered to understand trade-offs among sustainability components in this process. ◦ Future research should focus on integrating management decisions and network design, CSCL uncertainties, sustainability dimensions, and advanced technologies to enhance efficiency and reduce waste in beef CSCL systems.
Information Technologies: ◦ Information technologies such as Digital Twins (DTs) and Blockchain (BC) play a significant role in improving efficiency and reducing FLW in beef CSCL. ◦ The integration of these technologies can enhance understanding of fluid dynamics, thermal exchange, and meat quality variations, optimising the cooling process and reducing energy usage. ◦ Challenges like data security and management efficiency need to be addressed to maximise the benefits of these technologies.

Author Contributions

Data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

Scholar, Ref.	Year	Subject	Objectives I	II	Methodology	Industry (Product)	Measures to Reduce FLW
Gunasekaran et al. [ ]	2008	Logistics management	To improve the responsiveness of SCs	To increase the competitiveness of SCs	Group Process and Analytical Hierarchy Process	Multi-industry	-
Dabbene et al. [ ]	2008	Food logistics management	To minimise logistic costs	To maintain food product quality	Stochastic optimisation	Fresh food	-
Lipinski et al. [ ]	2013	Food logistics management	To minimise the costs associated with food waste	To reduce food waste	Qualitative analysis	Food products	Proposing appropriate strategies
van der Vorst et al. [ ]	2011	Food logistics management	To improve the competitiveness level, maintaining the quality of products	To improve efficiency and reduce food waste levels	Qualitative analysis	Agrifood products	The development of a diagnostic instrument for quality-controlled logistics
Soysal et al. [ ]	2012	Sustainable logistics management	To enhance the level of sustainability and efficiency in food supply chains	To reduce FLW levels	Qualitative analysis	Food supply chains	The analysis of existing quantitative models, contributing to their development
Bettley and Burnley [ ]	2008	Sustainable logistics management (SLM)	To improving environmental and social sustainability	To reduce costs and food waste	Qualitative analysis	Multi-industry	application of a closed-loop supply chain concept to incorporate sustainability into operational strategies and practices
Zokaei and Simons, [ ]	2006	SML, Collaboration, Regulation, Cost, Inventory, Waste reduction, Information sharing,	To introduce the food value chain analysis (FVCA) methodology for improving consumer focus in the agri-food sector	To present how the FVCA method enabled practitioners to identify the misalignments of both product attributes and supply chain activities with consumer needs	Statistical analysis/FVCA	Red meat	Suggesting the application of FVCA can improve the overall efficiency and reduce the waste level
Cox et al. [ ]	2007	SML, Cost, Decision-making, Risks, Waste reduction, Sustainability	To demonstrate the proactive alignment of sourcing with marketing and branding strategies in the red meat industry	To showcase how this alignment can contribute to competitive advantage in the food industry	Qualitative	Beef and Red meat	Emphasising the role of the lean approach, identifying waste hotspots, and collaboration in reducing food loss and waste
Jie and Gengatharen, [ ]	2019	SML, Regulation, Collaboration, Cost, Inventory, Waste reduction, Info. Sharing, IT, Sustainability, Sco	To empirically investigate the adoption of supply chain management practices on small and medium enterprises in the Australian food retail sector	To analyse the structure of food and beverage distribution in the Australian retail market	Statistical analysis	Food/Beef Meat Industry	Adopting lean thinking and improving information sharing in the supply chains
Knoll et al. [ ]	2017	SML, Collaboration, Regulation, Cost, Inventory, Decision-making, Risks, Information sharing, Deficiencies, Network design	To characterise the supply chain structure	To identify its major fragilities	Qualitative	Beef meat	-
Schilling-Vacaflor, A., [ ]	2021	Regulation, Sustainability	To analyse the institutional design of supply chain regulations	To integrate human rights and environmental concerns into these regulations	Qualitative	Beef and Soy Industries	-
Knoll et al. [ ]	2018	Regulation, Collaboration, Cost, Risks, Deficiencies, Decision-making, Sustainability, Information sharing	To analyse the information flow within the Sino-Brazilian beef trade, considering the opportunities presented by the Chinese beef market and the vulnerabilities in the supply chain	To investigate the challenges and opportunities in the information exchange process between China and Brazil within the beef trade sector	Mixed method	Beef Industry	-
E-Fatima et al. [ ]	2022	Regulation, Risks, Safety, Collaboration, Business model, Packing, information sharing	To critically examine the potential barriers to the implementation and adoption of Robotic Process Automation in beef supply chains	To investigate the financial risks and barriers to the adoption of RPA in beef supply chains	Mixed method	Beef supply chain	-
Jedermann et al. [ ]	2014	Regulations and Food Safety	To reduce food loss and waste	To improve traceability	Qualitative analysis	Meat and Food products	Proposing appropriate strategies to improve quality monitoring
Kayikci et al. [ ]	2018	Regulations, Sustainability, Waste reduction	To minimise food waste by investigating the role of regulations	To improve sustainability, social and environmental benefits	Grey prediction method	Red meat	Proposing circular and central slaughterhouse model and emphasising efficiency of regulations based on circular economy comparing with the linear economy model
Storer et al. [ ]	2014	Regulation, Collaboration, Cost, Inventory, Decision-making, Risks, IT, Sustainability	To examine how forming strategic supply chain relationships and developing strategic supply chain capability influences beneficial supply chain outcomes	To understand the factors influencing the utilisation of industry-led innovation in the form of electronic business solutions	Mixed methods	Beef supply chain	-
Liljestrand, K., [ ]	2017	Collaboration, FLW, Information sharing	To analyse sustainability practices adopted in collaboration, including vertical collaboration in the food supply chain	To explore the role of collaboration in tackling food loss and waste	Qualitative analysis	Meat and Food products	Investigating how Food Policy can foster collaborations to reduce FLW
Mangla et al. [ ]	2021	Collaboration, food safety and traceability	To enhance food safety and traceability levels through collaboration lens	To examine traceability dimensions and decrease information hiding	Qualitative analysis	Meat and Food products	Offering a framework for collaboration role in reducing info hiding and FLW in the circular economy
Liljestrand, K. [ ]	2017	Collaboration, FLW, Information sharing	To investigate the role of logistics management and relevant solutions in reducing FLW	To explore the role of collaboration in food supply chains	Qualitative analysis	Meat and Food products	Examining the role of collaborative forecasting in reducing food waste
Esmizadeh et al. [ ]	2021	Cost and Network design	To investigate the relations among cost, freshness, travel time, and Hub facilities vs Distribution centres	To investigate the product perishability effect in the distribution phase under hierarchical hub network design	Deterministic optimisation	Meat and food products	-
Cristóbal et al. [ ]	2018	Cost, FLW and Sustainability	To consider the cost factor in the planning to reduce FLW	To develop a method to reduce costs and FLW environmental effects and improve the sustainability level	Mixed method	Meat and Food products	Proposing novel methods and programmes for cost effective and sustainable FLW management
Esmizadeh et al. [ ]	2021	Cost and Network design	To investigate the relations among cost, freshness, travel time, and Hub facilities vs Distribution centres	To investigate the product perishability effect in the distribution phase under hierarchical hub network design	Deterministic optimisation	Meat and food products	-
Faisal. M. N., [ ]	2015	Cost, Risks, Regulations, Deficiencies, Collaboration, Decision-making, IT, Information sharing	To identify variables that act as inhibitors to transparency in a red meat supply chain	To contribute to making the supply chain more transparent	Mixed method	Red meat	-
Shanoyan et al. [ ]	2019	Cost, Risks, Information sharing	To analyse the incentive structures at the producer–processor interface within the beef supply chain in Brazil	To assess the dynamics and effectiveness of incentive mechanisms between producers and processors in the Brazilian beef supply chain	Qualitative	Beef Industry	-
Nakandala et al. [ ]	2016	Cost, Sustainability	To minimise transportation costs and CO emissions	To maximise product freshness and quality	Stochastic optimisation	Meat and food products	-
Ge et al. [ ]	2022	Cost, Decision-making,	To develop an optimal network model for the beef supply chain in the Northeastern US	To optimize the operations within this supply chain	Mathematical modelling	Beef meat	-
Hsiao et al. [ ]	2017	Cost, Inventory, Network design	To maximise distribution efficiency and customer satisfaction	ZTo minimise the quality drop of perishable food products/meat	Deterministic optimisation	Meat products	-
