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Revision Tips to Achieve A* in A Level History

Ever wondered about A-Level History success? Check this out: According to the Joint Council for Qualifications (JCQ) , in 2022, 87.8% aced it, but in 2019, only 81% made the grade. 

Understanding the A-Level History Exam

Mastering the A-Level History exam begins with a clear comprehension of its structure and components. Let’s break it down:

Exam Structure:

The A-Level History exam typically comprises multiple components. Understand the weight each section carries to prioritise your focus.

Assessment Components:

• Source Analysis : This section assesses your ability to critically evaluate historical sources. Practice interpreting documents , maps , and visuals .
• Essay Writing: Essays demand in-depth historical knowledge, effective analysis, and a structured argument. Grasp the nuances of crafting compelling essays.

Key Focus Areas for Higher Grades:

• Depth over Breadth : It’s not about covering every era; it’s about mastering select topics thoroughly.
• Critical Thinking: Emphasise critical analysis of historical events, ideologies, and interpretations.
• Historiography: Incorporate differing historical perspectives and theories into your responses.

Creating a Strategic Study Plan

Crafting a focused study plan is the key to conquering your A-Level History exam. Here’s your roadmap:

Importance of Time Management:

• Prioritise Topics : Identify high-priority areas based on exam weighting and personal strengths.
• Allocate Study Time : Dedicate specific time slots to each topic, ensuring balanced coverage.

Personalised Study Schedule:

• Daily Goals: Set achievable daily goals to maintain steady progress.
• Variety in Study Sessions: Mix source analysis, essay writing, and note review for a well-rounded approach.

Balancing Content Coverage and Depth:

• Thematic Approach: Group related topics to enhance understanding and retention.
• Regular Review: Schedule periodic reviews to reinforce learned content.

Utilising Resources Wisely

To excel in A-Level History, harnessing the right resources is paramount. Here’s how to do it effectively:

Leveraging Textbooks, Databases, and Articles:

• Textbooks: Choose authoritative texts that align with your syllabus for comprehensive coverage.
• Online Databases: Utilise reputable databases like JSTOR or Google Scholar for in-depth research.
• Scholarly Articles: Incorporate recent scholarly articles to stay updated on historical perspectives.

Incorporating Primary and Secondary Sources:

• Primary Sources: Dive into firsthand accounts, documents, and artefacts for authentic insights.
• Secondary Sources: Reference scholarly works that analyse and interpret historical events for depth.

Making the Most of Study Guides and Examiner’s Reports:

• Study Guides: Supplement your notes with study guides tailored to your exam board for focused revision.
• Examiner’s Reports: Learn from past exams’ feedback to understand common pitfalls and refine your approach.

By strategically navigating these resources, you equip yourself with a well-rounded understanding of historical events. 

Perfecting Exam Technique

Unlocking the secrets to flawless A-Level History exam performance involves mastering strategic techniques. Here’s your guide:

Understanding Mark Schemes and Assessment Criteria:

• Detailed Review: Study past mark schemes to grasp how examiners evaluate responses.
• Assessment Criteria: Align your writing with specific criteria, ensuring targeted and precise answers.

Time Management During the Exam:

• Practise Time Trials: Simulate exam conditions to refine your pacing and allocate time wisely.
• Prioritise Questions: Tackle questions based on marks allocated; focus on high-value questions first.

Practising with Past Papers and Mock Exams:

• Realistic Simulations: Mimic exam conditions with past papers to enhance familiarity.
• Learn from Mistakes: Analyse errors in mock exams to fine-tune your approach and improve.

Embracing Continuous Improvement

Achieving A* excellence in A-Level History is an ongoing journey. Here’s how to ensure continuous improvement:

Regular Self-Assessment and Reflection:

• Review Progress: Regularly assess your understanding and identify areas for improvement.
• Reflect on Strategies: Evaluate the effectiveness of your study techniques and adjust as needed.

Setting Realistic Goals for Improvement:

• Identify Weaknesses: Pinpoint specific weaknesses and set realistic goals to address them.
• Measurable Objectives: Establish clear , measurable objectives for steady progress.

Adjusting Study Strategies Based on Performance Feedback:

Feedback Analysis: Analyse feedback from teachers and exams to refine your study strategies.

Adaptation : Be flexible; adjust your approach based on what works and what needs improvement.

Mastering A-Level History demands more than knowledge—it requires strategy . By understanding the exam, crafting a precise study plan , utilising resources wisely, perfecting exam techniques, and embracing continuous improvement, you’re primed for A* success. 

Stay committed, adapt, and triumph. Need personalised guidance? Connect with a top-notch A Levels History tutor at Study Mind. Contact us today!

How can I balance covering all historical periods without feeling overwhelmed?

Prioritise depth over breadth. Focus on key themes and events within each period, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding. This targeted approach ensures a deeper grasp of the material without overwhelming yourself with excessive details.

What’s the best strategy for managing time during the A-Level History exam?

Practise time trials with past papers to refine your pacing. Prioritise questions based on allocated marks, ensuring you allocate time wisely. This strategic approach maximises your efficiency and enhances overall exam performance.

Are study guides really beneficial, or can I rely solely on textbooks?

Study guides are invaluable supplements. While textbooks offer comprehensive content, study guides provide condensed, exam-focused insights. Combining both resources enhances your understanding, offering a well-rounded preparation for the A-Level History exam.

How can I stay updated on recent historical perspectives and interpretations?

Incorporate scholarly articles from reputable databases like JSTOR and Google Scholar. These sources offer insights into evolving historical perspectives, keeping your knowledge base current and demonstrating a nuanced understanding in your responses.

Is memorisation the key to success in the A-Level History exam?

Memorisation is crucial but not enough. Emphasise understanding, critical analysis, and the ability to apply knowledge to different contexts. A balanced approach ensures you not only recall facts but also demonstrate a higher-order understanding in your exam responses.

How do I overcome stress and anxiety during the A-Level History exam?

Implement stress-management techniques, such as deep breathing and mindfulness, to stay calm. Prioritise self-care in the days leading up to the exam, ensuring adequate rest and relaxation. Remember, a clear mind enhances your ability to recall and articulate historical knowledge effectively.

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How Hard is A-Level History?

In A-Level by Think Student Editor March 22, 2023 3 Comments

When choosing your A-Level options, you want to make sure you have options that suit your future career plans but are also manageable. A-Level History is a subject that can take you down several paths, from History, to English, to Law, to Economics and other subjects. However, being so well respected, many students think A-Level History must be quite difficult.

This article will take you through how difficult A-Level History is, how difficult the exams are, and other statistics about A-Level History, so keep reading for all you need to know.

Disclaimer: A-Level difficulty is subjective and depends on the personal ability of the student. What one student may find challenging, another student may face less difficulty with, and vice versa. This article is based on the writer’s experience as a student who studied GCSE and A-Level History.

Table of Contents

How hard is it to pass A-Level History?

Keep reading further in the article for exact statistics on how many people pass A-Level History. However, as a general answer, it isn’t too difficult to pass A-Level History .

To pass, you need some basic subject knowledge and a few facts, with a somewhat coherent argument . However, it’s obviously better to try and achieve a better grade than just a pass, so try your hardest in the exams!

How hard is it to get an A*?

Later in the article, I’ll be providing statistics for how many students achieved an A* in A-Level History in the past few years, so keep reading for the exact information.

Generally, it is quite hard to achieve an A* in A-Level History . You will need a lot of subject-specific knowledge and facts, and a coherent and sophisticated argument/writing style.

What is the A-Level History pass rate?

Provided by JCQ , the pass rate for A-Level History for 2022, 2021 and 2019 was 87.8%, 91.2%, and 81% respectively . From the statistics, you can see that A-Level History is not too difficult to pass.

However, it’s better to try and aim for higher grades . If university courses require A-Level History, most universities will ask for a grade B or A , which less people achieve. Make sure to try your hardest and aim for the best grade!

How many students get A* in A-Level History?

Below is a table for the number of students who achieved an A* from 2019-2022 (excluding 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic preventing exams from being sat in-person).

As you can see from the table, only a select handful of students achieve an A* in A-Level History. However, it is definitely possible, so work hard for it and you can get there!

How much content is there in A-Level History?

