things fall apart exile essay

Things Fall Apart

Introduction to things fall apart, summary of things fall apart, major themes in things fall apart,  major characters in things fall apart, writing style of things fall apart, analysis of literary devices in things fall apart, related posts:, post navigation.

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Themes and Analysis

Things fall apart, by chinua achebe.

Chinua Achebe sought to rediscover pride and dignity among Africans by rehabilitating their image damaged by the humiliating effect of racist portrayals. In 'Things Fall Apart' he does this with grace and clarity.

Article written by Israel Njoku

Degree in M.C.M with focus on Literature from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

In ‘Things Fall Apart ,’ Achebe details Western colonialists’ impact on African societies. This impact is outlined in a very simple manner, but within this simplicity, there is a rich and inventive use of language. The plot might move irregularly for large sections of the book, but this pacing represents a deliberate attempt to conform to an essentially African literary tradition and style. ‘Things Fall Apart ‘ contains themes that reflect the richness and sophistication of African cultures as well as the debilitating impact of outsiders on this culture.

Themes in Things Fall Apart

The humanity of african societies.

Achebe was motivated to write ‘Things Fall Apart’ because he wanted to re-tell the story of the Africans who European imperialists and their enablers in the arts had depicted in unfair one-dimensional representations. Achebe creates a fairly sophisticated and self-sufficient society with organized institutions. His aim was not to create a perfect society, but one more true to the facts of the situation. In Umuofia, we see disputes settled between members fairly, as seen in the case between Mgbafo’s brothers and husband before the Egwugwu . The temperaments of people in the community are not uniformly animalistic or primitive as depicted in the works of Joseph Conrad. Rather, there is a wide range of personality types, ranging from the extremely chauvinistic and aggressive Okonkwo to the sentimental and gentle Unoka and Nwoye. In between them, we have the likes of Obiereka and Ogbuefi Ezeudo, who do not lose their sense of sentiment and passion while subscribing to the patriarchal tenets of their society. Within individuals, there is much complexity, as Okonkwo himself isn’t innately evil but rather forced into that way as a result of childhood trauma and pressure to meet the expectations of society. This complexity of the African individual and society marks them out as ordinary, rather than exciting or exotic.

Clash of Cultures

‘Things Fall Apart’ chronicles the great tragedy of the displacement of traditional African societies by encroaching Westerners with imperialist ambitions. The community of Umuofia had ruled itself and observed its customs, and preserved its institutions for years. The worldview every community member learned from birth, all systems and institutions they came to accept without question, were suddenly threatened by the arrival of the white man with his religion and political system. The British came with a fundamentally different value system, power structure, and religion. Disputes were no longer solved the old way, under the overarching goal of maintaining communal cohesion over everything else. The people of Umuofia, who had lived without rulers, now have to deal with colonialists exerting uncommon power and authority over them. With the coming of the Whiteman with his process and sense of justice that took no cognizance of the customs of the people, the people of Umuofia essentially faced the erosion of their traditions and values.

Umuofia’s society is highly patriarchal, and Okonkwo’s behaviors and motivations are, in part, informed by his society’s gender roles and expectations. Okonkwo measures his success according to the fulfillment of his society’s ideal of masculinity. He strove to be a valiant wrestler and a hard physical laborer on his farm because these activities represent peak male performance and demonstration of physical strength. Okonkwo’s desire for an unquestionably dominant status in his family often motivates his physical violence when he perceives some challenge to his authority from his wives. The patriarchal ordering and gender expectations in the community extend into farming, with Okonkwo focusing on cultivating the supposedly manly yam while leaving other less important crops like cocoyam to his wives to cultivate. Women also have some importance in society. For example, the goddess Ani is one of the most powerful and important deities within the Umuofia religious system. She has a huge influence in day-to-day life as the goddess of fertility and has an entire week devoted to honoring her, within which feminine attributes like peace and tolerance are encouraged. 

Class Struggle

‘Things Fall Apart’ sees the construction of Igbo society in a pristine and undisturbed form, including its class system. As is typical of the Igbos, the Umuofians valued and respected wealth, placing the wealthy firmly at the top of the social hierarchy even though theirs was essentially a democratic system without clear rulers. 

Titles, number of wives, number of yams, and size of one’s compound, as well as the number of huts inside, are some of the physical and symbolic evidence of wealth, and the absence of all these was clear evidence of an individual’s failure in life. The less fortunate are not exactly marginalized or excluded, they are still carried along, and we see evidence of this when public opinion swung against Okonkwo when he tried to shut a fellow villager up in a meeting by implying this individual’s opinions weren’t needed as he has not taken any title. Nevertheless, the people of Umuofia valued wealth and thought of the wealthy as better than the poor. Okonkwo’s father, Unoka, was derided in the village for his poverty, and the existence of the insult of ‘Agbaya’ and the popularity of its usage suggests the presence of societal consequences of poverty in this society. 

Wealth is also not the only marker of status. Within Umuofia’s religious system, there are two classes of people; the freeborn and the Osu . The Osu are descendants of people who have been dedicated to the lifetime service to the gods of the land. This permanently separates them in many ways from the freeborn, and they are thus seen as an inferior stock. With the coming of the Christian missionaries and British overlordship, these marginalized groups were accepted by the church and consequently gained a gradual ascendancy in society, upturning Umuofia’s normal hierarchy.

Within the inclusive tenet of Christianity, the Osu were judged to be equal to all other humans in Christ.  The “poor” and otherwise “worthless” gained a new sense of purpose and importance. The church’s propagation of supposedly “feminine” qualities like love, tolerance, and acceptance stands at variance with traditional patriarchal Umuofia values. Meanwhile, the stock of those who hold uncompromisingly to traditional Umuofia values continues to fall. Powerful villagers, including Okonkwo, were captured and humiliated by the British when they tried to challenge the growing boldness and authority of those elements of the community who had joined the church. The failure of the Umuofians to stamp authority on this group of people who would have been powerless before them before the arrival of the missionaries and colonialists signified a demolishment of traditional Umuofia systems and a transfer of power away from the usual power brokers. Those who still further resist this new state of affairs meet an ignominious end, like Okonkwo, who was forced into suicide. So, throughout the novel, we see the colonialists function as both oppressors and liberators of certain groups within Umuofia’s society. 