Shanoyan et al. [ ]	2019	Cost, Risks, Information sharing	To analyse the incentive structures at the producer–processor interface within the beef supply chain in Brazil	To assess the dynamics and effectiveness of incentive mechanisms between producers and processors in the Brazilian beef supply chain	Qualitative	Beef Industry	-
Magalhães et al. [ ]	2020	Inventory and FW	To identify FLW causes in the beef supply chain in Brazil and explore the role of inventory management strategies and demand forecasting in FLW issue	To investigate their interconnections	Mixed method	Beef meat industry	Providing a theoretical basis to implement appropriate FLW mitigation strategies
Jedermann et al. [ ]	2014	Inventory and Food Safety	To reduce food loss and waste	To improve traceability	Qualitative analysis	Meat and Food products	Proposing appropriate strategies to improve quality monitoring
Meksavang et al. [ ]	2019	Inventory, Cost, Decision-making, Information sharing, Sustainability	To develop an extended picture fuzzy VIKOR approach for sustainable supplier management	To apply the developed approach in the beef industry for sustainable supplier management	Mixed methods	Beef meat	-
Herron et al. [ ]	2022	Inventory and Sustainability	To identify the minimum shelf life required to prevent food waste and develop FEFO models	To identify the risk of food products reaching the bacterial danger zone	Deterministic optimisation	Meat products	Building a decision-making model and incorporating quality and microbiological data
Rahbari et al. [ ]	2021	Decision-making and Network design	To minimise distribution cost, variable cost	To reduce inventory costs, the total cost	Deterministic optimisation	Red meat	-
Taylor D.H., [ ]	2006	Decision-making, Cost Risks, Inventory, Waste Reduction, Deficiencies, Sustainability, Env.	To examine the adoption and implementation of lean thinking in food supply chains, particularly in the UK pork sector	To assess the environmental and economic impact of lean practices in the agri-food supply chain	Qualitative	Red meat	Suggesting the combination of Value Chain Analysis and Lean principles
Erol and Saghaian, [ ]	2022	Risks, Cost, Regulation	To investigate the dynamics of price adjustment in the US beef sector during the COVID-19 pandemic	To analyse the impact of the pandemic on price adjustments within the US beef sector	Mixed method	Beef Industry	-
Galuchi et al. [ ]	2019	Risks, Regulations, Sustainability, Soc., Env.	To identify the main sources of reputational risks in Brazilian Amazon beef supply chains	To analyse the actions taken by slaughterhouses to manage these risks	Mixed method	Beef supply chain	Mitigating risks
Silvestre et al. [ ]	2018	Risks, Collaboration, Regulation, Management, Sustainability	To examine the challenges associated with sustainable supply chain management	To propose strategies for addressing identified challenges	Qualitative	Beef Industry	-
Bogataj et al. [ ]	2020	Risks, Cost, Sustainability, Inventory	To maximise the profit	To improve sustainability performance	Mixed method	Beef industry	Incorporating the remaining shelf life in the decision-making process
Nguyen et al. [ ]	2023	Risks, Waste reduction, Sustainability, Cost, Inventory	To improve the operational efficiency	To reduce carbon footprint and food waste	Statistical analysis	Beef industry	Identifying the root causes of waste and proposing a framework composed of autonomous agents to minimise waste
Amani and Sarkodie, [ ]	2022	Risks, Information technologies, Sustainability	To minimise overall cost and waste	To improve the sustainability performance	Stochastic optimisation	Meat products	Incorporating artificial intelligence in the management context
Klein et al. [ ]	2014	Risks, Information Technologies	To analyse the use of mobile technology for management and risk control	To identify drivers and barriers to mobile technology adoption in risk reduction	-	Beef meat	Introducing a framework that connects the challenges associated with the utilisation of mobile technology in SCM and risk control
Gholami-Zanjani et al. [ ]	2021	Risk, ND, Inventory, Wastage Hot Spots, Sustainability	To reduce the risk effect and improve the resiliency against disruptions	To minimise environmental implications	Stochastic optimisation	Meat products	-
Buisman et al. [ ]	2019	Waste reduction	To reduce food loss and waste at the retailer level	To improve food safety level and maximise the profit	Stochastic optimisation	Meat and Food products	Employing a dynamically adjustable expiration date strategy and discounting policy
Verghese et al. [ ]	2015	Waste reduction, Information Technologies and Sustainability	To reduce food waste in food supply chains and relevant costs	To improve the sustainability performance	Qualitative analysis	Meat and Food products	Applying of information technologies and improved packaging
Jedermann et al. [ ]	2014	Waste reduction	To reduce food loss and waste	To improve traceability	Qualitative analysis	Meat and Food products	Introducing some initiatives and waste reduction action plans
Mohebi and Marquez, [ ]	2015	Waste reduction and Information Technologies	To improve the customer satisfaction and the quality of food products	To reduce food waste and loss	Qualitative analysis	Meat products	Proposing strategies and technologies for meat quality monitoring during the transport and storage phases
Kowalski et al. [ ]	2021	Waste reduction and Information Technologies	To reduce food waste	To create a zero-waste solution for handling dangerous meat waste	Mixed method	Meat products	Recovering meat waste and transforming it into raw, useful materials
Beheshti et al. [ ]	2022	Waste reduction, Network design, and Information Technologies	To reduce food waste by optimising the initial rental capacity and pre-equipped capacity required for the maximisation of profit	To optimise CLSCs and to improve cooperation level among supply chain stakeholders	Stochastic optimisation	Meat products	Applying optimisation across reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chains
Albrecht et al. [ ]	2020	Waste reduction, IT, Decision-making, Inventory	To examine the effectiveness of sourcing strategy in reducing food loss and waste and product quality	To validate the applicability of the TTI monitoring system for meat products	Mixed method	Meat products	Applying of new information technologies in order to monitor the quality of products
Eriksson et al. [ ]	2014	Waste reduction and Sustainability	To compare the wastage of organic and conventional meats	To compare the wastage of organic and conventional food products	Mixed method	Meat and perishable food products	Providing hints to reduce the amount of food loss and waste based on research findings
Accorsi et al. [ ]	2019	Waste reduction, Decision support, Sustainability (Eco., Soc., Env.)	To address sustainability and environmental concerns related to meat production and distribution	To maximise the profit	Deterministic optimisation	Beef and meat products	Providing a decision-support model for the optimal allocation flows across the supply chain and a system of valorisation for the network
Jo et al. [ ]	2015	Information technologies, Sustainability	To reduce food loss and waste levels, improve food traceability and sustainability	To minimise CO emissions	Mixed method	Beef meat products	Incorporating blockchain technology
Ersoy et al. [ ]	2022	Information technologies, Sustainability, Food loss and Waste	To improve collaboration among multi-tier suppliers through knowledge transfer and to provide green growth in the industry	To improve traceability in the circular economy context through information technology innovations	Statistical analysis	Meat products	Suggesting a validated conceptual framework expressing the role of information technologies in information sharing
Kler et al. [ ]	2022	Information technologies, Sustainability	To minimise transport CO emission level and food waste level	To improve traceability and demand monitoring levels	Data Analytics	Meat products	Employing information technologies (IoT) and utilising data analytics for optimising the performance
Singh et al. [ ]	2018	IT, Information sharing, Waste reduction, Decision-making, and Packing	To explore the application of social media data analytics in enhancing supply chain management within the food industry	To investigate how social media data analytics can be utilised to improve decision-making processes and operational efficiency	Mixed method	Beef and food supply chain	Highlighting the role of content analysis of Twitter data obtained from beef supply chains and retailers
Martinez et al. [ ]	2007	Deficiencies, Regulation, Cost, Inventory	To improve food safety	To lower regulatory cost	Statistical analysis	Meat and food products	-
Kayikci et al. [ ]	2018	Deficiencies, Regulations, Waste reduction, Sustainability	To minimise food waste by investigating the role of regulations	To improve sustainability, social and environmental benefits	Grey prediction method	Red meat	Proposing circular and central slaughterhouse model and emphasising efficiency of regulations based on circular economy comparing with the linear economy model
Nychas et al. [ ]	2008	Deficiencies, Waste reduction, Information Technologies	To characterise the microbial spoilage of meat samples during distribution	To assess the factors contributing to meat spoilage	Mixed method	Meat products	Identifying and discussing factors contributing to meat spoilage
Sander et al. [ ]	2018	Deficiencies, Risks, Information Technologies	To investigate meat traceability by outlining the different aspects of transparency	To understand the perspectives of various stakeholders regarding BCT	Qualitative analysis	Meat products	-