In short, there is a lot of content to learn for A-Level History, and many students regard it as one of the most content-intense A-Level subjects .

For this reason, A-Level History was named as one of the hardest A-Level subjects in this Think Student article, which I recommend checking out if you’re undecided about your A-Level options.

How hard are A-Level History exams?

A-Level History exams are generally quite hard.

You have to know a lot of broad and specific knowledge across a wide range of historical periods, and exams can be 2-3 hours long . Staying focused for such a long period can be quite a strain, so quite a lot of students struggle with the exams.

However, with lots of revision and preparation, they are certainly do-able! During my A-Level History exams, I made sure to take 2–3-minute writing breaks and have fresh water with me , so I’d recommend the same.

How are A-Level History exams structured?

The exam structure for A-Level History depends on the exam board your school follows . However, across all the exam boards, each module for A-Level History has its own paper.

These exams range from 1hr 30mins to 3 hours long . There are 2 or 3 questions, usually essays of 25 marks or more, per exam.

What is in the A-Level History syllabus?

The A-Level History syllabus is a list of several different topics (historical periods), and your school chooses which modules students sit.

However, there’s a general structure for the course across the exam boards. I’ll give you a breakdown of the AQA, OCR, and Edexcel courses.

For AQA A-Level History, students have 2 modules: a breadth study and a depth study, one of which must be a British history option . The breadth study and depth study each have a 1hr 30min exam with 2 25-mark questions. The full specification is linked here .

For OCR A-Level History, students have 3 modules: a British period study (worth 25% of the A-Level), a non-British period study (worth 15%), and a thematic study with historical interpretation (worth 40%) . The full specification is linked here .

For Edexcel A-Level History, students have 3 modules: a breadth study with historical interpretation, a depth study, and “themes in breadth with aspects in depth”. The full specification is linked here .

Each of the modules has a list of different topics for schools to choose from, so the periods you study will be specific to your school.

Does A-Level History have coursework?

For AQA, OCR and Edexcel, A-Level History does have coursework. The coursework modules across the exam boards are all worth 20% of the total A-Level.

AQA, OCR and Edexcel A-Level History coursework is a 3500-4500-word historical investigation on a topic of your choice (but it must be approved by your school).

What are the entry requirements for A-Level History?

A-Level History doesn’t have an official entry requirement set by exam boards. However, since A-Level History has a heavy workload and requires quite a bit of dedication, schools will often have their own entry requirements.

Most schools recommend that you must have achieved a 6 in GCSE History to take the subject at A-Level . These are different for every school, so this might be lower or higher, but GCSE grade 6 is the most common.

While you can take A-Level History without having sat GCSE History, this is generally not recommended because of how hard A-Level History is .

How many students take A-Level History?

Based on the official government website statistics, in 2022 42,885 students took A-Level History, a 3.1% increase from the previous year .

Over the years, the number of students choosing to take A-Level History has fluctuated. From 2018-2022, the number of students who chose to take A-Level History peaked at almost 47,500 students in 2019 and was lowest in 2020 at 41,120 students .

All these statistics are available on this page of the UK government website.

How hard is A-Level History compared to GCSE History?

Based purely on the grade distribution for GCSE and A-Level history in 2022, A-Level History and GCSE History seem equal in difficulty. The grade bracket with the highest number of results was a B in A-Level History (31.7%), and a grade 6 at GCSE (14.7%).

Ofqual has statistics for grade distribution for A-Level and GCSE History, linked here and here .

However, as a student who has studied both GCSE and A-Level History, I would say that A-Level History is definitely harder, based on the workload and the depth of knowledge required to achieve the top grades .

I personally had to revise a lot more for A-Level History than GCSE History, because there were so many more facts I had to remember.

Which subjects does A-Level History go well with?

A-Level History is a well-respected subject because of its difficulty, which you can read about in this Think Student article. Therefore, it can work well with Humanities and STEM subjects , depending on which field you want to go in to.

A-Level History is better if you want to enter a Humanities field, because it works with a larger range of subjects . Some of the best A-Level combinations with History are English, Geography, Modern Languages, Classics and Politics.

However, A-Level History can also work with STEM subjects . If you want to enter a STEM field, some good subjects to go with A-Level History include Economics, Chemistry, Biology, and Maths .

This Think Student article has a list of 17 A-Level combinations, some including history, that I’d recommend checking out.

This appears to be a very subjective piece of “advice”offered as fact. Studying History would actually allow you to challenge propaganda such as this which appears to be written by someone who does not like history and finds it boring. Theythen write a piece suggesting everyone should agree. ALL A levels are challenging. ALL A levels have lots of information and suggesting that this is particularly true of History suggests some lack of understanding of the education process from the writer. If you are going to offer advice could there be an attempt to be more impartial and actually useful?

Hi there J, Firstly, I’m sorry to hear that you didn’t find this student’s opinion informative. The content listed on this site is written by students who each have their own unique opinion that some will agree with and some will not. We do not aim to present the information displayed on this site as absolute fact as many of the topics we discuss can’t be narrowed to simple quantitative arguments and we try to be as transparent as humanly possible. Due to this, I have now ensured that a disclaimer is now displayed on the sidebar of every single …  Read more »

“you never explain what happened in a historical event.” There are literally questions that ask you how far something happened or to what extent you need to explain!

Programmes & Qualifications

Cambridge international as & a level history (9489).

• Syllabus overview

Cambridge International AS and A Level History is a flexible and wide-ranging syllabus covering modern history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The syllabus builds upon skills gained at Cambridge IGCSE or Cambridge O Level and develops lifelong skills including understanding issues and themes within a historical period.

The emphasis is again on both historical knowledge and on the skills required for historical research. Learners develop an understanding of cause and effect, continuity and change, similarity and difference, and use historical evidence as part of their studies. Both at AS and A Level learners can select from topics on European, American or International history.

Teachers choose which periods to focus on, allowing them to build a course that reflects their learners' interests and staff specialisms, or which is relevant to the local or regional context.

The syllabus year refers to the year in which the examination will be taken.

• -->2021 - 2023 Syllabus update (PDF, 114KB)
• -->2021 Legacy Notice (PDF, 102KB)
• -->2024 - 2025 Syllabus (PDF, 774KB)
• -->2026 - 2027 Syllabus (PDF, 880KB)

Syllabus support

• -->Support for History (PDF, 1MB)

Syllabus updates

We have reviewed Cambridge International AS & A Level History as part of our rolling review programme to make sure it reflects the latest trends in this subject and developments in education. We have made some changes to meet the needs of students, teachers and higher education institutions around the world. The following changes are for assessment in 2021, 2022 and 2023.

How has the syllabus changed?

• We have refreshed the content and reviewed the amount of optionality within question papers to make sure candidates continue to benefit from having a range of options to choose from.
• cause & consequence
• change & continuity
• similarity & difference
• significance
• interpretations.
• We have added a list of command words and their meanings to help learners know what’s expected of them in the exam.
• The syllabus code will change to 9489.

How has the assessment changed?

• Papers 1 and 2 will share the same content and learners will continue to study one of three options: European, American or International.
• Each option will consist of 4 topics, which will rotate year-on-year. The topic which is the focus of Paper 1 in June and November of any given year is not used to set the questions for Paper 2. There will be a table in the syllabus clarifying when each topic will be used for which papers.
• Paper 3 Topic 1 The Causes and Impact of British Imperialism will be replaced by The Origins of the First World War.
• Paper 4: Depth study 4: African History, 1945–91, and Depth study 5: Southeast Asian History, 1945–90s (available in November only) have been removed.

When do these changes take place?

The updated syllabus is for examination in June and November 2021, 2022 and 2023. Please see the 2021-2023 syllabus above for full details.

Coming soon

We are developing a wide range of support to help you plan and teach the 2021-2023 syllabus.

Look out for a range of support including a Scheme of work, Example candidate responses, Teacher and Learner guides. These materials will be available before first teaching from April 2019 onwards through our School Support Hub .

Endorsed resources

Increased depth of coverage and closely mapped to the new Cambridge syllabus, this series provides a wide range of source material and language support. Builds confidence in the skills of language, essay writing and evaluation.

Read more on the Cambridge University Press website

Develop knowledge and analytical skills with engaging and comprehensive coverage of the Cambridge International AS Level History syllabuses for examination from 2021.

