how to cite pew research in text apa

APA Citation Guide: Statistics

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How do i express numbers & statistics, statistical abstract of the united states (proquest), pew research center.

It's not always easy to convey numerical and statistical information with clarity and precision. For this reason, Sections 6.32–6.35 of the Manual  provide guidelines on using numerals vs. words. 

Here are a few pointers:

Use numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) for the following:

• numbers 10 and above
• numbers used in statistics (e.g., 2.45, 3 times as many, 2 x 2 design)
• numbers used with units of measurement (e.g., 7-mg dose, 3-in. increments) 
• times (e.g.,1 hr 34 min), ages (e.g., 2 years old), and dates (e.g., March 6)
• scores and points on a scale (e.g., score of 6, 5-point Likert scale)

Use words (one, two, three, etc.) for the following:

• numbers zero through nine (e.g., five members)
• numbers beginning a sentence, heading, or title (e.g., Sixty participants volunteered for)
• common fractions (e.g., one half, one fifth, a two-thirds majority)
• universally accepted phrases (e.g., Twelve Apostles, Five Pillars of Islam)

Commas in numbers

• Use commas between groups of three digits in most figures of 1,000 or more
• Do not use commas in page numbers, binary digits, serial numbers, degrees of temperature, degrees of freedom, and acoustic frequencies above 1000.

Statistics  (see Publication Manual Sections 6.40–6.45 for guidelines on reporting statistics)

• Do not repeat statistics in both the text and a table or figure
• In tables and figures, report exact p values (e.g., p = .015), unless p is < .001 (instead write as "<.001")
• Put a space before and after a mathematical operator (e.g., minus, plus, greater than, less than). For a negative value, put a space only before the minus sign, not after it (e.g., –8.25)
• Use the symbol or abbreviation for statistics with a mathematical operator (e.g., M = 7.7)
• Use the term, not the symbol, for statistics in the text (e.g., the means were)

For more information, check out:  Numbers and Statistics Guide, APA Style 7th Edition

The Statistical Abstract of the United States is a comprehensive summary of statistics on the social, political, and economic organization of the United States.

ProQuest provides over 1400 individually indexed tables with attached spreadsheets. Use the Abstract as a convenient volume for statistical reference, and cite it like this:

Authoring agency (Year of Publication). Title of document: Subtitle if given [often a Table]. ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the U.S . URL

Bureau of Census (2021). Resident population projections for native and foreign-born populations by age group: 2020 To 2060 [quinquennially, as of July 1]. ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the U.S.   https://0-statabs-proquest-com.

Statista provides statistical data on many topics including media, business, politics, society, technology, and education. Sources include market reports, opinion research institutions, trade publications, scientific journals, and government agencies. Charts can be downloaded in PNG, PowerPoint, Excel or PDF formats or embedded in web pages and can be great in papers or presentations. Note: under Source, look for "Survey by," and cite this as author.

Authoring agency. (Publication date). Report title: subtitle if given [Format type]. In Statista . URL

Statistics, dossiers, and reports

eMarketer. (2020, April 14). Social media platforms used by adults in the United States during the coronavirus outbreak as of March 2020 [Graph]. In Statista .  https://0-www-statista-com

Spotrac. (2020, June 10). Highest player salaries in Major League Baseball in 2020 (in million U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In Statista .  https://0-www-statista-com

Statista. (2020). National Hockey League [Dossier]. In Statista .  https://0-www-statista-com

Statista Consumer Market Outlook. (2020, November). Sneaker report 2020 [Report]. In Statista .  https://0-www-statista-com

Infographics

Richter, F. (2021, January 12). One year on, the pandemic still rages [Digital image]. In Statista .  https://0-www-statista-com

The Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan American think tank (referring to itself as a "fact tank") based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world. It also conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis, and other empirical social science research. As authoring agency, cite it like this:

Pew Research Center. (Publication date). Report title: subtitle if given [Format type]. URL

Pew Research Center. (2020, April 20). From virtual parties to ordering food, how Americans are using the internet during COVID-19  [Report].  What Americans are doing online during COVID-19 | Pew Research Center

Note: URLs for Pew Reports are often named, and don't resemble typical https:// addresses. Cut and paste the URL from its source. 

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note:  On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998)  found  or Jones (1998)  has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998)  finds ).

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but  NOT  directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.

Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
• If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source:  Permanence and Change . Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:  Writing New Media ,  There Is Nothing Left to Lose .

( Note:  in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized:  Writing new media .)

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word:  Natural-Born Cyborgs .
• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's  Vertigo ."
• If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize it and use title case capitalization in the text:  The Closing of the American Mind ;  The Wizard of Oz ;  Friends .
• If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, use double quotation marks and title case capitalization (even though the reference list uses sentence case): "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).

You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.

Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.

Quotations from sources without pages

Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.

Summary or paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work. 

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APA 7th Edition Citation Style Guide

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General Rule:

Author. (Year). Title of report  (Report No. if given). Publisher. DOI or URL

• If the author and the publishing agency are the same omit the publisher from the citation. 

  Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics. (2013). America’s children: key national indicators of well-being. http://childstats.gov/americaschildren/index2.asp.

Author or name of group. (Year). Title of data set [description of form]. Publisher Name or Source of

unpublished data. Retrieved month day, year, from DOI or URL

• Include a retrieval date only if the data set is designed to change over time. 
• If a version number and/or database number is available include it with the data set title. 
• No need to include a publisher name if it is the same as the author.
• If the data is unpublished provide the source (e.g. university) if known. 
• If the dataset is untitled, give a description of the data and publication status in square brackets.

Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2012). November 2012- library services [Data file and code book]. http://www.pewinternet.org/Shared-Content/Data-Sets/2012/November-2012--Library-Services.aspx

Jeffri, J., Schriel, A., & Throsby, D. (2003) The aDvANCE Project: A study of career transition for professional dancers (ICPSR 35598; Version V1)  [Data set].  IPCSR.  https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35598.v1  

Whenever possible, give a citation for the measurements' supporting literature (e.g. manual, book, or journal article ). If the supporting literature is unavailable, cite the the test itself or database record using the following rule.

Author name. (year).  Title of the test. URL

Author name. (year).  Title of the test database record [Database record] . Test Database Name. URL

Hofstede , G &  Hofstede , G. J. (2013). Values Survey Module 2013 .  https://geerthofstede.com/research-and-vsm/vsm-2013/

Castellanos, I., Kronenberger, W.G., & Pisoni, D.B.   ( 2018 ). Learning, Executive, and Attention Function Scale

(LEAF) [Database record]. PsycTESTS.  https://doi.org/10.1037/t66008-000

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APA Citation and University Writing: Examples

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APA Style examples

These examples are references. The examples demonstrate the style and format required for a reference list.

Need help with in-text citation style? Click the tab Citations & Reference List . 

APA 7 Style Guide Examples

APA Style Notes

• Date of retrieval
• Missing Info

The examples on this page should only be used as a guide. The following links are official APA Style resources:

APA Style FAQ [APA Style]

Quick Answers - Reference

APA Tutorial: The Basics of APA Style

https://URL

URL where information was r etrieved  not required for library database citations.

Database where information was  retrieved not required in most instances except for special cases.

A citation for an article from a library database does not require the URL or name of the database.

ONLINE! URL

Do not include the words "Retrieved from" any longer before the URL

URL is important for items found freely available online. APA rules recommend using the homepage URL when an item can be easily located - such as URLs for news websites or online databases such as Hathi Trust and Internet Archive. Here is an example - only the homepage URL is used, not the full webpage URL.

Gallagher, D. (2018, Feb. 3 ) Is Google Losing to Amazon? Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com

Retrieved date is only included in a reference if the information cited is likely to change.

In general, do not include retrieved date within a citation, unless it is required by your instructor, or you are citing a blog, wiki, and a post from a personal website.

Example of information likely to change:

Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved August 8, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology

This is only in cases where this is no published date and the information is likely to change.

[Square Brackets] 

[Square Brackets] have several functions in APA Style. Regardless of the function, words within square brackets are your words .

1) [Square brackets] identify source types. APA Style recommends (not requires) providing identifying information when the title and other information in the citation does not identify the source. Add [square brackets] when needed to clarify what the item is. For example, [Case study], [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Excel document], [Video], [Interview], [Data], [Data set].