Scholar, Ref.	Year	Subject	Objectives I	II	Methodology	Industry (Product)	Measures to Reduce FLW
Mahbubi and Uchiyama, [ ]	2020	Eco, Soc., Evn., Management, Collaboration, IT, Information sharing	To identify the Indonesian halal beef supply chain’s basic system	To assess the sustainability level in the Indonesian halal beef supply chain	Life cycle assessment	Beef Industry	Identifying waste in different actors’ sections
Bragaglio et al. [ ]	2018	Env., Management, Inventory, Decision-making	To assess and compare the environmental impacts of different beef production systems in Italy	To provide a comprehensive analysis of the environmental implications	Life cycle assessment	Beef Industry	-
Zeidan et al. [ ]	2020	Env., Management, Collaboration, Cost	To develop an existence inductive theory	To study coordination failures in sustainable beef production	Qualitative	Beef Industry	-
Santos and Costa, [ ]	2018	Env., Packing, Management, Cost, Regulations	To assess the role of large slaughterhouses in promoting sustainable intensification of cattle ranching in the Amazon and the Cerrado	To evaluate the environmental and social impacts of large slaughterhouses	Statistical Analysis	Beef Industry	-
E-Fatima et al. [ ]	2023	Business model, Packing, Eco., Socio., Env., Management, Waste reduction	To investigate the financial risks and barriers in the adoption of robotic process automation (RPA) in the beef supply chains	To examine the potential influence of RPA on sustainability in the beef industry	Simulation	Beef Industry	Adopting Robotic Process Automation
Huerta et al. [ ]	2015	Env., Packing, Waste Management, Waste	To assess the environmental impact of beef production in Mexico	To conduct a life cycle assessment of the beef production process	Life cycle assessment	Beef Industry	Suggesting utilising generated organic waste to produce usable energy
Cox et al. [ ]	2007	Env., Business model, Packing, Management, Waste reduction, Information sharing, Cost, Risk	To explore the creation of sustainable strategies within red meat supply chains	To investigate the development of sustainable practices and strategies in the context of red meat supply chains	Qualitative	Red meat Industry	Proposing the adoption of lean strategies in the red meat supply chain industry
Teresa et al. [ ]	2018	Eco., Env., Business model, Management, Deficiencies, Regulation, Collaboration, Cost	To provide current perspectives on cooperation among Irish beef farmers	To explore the future prospects of cooperation within the context of new producer organisation legislation	Qualitative	Beef Industry	Highlighting the role of legislation in the joint management of waste
Kyayesimira et al. [ ]	2019	Eco., Waste hotspots, Management, Regulations	To identify and analyse the causes of losses at various post-harvest handling points along the beef value chain in Uganda	To estimate the economic losses incurred due to those factors	Statistical analysis	Beef Industry	Providing insights into potential improvements in the beef value chain management
Ranaei et al. [ ]	2021	Env., Eco., Wastage hotspots Management, deficiencies, Waste reduction, Regulation, Collaboration	To identify the causes of meat waste and meat value chain losses in Iran	To propose solutions to reduce meat value chain losses	Qualitative	Meat/Red Meat Industry	Identifying the causes and hotspots of wastage points and proposing solutions
Wiedemann et al. [ ]	2015	Env., Eco., Waste hotspots, Manag., Inventory	To assess the environmental impacts and resource use associated with meat export	To determine the environmental footprint	Life Cycle Assessment	Red meat Industry	Providing insights into potential improvements
Pinto et al. [ ]	2022	Sustainability (Eco., Evo., Soc.) Management	To explore the sustainable management and utilisation of animal by-products and food waste in the meat industry	To analyse the food loss and waste valorisation of animal by-products	Mixed method	Meat products and industry	Employing the CE concept in the context of the meat supply chain suggested the development of effective integrated logistics for wasted product collection
Chen et al. [ ]	2021	Sustainability (Env.) and Management	To identify existing similarities among animal-based supply chains	To measure the reduction effect of interventions applied	Mixed method	Beef meat and food products	Applying the food waste reduction scenario known to be effective in emission reduction
Martínez and Poveda, [ ]	2022	Sustainability (Env.), Management	To minimise environmental impacts by exploring refrigeration system characteristics	To develop refrigeration systems-based policies for improving food quality	Mixed method	Meat and food products	-
Peters et al. [ ]	2010	Sustainability (Env.), Wastage hotspots	To assess the environmental impacts of red meat in a lifecycle scope	To compare the findings with similar cases across the world	Life Cycle Impact Assessment	Beef meat and red meat	-
Soysal et al. [ ]	2014	Sustainability (Env.), Wastage hotspots, Network Design	To minimise inventory and transportation costs	To minimise CO emissions	Deterministic optimisation	Beef meat	-
Mohebalizadehgashti et al. [ ]	2020	Sustainability (Env.), Wastage hotspots, Network Design	To maximise facility capacity, minimise total cost	To minimise CO emissions	Deterministic optimisation	Meat products	-
Fattahi et al. [ ]	2013	Sustainability (Env.), Packing, Management	To develop a model for measuring the performance of meat SC	To analyse the operational efficiency of meat SC	Mixed method	Meat products	-
Florindo et al. [ ]	2018	Sustainability (Env.), Wastage hotspots, Management	To reduce carbon footprint	To evaluate performance	Mixed method	Beef meat	-
Diaz et al. [ ]	2021	Sustainability (Env.), Wastage hotspots	To conduct a lifecycle-based study to find the impact of energy efficiency measures	To evaluate environmental impacts and to optimise the energy performance	Life Cycle Impact Assessment	Beef meat	Reconversing of Energy from Food Waste through Anaerobic Processes
Schmidt et al. [ ]	2022	Sustainability (Env.), Wastage hotspots, Management, Information Technologies	To optimise the supply chain by considering food traceability, economic, and environmental issues	To reduce the impact and cost of recalls in case of food safety issues	Deterministic optimisation	Meat products	-