Read more on the Hodder website

Important notices

We are withdrawing Cambridge International AS & A Level History (9489) from the March exam series. The last March series for this syllabus will be March 2025. 

From 2026, we will only offer this syllabus in the June and November exam series.

We communicated this change to schools in September 2022.

For some subjects, we publish grade descriptions to help understand the level of performance candidates’ grades represent.

We paused the publication of grade descriptions in response to the Covid-19 pandemic and the temporary changes to the awarding standard in 2020, 2021 and 2022.

As the awarding standard has now returned to the pre-pandemic standard, we are working to produce up-to-date grade descriptions for most of our general qualifications. These will be based on the awarding standards in place from June 2023 onwards.

School Support Hub

Teachers at registered Cambridge schools can unlock over 30 000 teaching and learning resources to help plan and deliver Cambridge programmes and qualifications, including Schemes of work, Example candidate responses, Past papers, Specimen paper answers, as well as digital and multimedia resources.

Schemes of work

Example responses, past papers, specimen paper answers.

Register your interest in becoming a Cambridge School

Stay up to date

Sign up for updates about changes to the syllabuses you teach

• Past papers, examiner reports and specimen papers
• Published resources

A-Level History: A Complete Guide

Dr Rahil Sachak-Patwa

Starting your A-Level journey and thinking if History is the choice for you? You're in good company. A-Level History is a captivating subject, giving you a deep look into the past and its impact on today. Why choose History, you might ask? It's not just about dates and events; it’s about understanding the why and how behind major global happenances. Can it open doors for your future? Absolutely. In our guide, we'll explore everything from the difficulty level to the best resources, ensuring you have all the information to make an informed decision.

Is History a good A-Level to do?

Choosing A-Level History is a decision that many students ponder over. Its value isn't just academic; it equips you with skills highly regarded by universities and employers alike. According to a survey by the Russell Group universities , History is listed among the 'facilitating subjects' recommended for entry into a wide range of university courses. But what makes it such a commendable choice?

• Critical Thinking : History teaches you to analyse sources and arguments, fostering a critical approach to information.
• Communication Skills : You'll learn to articulate complex ideas clearly, both in writing and orally.
• Research Abilities : Tackling historical questions requires effective research, a skill that's invaluable in any career.
• Understanding of Contemporary Issues : By studying the past, you gain insights into current global issues, making you more informed about the world around you.

Here is what an expert A-Level History tutor has to say:

"Many of my students who've taken A-Level History have exceled in careers like law, education, journalism, and public policy. Their deep understanding of history enhanced their critical thinking, and helped their professional contributions by enabling them to solve complex issues with insight from past events."

Experts in education and career development often highlight the versatility of History A-Level. It opens doors to careers in law, journalism, politics, and education, to name a few. The analytical and evaluative skills gained are what set History students apart in the competitive job market.

Graph showing number of students who took A-Level History exams in the past 10 years in the UK

Is it hard to pass A-level History?

A-level History is perceived by many as a challenging subject due to its in-depth analysis and extensive content and is ranked as the 7th hardest A-Level subject . However, the notion of difficulty is subjective and can vary based on a student's interests and strengths. The pass rate for A-level History has been relatively stable, indicating that with the right preparation and study habits, passing is certainly achievable. Key points to consider include:

• Pass Rates : Data from Ofqual shows a consistent pass rate for A-level History, with recent years reporting pass rates of 98.7% in 2023, 99.2% in 2022, and 99.6% in 2021. These statistics suggest that while achieving top grades may be challenging, passing the subject is within reach for the majority of students.
• Achieving High Grades : Obtaining an A* in A-level History is challenging and requires extensive subject knowledge, sophisticated argumentation, and a coherent writing style. The proportion of students achieving an A* has varied, with a decrease observed from 16% in 2021 to 5.5% in 2023.
• Content Volume : A-level History is considered one of the most content-intensive A-level subjects. This means that students should be prepared for a significant amount of reading, research, and memorisation.
• Exam Structure and Skills : Success in A-level History exams requires not only knowledge of historical facts but also the ability to critically analyse sources, construct coherent arguments, and write clearly under timed conditions.

Table showing A-level History grades distribution

While A-level History presents certain challenges, careful preparation, consistent effort, and effective study strategies can greatly increase the likelihood of not only passing but excelling in this subject.

Get help with A-Level History

The world's leading online A-Level History tutors trusted by students, parents, and schools globally.

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What topics are in History A-level?

A-Level History covers a broad and diverse range of topics, offering students the opportunity to explore various periods and events in depth. The subject matter spans across centuries and continents, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the world's history. Key areas of study typically include:

• Modern History : Focusing on the 19th and 20th centuries, topics often cover significant global events, revolutions, and the development of modern nations.
• British History : An essential component, with studies ranging from mediaeval times to the present day, reflecting on the social, political, and economic evolution of Britain.
• European and World History : Encompassing a wide array of subjects such as the rise and fall of empires, the World Wars, and the Cold War era.
• Thematic Studies : These might explore specific themes like migration, trade, religion, or science and technology across different periods and locations.

The AQA exam board, for example, offers topics such as the British Empire c1857–1967, the making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975, and the quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991. The OCR board provides over 50 topics including British period studies and non-British history, encouraging critical thinking and reflection.

CIE A-Level History Syllabus

The CIE A-Level History syllabus offers an extensive study of key historical events and figures, fostering critical analysis and evaluation skills. It prepares students to understand and interpret complex narratives, crucial for navigating today’s information-rich world.

Table showing CIE A-Level History syllabus

Note : AS Level topics rotate between papers 1 and 2 year-on-year. The prescribed topic for Paper 1 in any given year is not used for Paper 2.

AQA A-Level History Syllabus

The AQA A-Level History syllabus delves into diverse historical themes and periods, enhancing students' ability to critically evaluate sources and arguments. It sharpens analytical skills, preparing them to tackle complex issues and understand their historical context in today’s world.

Table showing AQA A-Level History syllabus

Further instructions are provided by AQA for the A-Level History exam:

Prohibited Combinations

Students must study a British history option for either Component 1 or Component 2. If a British history option is chosen for Component 1, it must be combined with a non-British option for Component 2. If a British history option is chosen for Component 2, it must be combined with a non-British option for Component 1. Any British option may be combined with any non-British option, other than the following:

• 1C The Tudors may not be combined with 2C The Reformation in Europe
• 1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy may not be combined with 2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe

This is because there is a strong conceptual emphasis which runs across both breadth and depth options which would result in a narrowing of the student’s experience.

The following are designated British history options:

Component 1

• 1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603
• 1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
• 1F Industrialisation and the People: Britain, c1783–1885
• 1G Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c1851–1964
• 1J The British Empire, c1857–1967

Component 2

• 2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216
• 2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499
• 2D Religious Conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570
• 2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660
• 2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957
• 2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007

Edexcel A-Level History Syllabus

The Edexcel A-Level History syllabus emphasizes detailed studies of specific eras, cultivating students' abilities to analyse and debate historical evidence and perspectives. This prepares them for informed critical thinking and engagement with current and historical debates.

Table showing Edexcel A-Level History syllabus

Note : Students take one option each from the following:

• 2A.1 to 2H.2

This sums up to be a total of 3 for 3 papers. It is discussed in depth in the exam structure section.

OCR A-Level History Syllabus

The OCR A-Level History syllabus enhances critical thinking through deep analysis of historical events and interpretations, equipping students with the skills to evaluate evidence and construct coherent arguments, vital for academic and professional success.

Table showing OCR A-Level History syllabus

Each exam board has its own set of modules and topics, allowing schools to choose those most relevant or interesting to their students. This flexibility means that students can engage with a variety of historical perspectives and methodologies, preparing them for further education or careers where analytical and evaluative skills are essential.

What is the A-Level History exam structure?

The A-Level History exam structure is designed to assess students' understanding, analytical skills, and ability to engage with historical evidence and debates. While the specific format of key questions can vary between exam boards, the general structure across AQA, OCR, and Edexcel includes:

• Written Examinations : These form the core of the assessment and are typically divided into several papers, focusing on different periods or themes.
• Breadth Study : Examines a broad period of history, assessing understanding of long-term changes and continuities.
• Depth Study : Focuses on a shorter, more detailed timeframe, requiring in-depth knowledge and analysis.
• Historical Investigation : A component that involves coursework or a written project on a chosen topic, contributing to the final grade for some exam boards.