Sasal, D. (2017, June 13)  Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework  [Video]. Youtube.      https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs

2)  Use square brackets If you’re referencing an unusual item.

APA Style Blog: Using Square Brackets

3) Use square brackets when there is missing information - for example, missing date and title.

APA Style Blog: Missing Pieces: How to Write an APA Style Reference Even Without All the Information

Do you have questions about authors?

• Click here. APA FAQ tab. Need help formatting AUTHOR names? No author, multiple authors, etc... In the AUTHOR box, click the tabs IN-TEXT or REFERENCE to learn how to handle 1-5 authors, and 6+ authors.

Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person as the author consider using a corporate/group name.

Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?

No author? Are you sure? Is it a Group/corporate Author?

APA Style Blog on group authors

If there is no author and no group/corporate author, begin the reference with the TITLE in the author-place. Use a shortened version of the title in when using in-text citations.

How to write an APA Style reference when information is missing

No date? Missing title? Missing source?

APA Style Blog on missing information

• Guidelines for missing information This PDF was created and made available by the APA Style Blog.
• Articles - Print
• Articles - Online
• Articles - Library database
• Articles - Library database with DOI

Working Papers

Article - print.

I ansiti , M., Lakhani, K. R., McBrien, K., & Moon, M. (2017). Managing our hub economy: Strategy, ethics, and network competition in the age of digital superpower. Harvard Business Review , 95 (5), 84-92.

Online Journal Article

Klein, G., & Aubry, M. (2017). Introducing the issue on megaprojects. Project Management Journal , 48 (6), 3-4. https://www.pmi.org/PMJ

Wang, J., Meric, G., Liu, Z., & Meric, I. (2010). A comparison of the determinants of stock returns in the 1987 and 2008 stock market meltdowns. Banking and Finance Review, 2 (1), 15-26. http://www.bankingandfinancereview.com/

Online Newspaper Article

Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com

Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com

APA Style Blog on citing newspapers

Is this website a newspaper, magazine or journal?

"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t." APA Style Blog

If the site does not refer to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source as a webpage - scroll down to Online - Webpage.

Articles from library databases without doi .

Journal Article:

Arruda-Filho, E., Cabusas, J., & Dholakia, N. (2010). Social behavior and brand devotion among iPhone innovators.  International Journal of Information Management,   30 (6), 475-480.

Magazine Article:

Barkin, E. (2010, April). Jetting to greener pastures.  Customer Relationship Management,   14 (4), 30-33,36.

Newspaper Article:

Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times , 157 (54418), A1.  https://www.nytimes.com/

Articles from library databases with doi.

Gonzalez, J., Ragins, B., Ehrhardt, K., & Singh, R. (2018). Friends and family: The role of relationships in community and workplace attachment. Journal of Business & Psychology , 33 (1), 89-104. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10869-016-9476-3

Holland, C. P. (1995). Cooperative supply chain management: The impact of interorganizational information systems. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 4 (2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8687(95)80020-Q

Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 14124). http://www.nber.org/papers/w14124

White papers.

Department for Business Innovation & Skills. (2016).  Success as a knowledge economy: Teaching excellent, social mobility and student choice  [White paper]. Crown.  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-success-as-a-knowledge-economy.pdf

APA Style on White Papers

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). Publisher.

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). http:// www.URL.com

Source: American Psychological Association, 2010, p.206.

• Books in print

Book in print

Brader, t. (2006). campaigning for hearts and minds: how emotional appeals in political ads work . university of chicago press., laudon, k.c. & traver, c.g. (2016). e-commerce: business, technology, society (12 th ed.). pearson., lewis, r., & dart, m. (2010). the new rules of retail: competing in the world's toughest marketplace . palgrave macmillan., miller, t. e., bender, b. e., & schuh, j. h. (2005). promoting reasonable expectations: aligning student and institutional views of the college experience . jossey-bass..

Book with no author, but has an editor or editors:   add (Ed.) or (Eds.)

Duncan , G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor . Russell Sage Foundation.

Ebooks (APA 7)

Ebook from a library database (ie. Ebook Central ProQuest)

Kerzner, H. (2017). Project management metrics, KPIS, and dashboards: A guide to measuring and monitoring project performance .  https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Ebook found online:

Barton, Clara. (1904). A story of the Red Cross: Glimpses of field work . D. Appleton and Company. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30230

Ebook accessed using a specific reader

Gladwell, M. (2011). Outliers: The story of success . Back Bay Books. https://www.amazon.com

Case Studies

Case study published by harvard business school publishing.

Thomas, D.A. (1999). Leaving. HBS No. 400033-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing. 

Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2010). Google, Inc. HBS No. 910036-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing. 

Case Study published by Ivey Publishing

Bernhut, S. (2013). The Ivey Business Journal Interview: State Capitalism, with Aldo Musacchio . Ivey ID: 9B13TB08. Ivey Publishing. 

• General Guidelines
• Library Database
• Website (including photo)
• Reference examples

Figures: graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photos, etc.

Looking for tables > use formatting information in the box Tables.

Click through the tabs and find in-text citation and reference examples.

Using Statista? Scroll down to the Statista box.

Video tutorial: APA Style for Figures and Tables

Looking for tables > using formatting information in the box Tables.

A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration or nontextual depiction. Any type of illustration other than a table is referred to as a figure.

When you use a figure that has been adapted or copied directly from another source, you need to reference that original source. This reference appears as a caption underneath the figure (image):

• don't include a title on top - the caption is your title
• concise explanation of the figure; i.e. a brief but descriptive phrase
• include copyright information
• format your caption - use italics and a capital F for Figure and sequential numbering (if you have more than one Figure)

Legend (if needed) :

A legend explains the symbols used in the figure. It should have the same kind and proportion of lettering that appear in the rest of the figure.

• capitalize major words in the legend
• place the legend within the figure (it may already be there if you have copied the graph from elsewhere)

General rules:

• Number all figures with Arabic numerals in the order in which they are first mentioned in text, regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of the figure occurs later in the paper. For example, Figure 1...Figure 2...etc.
• Refer to the figure in your writing - no italics, but with capital F, for example "In Figure 1..."
• Copyright permission for using figures and images in theses/dissertations/exegeses - obtain written copyright permission from the copyright holder if you reproduced or adapted a figure from a copyrighted source. If you are adapting material from multiple sources, and integrating them into a single figure, you might need to include multiple permission statements, one for each source.
• Figures must have a reference in your Reference List.

Multiple Sources:

See Simon Fraser University's instructions for citing multi-sources.

Created by Auckland University of Technology Library, and adapted with permission.

APA Style on citing Tables & Figures

Figure reproduced in your paper

Use this format for figures you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.

Caption Format - caption under a figure

Figure 1. FinSec's communication networks. Reprinted from Employment Relations in New Zealand (2nd ed., p.355), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright 2009 by Erling Rasmussen.

In-text citation:

Reference list entry:

Figure referred to and not reproduced in your paper

If you simply refer to a figure, format the in text-citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

Figure 1. Factors influencing the formation of tourists' needs. Reprinted from "Factors that Obstruct Tourism Development in Bangladesh", by N. Jahan and S. Rahman, 2016, CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7 (9) , p.53. Copyright 2016 by Chinniah Lakshmiammal Educational Academy & Research (CLEAR) Foundation.

If you simply refer to a figure and do not include it in your text, format the in text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

Caption Format - caption under a figure

Example from ACNielsen Market Information Digest database

Figure 1 . The market location and dollar sales of meat pies in New Zealand. SMAP is the segment of market for the Auckland Province, SMLNI for the Lower North Island, SMSI for the South Island; MAP is the moving annual total. Nielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand database. Copyright 2011 by The Nielsen Company.

Example: from Passport (Euromonitor) database

Figure 2 .  Trade volume of ready to drink high strength premixes sold in New Zealand, measured in 000 litres. Passport database. Copyright 2010 by Euromonitor International.

If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way:

Caption Format - caption under a figure

Figure 1 . Vermeer, J. (c. 1665). Girl with a pearl earring . From Mauritshuis Royal Picture Gallery, The Hague. http://www.mauritshuis.nl/index.aspx?Chapterid=2295. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 2 . America's Army screen dump showing soldiers and watch tower. From America's Army (Version 3). http://www.americasarmy.com. Copyright 2010 by America’s Army.