Mohammed and Wang, [ ]	2017	Sustainability (Eco.) Management, Decision-making, Network design	To minimise total cost, To maximise delivery rate	To minimise CO emissions and distribution time	Stochastic optimisation	Meat products	-
Asem-Hiablie et al. [ ]	2019	Sustainability (Env.), energy consumption, greenhouse gas	To quantify the sustainability impacts associated with beef products	To identify opportunities for reducing its environmental impacts	Life cycle assessment	Beef industry	-
Bottani et al. [ ]	2019	Sustainability (Eco., and Env.), Packaging, Waste management	To conduct an economic assessment of various reverse logistics scenarios for food waste recovery	To perform an environmental assessment for them	Life cycle assessment	Meat and food industry	Examining and employing different reverse logistics scenarios
Kayikci et al. [ ]	2018	Sustainability (Eco., Soc., Env.) Management, Regulations, Waste reduction	To minimise food waste by investigating the role of regulations	To improve sustainability, social and environmental benefits	Grey prediction method	Red meat	Proposing circular and central slaughterhouse model and emphasising efficiency of regulations based on circular economy comparing with the linear economy model
Tsakiridis et al. [ ]	2020	Sustainability (Env.), Information technologies	To compare the economic and environmental impact of aquatic and livestock products	To employ environmental impacts into the Bio-Economy model	Life cycle assessment	Beef and meat products	-
Jo et al. [ ]	2015	Sustainability (Eco. and Env.), Management, Cost, Food Safety, Risks, Information Technologies	To reduce food loss and waste levels, improve food traceability and sustainability	To minimise CO emissions	Mixed method	Beef meat products	Incorporating blockchain technology
Jeswani et al. [ ]	2021	Sustainability (Env.), Waste management	To assess the extent of food waste generation in the UK	To evaluate its environmental impacts	Life cycle assessment	Meat products	Quantifying the extent of FW and impact assessment
Accorsi et al. [ ]	2020	Sustainability (Eco. and Env.), Waste Management, Decision-making, Network design (LIP)	To reduce waste and enhance sustainability performance	To assess the economic and environmental implications of the proposed FSC	Deterministic optimisation	Meat and food industry	Designing a closed-loop packaging network
Chen et al. [ ]	2021	Sustainability (Env.) and Waste Management	To identify the environmental commonality among selected FSCs	To measure the reduction effect of novel interventions for market characteristics	Life cycle assessment	Beef meat and food products	Confirming the efficiency of food waste management and reduction scenario
Sgarbossa et al. [ ]	2017	Sustainability (Eco., Evo., Soc.) Network design	To develop a sustainable model for CLSC	To incorporate all three dimensions of sustainability	Deterministic optimisation	Meat products	Converting food waste into an output of a new supply chain
Zhang et al. [ ]	2022	Sustainability (Eco. and Env.), Packaging, Network design	To maximise total profit	To minimise environmental impact, carbon emissions	Stochastic optimisation	Meat and food products	Using Returnable transport items instead of one-way packaging
Irani and Sharif., [ ]	2016	Sustainability (Soc.) Management, IT	To explore sustainable food security futures	To provide perspectives on FW and IT across the food supply chain	Qualitative analysis	Meat and food products	Discussing potential strategies for waste reduction
Martindale et al. [ ]	2020	Sustainability (Eco. and Env.), Management, food safety, IT (BCT)	To develop CE theory application in FSCs by employing a large geographical database	To test the data platforms for improving sustainability	Mixed method	Meat and food products	-
Mundler, and Laughrea, [ ]	2016	Sustainability (Eco., Env., Soc.)	To evaluate short food supply chains’ contributions to the territorial development	To characterise their economic, social, and environmental benefits	Mixed method	Meat and food products	-
Vittersø et al. [ ]	2019	Sustainability (Eco., Env., Soc.)	To explore the contributions of short food supply chains to sustainability	To understand its impact on all sustainability dimensions	Mixed method	Meat and food products	-
Bernardi and Tirabeni, [ ]	2018	Sustainability (Eco., Env., Soc.)	To explore alternative food networks as sustainable business models	To explore the potentiality of the sustainable business model proposed	Mixed method	Meat and food products	Emphasising the role of accurate demand forecast
Bonou et al. [ ]	2020	Sustainability (Env.)	To evaluate the environmental impact of using six different cooling technologies	To conduct a comparative study of pork supply chain efficiency	Life cycle assessment	Pork products	-
Apaiah et al. [ ]	2006	Sustainability (Env.), Energy consumption	To examine and measure the environmental sustainability of food supply chains using exergy analysis	To identify improvement areas to diminish their environmental implications	Exergy analysis	Meat products	-
Peters et al. [ ]	2010	Sustainability (Env.), energy consumption, greenhouse gas	To assess greenhouse gas emissions and energy use levels of red meat products in Australia	To compare its environmental impacts with other countries	Life cycle assessment	Red meat products	-
Farooque et al. [ ]	2019	Sustainability (Env., and Eco.) Management, Regulation, Collaboration	To identify barriers to employing the circular economy concept in food supply chains	To analyse the relationship of identified barriers	Mixed method	Food products	Employing the CE concept in the context of the food supply chain
Kaipia et al. [ ]	2013	Sustainability (Eco. and Env.) Management, Inventory, Information Technologies	To improve sustainability performance via information sharing	To reduce FLW level	Qualitative analysis	Food products	Incorporating demand and shelf-life data information sharing effect
Majewski et al. [ ]	2020	Sustainability (Env.) and Waste management	To determine the environmental impact of short and longfood supply chains	To compare the environmental sustainability of short and long-food supply chains	Life cycle assessment	Food products	-
Rijpkema et al. [ ]	2014	Sustainability (Eco. and Env.) Management, Waste reduction, Information Technologies	To create effective sourcing strategies for supply chains dealing with perishable products	To provide a method to reduce food waste and loss amounts	Simulation model	Food products	Proposing effective sourcing strategies