Key features include:

• Essay Questions : Require students to construct coherent arguments, supported by historical evidence.
• Source Analysis : Students analyse primary and secondary sources to interpret perspectives and biases.
• Comparative Questions : Involve comparing different historical periods, events, or figures.

The exams are typically held at the end of the two-year A-Level course. The exact duration and number of questions can differ, but exams usually last between 1.5 to 3 hours. The coursework element, where applicable, allows students to explore a historical topic of their choice in depth, demonstrating research skills and critical analysis.

CIE A-Level History Exam Structure

The CIE A-Level History exam structure includes detailed essays, source analysis, and thematic studies, designed to test students' knowledge, analytical abilities, and understanding of historical context and perspectives, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of their grasp of the subject.

Table showing CIE A-Level History exam structure

AQA A-Level History Exam Structure

The AQA A-Level History exam structure features a mix of source-based questions and essay writing, assessing students' ability to critically evaluate evidence and present coherent arguments. It includes breadth and depth studies, ensuring a well-rounded evaluation of students' historical understanding and analytical skills.

Table showing AQA A-Level History exam structure

Note : Through the topics studied in Components 1, 2 and 3 (Historical investigation), A-level students must cover a chronological range of at least 200 years.

Edexcel A-Level History Exam Structure

The Edexcel A-Level History exam consists of thematic studies and breadth with source evaluations, focusing on depth studies and historical interpretations. This structure assesses students’ comprehension, analytical skills, and ability to engage critically with historical themes and evidence, fostering a detailed understanding of specific periods.

Table showing Edexcel A-Level History exam structure

OCR A-Level History Exam Structure

The OCR A-Level History exam structure combines thematic studies, source evaluations, and period studies to assess students' analytical skills, understanding of historical context, and ability to construct well-supported arguments. It's designed to test a comprehensive range of historical knowledge and critical thinking abilities.

Table showing OCR A-Level History exam structure

*Learners who are retaking a qualification can choose either to retake the non exam assessment unit or to carry forward their mark for that unit. See Section 4d of OCR A-Level History specification for more details.

*Also includes synoptic assessment.

This structured approach ensures that students not only memorise historical facts but also develop the ability to critically evaluate information and present reasoned arguments, skills that are valuable in many fields beyond history.

Choosing the Right Exam Board

Selecting the appropriate exam board for A-Level History is crucial as it can influence the topics studied, the exam format, and the assessment criteria. In the UK, the main exam boards offering A-Level History are CIE , AQA , Edexcel and OCR . Each has its own focus and approach to history, making the choice significant for teachers and students alike. Key considerations include:

• CIE : Known for its international perspective, CIE attracts the most applicants globally, offering a wide range of historical themes with a global outlook.
• AQA : With 20,964 candidates in the UK in 2023, AQA is popular for its comprehensive coverage of British and modern European history.
• Edexcel : Attracting 13,272 applicants in the UK in 2023, Edexcel is favoured for its structured approach and detailed study options, including coursework.
• OCR : With 10,388 candidates in the UK in 2023, OCR offers unique topics that often include British history, making it a choice for those interested in a deep dive into the history of the UK.

When choosing an exam board, consider:

• Content and Topics : Which periods or themes are you most interested in?
• Assessment Method : Do you prefer coursework or solely exam-based assessment?
• Resources and Support : Which exam board offers the best resources and support for your learning style?

Deciding on an exam board is a decision that should be based on your interests, strengths, and future aspirations. Discussing with teachers and researching each board's specifications can help make an informed choice that aligns with your academic goals.

How do you get an A* in A-Level History?

Achieving an A* in A-Level History requires a combination of depth of knowledge, analytical skills, and effective revision and examination strategies. Given the rigorous nature of the subject, students need to go beyond the basic requirements to stand out. Key strategies include:

• Comprehensive Understanding : Master the breadth and depth of your chosen topics, ensuring you have a thorough grasp of the key events, figures, and trends.
• Critical Analysis : Develop the ability to critically evaluate historical sources and arguments. This involves recognising bias, analysing different interpretations, and forming your own reasoned conclusions.
• Essay Writing Skills : Practise structuring coherent and persuasive essays that are well-supported with evidence. High marks are awarded for clear, analytical writing that directly addresses the question.
• Effective Revision : Utilise a variety of revision techniques, including study notes, mind maps, and flashcards to reinforce your memory and understanding of complex topics.
• Tutoring : Consider engaging with an A-Level tutor who can provide personalised feedback, help refine your exam technique, and deepen your understanding of challenging material.
• Utilisation of Past Papers : Regularly practise with past exam papers and questions to familiarise yourself with the exam format and improve your time management skills.

Graph showing grades distribution of A-Level History in UK 2021-2023

Consistent effort and utilisation of available resources is very important. This can include school-provided materials, online resources, and study groups, alongside tutoring. Balancing broad factual knowledge with sharp analytical acumen and refined exam strategies is key to achieving the top grade in A-Level History.

Have a look at our comprehensive set of A-Level History Study Notes developed by expert A-Level teachers and examiners!

How do you write A-Level History essays?

Writing an A-Level History essay involves several key steps to ensure it is well-structured, insightful, and evidently supported:

1. Understand the Question : Identify key terms and what the question is asking you to do (e.g., analyse, compare, review, evaluate).

2. Plan Your Answer : Organise your thoughts and structure your essay into a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each body paragraph should focus on a single point or argument.

3. Use Evidence : Support your arguments with relevant historical evidence, including primary and secondary sources. Be sure to analyse the evidence, not just describe it.

4. Critical Analysis : Evaluate the significance of the evidence and different historians' interpretations. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these viewpoints.

5. Conclusion : Summarise your main points and clearly state your conclusion, ensuring it directly answers the specific question above.

6. Proofread : Check for clarity, coherence, and any grammatical or spelling errors.

Focus on presenting a coherent argument supported by evidence, demonstrating your understanding of the topic and your ability to critically engage with historical material.

What are the best A-Levels to take with History?

Selecting A levels that complement History can enhance your understanding, offer interdisciplinary skills, and broaden your future academic and career options. The best A levels to take with History are those that develop critical thinking, analytical skills, and written communication. Complementary A levels include:

• A-Level English Literature : Enhances your ability to analyse texts and understand historical contexts, improving essay-writing skills.
• A-Level Politics : Offers insights into governmental systems and political theories, relevant to historical study.
• A-Level Geography : Provides knowledge of how historical events have shaped landscapes and human societies.
• A-Level Modern Foreign Languages : Improves understanding of other cultures, which can be beneficial for studying international history.
• A-Level Economics : Gives an understanding of economic principles and historical economic trends.

Experts recommend choosing subjects that not only complement History but also match your interests and career aspirations. Universities often value the combination of History with subjects that demonstrate strong literacy skills and the ability to critically analyse information. This combination can prepare students for a range of degrees and career paths in law, journalism, education, and beyond.

Best A-Level History Resources

Identifying top-quality resources is essential for excelling in A-Level History. The right materials can deepen your understanding of complex historical events and themes, enhancing your ability to analyse and evaluate sources critically. Here are some of the best resources for A-Level History students, tailored to various exam boards:

• Official Textbooks: Textbooks from official exam board sources provide the best study material required to ace the exam. Such can be found at the CIE resources page .
• Tutoring : Personalised support can help clarify complex topics and refine exam techniques.
• Study Notes : Customised study notes, particularly from services like TutorChase , and A-Level History Q&A Revision Notes are invaluable for revision.
• Online Resources : Platforms such as BBC Bitesize , History Learning Site , and the Khan Academy offer a wealth of free content, including articles, video lessons, and quizzes.
• Past Papers and Mark Schemes : Engaging with past exam papers and understanding mark schemes are crucial for exam success, providing insights into the types of questions asked and how to structure high-scoring answers.

Combining these resources with dedicated study can significantly enhance your performance in A-Level History, providing a solid foundation for both exams and coursework.

Common Challenges and How to Overcome Them

A-Level History students often face several challenges throughout their course, but with effective strategies and practice, these obstacles can be overcome.

