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Thomas Jefferson described The Federalist Papers as “the best commentary on the principles of government, which ever was written.”
In this free ten-lecture course you will gain a deeper understanding of the purpose and structure of the American Founding by studying the arguments of America’s most influential Founders. Written between October 1787 and August 1788, The Federalist Papers is a collection of newspaper essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay in defense of the Constitution.
Taught by Hillsdale College’s politics faculty, this course explores the major themes of this classic work of American politics, such as the problem of majority faction, the importance of separation of powers, the nature of the three branches of government, and the argument concerning the Bill of Rights.
By enrolling in this course you will receive free access to the course lectures, readings, and quizzes to aid you in this examination of the greatest Constitution ever written.
We invite you to join us today in this urgent study of the Constitution and what has been lost by the modern assault on it.
Lessons in this course.
Introduction: Articles of Confederation and the Constitutional Convention
Written following the Constitutional Convention of 1787, The Federalist Papers is the foremost American contribution to political thought. Originally published as newspaper essays in New York, they were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pen name Publius. The essays defended the merits of the Constitution as a necessary and good replacement for the Articles of Confederation, which had proven defective as a means of governance.
The Improved Science of Politics
Publius argued that the “science of politics . . . has received great improvement” in his own day. These improvements include separation of powers, legislative checks and balances, judges who serve a life term during good behavior, and what he called “the ENLARGEMENT of the ORBIT” of government. Contrary to the practice of previous republics, Publius argued that a republic had a much greater chance of achieving success if it is spread out over a large or extended territory, rather than a small or contracted one.
The Problem of Majority Faction
In Federalist 10, Publius confronts one of the most important Anti-Federalist arguments against ratification: Republican government is impossible on a territory as large as the United States. In fact, such an undertaking had never been successful. In response, Publius proposes that the principal remedy for the political disease of faction—a disease “most incident to republican government”—is the large or extended sphere or territory.
Federalism and Republicanism
In the summer of 1787, the Framers labored to set up a political regime that would not only secure liberty and republicanism, but also bring energy and stability to the national government. Because of the failures of government under the Articles of Confederation, American political institutions were at risk. In order to secure these institutions, the Framers constructed a republican form of government that—among many other important features—instituted a new form of federalism.
Separation of Powers
In constituting a new government, the Framers knew that written rules—what Publius calls “parchment barriers”—would not be enough by themselves to protect liberty and prevent tyranny. Instead, Publius looks to the “interior structure” as the best means for keeping the branches properly and effectively separated. Separation of powers, the most important of the Constitution’s “auxiliary precautions,” works to prevent governmental tyranny, and by keeping each branch within its proper sphere of authority allows each branch to do its job well.
The Legislative: House and Senate
The Founders understood that the legislative branch is by nature the most powerful in a republican government. Experience of government under the Articles of Confederation, when state legislatures routinely encroached on executive and judicial powers, confirmed this. Thus, the Framers divided the legislative branch into two parts—the House and the Senate. In addition, they differentiated them as much as possible, consistent with the principles of republican government, with the goal of preventing tyranny and encouraging good government.
The Executive
Following their experience under the Articles of Confederation, and armed with the improved science of politics, the Framers instituted a unitary executive in the office of the president. Unlike the executive office in any previous republic, it was designed so as to ensure energy and responsibility in the executive, which are absolutely essential for good execution of the laws, and therefore for good government.
The Judiciary
In the Declaration of Independence, one charge leveled against King George III was that he had “made Judges dependent on his Will alone.” In framing a republican government, the Founders believed that an independent judiciary was indispensable. Publius argues that the term of life tenure during good behavior and a protected salary ensure this independence.
“The Constitution Is Itself . . . a Bill of Rights”
In Federalist 84, Publius writes, “The truth is, after all the declamation we have heard, that the constitution is itself, in every rational sense, and to every useful purpose, A BILL OF RIGHTS.” In other words, the structure of the Constitution protects the rights of the people. In addition, the American people retain all powers not granted to the federal and state governments.