Analysis of Key events in Things Fall Apart

• Okonkwo throws Amalinze the Cat and establishes himself as a man of talent and strength.
• Okonkwo comes to care for Ikemefuna, the gesture marking his status as one of the leading men of the community.
• Okonkwo participates in the killing of Ikemefuna, demonstrating his fear of being seen as weak.
• Okonkwo is banished from Umuofia after accidentally killing the son of Ezeudo.
• Obierika visits Okonkwo in exile and informs him about the arrival of the White men.
• Nwoye leaves his father’s hut to join the Christians in Umuofia.
• Okonkwo returns from exile with his family to meet a much-changed Umuofia.
• Men of Umuofia destroy the church building in retaliation after Enoch commits a sacrilege.
• The District Commissioner arrests Okonkwo and other leaders of the clan as punishment for destroying the church and forces the community to pay a fine for their release.
• Okonkwo beheads the chief messenger and commits suicide afterward

Style, Tone, and Figurative Language of Things Fall Apart

‘Things Fall Apart’ is divided into three parts, with the first part being much longer and slower-paced than the remaining two parts. The first part employs a circumlocutory narrative technique that shifts between the present and the past. This represents the Igbo rhetorical technique of initially skirting around a subject before directly addressing it.

The progression of the plot is often halted to regale us with bits of Okonkwo’s backstory and information on Umuofia culture. This arrangement lacks the narrative linearity that is typical of classical European fiction.  The structure helps in portraying African culture as comparatively developed, sophisticated, and self-sufficient. The considerable treatment of crops, the festivals attached to them, marriage and funeral ceremonies as well as the convening of the Egwugwu judicial process are not necessarily central to the immediate plot but exist to paint a rich cultural texture around the story.  All these gradually build up a picture of the culture in which Okonkwo inhabits as well as illuminate Okonkwo’s character.

By the second part of the novel, when the White missionaries and colonizers had arrived in the picture, the novel picks up the pace and continues with the plot almost without interruptions.

‘ Things Fall Apart’ is written in a very accessible manner. The sentences are simple enough, and the words are uncomplicated, save for a couple of Igbo words that warrant translations. Achebe’s writing is very effective. The sprinkling of Igbo proverbs all around the work helps to enrich the narrative and dialogues as well as accord them a measure of authenticity. Although written in English, Achebe maintains a strong local cultural flavor in the language. When we read the dialogues or follow the narrative, the English language used does not interfere with the authenticity of the dialogues and narrative because Achebe’s writing transmits as accurately as possible the original Igbo contexts. 

Achebe can induce great emotions through seemingly innocuous actions. For example, before Ikemefuna was killed, as he walked in front of the Umuofians who had been tasked with this job, Achebe chose this time to write about Ikemefuna’s excitement and hope at seeing his mother again. Achebe sets up a powerful moment when Ikemefuna breaks into a childhood song and walks in sync with the rhythm, deciding that if the song ends on his right leg, it will mean his mother was still alive, but that if it ends on his left, his mother would be dead or ill. This mood of great optimism and innocence sets up a stark contrast with the horrific murder that follows. Ikemefuna’s death, just at the point when we are getting to know him far more and relate with his hopes and fears and even root for him, makes the entire scene all the more powerful and emotional. Ikemefuna’s superstitions are only part of a large corpus of myths or other religious injunctions or ancient wisdom preserved through songs, folklores, mythologies, legends, aphorisms, and proverbs, which constitutes an important part of Umuofia culture. Achebe utilizes all these to great effect through the interlaying of these cultural vestiges and artifacts within the narrative to provide a rich texture and foundation.

All these properly secure the novel’s ties to Igbo culture and leave no one in doubt as to its authenticity and status as a legitimate representation of Igbo sensibilities.  ‘Things Fall Apart’ utilizes the Third Person’s point of view, but this narrator’s perspective switches between a participating actor and an external observer, a “we” and a “them” at different points in the story. Sometimes the narrator seems to be intimately in the know and involved with the actions and the customs of the people, other times he seems like a detached observer.

Analysis of Key Symbols in Things Fall Apart

Yam is the primary crop in Umuofia society. Called the king of crops, it is associated with manliness and is an important status symbol. Okonkwo considers yams to be the only crop worth personally growing, leaving the other crops for his wives and children. The number of yams in a man’s barn is a definitive indicator of his level of success in life. Yams symbolize wealth and abundance.

Egwugwu Masks

The Egwugwu masks symbolize the villagers’ ties to the spirit realm, or rather to the land of their ancestors. The scary nature of the designs and carvings on the masks as well as the secrecy and anonymity with which its wearers operate, allows certain individuals to act on behalf of or with the unquestionable authority of the clan’s gods or ancestors.

What does Okonkwo’s death symbolize in ‘Things Fall Apart?’

Okonkwo’s death in ‘Things Fall Apart’ symbolizes the futility of the struggle against change as brought about by European colonizers. The moment the British came to their doorstep, the people of Umuofia were fated to lose their independence and way of life.

Why did Chinua Achebe write ‘Things Fall Apart’?

Achebe wrote ‘ Things Fall Apart’ mainly to challenge racist and uncomplimentary portrayals of African societies at the point of contact with colonizing Europeans.

Did Chinua Achebe present a perfect traditional African society in ‘Things Fall Apart?’

Although Chinua Achebe sought to challenge racist portrayals of traditional African society with ‘Things Fall Apart,’ he did not go the other extreme by presenting a perfect society. Instead, he presented an African society with all of its strengths and faults, asking not that people idolize or dismiss these societies, but instead view them as essentially human.

Is ‘Things Fall Apart’ popular internationally?

‘Things Fall Apart’ has sold over 20 million copies all over the world, making it one of the most popular African novels of all time. It is used widely in schools across the world.

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About Israel Njoku

Israel loves to delve into rigorous analysis of themes with broader implications. As a passionate book lover and reviewer, Israel aims to contribute meaningful insights into broader discussions.

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Things Fall Apart

Chinua achebe.