• Vast Amount of Content : The comprehensive syllabus can seem daunting. To manage this, create a structured revision timetable that breaks down the content into manageable segments, ensuring all topics are covered systematically.
• Analysing Sources : Interpreting a variety of sources is essential but can be complex. Improve this skill by practising with a wide range of source materials and seeking feedback on your analyses to understand different perspectives and biases.
• Essay Writing : The ability to write cohesive, argument-driven essays under exam conditions is critical. Enhance this skill by practising essay planning under timed conditions, focusing on structuring your arguments clearly and supporting them with relevant evidence.
• Retention of Information : Remembering key dates, figures, and events is challenging. Employ active recall techniques such as flashcards, mind maps, and quiz-based revision apps to aid memory retention and make revising more interactive and engaging.

Employing these strategies can significantly alleviate the common hurdles faced by A-Level History students, leading to a more comprehensive understanding and better performance in exams.

Past Papers and Practise Questions

Utilising past papers and practise questions is a proven method for improving exam performance in A-Level History. These resources are invaluable for understanding the exam format, the types of test questions asked, and for honing your time management skills during the exam. Benefits include:

• Familiarity with Exam Format : Regular practise with past papers helps students become accustomed to the structure and timing of the actual exam.
• Identification of Weak Areas : Engaging with a wide range of questions allows students to identify areas where they need further study or understanding.
• Application of Knowledge : Practise questions provide an opportunity to apply knowledge in an exam context, reinforcing learning and improving recall under pressure.
• Improvement of Essay Writing Skills : Writing timed essays in response to past paper questions can significantly enhance the ability to construct coherent and persuasive arguments quickly.

Experts recommend beginning to work with past papers and practise questions well before the exam period. This should be integrated into your revision plan, with time set aside for reviewing answers and understanding mark schemes. Resources are available through exam board websites, educational platforms, and tutoring services, offering a wealth of questions for practise across all topics covered in the A-Level History syllabus.

Opportunities with A-Level History

A-Level History opens a wide array of opportunities, laying a strong foundation for further education and a variety of career paths. This qualification not only deepens understanding of historical events and processes but also hones analytical, research, and writing skills that are highly valued in many fields.

Pie chart showing gender distribution across A-Level History

Majors in Higher Education:

• History and Related Disciplines : Direct progression to degrees in history, politics, archaeology, and international relations.
• Law : Equips students with critical thinking and analytical skills necessary for legal studies.
• Journalism and Media : Develops skills in research, analysis, and communication, essential for careers in writing, reporting, and broadcasting.

Career Paths:

• Historian : Engaging with archives, museums, and educational institutions to research, interpret, and present history.
• Lawyer or Barrister : Utilising analytical skills and an understanding of historical contexts in legal practice.
• Journalist or Writer : Crafting compelling narratives based on thorough research and analysis.
• Education : Teaching history or social sciences at various levels, from secondary education to university professorship.
• Public Sector and Policy Making : Analysing historical data to inform policy decisions and government strategies.

Skills Development:

• Critical Analysis : The ability to evaluate sources and arguments critically.
• Research Skills : Proficiency in conducting thorough and effective research.
• Communication : Articulating complex ideas clearly and persuasively in both written and oral form.
• Problem-Solving : Approaching challenges with a strategic and analytical mindset.

Pursuing A-Level History not only paves the way for academic pursuits in a range of humanities and social science subjects but also equips students with a versatile skill set applicable in numerous professional sectors, including education, law, public administration, and the media. This breadth of opportunities highlights the value of history in fostering a well-rounded and adaptable skill set.

Conclusion on A-Level History

A-Level History stands out as a rigorous and enriching subject that offers students a profound understanding of the past and its impact on the present and future. Through the study of a wide range of periods and themes, students develop a comprehensive skill set, including critical analysis, research, and communication, which are highly valued in both higher education and the workplace. It is a subject that challenges students to think critically about the past, understand its complexities, and apply these insights to the challenges of the modern world.

Can I study A-Level History without a GCSE in History?

Yes, you can study A-Level History without having a GCSE in the subject . Many schools and colleges understand that students may develop an interest in history later on or may not have had the opportunity to study it at GCSE level. However, it's important to demonstrate strong reading and writing skills, as these are crucial for success in A-Level History. It would be beneficial to discuss your interest and academic background with your teachers, as they can provide guidance and support to help bridge any knowledge gaps.

How many hours should I study for A-Level History weekly?

For A-Level History, aiming for around 4-5 hours of independent study per week , in addition to your class time, is a good guideline. This allows you to thoroughly cover the syllabus content, develop your essay-writing skills, and engage with primary and secondary sources. Remember, quality over quantity is key; focused, uninterrupted study sessions are more effective than longer, less productive ones. Tailor your study time to suit your learning pace and adjust as needed, especially before exams or when working on coursework.

Are there any recommended documentaries for A-Level History students?

Certainly! Documentaries can offer engaging insights into historical events, figures, and periods, complementing your A-Level History studies. Here are a few recommendations:

• "The World at War" - An in-depth series on World War II.
• "The Civil War" by Ken Burns - A comprehensive look at the American Civil War.
• "The Vietnam War" also by Ken Burns - Explores the Vietnam War from multiple perspectives.
• "The Ascent of Civilisations" - Examines the history of civilisations around the globe.
• "Russia's History Revealed" - Delves into the complex history of Russia.

These documentaries can provide a broader historical context for the specific topics you're studying, making historical events more relatable and easier to understand.

Can A-Level History be combined with Science A-Levels?

Absolutely, A-Level History can be effectively combined with Science A-Levels . This combination offers a well-rounded education, enhancing both your analytical and empirical skills. History develops critical thinking, argumentation, and essay-writing abilities, which complement the logical, problem-solving skills fostered by Science subjects. This interdisciplinary approach can open up diverse pathways for higher education and careers, ranging from law and journalism to science and engineering. It demonstrates to universities and employers that you have a broad skill set and are adaptable to various challenges.

What is AO2 in history A-level?

In A-Level History, AO2 refers to the assessment objective focused on "Analysis and Evaluation." This objective assesses your ability to analyse historical events, periods, and concepts critically. It involves evaluating different interpretations of history, including contrasting opinions and historiographies, and making informed judgments. Excelling in AO2 requires you to not only present facts but also to engage with them critically, discussing their significance, the reliability of sources, and the perspectives of historians. This skill is vital for constructing well-argued essays and achieving high marks.

What are the most popular history topics?

The most popular history topics at A-Level often include those that cover significant events, periods, and movements that have shaped the modern world. These typically involve:

• The World Wars : Examining the causes, major battles, and consequences of World Wars I and II.
• The Cold War : Exploring the geopolitical tension between the Eastern and Western blocs.
• The Tudors : Delving into the reigns and impacts of Tudor monarchs on England.
• The Civil Rights Movement in the USA : Studying the struggle for racial equality in the 20th century.
• The French Revolution : Understanding the causes, key events, and outcomes of the revolution.

These topics are popular due to their profound impact on contemporary society and politics, offering students a deep insight into the complexities of historical change and continuity.

What are easy history topics?

While "easy" can be subjective, depending on individual interests and strengths, some history topics are considered more accessible due to their straightforward narrative and abundance of resources. These might include:

• The Industrial Revolution : Focused on technological advancements and their societal impacts, with clear cause-and-effect relationships.
• The Elizabethan Era : Centred around Queen Elizabeth I's reign, this period is well-documented, making it easier to study.
• The American Revolution : Offers a clear storyline of the struggle for independence from Britain, with defined events and figures.
• Ancient Civilisations : Such as Ancient Egypt or Rome, where the focus is often on culture, society, and innovations, which can be more straightforward to understand.
• The Suffragette Movement : A specific social change movement with a wealth of sources and a clear narrative of progress and impact.

These topics often have extensive resources available, including textbooks, documentaries, and online materials, making them more accessible for students.

How many paragraphs are in a level history?

An A-Level History essay typically consists of an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The number of body paragraphs depends on the essay's length and complexity but usually ranges from three to six . Each paragraph should focus on a single main idea or argument, supported by evidence and analysis. This structure ensures a clear and logical progression of ideas, helping to articulate a coherent response to the essay question. The key is to ensure each paragraph contributes effectively to your overall argument.