If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

• Not every reference to an artwork needs a reference list entry, for example, if you refer to a famous painting, as above, it would not need a reference.

• clicking on or hovering your mouse over the image
• looking at the bottom of the image
• looking at the URL
• if there is no title, create a short descriptive one yourself and put it in square brackets e.g. [...]

Reference List

Examples of references for figures.

Retrieved from a library database

Euromonitor International. (2013). Youth unemployment rate vs. total unemployment rate: 2006-2011 [Graph]. Euromonitor Passport database .

Format: Figure

Author. (year created). Title of work [Type of work], Database name or URL.

No author? Use a corporate/agency/company (as known as group author name), or a screen name. If this is not an option, use the title in place of the author.

• Library Databases
• Multiple sources

Tables: numerical values or text displayed in clearly designated columns and rows

Looking for: graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photos, etc. > see box Figures.

Created by Auckland University of Technology Library , and adapted with permission.

Tables usually show numerical value or textual information and are almost always characterized by a row-column structure. Any type of illustration other than a table is a  figure .

General notes on tables:

• Tables are located at the end of your paper, after the reference list and before any appendixes. Each table is on a separate page.
• Tables may use single-spacing or one-and-a-half spacing (p. 229).
• Information necessary for understanding the table and definitions of abbreviations used within the table appear in a table note. ( APA Style Blog )
• All tables must be cited in-text and discussed within the body of your paper, and be included in your reference list.

Basic instructions for formatting tables

Number t ables sequentially (i.e.if you have more than one table in your writing) e.g. Table 1, Table  2 .....

• Each table must be referred to in the text, using a capital T,  for example: ...as shown in Table 1

Title is placed directly a bove the table itself and below the table number.

• Brief but clear and explanatory, in italics and with major words capitalized with no full stop.

Note is placed directly below the table, the word "Note" in italics with a full stop, for example:  Note.

• Explain abbreviations, symbols etc
• Acknowledge the source of the table
• Include a copyright statement at the end of the note. 

     ​  For specific and probability note (section 5.16, p 138).

Ruling (Lines)

• Limit the use of lines to those that are necessary
• Appropriately positioned white space can be an effective substitute.
• Tables  may be submitted either single or double spaced. Consider readability (section 5.17, p 141).

Sales of  Take Home Ice Cream in New Zealand

Note . MAT= moving annual total, From ACNielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand .Copyright 2010 by The Nielsen Company.

Table reproduced in your paper

Use this format for tables you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.

Note format - note under a table

Note. Reprinted from Employment relations in New Zealand (p 98), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright (2009) by Erling Rasmussen. 

Use the reference style for books - see go to box Books

Table referred to and not reproduced in your paper

If you simply refer to a table, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

Note format - note under a table

   In-text citation:

Use the reference style for articles - see box Articles .

Table referred to but not reproduced in your paper

Note Format : note below a table

Percentage of Men and Women Who Have Bought Fruit and Vegetable Products in the Last Four Weeks

Note.  wc = weighted count, shown in thousands; v% =vertical percentage, showing which % of the column group also belongs to the row group; h% = horizontal percentage showing which percentage of the row group also belongs to the column group. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand database. Copyright 2015 by Roy Morgan New Zealand Ltd. 

Reference  List entry:

Note format - note below a table

Percentage of New Zealand Population Who Have Never Worked by Age Group. By age group June 2016 quarter

Note . Adapted from  http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and_unemployment/people-never-worked.aspx . Copyright (2016) by Statistics New Zealand. 

Use the reference style for websites - see box Online , tab Websites.

If you refer to a table but don’t provide a copy of it in your assessment, simply give an in-text citation in the usual way

​ Reference list entry:

Table - compiled from a variety of sources

Multi source data

If you create your own table by compiling data from multiple sources, you will still need to cite where you got your information from. You do not need to give the full bibliographic citation in the note, an author and date is sufficient. 

Note format - note under table:

In-text citation: 

Multiple kinds of data

If you have multiple kinds of data (population figures, employment information... etc.) in one table you would describe each set of data)

Note format - note under Table:

 For more information see:

APA Style for figures & tables

Examples of references for tables.

Retrieved from a book

New Strategist. (2008). Women's time use by age, 2007 [Table]. In New Strategist Editors, American women: Who they are and how they live (4th ed.) . New Strategist Publications, Inc.

Retrieved from a online source

US Census Bureau. (2002). Industries in Which California Ranks First in Terms of Sales or Receipts Per Capita [Table]. 2002 Economic Census . http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/data/tops/TOPSTCA.HTM

National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). [Chart showing racial makeup of San Francisco Unified School District students under age 18]. Common Core of Data . http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/

If the table you find does not have a title, then describe the content in [square brackets].

Format: Table

Author. (Publication Date). Title of  table [Table]. In author or editor of work Title of work . Publisher.

Author. (Publication Date). Title of table [Table]. Title of website. URL

Author. (Publication Date). [Title of table] [Table]. Title of website. URL

Interviews, Emails, Personal Communications

• Interview, Email & Personal Communications

Personal interviews that you conduct do not have references. Personal interviews are considered personal communication. Include any relevant and important information about the interview in the body of your paper. APA Style states, "An interview is not considered recoverable data, so no reference to this is provided in the reference list. You may, however, cite the interview within the text as a personal communication." APA Style

Interviews - research participants .  APA Style

An interview you read has a citation and reference. Where did you find the interview? Is it from a magazine article, website, blog, etc.? Use the appropriate APA Style format to create the reference.

Email & Personal Communications

Email & personal communications do not have references at the end of your paper, but you will create a citation within the body of your paper.

Why do personal communications not have references? References are created to direct your reader to the sources of information you used in your paper. With personal communications you cannot direct the reader to the source - to the phone conversation you had, to your email inbox, to the day of the interview - the reader of your paper cannot access these sources.

Include any relevant and important information about the email and personal communication in the body of your paper.

Here is an example for the APA Style :

• Blogs & Wikipedia
• YouTube & Video

Social Media

• Help! More info for web sources...

Website (entire website, not a webpage)

No citation is needed for an entire website. Include the website within the body of a paper.

"In my paper, I mention a website. I refer to the website as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific webpage or an article within a website. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"

NO . All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.

Two examples - full websites mentioned within a paper.

1) The Department of Health has just released a new website to help people identify and compare health care programs available in their area. The website is called HealthCare.gov at http://www.healthcare.gov/ This resource is easy to use and the interface is intuitive, but the website will not support members of the population not using the internet.

2) Kidspsych ( http://www.kidspsych.org ) is a wonderful interactive website for children. This resource is appropriate for children ages 3 to 10.

APA Style Blog: Websites & Webpages

Webpage (not an online journal, magazine or newspaper > use article format) (APA 7)

Webpage with author:

Doyle, A. (2017, July 1). Best questions to ask at a job interview: What to ask the employer during a job interview. The balance careers. The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/questions-to-ask-in-a-job-interview-2061205

Webpage without a person as the author - there are options! (APA 7)

Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person listed as the author consider using a corporate/group name . Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?

Webpage with no person as author. Use a corporate/group author.  (APA 7)

United States government agency

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, February 14). Traumatic brain injury: FDA actions and research. http://usgov.info/2018/02/14/traumatic-brain-injury-fda-actions-and-research/

U.S. Small Business Association. (n.d.). Build your business plan. https://www.sba.gov/tools/business-plan/1?interiorpage2015

Ben & Jerry's. (n.d.). Our history. https://www.benjerry.com/about-us

Samsung. (2018). Vision 2020. https://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/vision/vision2020/

Kaiser Permanente. (2013, November). Measuring quality and patient safety. https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org

Webpage with no author

Effective business plans: Strategies for managers. (2018, March 4). Business Pros. http:// www.businesspros.com

Format:      Title of webpage. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Webpage. URL

In-text citation for no author:   ("First Few Words of Title," YEAR).    ("Effective Business Plans," 2018).

If the site refers to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source using an article format. Scroll up to Articles - Online.

"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t." 

Blogs, wikis, and posts on personal websites

Stephanie (2018, february 5). what to do if your obamacare 1095-a column b is zero. poorer than you . http://poorerthanyou.com/category/taxes/.