Ask LitCharts AI: The answer to your questions

As a young man, Okonkwo becomes one of the greatest wrestlers in the clan. Okonkwo values strength and aggression, traits he believes are masculine, and his worst fear is to be thought of as feminine or weak, like his father, Unoka .

Okonkwo's wealth and status within the tribe grow, and he becomes one of the greatest men in the land, with three wives and a large stock of yams . He treats his family with a heavy hand, believing that the only emotion worth showing is anger. Okonkwo is particularly worried about his eldest son, Nwoye , in whom he sees signs of laziness reminiscent of Unoka.

One day, the clan settles an argument with a neighboring village by demanding the sacrifice of a virgin and a 15-year-old boy named Ikemefuna , who lives with Okonkwo's family for the next three years.

While living with Okonkwo's family, Ikemefuna becomes very close to Nwoye, sharing folktales and encouraging him to enjoy masculine tasks. Okonkwo approves of his influence on Nwoye and grows fond of Ikemefuna himself. Ikemefuna soon starts to call Okonkwo “father.”

After three years, when the oldest man of the tribe, Ezeudu , informs Okonkwo that Ikemefuna must be killed, he advises him not to participate in the killing, since “the boy calls you father.” Okonkwo ignores this advice, fearing that others will find him weak or effeminate, and he proceeds to strike the killing blow when they take Ikemefuna out to be killed the next day.

Soon, Ezeudu passes away, and his funeral celebration draws the entire clan. During the burial, Okonkwo's gun explodes, killing Ezeudu's 16-year-old son. Having killed a fellow clansman, Okonkwo has no choice but to flee the clan with his family. Because the crime is a “female,” or accidental, crime, they may return in seven years.

During their time in exile, Okonkwo and his family work hard to start a new farm in Okonkwo's motherland, Mbanta. His mother's kinsmen treat them kindly, but Okonkwo is extremely discouraged by the circumstances. He plans for the day he can return to his rightful place in Umuofia.

While he works in Mbanta, the white men begin to appear among neighboring clans, causing stories to spread about their power and destruction. When they finally arrive in Mbanta though, the clan is fascinated but finds their religion ridiculous. Nwoye, however, is captivated by the hymn he hears on the first day, and soon joins the Christians to get away from his father, who is outraged.

When Okonkwo finally returns to Umuofia, the white men have changed his clan as well. Mr. Brown , a white missionary who is popular for his patience and understanding approach, has built a school and hospital, and many clan members are enrolling their children in the school so that they can one day become clerks or teachers. However, soon after Okonkwo's return, Mr. Brown leaves the country due to health reasons, and Reverend Smith replaces him.

Reverend Smith is uncompromising, encouraging acts among the converted clan members that provoke the rest of the clan. When Enoch, a fanatical convert, rips the mask off of one of the clan's masked egwugwu during a ceremony, the clan retaliates by burning down the church. Reverend Smith reports this transgression, and the District Commissioner tricks the clan's leaders into meeting with him before handcuffing them. The clan leaders, including Okonkwo, suffer insults and beatings before they are released once the village pays the fine.

The morning after their release, the clan leaders speak of war before they are interrupted by the arrival of court messengers. Full of hate, Okonkwo confronts the leader, who says that the white man commands the meeting to stop. In a flash, Okonkwo strikes down the messenger with his machete. Seeing that none of his clansmen support him in his violent action, Okonkwo walks away and hangs himself.

When the District Commissioner comes to fetch Okonkwo the next day, the clansmen lead him to his hanging body instead, saying that they cannot touch it, since it's an abomination for a man to take his own life. The District Commissioner finds this custom interesting, making note of it for his book on Nigeria, which he plans to title T he Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger.

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Things Fall Apart Literature Essay Grade 11 – Questions and Answers

Things Fall Apart Literature Essay Grade 11 – Questions and Answers:

Things Fall Apart Essay Questions and Notes for Grade 11:

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Things Fall Apart Book Summary

Things Fall Apart is set in a fictional group of Igbo villages called Umuofia, around the beginning of the twentieth century. The first half of the novel is dedicated to an almost anthropological depiction of Igbo village life and culture through following the life of the protagonist Okonkwo. Okonkwo is the greatest wrestler and warrior alive in the nine villages and beyond. He has dedicated his life to achieving status and proving his strength to avoid becoming like his father Unoka – a lazy, improvident, but gentle man. Weakness is Okonkwo’s greatest fear. After men in another village kill a woman from Umuofia, a boy named Ikemefuna is given to Umuofia as compensation and lives in Okonkwo’s compound until the Gods decide his fate. Ikemefuna quickly becomes part of Okonkwo’s family; he is like a brother to Okonkwo’s son Nwoye and is secretly loved by Okonkwo as well. Over the next three years, the novel follows Okonkwo’s family through harvest seasons, religious festivals, cultural rituals, and domestic disputes. Okonkwo is shown to be more aggressive than other Igbo men and is continually criticized and rebuked by the village for his violence and temper. When the Oracle of the Hills and Caves decides that Ikemefuna must be killed, Okonkwo is warned by a respected elder to have no hand in the boy’s death because Ikemefuna calls him ‘father’. However, afraid of being thought weak, when Ikemefuna runs to Okonkwo in hope of protection, Okonkwo delivers the fatal blow. Ikemefuna’s brutal death deeply distresses Nwoye who becomes afraid of his father.

At the end of Part One, Okonkwo accidentally kills a clansman at a funeral after his faulty gun explodes and is exiled to his motherland, Mbanta. During his exile, British missionaries arrive in Mbanta and establish a church. Nwoye, disillusioned with his own culture and Gods after Ikemefuna’s death, is attracted to Christianity and is an early convert. This is a heartbreaking disappointment to Okonkwo. When Okonkwo and his family return from exile after seven years they find that the missionaries and colonial governors have established Umuofia as the center of their new colonial government. Clashes of culture and morality occur, and as the British make the Igbo more dependent on them through introducing trade and formal education, the Igbo way of life is continually undermined. When a Christian convert unmasks an  egwugwu  during a tribal ritual, a sin amounting to the death of an ancestral spirit, the  egwugwu  burn down the village church. The men who destroyed the church are arrested and humiliated by the District Commissioner, and Okonkwo beheads a court messenger at a village council in rebellion. When none of his clansmen rise with him against the British, Okonkwo realizes his culture and way of life is lost and commits suicide in despair. Suicide is a crime against the Earth Goddess,  Ani , so Okonkwo is left to rot above ground in the Evil Forest, like his father Unoka – a shameful fate he spent his life desperate to avoid. The final paragraph, written from the perspective of the District Commissioner, reduces Okonkwo’s life to a single sentence about his death in his planned book  The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of The Lower Niger . Achebe has filled an entire novel with evidence of the complexity and sophistication of Okonkwo’s individual and social life and the District Commissioner’s casual dismissal and belittling of him causes us to flinch with horror and dismay. This is a metaphor for the reduction of Igbo culture in the eyes of its colonizers. 