Scholar, Ref.	Year	Modelling Stages: Single or Multi	Solving Approach	Objectives I	II/III	Model Type	Supply Chain Industry (Product)	Main Attributes
Domingues Zucchi et al. [ ]	2011	M	Metaheuristic/GA and CPLEX	To minimise the cost of facility installation	To minimise costs for sea and road transportation	MIP	Beef meat	LP
Soysal et al. [ ]	2014	S	ε-constraint method	To minimise inventory and transportation cost	To minimise CO emissions	LP	Beef meat	PIAP
Rahbari et al. [ ]	2021	M	GAMS	To minimise total cost	To minimise inventory, transport, storage costs	MIP	Red meat	PLIRP
Rahbari et al. [ ]	2020	S	GAMS	To minimise total cost		MIP	Red meat	PLIRP
Neves-Moreira et al. [ ]	2019	S	Metaheuristic	To minimise routing cost	To minimise inventory holding cost	MIP	Meat	PRP
Mohammadi et al. [ ]	2023	S	Pre-emptive fuzzy goal programming	To maximise total profit	To minimise adverse environmental impacts	MINLP	Meat/Perishable food products	LIP
Mohebalizadehgashti et al. [ ]	2020	S	ε-constraint method	To maximise facility capacity, minimise total cost	To minimise CO emissions	MILP	Meat	LAP
Mohammed and Wang, [ ]	2017a	S	LINGO	To minimise total cost	To minimise number of vehicles/delivery time	MOPP	Meat	LRP
Mohammed and Wang, [ ]	2017b	S	LINGO	To minimise otal cost, to maximise delivery rate	To minimise CO emissions and distribution time	FMOP	Meat	LRP
Gholami Zanjani et al. [ ]	2021	M	Metaheuristic	To improve the resilience and sustainability	To minimise inventory holding cost	MP	Meat	IP
Tarantilis and Kiranoudis, [ ]	2002	S	Metaheuristic	To minimise total cost	To maximise the efficiency of distribution	OMDVRP	Meat	LRP
Dorcheh and Rahbari, [ ]	2023	M	GAMS	To minimise total cost	To minimise CO emissions	MP	Meat/Poultry	IRP
Al Theeb et al. [ ]	2020	M	Heuristic CPLEX	To minimise total cost, holding costs, and penalty cost	To maximise the efficiency of transport and distribution phase	MILP	Meat/Perishable food products	IRP
Moreno et al. [ ]	2020	S	Metaheuristic/hybrid approach	To maximise the profit	To minimise the costs, delivery times	MIP	Meat	LRP
Javanmard et al. [ ]	2014	S	Metaheuristic/Imperialist competitive algorithm	To minimise inventory holding cost	To minimise total cost	NS	Food and Meat	IRP
Ge et al. [ ]	2022	S	Heuristic algorithm	To develop an optimal network model for the beef supply chain in the Northeastern US	To optimize the operations within this supply chain	MILP	Beef meat	LRP
Hsiao et al. [ ]	2017	S	Metaheuristic/GA	To maximise distribution efficiency and customer satisfaction	To minimise the quality drop of perishable food products/meat	MILP *	Meat/Perishable food products	LRP
Govindan et al. [ ]	2014	M	Metaheuristic/MHPV	To minimise carbon footprint	To minimise of the cost of greenhouse gas emissions	MOMIP *	Perishable food products	LRP
Zhang et al. [ ]	2003	S	Metaheuristic	To minimise cost, food safety risks	To maximise the distribution efficiency	MP *	Perishable food products	LRP
Wang and Ying, [ ]	2012	S	Heuristic, Lagrange slack algorithm	To maximise the delivery efficiency	To minimise the total costs	MINLP *	Perishable food products	LRP
Liu et al. [ ]	2021	S	YALMIP toolbox	To minimise cost and carbon emission	To maximise product freshness	MP/MINLP	Perishable food products	LIRP
Dia et al. [ ]	2018	S	Metaheuristic/GA	To minimise total cost	To reduce greenhouse gas emissions/maximise facility capacity	MINLP	Perishable food products	LIP
Saragih et al. [ ]	2019	S	Simulated annealing	To fix warehouse cost	To minimise nventory cost, holding cost, and total cost	MINLP	Food products	LIRP
Biuki et al. [ ]	2020	M	GA and PSO	To incorporate the three dimensions of sustainability	To minimise total cost, maximise facility capacity	MIP *	Perishable products	LIRP
Hiassat et al. [ ]	2017	S	Genetic algorithm	To implement facility and inventory storage cost	To minimise routing cost	MIP	Perishable products	LIRP
Le et al. [ ]	2013	S	Heuristic- Column generation	To minimise transport cost	To minimise inventory cost	MP	Perishable products	IRP
Wang et al. [ ]	2016	S	Two-phase Heuristic and Genetic algorithm	To minimise total cost	To maximise the freshness of product quality	MP	Perishable food products	RP
Rafie-Majd et al. [ ]	2018	S	Lagrangian relaxation/GAMS	To minimise total cost	To minimise product wastage	MINLP *	Perishable products	LIRP