APA Style on citing Blogs

When citing Wikipedia, cite an archived version of a Wikipedia page so that readers can retrieve the version you used.

*Access the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting “View history” and then the time and date of the version you used.

*If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and a retrieval date.

Business performance management. ( 2018,  January 25 ). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_performance_ management

Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved December 15, 2017 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology

APA Style Blog on citing Wikipedia

Entire blog, wiki, or personal website

"In my paper, I mention a blog. I refer to the blog as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific blog post. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"

No. All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.

Two examples for mentioning the entire blog, wiki or personal website.  In the body of the paper:

1) At age 22, blogger Stephanee (Stephanie), started her the blog Poorer Than You (http://poorerthanyou.com). The posts are aimed at millennials and provide financial advice on a variety of topics.

2) I have learned a lot by reading the Psych Learning Curve blog (http://psychlearningcurve.org). This blog is an excellent resource for teachers.

Glass, I. (Producer). (2013, September 6). How I got into college [Audio podcast]. In  This American Life . http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/504/how-i-got-into-college

Purdue OWL  APA Style: How to Cite a Podcast

LastName, A. A. (Producer). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. In  Title of Podcast Series . Publisher. URL

Podcast without a series - stand alone

LastName, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast episode]. Publisher. URL

Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com

Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com

CNN. (2015, February 15). Boston sets new snow record [Video]. https://www.cnn.com/videos/weather/2015/02/15/newday-alesci-ripley-boston-sets-new-snow-record.cnn/video/playlists/top-news-videos/

Online Newspaper format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Newspaper . https://www.someaddress.com

Online Magazine format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Magazine, volume number (issue number if available). https://www.someaddress.com

Online News broadcast video:

Producer Name. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. Website host. https://www.someaddress.com

Youtube video

Forbes. (2018, January 19).  Facebook announces algorithm changes; Apple brings money back to U.S. [Video]. Youtube. https://youtube/39gFZawmKfM

Sasal, D. (2017, June 13) Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs

APA Style: How to Create a Reference for a YouTube Video

TikTok  video

Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2019, November 19). Alkali salts get lit. #chemistry #chemteacherphil #scienceexperiments #foryou #jobforme #trend #featurethis #science #vibecheck [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/xP1r1m

Washington Post [@washingtonpost]. (2019, December 3). News is all around us #frozen #newsroom #newspaper [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/x2sKUu

TikTok  Profile

Witherspoon, R. [@officialreesetiktok]. (n.d.). vsco mom [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://vm.tiktok.com/xS3B86

APA 7 TikTok Citation Guide

TED Talk video

If you viewed the video on the TED website:

Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking

If you viewed the video on YouTube, the same TED Talk would be referenced as follows:

TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g

APA Style Blog: How to Cite a TED Talk in APA Style

Film, Video, or DVD

Selick, H. (Director). (1993). The nightmare before Christmas [Film]. Touchstone.

Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [ Film ]. Paramount Pictures.

APA Style Film and TV

NY Review of Books. (2013, September 6). The total weight of jellyfish in the Black Sea is 10x greater than that of all fish caught around the world in a year. [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/nybooks/status/376055502880665600

Obama, M. (2013, February 28). “ We can give all our children the bright, healthy futures they so richly deserve .” —the First Lady on why healthier food options are good for American businesses   [Image attached] [Status update] .  Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php? fbid =10152608245040578& set=a.10150238318835578.467644.22092775577&type=1

Gaiman, N. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer out for dinner.  [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/10150574185041016

Reuters Top News [Reuters]. (2016, November 1). Inside David Bowie's art collection [Twitter moment]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i/moments/793575609028915200

APA Style: How to Cite a Twitter Moment

APA Style: How to Cite Facebook

APA Style: How to Cite Instagram

In APA Style there are no specific formatting rules for citing PDFs.

Why? PDF is just a file format. To cite this type of document, ask yourself: What is this?

You must determine what the nature of the PDF, and then use the corresponding format.

There are two common types of documents that appear as PDFs:

- Articles (magazines, newspapers, journals, newsletters, etc.)

- Reports (government report, company profile, company annual report, etc.)

Need help? Ask us by emailing [email protected]

For Webinar citations in APA 7, Please check out Purdue University APA 7 citation guide on Other Non-Print Sources available here:

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_other_non_print_sources.html

Rules for citing information found on the web:

No author? Start with the title and then the date. A screen-name can be used as the author. An organization/company can be the author.

Date? If a date is not specifically included with the item you are citing, look for the last updated date. No date type (n.d.)

Titles? Keep it simple - do not italicize website titles. This can get confusing:  If a webpage is part of a larger website, do not italicize the title of the page. If the webpage is an independent document on the website, do italicize the title of the page. This is also a judgment call that you will have to make. If you are not sure, do not italicize.

URL? Yes, include it. www.theURL.com

Retrieved on date? In general, do not include the retrieved date for most web sources. If a webpage is likely to change over time, such as a wiki or personal website, include the date that you looked at the page.

Author and website name? If the name of the website is the same as the name of the author, you do not need to include it a second time.

[Square Brackets]?  APA Style recommends providing identifying information - when needed for clarification. If the information in the citation and URL do not clearly identify what it is you are citing, add [square brackets]. For example, [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Video], [Interview], [Data].

Presentations

Instructors frequently require students to use APA Style within presentations. APA Style does not provide specific guidelines for PowerPoint presentations and visuals. You will be adapting APA Style guidelines. Check with your instructor about the format. You will likely need to have in-text citations on the slides throughout your presentation for images, data, quotes and paraphrased statements, AND a slide at the end for a reference list.

• Statistics & Data Sets
• Dictionary / Definitions

Barr, J. G. (2018). Artificial intelligence . Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies database.  MarketLine . (2013, April 29). NIKE, Inc.: Company profile . 

Annual Report

American Psychological Association. (2013). 2012 annual report of the American  Psychological Association . http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/2012-report.pdf

Unilever. (2015). Annual report and accounts 2015 strategic report.  https://www.unilever.com/Images/annual_report_and_accounts_ar15_tcm244-478426_en.pdf

APA Style on citing annual reports

Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q.  Arrow International, Inc. (2009). 10-K Annual Report 2009 .

Government Report

San Francisco Department of Public Health. (2016). San Francisco community health needs assessment 2016 . https://www.sfdph.org/dph/hc/HCAgen/HCAgen2016/May%2017/2016CHNA-2.pdf

U.S. Department of Education. (2014). Profile of undergraduate students: 2011-12. Web tables (NCES 2015-167). https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2015/2015167.pdf

National Cancer Institute. (2016). Taking part in cancer treatment research studies  (Publication No. 16-6249). https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/CRS.pdf

Office of the Inspector General U.S. Department of Justice. (2017, May). Review of the handling of sexual harassment and misconduct allegations by the department’s Civil Division . https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2017/e1703.pdf

APA Style: How to Cite Government Report

U.S. Constitution

APA Style Blog states, "All citations of the U.S. Constitution begin with U.S. Const. , followed by the article, amendment, section, and/or clause numbers as relevant."   APA Style Blog: How to Cite the U.S. Constitution in APA Style

In-text                   (U.S. Const. amend. II)

Reference             U.S. Const. amend. II

Congressional Bill

Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental Illnesses Act of 1993, S. 671, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993).

Federal Statutes

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654 (2006).

FORMAT: Name of the Statute, Tile number Source  § Section number(s) (Year).

APA Style: Writing References for Federal Statutes

Statistics & Data Sets

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Consumer price index - all urban consumers, 1956-2016 [Time series]. http://data.bls.gov

Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, jobs and broadband [Data file and codebook]. http://www.pewresearch.org

World Bank, World Development Indicators. (2016). Firms using banks to finance working capital (% of firms) [Data file]. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.FRM.BKWC.ZS?view= chart

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). Indiana income limits [Data set]. http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf

APA Style on citing data sets

U.S. Census

U.S. Census Bureau (2011). Selected housing characteristics, 2007-2011 American community survey 5-year estimates [Data file]. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_DP04

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2009). Cahaba River Natural Refuge. https://www.fws.gov/cahabariver/maps.html

International Monetary Fund. (2017, May 8). IMF lending at a glance. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/map/lending/

WOU APA Style on citing maps

Google Maps

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Ingolstadt, Germany, to Geneva, Switzerland]. Retrieved August 4, 2015 from https://goo.gl/maps/ILt8O

APA Style on citing online map s

IAC. (n.d.).  Impact investing. In Investopedia . Retrieved May 15, 2016 from  https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/impact-investing.asp

Merriam Webster (n.d.). R eliability. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved January 11, 2020 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reliability

Dictionary references in APA 7

BizJournals (via American City Business Journals)

Dittmer, M. (2018, March 16). Busiest Bay Area airlines. San Francisco Business Times .