The title gives away the plot of the novel and anticipates the collapse of Okonkwo and his society.  Things Fall Apart  is about the connection between the tragic downfall of Okonkwo, who fate and temperamental weakness combine to destroy, and the destruction of his culture and society as the Igbo way of life is assailed by forces they do not understand and are unprepared to face. 

Things Fall Apart Character Analysis

Okonkwo is a man who values masculinity, strength, and respect above all else. He is seen as a leader within his clan and his family, which includes three wives and a number of children. A man of action, Okonkwo overcomes his poor background and achieves great success. Unoka, Okonkwo’s father, was lazy and a poor provider, and Okonkwo is driven to be everything his father was not. Okonkwo’s rigidity causes great harm, first within his family—the killing of Ikemefuna and the rift with Nwoye—and then within society. Okonkwo is unable to adapt when the white man/missionaries come to his village. He commits suicide rather than adhere to the rules of the changed society.

Unoka is viewed by Okonkwo and the clan as lazy, although he was also a gifted musician and a gentle man. Rather than working, Unoka preferred to play his flute and drink wine. He was seen as a coward because he was afraid of war. He had poor harvests because he was unwilling to put in the effort to care for the land. When Unoka died, he was in debt to all of his neighbors.Okonkwo cannot see his father’s good qualities and hates him. He lives his life with the intention of avoiding anything his father enjoyed.

Ikemefuna comes to the clan as a form of payment for a murder that one of his tribesmen committed. The elders place Ikemefuna with Okonkwo, who puts his first wife in charge of the boy. Ikemefuna misses his family but comes to feel at home in Umuofia. He becomes popular within the family, particularly with Okonkwo’s oldest son, Nwoye. Okonkwo is also fond of Ikemefuna, though he does not reveal his feelings and eventually participates in Ikemefuna’s murder.

Nwoye seems to have adopted some of Unoka’s traits, which upsets Okonkwo. Okonkwo worries that Nwoye will grow up behaving as his grandfather behaved. Because of his concern, Okonkwo is even harder on Nwoye and beats him regularly. Nwoye begins to change under the influence of Ikemefuna. When Ikemefuna is killed, Nwoye retreats into himself and is cut off from his father. With the arrival of the missionaries, Nwoye revives. He breaks away from his father and becomes a Christian convert.

Ekwefi is Okonkwo’s second wife. Ekwefi was attracted to Okonkwo when she saw him defeat Amalinze the Cat in wrestling. She could not marry him because he was too poor. After he achieves success, she leaves her husband and goes to Okonkwo, who takes her in with no questions. She is particularly close with her only child, Ezinma. After losing nine children, Ekwefi was a broken woman. When Ezinma lived beyond infancy, Ekwefi rejoiced. She treats her daughter more like an equal than a child. The loss of children has also created a connection to Okonkwo, who accepts behaviors from her that he does not from his other wives. He shows her more care and concern.

Ezinma is the only child of Okonkwo’s second wife, Ekwefi. She is particularly close to her mother. Okonkwo also favors Ezinma. He feels a connection to her and appreciates her boldness. Her behaviors and attitude make Okonkwo wish she were a boy. Ezinma feels a similar fondness for her father.

Obierika is the closest thing Okonkwo has to a confidant. Like Okonkwo, he has achieved status within the clan. He has multiple wives and children. He marries off one daughter, and his son is a wrestling champion. When Okonkwo is forced to leave Umuofia, Obierika cares for his land and property.Unlike Okonkwo, Obierika is more nuanced in his thinking and is able to express himself. He rebukes Okonkwo for participating in the murder of Ikemefuna, tells him to have patience with his children, and cautions him about the power of the missionaries. When Okonkwo dies, Obierika speaks up on his behalf and calls him a great man.

Questions and Answers

Essay questions:, 1. question: how does chinua achebe use the character of okonkwo to explore the theme of masculinity in “things fall apart”.

Answer: Achebe uses Okonkwo as the embodiment of traditional Igbo masculinity taken to its extreme, which is central to the novel’s exploration of this theme. Okonkwo’s understanding of masculinity is deeply influenced by his desire to be the opposite of his father, Unoka, who he perceives as weak and effeminate. Okonkwo equates masculinity with strength, aggression, and an absence of emotion . For example, his decision to participate in the killing of Ikemefuna, despite being advised against it, stems from his fear of appearing weak in the eyes of others. His rigid adherence to these qualities defines his relationships with his family and his community.

Achebe portrays Okonkwo’s obsession with masculinity as both a personal and cultural force. On a personal level, it drives Okonkwo to significant achievements, such as becoming a respected warrior and wealthy farmer, but it also causes him immense internal conflict. He suppresses any sign of emotion or vulnerability, which he associates with weakness and femininity. This suppression leads to his violent temper and harsh treatment of his wives and children. For instance, his relationship with his son Nwoye is strained because Okonkwo sees in Nwoye the same qualities of gentleness and sensitivity that he despises in his father. Okonkwo’s fear of weakness makes him overly harsh and uncompromising, pushing Nwoye further away.

In a broader cultural context, Okonkwo’s interpretation of masculinity reflects the traditional patriarchal values of Igbo society , where men are expected to be strong providers and protectors. However, Achebe also critiques this rigid masculinity by showing its destructive consequences. Okonkwo’s inability to adapt to changing circumstances, such as the arrival of the missionaries, is partly due to his rigid adherence to these traditional notions of masculinity. His downfall is a direct result of his refusal to embrace any form of change or compromise, leading to his isolation and ultimate tragedy. Through Okonkwo’s story, Achebe explores how an unyielding attachment to traditional masculinity can lead to personal and cultural destruction.