Scholar, Ref.	Year	Subject	Objectives I	II	Methodology	Industry (Product)	Measures to Reduce FLW
Singh et al. [ ]	2018	Information technologies, Sustainability, Regulations, Management	To measure greenhouse emission levels and select green suppliers with top-quality products	To reduce carbon footprint and environmental implications	Mixed method	Beef supply chain	-
Singh et al. [ ]	2015	Information technologies, Sus. (Env.), Inventory, Collaboration, Management	To reduce carbon footprint and carbon emissions	To propose an integrated system for beef supply chain via the application of IT	Simulation	Beef supply chain	-
Juan et al. [ ]	2014	Information technologies, Management, Inventory, Collaboration, Management	To explore the role of supply chain practices, strategic alliance, customer focus, and information sharing on food quality	To explore the role of lean system and cooperation, trust, commitment, and information quality on food quality	Statistical analysis	Beef supply chain	By application of IT and Lean system strategy
Zhang et al. [ ]	2020	Information technologies, Management, Inventory, Food quality and safety	To develop a performance-driven conceptual framework regarding product quality information in supply chains	To enhance the understanding of the impact of product quality information on performance	Statistical analysis	Red meat supply chain	-
Cao et al. [ ]	2021	IT, Blockchain, Management, Regulation, Collaboration, Risks, Cost, Waste reduction	To enhance consumer trust in the beef supply chain traceability through the implementation of a blockchain-based human–machine reconciliation mechanism	To investigate the role of blockchain technology in improving transparency and trust within the beef supply chain	Mixed method	Beef products	By applying new information technologies
Kassahun et al. [ ]	2016	IT and ICTs	To provide a systematic approach for designing and implementing chain-wide transparency systems	To design and implement a transparency system/software for beef supply chains	Simulation	Beef meat Industry	By improving the traceability
Ribeiro et al. [ ]	2011	IT and ICTs	To present and discuss the application of RFID technology in Brazilian harvest facilities	To analyse the benefits and challenges of implementing RFID	Qualitative	Beef Industry	-
Jo et al. [ ]	2015	IT (BCT) Sustainability (Eco. and Env.), Management, Cost, Food safety, Risks	To reduce food loss and waste levels, improve food traceability and sustainability	To minimise CO emissions	Mixed method	Beef meat products	By incorporating blockchain technology
Rejeb, A., [ ]	2018	IT (IoT, BCT), Management, risks, food safety	To propose a traceability system for the Halal meat supply chain	To mitigate the centralised, opaque issues and the lack of transparency in traceability systems	Mixed method	Beef meat and meat products	-
Cao et al. [ ]	2022	IT and blockchain, Management, Collaboration, Risk, Cost, Sustainability	To propose a blockchain-based multisignature approach for supply chain governance	To present a specific use case from the Australian beef industry	A novel blockchain-based multi-signature approach	Beef Industry	-
Kuffi et al. [ ]	2016	Digital 3D geometry scanning	To develop a CFD model to predict the changes in temperature and pH distribution of a beef carcass during chilling	To improve the performance of industrial cooling of large beef carcasses	Simulations	Beef meat products	-
Powell et al. [ ]	2022	Information technologies, (IoT and BCT)	To examine the link between IoT and BCT in FSC for traceability improvement	To propose solutions for data integrity and trust in the BCT and IoT-enabled food SCs	Mixed method	Beef meat products	-
Jedermann et al. [ ]	2014	Management, Regulations and Food Safety, FW, Information sharing, RFID	To reduce food loss and waste	To improve traceability	Qualitative analysis	Meat and Food products	By proposing appropriate strategies to improve quality monitoring
Liljestrand, K., [ ]	2017	Collaboration, FLW, Information sharing	To analyse sustainability practices adopted in collaboration, including vertical collaboration in the food supply chain	To explore the role of collaboration in tackling food loss and waste	Qualitative analysis	Meat and Food products	By investigating how Food Policy can foster collaborations to reduce FLW
Liljestrand, K., [ ]	2017	Collaboration, FLW, Information sharing	To analyse sustainability practices adopted in collaboration, including vertical collaboration in the food supply chain	To explore the role of collaboration in tackling food loss and waste	Qualitative analysis	Meat and Food products	By investigating how Food Policy can foster collaborations to reduce FLW
Harvey, J. et al. [ ]	2020	IT and ICTs, Sustainability (Env. and Sco.), waste reduction, Management, decision-making	To conduct social network analysis of food sharing, redistribution, and waste reduction	To reduce food waste via information sharing and IT application	Mixed method	Food products	By examining the potential of social media applications in reducing food waste through sharing and redistribution
Rijpkema et al. [ ]	2014	IT (Sharing), Sustainability Management, Waste reduction	To create effective sourcing strategies for SCs dealing with perishable products	To provide a method to reduce food waste and loss amounts	Simulation model	Food products	By proposing effective sourcing strategies
Wu, and Hsiao., [ ]	2021	Information technologies, Management, Inventory, Food quality and safety, Risks	To identify and evaluate high-risk factors	To mitigate risks and food safety accidents	Mixed method	Food supply chain	By reducing food quality and safety risks and employing improvement plans
Kaipia et al. [ ]	2013	IT (Sharing), Sustainability (Eco. and Env.) Management, Inventory	To improve sustainability performance via information sharing	To reduce FLW level	Qualitative analysis	Food products	By incorporating demand and shelf-life data information sharing effect
Mishra, N., and Singh, A., [ ]	2018	IT and ICTs, Sustainability (Env.), waste reduction, Management, decision-making	To utilise Twitter data for waste minimisation in the beef supply chain	To contribute to the reduction in food waste	Mixed method	Food products	By offering insights into potential strategies for reducing food waste via social media and IT
Parashar et al. [ ]	2020	Information sharing (IT), Sustainability (Env.), FW Management (regulation, inventory, risks)	To model the enablers of the food supply chain and improve its sustainability performance	To address the reducing carbon footprints in the food supply chains	Mixed method	Food products	By facilitating the strategic decision-making regarding reducing food waste
Tseng et al. [ ]	2022	Regulations, Sustainability, Information technologies, (IoT and BCT)	To conduct a data-driven comparison of halal and non-halal sustainable food supply chains	To explore the role of regulations and standards in ensuring the compliance of food products with Halal requirements and FW reduction	Mixed method	Food products	By highlighting the role of legislation in reducing food waste and promoting sustainable food management
Mejjaouli, and Babiceanu, [ ]	2018	Information technologies (RFID-WSN), Management, Decision-making	To optimise logistics decisions based on actual transportation conditions and delivery locations	To develop a logistics decision model via an IT application	Stochastic optimisation	Food products	-
Wu et al. [ ]	2019	IT (Information exchange), Sustainability (Eco., and Env.)	To analyse the trade-offs between maintaining fruit quality and reducing environmental impacts	To combine virtual cold chains with life cycle assessment to provide a holistic approach for evaluating the environmental trade-offs	Mixed method	Food/fruit products	By suggesting a more sustainability-driven cold chain scenario