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History Coursework: how to Choose the Best Question

• Dr Janet Rose
• June 13, 2020

So, just when you thought your first A-level History year was over and you could relax before tackling next year, you have to think about your history coursework. This will be the non-exam assessment (NEA) or Historical Investigation.  It can cause a lot of angst amongst students but taking some time and thinking it through carefully before you start can make the world of difference.

1. Choose to study something interesting for your history coursework

If you have the chance to choose whichever topic you like for your history coursework and set your own question, or if you are given a list of different topics, choose one you are genuinely interested in. You will be working on this piece for months, so it makes sense to choose something that will hold your interest.

2. Make sure there are no clashes with your other topics

In practice, there are constraints set by the various exam boards to make sure that your topic does not overlap with the components you are already studying for your A level or Pre U. Your exam centre (school, college or independent centre) will need to have your question approved by the exam board and they will not approve a topic with an obvious overlap. For example, if you are already studying the Tudors for AQA, it is unlikely that you can  study a topic set in England between 1485 to 1603. Therefore, if you are setting your own question, ask yourself if it overlaps in date or topic with one of your components. If it does, you will need to find an alternative. Each exam board has slightly different rules, so check on their website to see what the rules are for your exam board.

3. Find your source material early

For your history coursework, you will need to find two types of source material – primary and secondary:

P rimary sources are those that were written at the time and you will also need to find a range of these to support your investigation. To achieve high marks you should look for a variety of primary sources, for example, a letter, a report, a painting, a speech etc.

Secondary sources are scholarly books or articles by historians, or what the a-level exam boards call ‘interpretations.’ this means that your investigation will only be viable if historians have written about the topic and, preferably, argued over it. you will need to understand the arguments that provide a framework for your chosen topic. historians call this the historiography..

Therefore, the question you set yourself will only be able to achieve high marks if you make sure there are both secondary sources (scholarly argument) and primary sources (original material) to support your investigation. If you cannot find these, you should re-think your question.

4. Remember you actually have to answer the question!

It sounds really obvious – but remember that you actually have to answer the question you set yourself!  You need to choose something that is achievable in the time frame and gives you a good chance of success. A good question will give you a framework within which to research and write – you are looking for something that is not too vague nor too wide.

You also need something that you can address in the historical time frame (e.g. around 100 years for AQA) and a topic that you can analyse and evaluate in approximately 3, 500 words (check the word limit for your own exam board). In practice, any question that is too wide, too vague or unlikely to be achievable should be vetoed either by your school/college/independent centre or the exam board. However, this will waste your valuable time and is not totally foolproof, so choose an achievable project to give yourself a fighting chance of achieving that elusive A grade.

5. Choose a good format for your history coursework question

The standard ‘for and against’ question format will always be a good choice and will give you a framework within which to set your investigation. There are various ways to word such a question e.g. ‘How far…’, To what extent…’ ‘Within the context of … how important was…’ which will give you a clear framework and a direction for your investigation. Keep it simple is good advice here. Remember, though, to define your framework by including the date range in your question. For example ‘Within the context of 1790 to 1890, how important was…?’

Done well, the NEA or Personal Investigation will teach you a huge amount about how historians work, how sources are used and how to construct an argument. This will help you enormously when you come to the final exams and it can be a very valuable contribution to your qualification. It can also be enjoyable as it is your first chance to ‘do’ some real historical research. Choose your question with care and you automatically give yourself a head start.

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A Level History Topics

• Post author By admin
• Post date October 9, 2021
• No Comments on A Level History Topics

The following list of A Level History topics will help you to understand exactly which topics you are studying and how your course is broken down in terms of assessment. This post covers all the three main exam boards of AQA, Edexcel and OCR.

No matter which exam board and modules you are studying in order to get your best result at A Level History you will need to learn and improve certain techniques.

Pass A Level History – is our sister site, which shows you step by step, how to most effectively answer any A Level History extract, source or essay question. Please click the following link to visit the site and get access to your free preview lesson. www.passalevelhistory.co.uk

AQA Assessment Breakdown

Historical Investigation (Coursework) – 20% of final grade

Breadth Study (Exam) – 40% of final grade

Depth Study (Exam) – 40% of final grade

AQA A Level History Topics

Component 1: Breadth study

1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204

1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598

1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603

1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702

1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796

1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885

1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964

1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964

1J The British Empire, c1857–1967

1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975

1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991

Component 2: Depth study

2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216

2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499

2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564

2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570

2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660

2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715

2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801

2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815

2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877

2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941

2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945

2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957

Edexcel Assessment Breakdown

Research Enquiry (Coursework) – 20% of grade

Breadth Study with Interpretations (Exam) – 30% of grade

Depth Study (Exam) – 20% of grade

Themes in Breadth + Aspects in Depth (Exam) 30% of grade

Ed Excel A Level History Topics

Breadth study with interpretations

1A: The crusades, c1095–1204

1B: England, 1509–1603: authority, nation and religion

1C: Britain, 1625–1701: conflict, revolution and settlement

1D: Britain, c1785–c1870: democracy, protest and reform

1E: Russia, 1917–91: from Lenin to Yeltsin

1F: In search of the American Dream: the USA, c1917–96

1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89

1H: Britain transformed, 1918–97

Depth study

2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106

2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154–89

2B.1: Luther and the German Reformation, c1515–55

2B.2: The Dutch Revolt, c1563–1609

2C.1: France in revolution, 1774–99

2C.2: Russia in revolution, 1894–1924

2D.1: The unification of Italy, c1830–70

2D.2: The unification of Germany, c1840–71

2E.1: Mao’s China, 1949–76

2E.2: The German Democratic Republic, 1949–90

2F.1: India, c1914–48: the road to independence

2F.2: South Africa, 1948–94: from apartheid state to ‘rainbow nation’

2G.1: The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46

2G.2: Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy

2H.1: The USA, c1920–55: boom, bust and recovery

Themes in breadth with aspects in depth

30: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII, 1399–1509

31: Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors, 1485–1603

32: The Golden Age of Spain, 1474–1598

33: The witch craze in Britain, Europe and North America, c1580–c1750

34.1: Industrialisation and social change in Britain, 1759–1928: forging a new society