2. Question: In “Things Fall Apart,” how does the introduction of Christianity affect the Igbo community?

Answer: The introduction of Christianity in “Things Fall Apart” acts as a catalyst for profound changes within the Igbo community, leading to both division and transformation. When the missionaries first arrive, they are seen as strange and insignificant, preaching a religion that seems incompatible with the deeply rooted beliefs of the Igbo people. However, as they begin to attract converts, especially those marginalized or dissatisfied with the traditional ways, the presence of Christianity starts to erode the fabric of Igbo society. Nwoye, for example, is drawn to Christianity because it offers him a sense of peace and an escape from the rigid expectations of his father, Okonkwo, and the harsh realities of his culture. His conversion represents a broader shift as more people begin to question and abandon their traditional beliefs.

As Christianity gains a foothold, it challenges the existing social and religious order of the Igbo. The missionaries, with their different worldview, begin to undermine the authority of the tribal elders and the customs that have long governed the community. For instance, the missionaries’ rejection of traditional practices such as the worship of ancestral spirits and the egwugwu ceremonies directly threatens the social cohesion of the Igbo people. The new religion creates a divide not only between the converts and the traditionalists but also within families, as seen with Okonkwo and Nwoye. This division weakens the unity of the community, making it more vulnerable to external influences and control.

Ultimately, the spread of Christianity serves as a precursor to the colonial conquest of the Igbo. The religious conversion of many Igbo people makes them more receptive to the changes brought by the British colonial administration, including new laws, economic systems, and education. The introduction of Christianity is not just a religious shift but a cultural invasion that gradually dismantles the traditional Igbo way of life. By the time Okonkwo returns from exile, he finds that the Umuofia he once knew has changed irreversibly. The Igbo community’s dependence on the new colonial structures, introduced under the guise of religion and trade, leads to the loss of their cultural identity and autonomy. Achebe uses the introduction of Christianity to illustrate the complexities of cultural change and the devastating impact of colonialism on indigenous societies.

3. Question: Discuss the role of fate in Okonkwo’s downfall in “Things Fall Apart.”

Answer: The concept of fate is intricately woven into the narrative of “Things Fall Apart,” particularly in the life of the protagonist, Okonkwo. From the beginning, Okonkwo is portrayed as a man determined to overcome the perceived failures of his father, Unoka. He believes that his destiny is entirely within his control and that through hard work and adherence to traditional values, he can secure a successful future. However, despite his efforts, Okonkwo is repeatedly confronted by events that are beyond his control, suggesting that fate plays a significant role in his eventual downfall. His life is marked by a series of unfortunate incidents that seem to be predestined, such as the accidental killing of a clansman during a funeral, which leads to his exile.

Okonkwo’s exile to Mbanta is a turning point that highlights the limitations of human control over fate. Despite his achievements and efforts to adhere to the values of his society, he is forced into exile for a crime that was unintentional, emphasizing the power of fate over human actions. This period of exile not only separates him from his ambitions in Umuofia but also coincides with significant changes in Igbo society brought by the arrival of the missionaries. During his exile, Okonkwo becomes increasingly isolated, and the world he knew begins to change in ways he cannot influence. The arrival of the British colonialists and the spread of Christianity further diminish his power, illustrating how fate, combined with external forces, can alter the course of a person’s life.

Ultimately, Okonkwo’s tragic end is a culmination of both his own choices and the inescapable fate that he tries so desperately to resist. His suicide, which is considered an abomination in Igbo culture, represents his final act of defiance against a world that he can no longer control or understand. Okonkwo’s life, which he believed was directed by his own will, ends in a manner that mirrors the fate of his father, whom he sought to avoid emulating. In the end, Okonkwo’s downfall is not just the result of his temperamental flaws but also the workings of fate, which, despite his efforts, brings him to the very fate he feared. Achebe uses Okonkwo’s story to explore the tension between human agency and fate, suggesting that while individuals may strive to shape their destinies, there are larger forces at play that ultimately determine their outcomes.

4. Question: How does Chinua Achebe depict the clash between traditional Igbo culture and colonialism in “Things Fall Apart”?

Answer: In “Things Fall Apart,” Achebe masterfully portrays the clash between traditional Igbo culture and the forces of colonialism as a tragic and inevitable conflict. The novel is set during a period of profound change in Nigeria, as European missionaries and colonial administrators begin to impose their values, religion, and governance on the indigenous population. Achebe depicts the Igbo society as one with rich traditions, complex social structures, and deep spiritual beliefs. However, these aspects of Igbo life are gradually eroded by the arrival of the British, whose influence introduces new ideologies and disrupts the harmony of the community. This cultural clash is evident in various aspects of Igbo life, including religion, governance, and social norms.

One of the most significant areas of conflict is religion. The introduction of Christianity presents a direct challenge to the Igbo religious practices, which are deeply intertwined with their social and cultural identity. The missionaries, led by characters such as Mr. Brown and Reverend Smith, actively seek to convert the Igbo people, often by condemning their traditional beliefs as pagan and inferior. This not only creates a rift between the converts and those who adhere to the traditional ways but also undermines the authority of the village elders and the spiritual leaders, such as the egwugwu. The destruction of the village church by the egwugwu, followed by the arrest and humiliation of the village leaders by the District Commissioner, symbolizes the violent clash between the two cultures and the inevitable decline of traditional Igbo society.

The clash between Igbo culture and colonialism also extends to the political and social structures of the community. The British colonial government imposes new laws and administrative systems that are alien to the Igbo way of life. The Igbo, who have traditionally governed themselves through a system of councils and kinship ties, are suddenly subjected to the authority of the colonial administration, which does not respect or understand their customs. This is evident in the way the District Commissioner handles disputes and punishes dissent, often disregarding the Igbo methods of conflict resolution. The colonialists’ introduction of a cash economy and trade further disrupts the traditional communal way of life, leading to the fragmentation of the society as individuals become more concerned with personal gain than with communal well-being. Achebe’s depiction of the clash between these two cultures highlights the destructive impact of colonialism on indigenous societies and underscores the deep sense of loss experienced by those whose way of life is irrevocably altered.