Conclusion: Constitutionalism Today
American government today is much different from the constitutional republic outlined in The Federalist Papers —which relies on structure, representation, and limitations on the functions of the federal government. Administrative regulations and entitlements are two distinguishing features of modern government. These new features require a kind of government that is unlimited, disregards separation of powers, and violates the supreme law under which it claims to operate.
Enroll in this free online course on the federalist papers today.
What Current Students Are Saying
The instructors are very good. The tests make you think. There are other helpful discussion screens and the whole process makes it feel much like a classroom setting. I feel the Federalist Papers are somewhat difficult to read on your own, so this course makes it much easier to understand.
All you need to access our courses and start learning today is your email address.
By Lily Nothling
Topic: Children
Darcy Gleeson and her siblings are basketball fanatics. ( ABC News: Lily Nothling )
Thursdays are sacred in the Gleeson house.
It's the one night of the week the Canberra family has a break from extracurricular activities.
Darcy, Finley and Rylan – aged 7 to 10 – are all basketball fanatics, and ferrying them between training and games eats up hours every day.
"At first it was swimming lessons, and there was an instrument, and there was tennis and there was basketball, and now we've sort of tried to streamline a bit," their father Joe Gleeson said.
The Gleeson family spends every day of the week, bar one, at a basketball court. ( ABC News: Lily Nothling )
Despite cutting back on commitments, the family is still spending thousands of dollars every year on basketball fees.
They say the sacrifices are worth it for the benefits.
"Obviously the physical side of it is great for our kids … but then there's also the social side of it as well," Mr Gleeson said.
But the Gleesons are unsure how they will make the juggle work as the children get older, their interests expand and the demands on their time and wallets get even bigger.
Balancing academics and sport has been a big juggle for the Gleeson family. ( ABC News: Nick Haggarty )
There is plenty of evidence showing the advantages of extracurricular activities for kids.
They include physical and mental health benefits, improved resilience and better academic performance and relationships.
Dr Alexander O'Donnell is a lecturer in psychological sciences at the University of Tasmania, whose research focuses on the wellbeing of young people.
He said determining the right balance of extracurricular activities should be a "youth-led conversation", focusing on a child's interests and skills.
Dr Alexander O’Donnell, a lecturer in psychological sciences, says families should focus on a breadth of "skills and social opportunities". ( ABC News: Michael Lloyd )
"What is it that excites them? What is it that gets them out of bed or not looking at a screen in order to engage?" Dr O'Donnell said.
"The more that these decisions can be youth-led, the better outcomes there are.
"I would suggest that somewhere in the vicinity of one type of sporting activity and one type of cultural, music, academic-type activity as well, in order to make sure that a full breadth of skills and social opportunities are being provided."
Dr Cassy Dittman, a psychologist and senior lecturer from CQUniversity, urged families to be flexible and open to taking breaks when kids or parents start to feel the strain.
"Being willing, particularly in those early-to-mid-primary school years, to try things out and be okay with things potentially not working and not going forward," Dr Dittman said.
"Look for the signs that children might be feeling a little bit overwhelmed or overtired, and signs not just in our children, but in ourselves.
"There's the financial costs obviously, but there's also the cost on our energy and our time, and sometimes that can have an impact on our own wellbeing."
Cycling classes are just one of Ashley Clifford's extra-curricular activities. ( ABC News: Lily Nothling )
Extracurricular activities have been a crucial source of development for Ashley Clifford.
The 10-year-old lives with an extremely rare genetic syndrome, leaving her to navigate an intellectual disability, autism and ADHD, along with a range of physical complications.
The Canberra family juggles a long list of therapy appointments alongside swimming, basketball, cycling and team sport classes, as well as gymnastics for their second daughter, Sophie.