Britannica Academic & Encyclopaedia Britannica

Library database fisher, w. w. (2018). patent. encyclopaedia britannica ., online britannica, t. editors of encyclopaedia (2019, november 20). prohibition. encyclopedia britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/prohibition-united-states-history-1920-1933 note: encyclopedia britannica online  has a citation tool., business source complete.

Is it an article?  Use the format: Articles - library database

Is it a report? >> Use the format: Reports

The database Business Source Complete has a citation tool. Click CITE and select APA citation format. Review the citation and edit it.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed): DSM–5

American psychiatric association. (2013). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).      https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596, (american psychiatric association, 2013), faulkner reports.

Reports from these databases: Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies (FAITS), and Faulkner Security Management Practices.

Barr, J. G. (2019). Artificial intelligence . Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies.

Keston, G. (2019). Network access control . Faulkner Security Management Practices.

Gale Ebooks

Agile software. In Encyclopedia of Emerging Industries (7th ed., pp. 5-10). Gale. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3664200008/GVRL?u=ggusf_main&sid=GVRL&xid=4c07cc09

Harvard Business Review

Is it an article? >> Use the article format .

Is it a case study? >> Use the case study format .

Mergent Online

Mergent Inc. (n.d.). Apple, Inc.: Business segments .

Mergent Inc. (2014, February 28). McDonald's Corp.: Ford Equity research report .

Apple Inc. (2013, October 30). Form 10-K . 

Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q.  

Morningstar Investment Research Center

Google , Inc. (2011, December 31). Form 10-K .

Morningstar . (n.d.). Google: Key ratios . Retrieved March 13, 2014, from Morningstar Investment Research.

Morningstar . (2014, February 28) Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Rating and risk .  Morningstar Investment Research.

Reichart, K. R. (2014, March 6). Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Fund analyst repor t. Morningstar Investment Research database.

Summer, R. (2014, February 25). Google, Inc.: Stock analyst report . Morningstar Investment Research database.

Pew Research Center

Lopez, G., Ruis, N.G. & Patten, E. (2017, September 8) Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/08/key-facts-about-asian-americans/

Shearer, E. & Gottfried, J. (2017, September 6). In 2017, two-thirds of U.S. adults get news from social media [Table]. In News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2017. http://www.journalism.org/2017/09/07/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2017/pi_17-08-23_socialmediaupdate_0-01/

Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, Jobs and Broadband [Data file and code book]. http://www.pewresearch.org

Pew Research Center. (2018, January 2018). They’re waiting longer, but U.S. women today more likely to have children than a decade ago: More than half of never-married women in their early 40s have given birth [Report]. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/18/theyre-waiting-longer-but-u-s-women-today-more-likely-to-have-children-than-a-decade-ago/

S&P Global NetAdvantage

Industry survey.

Snyder, K. (2017, October). Health care equipment and supplies. CFRA Industry Surveys [PDF].

Library database - Statista - citing data and charts

When you are viewing data, look for the citation button. SELECT CITATION. From the drop-down menu, click APA. We recommend you edit the citation. Note, Statista uses many difference SOURCES - the source is in the place of the author.

Atlas Van Lines. (May 27, 2020). Internal factors that influenced employee relocations in the United States in 2020 [Chart]. In Statista - The Statistics Portal . Retrieved April 08, 2021 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/763368/internal-factors-on-employee-relocation-us/

Airnow. (February 17, 2021). Leading iPhone apps in the Apple App Store worldwide in January 2021, by revenue (in million U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In  Statista . Retrieved April 08, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/271103/top-iphone-apps-worldwide-by-revenue/

Library database - Statista - citing a full report

Collignon , H. & Sultan, N. (2014, November). Winning the business of sports 2014 . Retrieved from Statista database.

Janßen , B., Krützfeldt, W., Ramcke, K., & Staffa, V. (2014, August).  Industry report - Computer and electronic product manufacturing NAICS Code 334 . Retrieved from Statista database.

Statista. (2018). Coffee market in the U.S. [Report]. Retrieved from Statista database.

Online - using Statista's website - citing data and charts

When there is no author name, use the SOURCE name in place of the author. Statista uses many difference SOURCES. Look under the table or figure for the word SOURCE.

ITU. (2011, October). Number of active mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide from 2005 to 2011 (in millions) [Chart].  In Statista . Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/186337/number-of-mobile-broadband-subscriptions-worldwide-since-2005/

Value Line Publishing. (2010, November 26). Ford Motor. Value Line Investment Survey .

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University Libraries

• Ohio University Libraries
• Library Guides

COMS 1030: Public Speaking

• Find statistics or data
• Choose or focus your topic
• Get Background Information
• News Sources
• Find books or book chapters
• Find research articles
• Cite your sources in APA style
• Write an annotated bibliography
• Get Help / Contact Me

Find statistics or data with Statista

Where can i get data about my topic .

• There are many different places to find data about your topic, but I suggest starting with Statista , a website which compiles data that is available from across the web. 
• On the Statista website, search for your topic. You should see a chart of the data and a description of where it comes from below the chart.
• Example: this data on public opinion in regards to gun safety and ownership comes from the Pew Research Center, so they should be cited as the source of the data. Check out the example citation below. 
• I've also listed a variety of topic-specific websites below that you can use to find data. 

Example APA Citation:

Pew Research Center. (2012). What do you think is more imporant - proteching the right of Americans to own guns, or controlling gun ownership (United States, July 2012). Retrieved from  http://www.statista.com/statistics/237372/survey-on-the-importance-of-gun-control-and-gun-ownership-in-the-us/ . 

You could also use the link to the original article on the Pew Research Center site and cite that instead. Here is an APA citation for the page from which Statista drew the data for the ciation listed above:

Pew Research Center. (2012). Views on gun laws unchanged after Aurora shooting. Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/2012/07/30/views-on-gun-laws-unchanged-after-aurora-shooting/ .

• Statista Statista is a search-able collection of statistics that are available on the open web.

Other Data Sources

• Pew Research Center for People and the Press The Pew Research Center compiles statistics on public opinion toward political and social issues including some major issues in the news such as immigration, health care, taxes and spending, gay marriage and attitudes towards news organizations.
• SimplyMap SimplyMap provides census and market data for the United States by state, county and even city.
• Health Statistics Health statistics from the US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health.
• Bureau of Labor Statistics Statistics on employment, occupations, industry and demographics from the US government.
• Migration Population Statistics Statistics on Americans born in other countries from the US Census Bureau.
• Education Statistics From the National Center for Education Statistics.
• Vital Statistics on American Politics Statistics on voting and political behavior. Part of the CQ Press Political Reference Suite of Online Editions.
• Europa World Plus Demographic, economic and political data for all countries across the world.
• Statistical Abstract of the United States A collection of statistics about the US from a number of federal agencies. This series was ended in 2011.
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APA guidelines 7th edition

• APA guidelines
• Basic Principles of Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Secondary Sources
• Personal Communications
• Elements of Reference List Entries
• Textual Works reference examples
• Audiovisual Media reference examples
• Online Media reference examples
• Data Sets reference examples

Software or Mobile App

• Tables & Figures
• Support & Tools

Data sets consist of research data ('raw data') used in a document for a table, for example.

• If there is no version number it is omitted.
• The publication date for published sets is the year of publication and for unpublished sets is the year(s) of collection.