5. Question: Analyze the significance of the title “Things Fall Apart” in the context of the novel.

Answer: The title “Things Fall Apart” is profoundly significant in the context of the novel, as it encapsulates the central theme of disintegration—both on a personal level for the protagonist, Okonkwo, and on a broader scale for Igbo society. From the outset, the title foreshadows the collapse of the traditional structures and values that have long governed the lives of the Igbo people. This sense of impending doom is intricately tied to the arrival of European colonialists and the introduction of Christianity, which begin to unravel the social, religious, and political fabric of the community. The title suggests that the changes brought by these external forces are not just disruptive but catastrophic, leading to a complete breakdown of the way of life that has sustained the Igbo for generations.

On a personal level, the title reflects the tragic downfall of Okonkwo , whose life becomes a microcosm of the larger collapse of Igbo society. Okonkwo is a man who has built his life on the principles of strength, hard work, and adherence to tradition. However, as the novel progresses, it becomes clear that the very foundations of his life are crumbling. His rigid adherence to traditional values becomes a source of conflict in a world that is rapidly changing, and his inability to adapt leads to his alienation and eventual suicide. The phrase “things fall apart” aptly describes the unraveling of Okonkwo’s life as he loses his status, his family’s respect, and finally, his will to live. His demise is symbolic of the broader disintegration of the Igbo culture under the pressures of colonialism and the loss of autonomy.

On a broader cultural level, the title also speaks to the inevitable disintegration of the Igbo society in the face of colonial encroachment. The arrival of the British and the spread of Christianity introduce new values and systems that conflict with the established order, leading to the fragmentation of the community. The traditional ways of governance, religious practices, and social cohesion are gradually eroded as the Igbo people become increasingly divided and powerless against the colonial administration. The final chapters of the novel, where the District Commissioner reduces Okonkwo’s life to a mere footnote in his book, underscore the complete disregard for the complexity and richness of Igbo culture. The title “Things Fall Apart” thus captures the essence of the novel’s exploration of cultural disintegration and the profound sense of loss that accompanies it. Achebe uses the title to highlight the tragic consequences of colonialism and the inevitable collapse of societies that are unable to withstand the forces of change.

6. Question: What is the role of women in Igbo society as portrayed in “Things Fall Apart”?

Answer: In “Things Fall Apart,” Achebe presents a nuanced portrayal of the role of women in Igbo society, highlighting both their subordinate status and their essential contributions to the community. Women in Igbo culture are often depicted as occupying roles that are secondary to men, with their primary responsibilities centered around domestic duties, child-rearing, and supporting their husbands. This is evident in the way Okonkwo treats his wives, whom he considers his property, and in his preference for male children, whom he views as the carriers of his legacy. However, Achebe also reveals the crucial and multifaceted roles that women play in Igbo society, roles that extend beyond the domestic sphere.

Despite their secondary status, women are integral to the spiritual and cultural life of the Igbo community. The reverence for female deities, such as the earth goddess Ani, underscores the recognition of feminine power within the spiritual realm. Ani, as the goddess of fertility and morality, holds significant influence over the community’s agricultural practices and the well-being of the people. Moreover, women like Chielo, the priestess of Agbala, wield considerable spiritual authority, as seen when she takes Ezinma, Okonkwo’s daughter, to the shrine of Agbala without any male interference. This spiritual role contrasts sharply with the limited power women hold in the social and political spheres, suggesting a duality in the way femininity is perceived in Igbo culture—respected in the spiritual domain but constrained in everyday life.

Furthermore, Achebe uses the experiences of female characters to highlight the social dynamics and gender relations within Igbo society. The women in the novel, particularly Okonkwo’s wives, are depicted as resilient and resourceful, managing their households and ensuring the survival of their families under often challenging circumstances. The practice of polygamy, while demonstrating the subordinate position of women, also reveals the complexities of female relationships and the ways in which women navigate their roles within the family structure. For instance, the bond between Ekwefi and her daughter Ezinma showcases the deep emotional connections that exist despite the patriarchal constraints. Through these depictions, Achebe illustrates that while women may be marginalized in certain aspects of Igbo society, they are also vital to its functioning and continuity. The portrayal of women in “Things Fall Apart” thus reflects the complexities of gender roles in traditional societies, where women’s contributions are both indispensable and underappreciated.

7. Question: How does the relationship between Okonkwo and his son Nwoye evolve throughout “Things Fall Apart”?

Answer: The relationship between Okonkwo and his son Nwoye is one of the most complex and strained relationships in “Things Fall Apart,” reflecting the broader themes of generational conflict and the clash between tradition and change. From the outset, Okonkwo is deeply disappointed in Nwoye, whom he perceives as weak and lacking in the masculine qualities that he values most. Okonkwo’s harsh treatment of Nwoye is driven by his fear that his son will turn out to be like his father, Unoka, whom he despises for his laziness and lack of ambition. This fear leads Okonkwo to push Nwoye to conform to traditional expectations of masculinity, often through physical punishment and emotional distance. Nwoye, in turn, grows increasingly alienated from his father, struggling to reconcile his own feelings with the rigid expectations imposed on him.

The pivotal moment in their relationship occurs with the death of Ikemefuna , who has become like an older brother to Nwoye. Okonkwo’s decision to participate in Ikemefuna’s killing, despite the boy calling him “father,” marks a turning point for Nwoye. The trauma of losing someone he had grown to love and the realization that his father was involved in the murder shatters Nwoye’s faith in the traditional Igbo values that Okonkwo represents. Nwoye’s reaction to Ikemefuna’s death is one of silent rebellion ; he becomes more introspective and begins to distance himself emotionally from his father and the culture that condones such acts of violence. This event sows the seeds of Nwoye’s eventual conversion to Christianity, as he seeks solace in a belief system that offers him a sense of peace and understanding that he does not find in his own culture.