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Davoudi, S.; Stasinopoulos, P.; Shiwakoti, N. Two Decades of Advancements in Cold Supply Chain Logistics for Reducing Food Waste: A Review with Focus on the Meat Industry. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 6986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166986

Davoudi S, Stasinopoulos P, Shiwakoti N. Two Decades of Advancements in Cold Supply Chain Logistics for Reducing Food Waste: A Review with Focus on the Meat Industry. Sustainability . 2024; 16(16):6986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166986

Davoudi, Sina, Peter Stasinopoulos, and Nirajan Shiwakoti. 2024. "Two Decades of Advancements in Cold Supply Chain Logistics for Reducing Food Waste: A Review with Focus on the Meat Industry" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 6986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166986

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Common low-calorie sweetener may be riskier for the heart than sugar, study suggests

Another study is raising concern about the safety of the widely used sugar alcohol sweetener erythritol , a low-calorie sugar substitute found in “keto-friendly” foods, baked goods and candies. Researchers from the Cleveland Clinic compared erythritol to typical sugar and found only erythritol caused worrisome cardiovascular effects.

Although the study was small, it’s the first head-to-head look at people’s blood levels after they consume products with erythritol or sugar (glucose).

“We compared the results, and glucose caused none of the problems,” said Dr. Stanley Hazen, a cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic and the lead author of the study, published Thursday morning in the journal Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.

Erythritol is one ingredient on a growing list of nonsugar sweeteners found in low-calorie and sugar-free foods. Erythritol and xylitol are sugar alcohols that are sweet like sugar but with far fewer calories. Erythritol is often mixed with another sweetener, stevia, and xylitol is often found in gum, mouthwash and toothpaste.

Earlier studies from Hazen’s lab — one published last year and the other in June — found potential links between the sugar alcohols and an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. The research suggested both sugar alcohols might make blood platelets stickier and therefore more susceptible to clotting and blocking veins or arteries, in turn contributing to heart attacks and strokes.

For the new research, Hazen’s team analyzed the heart effects of erythritol and regular sugar — in this case, simple glucose — by enrolling two groups of healthy middle-aged male and female volunteers: 10 who consumed the erythritol and 10 who consumed sugar.