Owner of the data set. (Publication date). Title of data set (Version number) [Dataset]. Publisher. Retrieved Month day, year, from http://xxxx of https://xxxx of https://doi.org/xxxx

Pew Research Center. (2018). America trends panel Wave 26  [Dataset]. Retrieved February 21, 2021, from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/dataset/american-trends-panel-wave-26/

Parenthetical citation: (Pew Research Center, 2018)

Narrative citation: Pew Research Center (2018)

• If you are citing existing data or statistics, cite the publication in which the data were published (e.g., a journal article, report, or webpage) rather than the data set itself.
• Common software (e.g. Word, Excel, Photoshop or SPSS) and mobile apps (e.g. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) mentioned in the text, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations. Simply give the proper name of the software or app along with version number in the text, if relevant.
• The publication date of a computer software is the year of publication of the version used;
• The bracketed description is flexible: [Computer Software], [Mobile App], [Apparatus and software];
• For a mobile app the publisher can be stated as Google Play Store or App Store;
• To cite a content of a social media app see Social Media .

Author, A. (Publication date). Name of programme (Version number) [Description]. Publisher. Retrieved Month day, year, from http://xxxx of https://xxxxx

Koha-community. (2021). Koha Library Software (Version 20.05.09) [Computer software]. Koha. Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://download koha-community.org

Parenthetical citation: (Koha-community, 2021)

Narrative citation: Koha-community (2021)

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• How to cite a report in APA Style

How to Cite a Report in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on November 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 1, 2023.

Reports may be published by governments , task groups, or other organizations. To reference a report with an individual author, include the author’s name and initials, the report title (italicized), the report number, the organization that published it, and the URL (if accessed online, e.g. as a PDF ).

Note that brochures are cited in a similar format. You can easily create accurate APA citations using our free Citation Generator.

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Table of contents

Report with multiple authors, report with organization as author, where to find the report number, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.

When a report has multiple authors, up to 20 should be listed in the reference.

If the report has 21 or more authors, list the first 19, then an ellipsis, then the last listed author:

With in-text citations, list up to two authors. For three or more, list the first followed by “ et al. ”

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Sometimes, reports do not list individual authors, only the organization responsible. In these cases, list the organization in the author position.

This sometimes results in the name of the author and publisher being identical. Omit the second mention of the organization in this case.

Many reports are associated with a specific number. If a report has a number, it will typically be listed in the database where you found the report.

It will also generally appear on the cover or title page of the report itself.

A report number should always be included when available, but if a report doesn’t have one, you can just leave this part out.

When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .

When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors . Here’s how it works:

Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).

You may include up to 20 authors in a reference list entry .

When an article has more than 20 authors, replace the names prior to the final listed author with an ellipsis, but do not omit the final author:

Davis, Y., Smith, J., Caulfield, F., Pullman, H., Carlisle, J., Donahue, S. D., James, F., O’Donnell, K., Singh, J., Johnson, L., Streefkerk, R., McCombes, S., Corrieri, L., Valck, X., Baldwin, F. M., Lorde, J., Wardell, K., Lao, W., Yang, P., . . . O’Brien, T. (2012).

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See section 10.4 on pp. 329-331 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .

There are many kinds of reports, including government reports, technical reports, and research reports. These reports, like journal articles, usually cover original research, but they may or may not be peer reviewed. 

Follow the format used for books as closely as possible:

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. xxxx). Publisher.

Very often there will be a corporate or agency as author:

Agency name. (year). Title of work . Publisher.

Report by a government agency or other organization:

National Cancer Institute. (2018).  Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment  (NIH Publication No. 18-2424). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/life-after-treatment.pdf

Report by individual authors at a government agency or other organization:

Fried, D., & Polyakova, A. (2018).  Democratic defense against disinformation.  Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Democratic_Defense_Against_Disinformation_FINAL.pdf

See section 10.9 on pp. 337-338 of the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Data Set: 

Pew Research Center. (2018).  American trend panel Wave 26  [Data set]. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/dataset/american-trends-panel-wave-26/

Unpublished Raw Data:

Baer, R. A. (2015). [Unpublished raw data on the correlations between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills]. University of Kentucky. >

Note: For an untitled data set, provide a description in square brackets of the publication status and focus of the data.

See section 10.12 on pp. 342-344 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .

Film or video:

Forman, M. (Director). (1975).  One flew over the cuckoos nest  [Film]. United Artists.

Simon, D., Colesberry, R. F., & Kostroff Noble, N. (Executive Producers). (2002-2008).  The wire  [TV series]. Blown Deadline Productions; HBO. 

TV series episode or webisode:

Oakley, B. (Writer), Weinstein, J. (Writer), & Lynch, J. (Director). (1995, May 21). Who shot Mr. Burns? (Part one) (Season 6, Episode 25) [TV series episode]. In D. Mirkin, J. L. Brooks, M. Groening, & S. Simon (Executive Producers),  The Simpsons . Gracie Films; Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. 

YouTube video or other streaming video: 

University of Oxford. (2018, December 6).  How do geckos walk on water?  [Video].  YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?=qm1xGfOZJc8

See section 10.13 on pp. 344-346 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .

Single song or track

Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Song recorded by Staatskapelle Dresden]. On  Beethoven: Complete Symphonies.  Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)

Vedantam, S. (Host). (2015-present).  Hidden brain  [Audio podcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain

Podcast episode

Glass, I. (Host). (2011, August 12). Amusement park (No. 443) [Audio podcast episode]. In  This American Life.  WBEZ Chicago. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/443/amusement-park

Speech audio recording

King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28).  I have a dream  [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

See section 10.14 on pp. 346-347 in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Note: Use these formats to cite (but not reproduce) the types of works below. To reproduce these, permission and/or a copyright attribution may be necessary in addition to the reference (see section 12.15).

Artwork in a museum or on a museum website:

Wood, G. (1930).  American Gothic  [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States. https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565

Clip art or stock image

GDJ. (2018).  Neutral network deep learning prismatic  [Clip art]. Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/309343/neutral-network-deep-learning-prismatic

Infographic

Rossman, J., & Palmer, R. (2015). Sorting through our space junk [Infographic]. World Science Festival. https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2015/11/space-junk-infographic/

McCurry, S. (1985).  Afghan girl  [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg

See section 10.15 on pp. 348-350 in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

APA Education [@APAEducation]. (2018, June 29).  College students are forming mental-health clubs-and they're making a difference @washingtonpost  [Thumb-nail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/apaeduction/status/1012810490530140161

Facebook post

Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya refugees could be at serious risk during Bangladesh's monsoon season. My fellow UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Cate Blanchett is [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook http://bit.ly/2JQxPAD

Instagram photo or video

Zeit MOCAA [@zeitzmocaa]. (2018, November 26). Grade 6 learners from Parkfields Primary School in Hanover Park visited museum for a tour and workshop hosted by  [Photographs]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BqpHpjFBs3b/

Online forum post

National Aeronautical and Space Administration [nasa]. (2018, September 12). I'm NASA astronaut Scott Tingle. Ask me anything about adjusting to being back on Earth after my first spaceflight! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9fagqy/im_nasa_astronaut_scott_tingle_ask_me_anything/

See section 10.16 on pp. 350-352 in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Webpage on a news website:

Avramova, N. (2019, January 3).  The secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think age-positive.  CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-long-life-intl/index.html

Note: use this format for articles published in online news sources (e.g., BBC News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, Vox). To cite articles from online magazines or newspapers, see Example 15 and 16 in section 10.1 on p. 320.

Webpage on a website with a group author:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, January 23).  People at high risk of developing flu-related complications.  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/high_risk.htm

See Chapter 11 on pp. 355-368 of the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  for information on legal citations. The APA manual refers to  The Bluebook  for legal citations. This chapter does provide basic examples of legal citations.

For examples of legal references, see the sample references from Academic Writer.

• Sample References- Academic Writer Be sure to scroll down to "Legal" and click on the specific type of reference to see the example. 

For more help on legal citations, see the resources below. 

• Citeus Legalus An automated citation generator which formats data into the proper format for legal academic use.
• The Indigo Book An open and compatible implementation of A Uniform System of Citation. However, this is not affiliated with nor is an officially version of The Bluebook.
• Law Subject Guide SCSU's guide on how to find cases, statutes, regulations, and other law-related material.
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APA Citations (7th ed.)

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Library contact information

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Chat online with a BVU Librarian

Schedule an appointment with a BVU librarian (This can be an electronic meeting or F2F)

Authors should include an in-text citation and reference list entry for a data set when they have either (a) conducted secondary analysis of publicly archived data or (b) archived their own data being presented for the first time in the current work.