By the end of the novel, the relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye is irreparably broken. Nwoye’s conversion to Christianity is a profound rejection of his father’s values and the traditional Igbo way of life. For Okonkwo, Nwoye’s conversion is the ultimate betrayal, symbolizing not only the loss of his son but also the disintegration of the cultural and familial bonds that he holds dear. This generational conflict underscores the broader theme of cultural change and the challenges that arise when traditional values are confronted by new ideologies. Nwoye’s rejection of his father’s world and Okonkwo’s inability to accept his son’s choices reflect the tensions between the old and the new, tradition and modernity, that are central to the novel. Achebe uses this strained relationship to explore the complexities of identity, loyalty, and the inevitable changes that occur as societies evolve.

8. Question: Discuss the role of the egwugwu in Igbo society and their significance in “Things Fall Apart.”

Answer: The egwugwu in “Things Fall Apart” represent a fundamental aspect of Igbo society, serving as both spiritual and judicial authorities within the community. The egwugwu are masked ancestral spirits, personified by the village elders, who preside over disputes and ensure that justice is administered according to traditional laws. Their presence in the novel highlights the deeply spiritual and ritualistic nature of Igbo culture, where the living maintain a strong connection with the spirits of their ancestors. The egwugwu ceremonies are not only a means of resolving conflicts but also a way of reinforcing the social and moral codes that govern Igbo life. Through these rituals, the community’s respect for tradition and the continuity of cultural practices are upheld.

The significance of the egwugwu extends beyond their role as judges; they symbolize the collective identity and cohesion of the Igbo people. The egwugwu embody the authority of the ancestors, representing the continuity of the community’s values and beliefs across generations. Their judgments are considered final and binding, reflecting the community’s adherence to traditional justice. The destruction of the egwugwu mask by a Christian convert is a pivotal moment in the novel, symbolizing the profound cultural conflict between the Igbo and the colonial forces. This act of desecration is not only an attack on a religious symbol but also an assault on the very foundations of Igbo society. The unmasking of the egwugwu signifies the irreparable damage inflicted on the cultural and spiritual integrity of the community by the encroaching colonial influence.

Furthermore, the clash between the egwugwu and the colonial authorities illustrates the broader theme of cultural disintegration in “Things Fall Apart.” The egwugwu, who once held unquestioned authority, are rendered powerless in the face of the colonial administration’s laws and the growing influence of Christianity. The burning of the church by the egwugwu is an act of resistance, but it ultimately leads to their downfall and the humiliation of the village leaders. The egwugwu’s defeat symbolizes the collapse of the traditional structures that once maintained order and cohesion within Igbo society. Achebe uses the egwugwu to highlight the tension between tradition and modernity, and the devastating impact of colonialism on indigenous cultures. Their role in the novel serves as a poignant reminder of the fragility of cultural identity in the face of external forces of change.

9. Question: What does Okonkwo’s suicide reveal about his character and the broader themes of “Things Fall Apart”?

Answer: Okonkwo’s suicide at the end of “Things Fall Apart” is a powerful and tragic conclusion to his character arc, revealing the depth of his despair and the ultimate failure of his life’s pursuits. Throughout the novel, Okonkwo is depicted as a man who is determined to overcome the perceived weaknesses of his father and achieve greatness in his community. He adheres strictly to the traditional values of Igbo society, valuing strength, masculinity, and respect above all else. However, as the novel progresses, Okonkwo is confronted with a rapidly changing world where these values are increasingly undermined by the forces of colonialism and Christianity. His suicide is a final act of defiance against a world that he can no longer control or understand, but it also reflects his deep sense of powerlessness and isolation.

Okonkwo’s decision to take his own life is significant not only because it is considered an abomination in Igbo culture but also because it represents the ultimate rejection of the very principles he has lived by. Throughout his life, Okonkwo has been driven by a fear of failure and weakness, constantly striving to assert his dominance and avoid the shame of being perceived as weak. His suicide, however, is seen by the Igbo as a cowardly and dishonorable act, akin to the fate of his father, Unoka, whom he despised. In this sense, Okonkwo’s death is deeply ironic; despite his efforts to distance himself from his father’s legacy, he ends up sharing a similar fate, dying in disgrace and leaving behind a legacy that is tarnished by his final act. This irony underscores the futility of Okonkwo’s rigid adherence to traditional values in a world that is no longer governed by those values.

On a broader level, Okonkwo’s suicide also symbolizes the collapse of Igbo society in the face of colonialism. Just as Okonkwo is unable to adapt to the changes brought by the British and the missionaries, so too is Igbo society unable to withstand the pressures of colonial rule. The final chapter of the novel, which shifts to the perspective of the District Commissioner, further diminishes Okonkwo’s significance, reducing his life and struggles to a mere footnote in the colonial narrative. This reduction of Okonkwo’s life to a single sentence in the Commissioner’s book, The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of The Lower Niger , serves as a metaphor for the dehumanization and marginalization of the Igbo people under colonial rule. Achebe uses Okonkwo’s suicide to highlight the tragic consequences of cultural disintegration and the loss of identity that accompanies the imposition of a foreign culture and system of governance. It is a powerful commentary on the devastating impact of colonialism on both individuals and entire societies.

10. Question: How does Achebe use the character of Nwoye to explore the theme of cultural change in “Things Fall Apart”?

Answer: Achebe uses the character of Nwoye as a lens through which to explore the theme of cultural change and the generational conflicts that arise in the face of such changes. Nwoye, the son of Okonkwo, is depicted as a sensitive and introspective boy who struggles to reconcile the harsh expectations of his father with his own internal inclinations. From a young age, Nwoye is drawn to stories and ideas that contrast with the rigid, masculine ideals imposed by his father. He finds solace in the songs and tales told by his mother, which are rich in emotion and empathy—qualities that Okonkwo despises. Nwoye’s growing discomfort with the traditional practices of his culture, particularly those that involve violence and brutality, such as the killing of twins and the death of Ikemefuna, sets the stage for his eventual rejection of the Igbo way of life.