Hugh and Belinda Clifford with their daughters Sophie and Ashley. ( ABC News: Nick Haggarty )
"If we hadn't enrolled [Ashley] into all of these sports and programs, there is no way developmentally she would be where she is today," mother Belinda Clifford said.
"We had a kid many years ago that would just hide behind our backs and would not engage with absolutely anyone.
"Now, she walks into here as if she owns the place."
Hugh Clifford said finding providers that can cater to Ashley's needs had not been easy or cheap.
"We prioritise that over going out to restaurants for lunch and dinner, we prioritise that over going to the movies, we prioritise that over holidays and flight costs and accommodation and going to do things that I would consider luxury items," Mr Clifford said.
Sophie Clifford also takes part in her share of extra-curricular activities. ( ABC News: Nick Haggarty )
Dr O'Donnell said affordability was a major barrier to more young people participating in extracurricular pursuits.
"Young people in disadvantaged contexts can be up to 30 per cent less likely to engage in these sorts of activities," he said.
But he said it was not just about the cost.
"Young people from disadvantaged backgrounds may not feel welcomed and they may not feel included, and therefore they may be more likely to drop out, or the activity could even have a backfiring effect," Dr O'Donnell said.
Sophie Clifford (right) attends gymnastics classes, while her sister Ashley loves a range of activities. ( ABC News: Nick Haggarty )
Every Australian state and territory, with the exception of the ACT, offers vouchers to help cover some of the costs of kids' sport.
Most do not subsidise creative and cultural activities.
Dr O'Donnell said the money did not go far enough and called for a more coordinated government approach to ensure kids do not miss out.
"Because the reality is, young people from disadvantaged backgrounds have the most to gain from engaging in extracurricular activities," he said.
"Evidence in Australia and elsewhere is showing that participating in activities can offset some of the risks associated with living in a regional area or living in a socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhood or home."
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There are ten steps involved in writing a research paper: Step 1: Select a subject Step 2: Narrow the topic Step 3: State the tentative objective (or thesis) Step 4: Form a preliminary bibliography Step 5: Prepare a working outline Step 6: Start taking notes Step 7: Outline the paper Step 8: Write a rough draft Step 9: Edit your paper Step 10 ...
Each journal specializes in a specific area of research. Hence its readership varies. A proper choice of journal can make a larger impact of your research. Get to know the focus and readership of the journal that you are considering. - general vs. specialized area journal Select 2 or 3 journals in the chosen area with relatively high impact ...
5. Select the research methodology. The researcher has to begin to formulate one or more hypotheses, research questions and. research objectives, decide on the type of data needed, and select the ...
3 or 4 data sets per figure; well-selected scales; appropriate axis label size; symbols clear to read; data sets easily distinguishable. Each photograph must have a scale marker of professional quality in a corner. Use color ONLY when necessary. Color must be visible and distinguishable when printed in black & white.
HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PAPER. ***First, obtain preliminary information about the paper to be written. Length of paper. Due date. Purpose and content of the paper. Documentation style (e.g., MLA, APA). ***Second, set up a time schedule for the completion of your paper as well as deadlines for the various steps. DATE DUE.
Step 4: Construct an Outline. Once you have collected all of the research, it may be helpful to organize your thoughts with an outline. To construct an outline, you must group your notes together and match information that fits together. An outline should be formatted in this manner: I. II. III.
Create a research paper outline. Write a first draft of the research paper. Write the introduction. Write a compelling body of text. Write the conclusion. The second draft. The revision process. Research paper checklist. Free lecture slides.
Restate the thesis, summarize everything you have presented, take a clear stance on the topic, and provide a final insight or suggestions for further research. 7. Revise, edit, and proofread. This three-part step is a crucial part of the writing process. It starts at the global level.
By refining your focus, you can produce a thoughtful and engaging paper that effectively communicates your ideas to your readers. 5. Write a thesis statement. A thesis statement is a one-to-two-sentence summary of your research paper's main argument or direction.