Both groups fasted overnight. In the morning, their blood was drawn to measure platelet activity. Then, half the volunteers drank glasses of water with 30 grams of glucose mixed in, and half drank glasses of water with 30 grams of erythritol. Hazen said 30 grams of erythritol is an amount typical of erythritol-sweetened foods.

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Around 30 minutes after each group consumed the sweetened drinks, their blood was drawn and retested. Researchers found the people who consumed erythritol had increased platelet aggregation — meaning the blood was more likely to clot. Adults who drank the normal sugar drink had no changes in platelet aggregation.

The researchers measured a 1,000-fold increase in blood erythritol levels in the group given the erythritol drink. Those who drank glucose water didn’t have any changes in blood erythritol levels, and their blood glucose levels were only slightly increased. The finding stood out to Hazen, because it far exceeded the trace levels of erythritol that occur naturally in the blood.

“The amount in sugar substitutes is thousands of folds higher than what is made in our bodies, so to call it ‘natural,’ it’s not,” he said. “Your best recommendation is to avoid the sugar substitutes, and sugar alcohols in particular, because there’s an acute increase in the likelihood of clotting events once you ingest them.”

The Food and Drug Administration considers artificial sweeteners, including erythritol and xylitol, as GRAS, or generally recognized as safe . Hazen hopes mounting evidence about the sugar alcohols might trigger the FDA to look more closely at the data.

Outside the U.S., the concerns have drawn interest among food regulators. Last year, for instance, the European Food Safety Authority recommended that the European Commission request data about how much erythritol is in food, which could help clarify the risks.

Do the findings indicate that erythritol is worse overall than high-calorie sugar? Valisa Hedrick, a registered dietitian at Virginia Tech, said a diet high in sugary foods can lead to elevated blood glucose levels that are also linked to stroke and clotting risks. Hedrick wasn’t involved in the Cleveland Clinic study.

The study has several important limitations. Beyond the small number of participants, it measured the effects of erythritol and glucose at only one point in time, as opposed to over months or years of consistent consumption, Hedrick noted.

And the amount of glucose in the sugar water — about 30 grams — is the equivalent of about 120 calories of sugar. Sugary beverages, especially juices and sodas, often contain more sugar.

For example, a 12-ounce can of Coca-Cola contains 39 grams of sugar, and 12 ounces of Mountain Dew contains 46 grams.

Michael Goran, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Southern California’s Keck School of Medicine, said it might also be worth comparing erythritol to both fructose and glucose. The combination of fructose and glucose is more typical of sugary juices and sodas than glucose alone, he said. Goran wasn’t part of the new study.

Hazen’s study looked at glucose alone.

Although the Cleveland Clinic study didn't find negative effects from consuming sugar, the researchers agreed the data doesn’t mean sugar is in the clear. Higher amounts of sugar may cause similar platelet effects, especially in people with diabetes, who can’t effectively regulate high blood glucose.

Hazen’s study focused specifically on healthy people, not people with diabetes.

It could also be important to analyze whether heart effects differ when people consume food with erythritol compared with water with erythritol, said Dr. Michelle Pearlman, a gastroenterologist who is CEO and a co-founder of the Prime Institute in Miami.

“Factors such as protein, fat, fiber and other nutrients might influence this response,” she said.

Ultimately, said Hedrick of Virginia Tech, the new study underscores the need for more research comparing the health effects of sweeteners versus sugar.

Hazen and his colleagues concluded the research by urging further studies focusing on erythritol’s heart risks, particularly in people already at higher risk of strokes and clotting.

NBC News contributor Caroline Hopkins is a health and science journalist who covers cancer treatment for Precision Oncology News. She is a graduate of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.

IMAGES

How To Write Highlights for an Academic or Scientific paper
Research Highlights
(PDF) Research highlights
Research Paper Outline Template
How to Write Highlights for a Scientific Paper
How to Write Highlights for a Paper

COMMENTS

How do I include Highlights with my manuscript?
Select 'Highlights' from the drop-down file list when uploading files. Use 'Highlights' as the file name. Include 3 to 5 highlights. Each individual Highlight should be a maximum of 85 characters long, including spaces. Only the core results of the paper should be covered.
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Highlights are three to five (three to four for Cell Press articles) bullet points that help increase the discoverability of your article via search engines. These bullet points should capture the novel results of your research as well as new methods that were used during the study (if any). Think of them as the "elevator pitch" of your article.
How to Write Highlights for a Scientific Paper
Some journals require authors to submit highlights that summarize the main findings of a paper. In this video, I'll explain what highlights are and how to pr...
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The highlights for a scientific paper make it easier for people to find it using a search engine. Ideally, your highlights serve as a sort of "elevator pitch" for your paper, describing the results and any new methods you used. Although it depends on the publisher, the highlights for a paper will usually be no more than 3 or 4 bullet-point phrases.
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The essence of the research: this is where you talk about the key finding of the academic paper. This also highlights your main contribution via the paper. The three sentences covering the above mentioned three points gives a gist of your paper to a potential reader and this is the key for highlights.
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Color-coding your highlighting when reading articles and book chapters. One of the skills that needs to be in undergraduate and graduate students' portfolios (and even post-PhD folks) is the ability to read, analyze, synthesize and then produce summaries of the research work we do. Highlighting is one of the ways in which I help myself learn ...
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India's Nostradamus predicts what 2025 holds for the US: Space research
The forecast highlights potential challenges such as strategic and domestic issues early in the year, financial strains, health concerns, and significant developments in space research. The latter part of 2025 is expected to focus on maritime concerns, innovative war strategies, and financial prospects.
Writing meaningful highlights in scientific papers
Highlights are 3 to 5 short sentences containing core findings of the research described in the paper. Highlights are available only online with the purpose of driving a person's attention ...
Common low-calorie sweetener may be riskier for the heart than sugar
For the new research, Hazen's team analyzed the heart effects of erythritol and regular sugar — in this case, simple glucose — by enrolling two groups of healthy middle-aged male and female ...
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The document proposes slashing federal money for research and investment in renewable energy, and calls for the next president to "stop the war on oil and natural gas".