Nwoye’s conversion to Christianity is a pivotal moment in the novel that highlights the appeal of the new religion to those who feel alienated by the traditional values of their society. Christianity offers Nwoye an escape from the rigid structures of Igbo culture and a sense of belonging that he has not found in his own community. The missionaries’ message of love, forgiveness, and peace resonates with Nwoye, who has been deeply affected by the traumatic events in his life, particularly the death of Ikemefuna, whom he loved as a brother. This conversion is more than just a religious shift; it represents Nwoye’s rejection of the values that his father holds dear and the beginning of a new identity for himself. Nwoye’s embrace of Christianity is symbolic of the broader cultural change occurring in Igbo society, where traditional beliefs are being challenged and replaced by new ideologies brought by the colonialists.

Through Nwoye’s character, Achebe explores the tensions between tradition and modernity and the complexities of cultural change. Nwoye’s rejection of his father’s world is not just a personal rebellion but a reflection of the larger societal shifts taking place in Umuofia and beyond. The generational conflict between Okonkwo and Nwoye underscores the challenges that arise when deeply ingrained cultural practices are confronted by new ideas and values. Nwoye’s conversion also illustrates the ways in which colonialism and Christianity provided an alternative framework for individuals who were dissatisfied with the existing social order. Achebe uses Nwoye’s journey to highlight the inevitability of cultural change and the profound impact it has on individuals and communities. Through Nwoye, the novel portrays the loss of traditional values and the creation of new identities in a rapidly changing world.

In a carefully planned essay of 350–400 words (11⁄2–2 pages) in length, critically discuss to what extent the title of the novel is reflected in Okonkwo’s life and the lives of the villagers.

In Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart , the title serves as a metaphorical prelude to the collapse of both the protagonist, Okonkwo, and the broader Igbo society. The phrase “things fall apart” is emblematic of the disintegration that occurs on multiple levels throughout the novel, reflecting the personal downfall of Okonkwo and the broader cultural disintegration of the Umuofia community under the pressures of colonialism and internal strife.

Okonkwo’s life is a microcosm of the novel’s central theme of collapse. From the beginning, Okonkwo is portrayed as a man of great ambition and determination, driven by an intense fear of failure and weakness, traits he associates with his father, Unoka. His entire existence is a struggle to establish and maintain his status as a successful and respected member of his society. However, despite his efforts, Okonkwo’s rigid adherence to traditional values and his unyielding nature lead to his eventual downfall. His participation in the killing of Ikemefuna, a boy who considered him a father, marks the beginning of his personal disintegration. This act of violence, motivated by Okonkwo’s fear of appearing weak, sets in motion a series of events that ultimately lead to his exile and loss of status. The return from exile reveals a changed Umuofia, one where the influence of British colonialism and Christianity has taken root, further isolating Okonkwo and exacerbating his sense of despair. His eventual suicide, an act considered abominable in Igbo culture, underscores the extent to which his life has fallen apart, mirroring the novel’s title.

The title also reflects the broader collapse of the Igbo society in Umuofia. The arrival of the British colonizers and missionaries introduces new religious, political, and social structures that gradually erode the traditional ways of life. The unity and cohesion of the Umuofia village are disrupted as more villagers convert to Christianity, attracted by the new faith’s promise of equality and its rejection of certain harsh traditional practices. This division weakens the community, making it more vulnerable to colonial domination. The final blow comes when Okonkwo, in a last desperate act of resistance, kills a colonial messenger, only to realize that the villagers are no longer willing to stand with him. The once proud and independent Igbo society has fragmented, unable to withstand the forces of change imposed by the colonizers.

In conclusion, the title Things Fall Apart is profoundly reflected in the lives of both Okonkwo and the villagers of Umuofia. Okonkwo’s personal journey from a respected leader to a tragic figure mirrors the broader disintegration of the Igbo society under the pressures of colonialism and cultural change. Achebe’s novel poignantly illustrates how the collision between tradition and modernity, individual ambition and communal values, leads to the inevitable collapse of both a man and his society.

Short Question:

Question 2:

Read the extracts below and then answer the questions that follow:

Okonkwo’s prosperity was visible in his household. He had a large compound enclosed by a thick wall of red earth. His own hut, or obi, stood immediately behind the only gate in the red walls. Each of his three wives had her own hut, which together formed a half moon behind the obi. The barn was built against one end of the red walls, and long stacks of yam stood out prosperously in it. At the opposite end of the compound was a shed for the goats, and each wife built a small attachment to her hut for the hens. Near the barn was a small house, the ‘medicine house’ or shrine where Okonkwo kept the wooden symbols of his personal god and of his ancestral spirits. He worshipped them with sacrifices of kola nut, food and palm-wine, and offered prayers to them on behalf of himself, his three wives and eight children.

So when the daughter of Umuofia was killed in Mbaino, Ikemefuna came into Okonkwo’s household. When Okonkwo brought him home that day he called his most senior wife and handed him over to her.

‘He belongs to the clan,’ he told her. ‘So look after him.’

‘Is he staying long with us?’ she asked.

‘Do what you are told, woman,’ Okonkwo thundered, and stammered, ‘When did you become one of the ndichie of Umuofia?’

And so Nwoye’s mother took Ikemefuna to her hut and asked no more questions.

As for the boy himself, he was terribly afraid. He could not understand what was happening to him or what he had done. How could he know that his father had taken a hand in killing a daughter of Umuofia? All he knew was that a few men had arrived at their house, conversing with his father in low tones, and at the end he had been taken out and handed over to a stranger. His mother had wept bitterly, but he had been too surprised to weep. And so the stranger had brought him, and a girl, a long, long way from home, through lonely forest paths. He did not know who the girl was, and he never saw her again.

• Briefly relate how Okonkwo’s visible prosperity (line 1) is the result of his upbringing and single-mindedness.
• Describe Okonkwo’s character as it is revealed in lines 1–11.
• Explain why Ikemefuna was brought to Okonkwo’s household.
• Refer to lines 15–19. What do you understand about the relationship between Okonkwo and his most senior wife (line 14)? (3)
• Ikemefuna could not understand what was happening to him or what he had done (lines 20–21). To what extent does Ikemefuna’s bewilderment reflect the way in which Okonkwo expects his wife to accept his decision? (3)
• Explain how the lonely forest paths (line 26) that Ikemefuna walks on his way to Umuofia are an ominous sign.

https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/things/a-plus-essay/

https://www.vcestudyguides.com/blog/things-fall-apart

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