34.2: Poverty, public health and the state in Britain, c1780–1939

35.1: Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914

35.2: The British experience of warfare, c1790–1918

36.1: Protest, agitation and parliamentary reform in Britain, c1780–1928

36.2: Ireland and the Union, c1774–1923

37.1: The changing nature of warfare, 1859–1991: perception and reality

37.2: Germany, 1871–1990: united, divided and reunited

38.1: The making of modern Russia, 1855–1991

38.2: The making of modern China, 1860–1997

39.1: Civil rights and race relations in the USA, 1850–2009

39.2: Mass media and social change in Britain, 1882–2004

OCR Assessment Breakdown

Topic Based Essay (Coursework) – 20% of grade

British Period Study and Enquiry (Exam) – 25% of grade

Non-British Period Study (Exam) – 15% of grade

Thematic Study and Interpretations (Exam) – 40% of grade

OCR A Level History Topics

British Period Study and Enquiry

Alfred and the making of England 871—1016

Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest 1035—1107

England 1199—1272

England 1377—1455

England 1445—1509: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII

England 1485—1558: the early Tudors

England 1547—1603: the late Tudors

The early Stuarts and the origins of the Civil War 1603—1660

The making of Georgian Britain 1678 — c. 1760

From Pitt to Peel: Britain 1783—1853

Liberals, Conservatives and the rise of Labour 1846—1918

Britain 1900—1951

Britain 1930—1997

Non-British Period Study

The rise of Islam c. 550 — 750

Charlemagne 768—814

The Crusades and the crusader states 1095—1192

Genghis Khan and the explosion from the Steppes c. 1167 — 1405

Exploration, Encounters and Empire 1445—1570

Spain 1469—1556

The German Reformation and the rule of Charles V 1500—1559

Philip II 1556—1598

African kingdoms c. 1400 — c. 1800: four case studies

Russia 1645—1741

The rise and decline of the Mughal Empire in India 1526—1739

The American Revolution 1740—1796

The French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon 1774—1815

France 1814—1870

Italy and unification 1789—1896

The USA in the 19th Century: Westward expansion and Civil War 1803 — c. 1890

Japan 1853—1937

International relations 1890—1941

Russia 1894—1941

Italy 1896—1943

Democracy and dictatorships in Germany 1919—1963

The Cold War in Asia 1945—1993

The Cold War in Europe 1941—1995

Apartheid and reconciliation: South African politics 1948—1999

Thematic Study and Historical Interpretations

The early Anglo-Saxons c. 400 — 800

The Viking age c. 790 — 1066

English government and the Church 1066—1216

The Church and medieval heresy c. 1100 — 1437

The Renaissance c. 1400 — c. 1600

Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors 1485—1603

Tudor foreign policy 1485—1603

The Catholic Reformation 1492—1610

The ascendancy of the Ottoman Empire 1453—1606

The development of the nation state: France 1498—1610

The origins and growth of the British Empire 1558—1783

Popular culture and the witchcraze of the 16th and 17th centuries

The ascendancy of France 1610—1715

The challenge of German nationalism 1789—1919

The changing nature of warfare 1792—1945

Britain and Ireland 1791—1921

China and its rulers 1839—1989

Russia and its rulers 1855—1964

Civil Rights in the USA 1865—1992

From colonialism to independence: The British Empire 1857—1965

How To Improve at A Level History

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A Level History

Study this A Level History course from home and earn up to 56 UCAS points. We have a 94% pass rate** with our A Levels!

• Gain an official A Level History qualification from Edexcel.

Course duration

Up to two years.

Course outcome

A Level History qualification from Edexcel.

Entry requirements

We recommend that you have a grade 4/C in GCSE History, however, this is not essential.

Three paper-based exams and coursework.

Course Options

Study options.

*Pay monthly option available via Snap Finance on payment page in checkout

Course overview

• Achieve up to 56 UCAS points to help you land your dream place at university.
• Nationally recognised accredited A Level qualification that is the same course offered in schools and colleges.
• No waiting around for term to start, you can enrol today and start studying as soon as you are ready.
• Study this online A Level from home at your own pace.
• Benefit from the full support of your personal tutor via email.
• Choose to include exams and save up to £400* .

During this A Level History course, you’ll study the key political, social, and economic features of the communist rule in twentieth-century Russia; the transformation of communist China and the effects on China today; and the relationship between authority and mass agitation in England.

Depending on the degree and future career you aspire to, the A Levels we recommend that you study alongside this course are A Level Philosophy , A Level Politics , and A Level Sociology .

A Level History via distance learning

This A Level History course is exactly the same as an A Level you would study at school or college, meaning you will take the same exams and get the same qualification. The only difference is that our courses are designed to be studied from home at your own pace, and you will receive full tutor support via email.

Course content

Edexcel qualification code: 9HI0

Unit 1 - Russia 1917-1991: from Lenin to Yeltsin

• Communist government in the USSR 19017-1985
• Industrial and agricultural change 1917-1985
• Control of the people 1917-1985
• Social developments 1917-1985
• The fall of the USSR 1985-1991

Unit 2 - Mao’s China 1949-1976

• Establishing communist rule
• Agriculture and industry 1949-1965
• The cultural revolution and its aftermath 1966-1976
• Social and cultural changes 1949-1976

Unit 3 - Protest, agitation and parliamentary reform in Britain 1780-1928

• Radical reformers 1790-1819
• Chartism 1838-1850
• Contagious diseases acts and the campaign for their repeal 1862-1886
• The Women's Social and Political Union 1903-1914
• Trades union militancy 1915-1927

Unit 4 - The Cold War: its development and its demise 1945-1990

Exam details, paper 1: breadth study with interpretations - russia 1917-1991: from lenin to yeltsin (code: 1e).

• Type: written examination
• Duration : 2 hours 15 minutes
• Weighting: 30% of A Level
• Assessment format: three essay questions

Paper 2: depth study - Mao's China 1949-1976 (code: 2E.1)

• Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes
• Weighting: 20% of A Level

Paper 3: themes in breadth, with aspects in depth - protest, agitation and parliamentary reform in Britain 1780-1928 (code: 36.1)

• Duration: 2 hours 15 minutes
• Assessment format: two-part question, depth essay and a breadth essay

Coursework: The Cold War, its development and its demise (1945-90) (code: 04)

• Type: coursework
• Assessment format: detailed essay of approximately 3,000-4,000 words

Extra information

You will have two years to complete your A Level History course.

The only deadlines involved in studying this course are concerning the A Level exam timetables. Please see the exams and assessments section for more information on this.

Exams and assessments

To achieve your A Level History qualification, you must complete the exams. There are three written exams and one piece of coursework for this course which will cover the topics studied on this course. A breakdown of the exam papers can be found in the following section.

When you enrol on your course, you will have the option to add your exams and coursework marking to your enrolment, or you can select the course-only option.

Choosing to add the exams package

If you choose to add your exams to your enrolment, all you need to do is contact us when you are ready to sit your exams, we will book and pay for them and your coursework marking on your behalf. Please note that the A Level exam timetable typically takes place during May and June each year. You are advised to contact us well in advance of when you intend to sit your exams so that we can confirm your place with the exam board – cut-off dates apply.

Please note, our A Level exam centre locations for this course are as follows:

• St Neots, Cambridgeshire
• High Wycombe

The course-only option

If you do not add your exams to your enrolment, you will be responsible for booking and paying for your exams and arranging your coursework marking yourself. If you select this option, you must source and liaise with your chosen exam centre in order to book your exams and coursework marking, Open Study College will not be able to book your exams for you. In this instance, you are advised to contact Pearson Edexcel exam centres well in advance of their intended exam dates, as cut-off dates sometimes change.

Study method

This course will be studied entirely via distance learning, meaning you will complete your learning either from home or a place that suits you. Full tutor support will be available via email, so if you have any questions or need some guidance, your tutor will be here to help. Your course materials will include a series of self-assessment exercises and tutor-marked questions to allow both yourself and your tutor to monitor your progress.

The study method you choose depends on your personal learning style. Your options are:

• Study pack: if you choose the study pack option, you will be sent a set of printed course materials.
• Study online: if you choose this option, you will be sent your login details to our online portal through which you will access your course materials digitally. You can access your course via a desktop/laptop computer, tablet, or smartphone.

Upon successful completion of your exams, you will be awarded an A Level History qualification issued by Edexcel . You will also receive UCAS points relevant to the grade you achieved to support your university application.

Degrees this subject could lead to

After completing your History A Level, you could progress to study a degree in subjects such as geography, history, philosophy, sociology, politics, or archaeology.

Future career options

You’ll gain valuable knowledge and skills during your studies that will come in useful for future careers in:

• Public services
• Conservation
• Museum curation

The final grade you achieve in your A Level will be translated into UCAS points. Based on your grade, you will be awarded up to 56 points per A Level which can then be added together to reach the UCAS points you need to be accepted by your chosen university.

To help you achieve the best possible grade from home, we recommend that you complete the tutor-marked assessments included in your course materials. These are designed to provide you with detailed feedback to help you fine-tune your technique before you sit your exam. Completing your tutor-marked assessments will also help your tutor to provide you with a predicted grade if this is required for your UCAS application.

Download our A Level prospectus

To find out more about Open Study College, the A Levels we offer and how they work, download our  A Level prospectus .

Is this A Level the same qualification as an A Level I would achieve at a school or college?

Yes, you will study the same course, take the same exams and get the same qualification. The only difference is that our courses are designed to be studied from home at your own pace, and you will receive full tutor support via email.

What previous knowledge do I need to enrol onto an A Level course?

We recommend that you have at least a grade 4 (equivalent to a grade C) in GCSE History, however, this is not essential.

What is included in the cost of the course?

When you enrol on this A Level course with OSC, you will receive:

• Dedicated personal tutor support with unlimited email access.
• Dedicated learner services from our learner services team.
• Course materials with learning activities.
• Assignment marking and feedback from your personal tutor.
• A predicted grade on completion of your tutor-marked assignments, if required for your university application.
• A free CV critique service and employability guide  if you’re focusing on career advancement.
• A free Student Discounts membership to save you money on your favourite brands.
• A study pack including a pen, study planner, and notebook*.
• If you choose to add exams to your enrolment with an A Level package, then your exam fees and coursework marking will be included. We will also handle the booking on your behalf. Otherwise, you will need to book your exams and coursework marking yourself.