We've covered a lot of ground here. To recap, the three steps to writing a high-quality research paper are: To choose a research question and review the literature. To plan your paper structure and draft an outline. To take an iterative approach to writing, focusing on critical writing and strong referencing.
17. Draft a title, table of content & abstract. Drafting a working title, table of content and an abstract helps define the contents of the paper, identifying the relevant aspects of the paper. 18. Write the final title and abstract. Many changes are made during the editing process.
Definition: Research Paper is a written document that presents the author's original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue. It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new ...
Abstract. This guide for writers of research reports consists of practical suggestions for writing a report that is clear, concise, readable, and understandable. It includes suggestions for terminology and notation and for writing each section of the report—introduction, method, results, and discussion. Much of the guide consists of ...
Table of contents. Step 1: Introduce your topic. Step 2: Describe the background. Step 3: Establish your research problem. Step 4: Specify your objective (s) Step 5: Map out your paper. Research paper introduction examples. Frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.
groundbreaking research with leaders in the field. You get your Ph.D., and you're ready to open your own lab. That takes money, so you've got to write a funding application. Then you've got to be able to write up your research in academic articles that can be published to the scientific community that needs to know about your work.
If, on the other hand, (1) you first select the data and analyze them, and (2) after a time peruse the objectives of the work, and (3) finally record the connection between these processes in the end product (i.e. the thesis or dissertation), you run the risk that the narrative of the thesis will appear disjointed.
Step 4: Create a research design. The research design is a practical framework for answering your research questions. It involves making decisions about the type of data you need, the methods you'll use to collect and analyze it, and the location and timescale of your research. There are often many possible paths you can take to answering ...
Abstract. This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive guide for new researchers to learn the art of writing research papers effectively and efficiently. The paper recognizes that writing a ...
To write an informative abstract you have to provide the summary of the whole paper. Informative summary. In other words, you need to tell about the main points of your work, the methods used, the results and the conclusion of your research. To write a descriptive abstract you will not have to provide any summery.
Writing a research manuscript is an intimidating process for many novice writers in the sciences. One of the stumbling blocks is the beginning of the process and creating the first draft. This ...
Revise and rewrite (and do it again) Don't expect to get it right the first time. Writing is an iterative process. » the more you write, the better you understand. » as you understand things better, you'll be able to express them more clearly. » better expression leads you to next level of understanding.
Research Paper Template. The fastest (and smartest) way to craft a research paper that showcases your project and earns you marks. Available in Google Doc, Word & PDF format. 4.9 star rating, 5000+ downloads. Download Now (Instant access)
An annotated bibliography is a bibliography [a list of the sources- like articles & books- referred to in a scholarly work] that gives a summary of each of the entries. The purpose of annotations is to provide the reader with a summary and an evaluation of the source. Each summary should be a concise exposition of the source's central idea(s) and give the reader a general idea of the source's ...
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Angewandte Chemie International Edition is one of the prime chemistry journals in the world, publishing research articles, highlights, communications and reviews across all areas of chemistry. Direct methane conversion and, in particular, the aerobic oxidation to acetic acid, remain an eminent challenge.
The instructors are very good. The tests make you think. There are other helpful discussion screens and the whole process makes it feel much like a classroom setting. I feel the Federalist Papers are somewhat difficult to read on your own, so this course makes it much easier to understand. —
four main stages: choosing a topic, researching your topic, making an outline, and doing the actual writing. The paper won't write itself, but by planning and preparing well, the writing ...
After-school activities can offer physical and mental health benefits, improved resilience and better academic performance, but how can families balance these with the time and financial costs?
Thousands of students across the country will soon be finding out their GCSE results and thinking about the next steps in their education.. Here we explain everything you need to know about the big day, from when results day is, to the current 9-1 grading scale, to what your options are if your results aren't what you're expecting.
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