The date for published data is the year of publication and for unpublished data is the year(s) of collection.

When a version number exists, include it in parentheses after the title.

The bracketed description is flexible (e.g., data set, data set and code book).

In the source element of the reference, for published data, provide the name of the organization that has published, archived, produced, or distributed the data set; for unpublished data, provide the source (e.g., a university), if known.

Include a retrieval date only if the data set is designed to change over time.

Common software and mobile apps mentioned in the text, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations, nor do programming languages. "Common" is relative to your field and audience.

Include reference list entries and in-text citations if you have paraphrased or quoted from any software or app, or if you are mentioning software, apps, and apparatuses or equipment with limited distribution.

Software Template

Data Sets Template

National Center for Education Statistics. (2016).  Fast Response Survey System (FRSS): Teachers' use of educational technology in U.S. public schools, 2009  (ICPSR 35531; Version V3) [Data set and code book]. National Archive of Data on Arts and Culture. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35531.v3

Pew Research Center. (2022).  American trends panel wave 90  [Data set]. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/dataset/american-trends-panel-wave-90/

Shortt, J. W., & Tiberio, S. S. (2019).  Child exposure to intimate partner violence and parent aggression in two generations, United States, 2016-2018  (ICPSR 37185; Version V1) [Data set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37185.v1

Parenthetical citations:  (National Center for Education Statistics, 2016; Pew Research Center, 2022; Shortt & Tiberio, 2019)

Narrative citations:  National Center for Education Statistics (2016), Pew Research Center (2022), and Shortt and Tiberio (2019)

Unpublished Raw Data

• For an untitled data set, provide a description in square brackets of the publication status and focus of the data.
• When the source of unpublished raw data is known (e.g., a university or a university department), include it at the end of the reference.

Baer, R. A. (2015). [Unpublished raw data on the correlations between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills]. University of Kentucky.

Oregon Youth Authority. (2011).  Recidivism outcomes  [Unpublished raw data].

Parenthetical citations:  (Baer, 2015; Oregon Youth Authority, 2011)

Narrative citations:  Baer (2015) and Oregon Youth Authority (2011)

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Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite “Pew” by Catherine Lacey

Apa citation.

Formatted according to the APA Publication Manual 7 th edition. Simply copy it to the References page as is.

If you need more information on APA citations check out our APA citation guide or start citing with the BibguruAPA citation generator .

Lacey, C. (2020). Pew . Granta Books.

Chicago style citation

Formatted according to the Chicago Manual of Style 17 th edition. Simply copy it to the References page as is.

If you need more information on Chicago style citations check out our Chicago style citation guide or start citing with the BibGuru Chicago style citation generator .

Lacey, Catherine. 2020. Pew . London, England: Granta Books.

MLA citation

Formatted according to the MLA handbook 9 th edition. Simply copy it to the Works Cited page as is.

If you need more information on MLA citations check out our MLA citation guide or start citing with the BibGuru MLA citation generator .

Lacey, Catherine. Pew . Granta Books, 2020.

Other citation styles (Harvard, Turabian, Vancouver, ...)

BibGuru offers more than 8,000 citation styles including popular styles such as AMA, ASA, APSA, CSE, IEEE, Harvard, Turabian, and Vancouver, as well as journal and university specific styles. Give it a try now: Cite Pew now!

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Aday, Lu Ann, Grace Y. Chiu and Ronald Andersen. 1980. “ Methodological Issues in Health Care Surveys Of the Spanish Heritage Population .” American Journal of Public Health , Vol 70(4). April.

Blumberg, Stephen J. and Julian V. Luke. 2015. “ Wireless Substitution: Early Release of Estimates From the National Health Interview Survey, July-December 2014 .” Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June.

Escarce, José J., Leo S. Morales and Rubén G. Rumbaut. 2006. Hispanics and the Future of America . Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

Evans, Brian, Rosanna Quiroz, Leslie Athey, Joseph McMichael, Vicky Albright, Michelle O’Hegarty and Ralph S. Caraballo. 2008. “ Customizing Survey Methods to the Target Population: Innovative Approaches to Improving Response Rates and Data Quality among Hispanics .”

Franzini, L. and M.E. Fernandez-Esquer. 2006. “ The association of subjective social status and health in low-income Mexican-origin individuals in Texas .” Social Science & Medicine , Vol 63(3). August.

Fry, Richard and Jeffrey S. Passel. 2014. “ In Post-Recession Era, Young Adults Drive Continuing Rise in Multi-Generational Living .” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, July.

Harkness, Janet A. and Alicia Schoua-Glusberg. 1998. “ Questionnaires in Translation .” January.

Hopwood, Christopher J., Claudia G. Flato, Suman Ambwani, Beth H. Garland and Leslie C. Morey. 2009. “ A Comparison of Latino and Anglo Socially Desirable Responding .” Journal of Clinical Psychology , Vol 65(7). July.

Kleiner, Brian, Yuling Pan and Jerelyn Bouic. 2009. “ The Impact of Instructions on Survey Translation: An Experimental Study .” Survey Research Methods , Vol 3(3).

Krogstad, Jens Manuel and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera. 2015. “ A majority of English-speaking Hispanics in the U.S. are bilingual .” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, March.

Krogstad, Jens Manuel, Renee Stepler and Mark Hugo Lopez. 2015. “ English Proficiency on the Rise Among Latinos: U.S. Born Driving Language Changes .” May.

Lee, Sunghee, Norbert Schwarz and Leanne Streja Goldstein. 2014. “ Culture-Sensitive Question Order Effects of Self-Rated Health Between Older Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Adults in the United States .”  Journal of Aging and Health , Vol 26(5).

LeVine, Elaine and Juan N. Franco. 1981. “ A reassessment of self-disclosure patterns among Anglo-Americans and Hispanics .” Journal of Counseling Psychology , Vol 28(6). November.

Lopez, Mark Hugo and Danielle Cuddington. 2013. “ Latinos’ changing views of same-sex marriage .” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, June.

Lopez, Mark Hugo, Ana Gonzalez-Barrera and Jens Manuel Krogstad. 2014. “ Latino Support for Democrats Falls, but Democratic Advantage Remains .” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, October.

McCarthy, M., E. Ruiz, B. Gale, C. Karam and N. Moore. 2004. “ The meaning of health: perspectives of Anglo and Latino older women .” Health Care for Women International , Vol 25(10). December.

Pew Research Center. 2014. “ The Shifting Religious Identity of Latinos in the United States .” Washington, D.C.: May.

Pew Research Center. 2015. “ America’s Changing Religious Landscape: Christians Decline Sharply as Share of Population; Unaffiliated and Other Faiths Continue to Grow .” Washington, D.C.: May.

Pew Research Center. 2015. “ Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S., Driving Population Growth and Change Through 2065: Views of Immigration’s Impact on U.S. Society Mixed .” Washington, D.C.: September.

Pew Research Center. “ Cell Phone Surveys .” Washington, D.C. Accessed online at https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/methodology/collecting-survey-data/cell-phone-surveys/ on October 22, 2015.

Pew Research Center. “ Sampling .” Washington, D.C. Accessed online at https://www.pewresearch.org/methodology/u-s-survey-research/sampling/ on October 22, 2015.

Ponce, Ninez A., Shana Alex Lavarreda, Wei Yen, E. Richard Brown, Charles DiSogra and Delight E. Satter. 2004. “ The California Health Interview Survey 2001: Translation of a Major Survey for California’s Multiethnic Population .” Public Health Reports , Vol 119. July-August.

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Taylor, Paul, Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, Jeffrey S. Passel and Mark Hugo Lopez. 2012. “ An Awakened Giant: The Hispanic Electorate is Likely to Double by 2030: Aging, Naturalization and Immigration Will Drive Growth .” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, November.

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Includes information on APA style citations, as well as information on other citation styles and formatting. This site also includes a variety of other useful writing related information.

APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 7th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.).

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• -  religions.pewforum.org (domain)
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• -  www.pewresearch.org/2020/05/01/how-pew-research-center-is-covering-covid-19/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topics/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/page/8/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topics/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/page/7/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topics/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/page/6/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topics/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/page/5/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topics/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/page/4/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topics/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/page/3/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topics/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/page/2/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topics/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/page/10/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topics/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/30/key-findings-about-americans-views-on-covid-19-contact-tracing/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/29/nearly-2800-newspaper-companies-received-ppp-loans/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topics/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/page/9/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/topic/science/ (domain)
• -  www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/ (domain)

Online Format

Additional metadata formats.

• MODSXML Base Record
• MODSXML Supplemental Record
• Coronavirus Web Archive (518)
• Public Policy Topics Web Archive (2,332)
• Science, Technology and Business Division (2,567)
• Researcher and Reference Services Division (12,628)
• Web Archive

Contributor

• 2013 to 2023
• 2020 to 2022
• 2021 to 2023
• United States
• Economic Conditions
• Policy Sciences
• Politics and Government
• Public Health
• Public Opinion
• Social Conditions

Rights & Access

The Library of Congress is making its Web Archives Collection available for educational and research purposes. The Library has obtained permission for the use of many materials in the Collection, and presents additional materials for educational and research purposes in accordance with fair use under United States copyright law.

Many, if not all, of the websites in the collection and elements incorporated into the websites (e.g., photographs, articles, graphical representations) are protected by copyright. You are responsible for deciding whether your use of the items in this collection is legal. You are also responsible for securing any permissions needed to use the items. You will need written permission from the copyright owners of materials not in the public domain for distribution, reproduction, or other use of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions. Some content may be protected under international law. You may also need permission from holders of other rights, such as publicity and/or privacy rights.

Researchers should consult the sites themselves for information about rights, contacts, and permissions. The catalog record for each archived website contains the specific information about the site known to the Library. Some sites in this collection may be restricted to onsite access only; see the Access Condition statement in each item record for more information.

The Library of Congress would like to hear from any copyright owners who are not properly identified on this website so that we may make the necessary corrections. In addition, if you are a copyright owner or otherwise have exclusive control over materials presently available through this collection and do not wish your materials to be available through this website, please let us know. To make a takedown request, please contact us via this contact form .

Content Embargo

Citing resources in the web archive.

Citations should indicate: Archived in the Library of Congress Web Archives at www.loc.gov . When citing a particular website include the archived website's Citation ID (e.g., /item/lcwa00010240). Researchers are advised to follow standard citation guidelines for websites, pages, and articles. Researchers are reminded that many of the materials in this web archive are copyrighted and that citations must credit the authors/creators and publishers of the works. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources .

More about Copyright and Other Restrictions

Cite This Item

Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate.

Chicago citation style:

Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center: Numbers, Facts, and Trends Shaping Your World . United States, 2013. Web Archive. https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0002821/.

APA citation style:

Pew Research Center. (2013) Pew Research Center: Numbers, Facts, and Trends Shaping Your World . United States. [Web Archive] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0002821/.

MLA citation style:

Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center: Numbers, Facts, and Trends Shaping Your World . United States, 2013. Web Archive. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0002821/>.

Stack Exchange Network

Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

Q&A for work

Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.

Proper BibTeX citation for Pew Research Report

What is the proper BibTeX format for a Pew research report? The Pew website says:

Citation. “Report Title.” Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C. (Publication date) URL.

My entry currently looks like

But this doesn't produce the full date in the bibliography. It only looks like this:

Pew Research Center. 2019. Americans Favor Mobile Devices over Desktops and Laptops for Getting News. Technical Report. Washington, D.C. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/11/19/americans-favor-mobile-devices-over-desktops-and-laptops-for-getting-news/

How do I get the full date, and for it not to say "Technical Report"?

(I would also like it to export properly from Zotero, but that's a problem for another day.)

• bibliographies

• As always, the exact output will depend on the bibliography style you use. So you may have to experiment a bit (and/or check out in the style documentation or source code which fields are supported). I should mention that I know of no BibTeX style that supports a day field (neither does biblatex ). –  moewe Commented Jul 22, 2021 at 6:05
• As for the legal status of the "please cite as" in the ToS I cannot help you, but from a purely scientific/bibliographic viewpoint I think it is absurd to force a certain style of reference unto people. If you were to follow the guidance in the ToS to the letter you could not cite any Pew work in an article using APA style, because APA style requires a different result. Surely that cannot be the desired outcome. See also tex.stackexchange.com/q/263102/35864 . ... –  moewe Commented Jul 22, 2021 at 6:15
• ... The proper format for a reference should be determined by the reference style. The author of the work that is cited has control over all the raw entry data, but should not ave control over the final presentation. –  moewe Commented Jul 22, 2021 at 6:16
• @Adam_G in what sense do you mean "exported properly"? –  retorquere Commented Aug 29, 2021 at 22:51

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Artificial Intelligence: A Generative Guide for Researchers

• AI Tools for Research
• How to Craft Prompts
• Ethics & AI

Citing Information Generated by ChatGPT/AI

Apa style (7th edition), chicago style (17th edition), mla style (9th edition).

• Faculty AI Resources

Check your course syllabus or ask your faculty member about any guidelines for incorporating information generated by AI tools in your papers. If use is permitted, remember to follow the University's Academic Honor Code and cite your sources.

To cite the informational product generated by Gemini, ChatGPT or other AI , it's recommended to include both the specific source (type of AI tool) and the context of the use.

Three examples:

“The author(s) generated this text in part with GPT-3. Upon generating draft language, the author reviewed, edited, and revised the language. I/We take ultimate responsibility for the content.”

“The author(s) declare that this draft was [condensed, summarized, iterated upon, etc.] using [GPT-3 or application name] on [DATE]. I/We take ultimate responsibility for the content. ”

“To develop a framework for this essay, I entered the following prompt into GPT-3 on [DATE]: [PROMPT FED INTO AI]”.

Please remember that if AI connects you to another resource, you need to cite that resource, just as you would in a literature review. 

As for the in-text citation and the Bibliography/Reference/Works Cited item that will follow this description, apply the appropriate Association's suggestions for citing ChatGPT and AI. 

While the  American Psychological Association (APA) has not released official guidelines on citing generative AI quite yet, the recent  post on the APA Style Blog  provides guidance on citing ChatGPT adaptable to other AI tools. 

In-text example: 

(OpenAI, 2023)

Reference example: 

OpenAI (2023). ChatGPT (May 24 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

The Chicago Manual of Style provides guidance for citing ChatGPT and generative AI tools within an online Q&A, such as in this example.   

Note example:  1. Text generated by ChatGPT, May 24, 2023, OpenAI. https://chat.openai.com/    Bibliography example :  OpenAI. Text generated by ChatGPT, Version GPT-3.5. Accessed May 24, 2023. https://chat.openai.com/chat

MLA now provides preliminary official  guidance  for citing information produced by generative AI. According to MLA, writers should not credit the AI as an author. Additionally, the description of the content of the generated product should be treated as the title of the source, as if it were an article or chapter title. 

In-text example:

While the green light in  The Great Gatsby   might be said to chiefly symbolize four main things: optimism, the unattainability of the American dream, greed, and covetousness (“Describe the symbolism”), arguably the most important—the one that ties all four themes together—is greed.

Works Cited entry example:

“Describe the symbolism of the green light in the book  The Great Gatsby  by F. Scott Fitzgerald” prompt.  ChatGPT , 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

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Ethics Code References

This page contains reference examples for ethics codes.

American Counseling Association. (2014). 2014 ACA code of ethics . https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2014-code-of-ethics-finaladdress.pdf

American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements . https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/coe-view-only/

American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/

• Parenthetical citations : (American Counseling Association, 2014; American Nurses Association, 2015; American Psychological Association, 2017)
• Narrative citations : American Counseling Association (2014), American Nurses Association (2015), and American Psychological Association (2017)
• References for ethics codes follow the same format as reports.
• When the author and publisher are the same (as in the examples), omit the publisher name to avoid repetition.
• Parenthetical citations to sections of an ethics code : (American Counseling Association, 2014, Section A.1.d.; American Nurses Association, 2015, Provision 1.4; American Psychological Association, 2017, Standard 3.04)
• Narrative citations to sections of an ethics code : American Counseling Association (2014, Section A.1.d.), American Nurses Association (2015, Provision 1.4), and American Psychological Association (2017, Standard 3.04)

Ethics code references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.4 and the Concise Guide Section 10.4