* Not included with the online study option

Is there a required reading list for my A Level course?

We recommend the following textbooks to help you with your studies, however, they are not essential for the completion of the course:

• Edexcel AS/A Level History, Paper 1 and 2: Communist states in the 20th century Student Book + ActiveBook
• Edexcel A Level History, Paper 3: Protest, agitation, and parliamentary reform c1780-1928 Student Book + ActiveBook

Do I have to sit an exam?

Yes, in order to achieve your A Level qualification, you must complete the exams and coursework required by the course’s exam board. A Level exams take place during the summer exam period which typically falls in May and June each year.

You can choose to add your exams to your enrolment with us, in which case we will book and pay for your exams for you when you are ready. Alternatively, if you choose the course-only option, you will be responsible for booking and paying for your exams and coursework marking which can be done directly with your local exam centre.

Please note: if you add on exams you will need to sit these exams in either the Birmingham, Coventry, Doncaster, Bolton, Wimbledon, Taunton, or St Neots (Cambridgeshire) examination centre.

Are there any additional costs?

If you select the course-only option when enrolling on your A Level, you will need to book directly with the exam centre and pay for your exams and coursework marking yourself. We highly recommend researching your options before enrolling as costs can vary between centres. However, if you choose to add the exams package to your enrolment, we will take care of booking and paying for your exams and coursework marking for you when you are ready. You may want to purchase textbooks to supplement your course, but this is entirely optional.

What if I live outside the UK?

You are still able to study our A Level courses abroad, however, you must sit your exams within the UK at an official exam centre.

What happens if I lose my course pack?

It's not a problem. We offer a course replacement service, so if you get into trouble and your course pack is lost or damaged, our Learner Services Team can provide you with a new set of materials for a one-time additional fee.

What if I still have questions?

That's not a problem. We want to make sure you're 100% confident about enrolling on the course and starting your study. So, just give our team of education specialists a call on 03300 563 100 and they'll do their best to help.

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AS and A-level History

• Specification
• Planning resources
• Teaching resources
• Assessment resources
• Introduction

Specification at a glance

• 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
• 1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only)
• 1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603
• 1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
• 1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only)
• 1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885
• 1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964
• 1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
• 1J The British Empire, c1857–1967
• 1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975
• 1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991
• 2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216
• 2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499
• 2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only)
• 2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570
• 2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660
• 2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715 (A-level only)
• 2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801
• 2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only)
• 2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877
• 2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only)
• 2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945
• 2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957
• 2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953
• 2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945
• 2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997
• 2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980
• 2R The Cold War, c1945–1991
• 2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007
• 2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only)
• Component 3: Historical investigation (non-exam assessment) (A-level only)
• Scheme of assessment
• Non-exam assessment administration
• General administration

Subject content

• Component 1: Breadth study

1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204

1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598

1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603

1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702

1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796

1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885

1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964

1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964

1J The British Empire, c1857–1967

1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975

1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991

• Component 2: Depth study

2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216

2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499

2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564

2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570

2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660

2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715

2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801

2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815

2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877

2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941

2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945

2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957

2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953

2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945

2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997

2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980

2R The Cold War, c1945–1991

2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007

2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000

Component 3: Historical Investigation

AS students must take assessments in both of the following components, in the same series.

Students must:

• study the history of more than one country
• study a British history option for Component 1 or 2
• study a non-British history option for Component 1 or 2

Assessments

Prohibited Combinations

Students must study a British history option for either Component 1 or Component 2. If a British history option is chosen for Component 1, it must be combined with a non-British option for Component 2. If a British history option is chosen for Component 2, it must be combined with a non-British option for Component 1. Any British option may be combined with any non-British option.

The following are designated British history options :

Component 1

1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1547

1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1649

1F Industrialisation and the People: Britain, c1783–1832

1G Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c1851–1914

1J The British Empire, c1857–1914

Component 2

2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1189

2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1471

2D Religious Conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1547

2E The English Revolution, 1625–1642

2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1929

2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–1979

A-level students must take assessments in all three of the following components in the same series:

• Component 3: Historical investigation (Personal study)
• study topics from a chronological range of at least 200 years

• Through the topics studied in Components 1, 2 and 3 (Historical investigation), A-level students must cover a chronological range of at least 200 years.

Students must study a British history option for either Component 1 or Component 2. If a British history option is chosen for Component 1, it must be combined with a non-British option for Component 2. If a British history option is chosen for Component 2, it must be combined with a non-British option for Component 1. Any British option may be combined with any non-British option, other than the following:

• 1C The Tudors may not be combined with 2C The Reformation in Europe
• 1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy may not be combined with 2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe

This is because there is a strong conceptual emphasis which runs across both breadth and depth options which would result in a narrowing of the student’s experience.

The following are designated British history options:

1F Industrialisation and the People: Britain, c1783–1885

1G Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c1851–1964

2D Religious Conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570

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A place for sixth formers to speak to others about work, A-levels, results, problems in education and general sixth form life, as well as university applications and UCAS.

A Level history coursework advice / on how to compile a list of sources?

Hello I need to begin planning my coursework for history (year 12), and I'm at a loss as to where I should get history books, and how I can gauge whether they're worthwhile. Same with primary sources, I have no idea where I can get relevant ones. If it helps I'm doing Lenin's role in the Russian Revolution. I just don't know where to look if anyone can give me pointers it'd be great.

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Georgia denies state funding to teach AP Black studies classes

FILE - Georgia Superintendent of Schools Richard Woods speaks to reporters, Jan. 5, 2024, in Atlanta. Woods, an elected Republican, is refusing to provide state funding for the new Advanced Placement course in African American Studies. (AP Photo/Jeff Amy, File)

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ATLANTA (AP) — Georgia is refusing to provide state funding for the new Advanced Placement course in African American Studies , so some school districts have cancelled plans to teach the course to high schoolers.

Advocates complain that the decision by Georgia’s elected school superintendent will suppress teaching about Black history, just like officials did in Florida, Arkansas and some other places.

“The fact that AP African American studies was removed from our schools is alarming and an injustice to our students who eagerly anticipated taking this course,” state Rep. Jasmine Clark, a Democrat from Lilburn, said in a statement. “Erasure of black history from our schools is not and never will be okay!”

The State Board of Education, appointed by the governor, must approve a class for it to be eligible for state funding, which helps pay for a teacher’s salary and class materials. Superintendent Richard Woods decided he won’t recommend approval of the class to the board, but didn’t say why.

“Superintendent Woods has opted not to recommend this course for state approval at this time,” Meghan Frick, a spokesperson for the state Department of Education, wrote in an emailed statement.

Local districts can still pay for the AP course out of their own funds, Frick said. The state isn’t denying credit toward high school graduation if they do. Frick also noted that Georgia funds a state-designed African American Studies course approved in 2020. That course doesn’t qualify for AP credit.

The AP course drew national scrutiny in 2023 when Florida’s Republican Gov. Ron DeSantis, preparing for his presidential run, said he would ban the course in his state because it pushed a political agenda.

In Arkansas, state officials have said the course will count for credit in the coming school year. They denied such credit last year, saying it wasn’t yet clear that the AP course would comply with a state law restricting how race can be taught. Six schools taught the pilot course anyway.

Some individual school districts around the country have also declined to offer the course.

As conservative criticism mounted, The College Board removed several topics from the exam, including Black Lives Matter, slavery reparations and queer life, and was criticized for bowing to political pressure .

A later set of changes includes more material on topics including the Tulsa Race Massacre; Black culture’s influence on film and sports; and discriminatory practices related to housing, known as redlining. This framework is being used as the course officially launches in the school year that’s about to begin.

The College Board, a nonprofit testing entity, offers AP courses across the academic spectrum, including in math, science, social studies, foreign languages and fine arts. The courses are optional and taught at a college level. Students who score well on a final exam can usually earn college credit.

There has been little public discussion in Georgia of the African American Studies course. But in 2022, Georgia lawmakers passed a ban on teaching divisive racial concepts in schools, prohibiting claims that the U.S. is “fundamentally or systematically racist,” or that any people are “inherently racist or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously.” No one “should feel discomfort, guilt, anguish, or any other form of psychological distress because of his or her race,” says this measure, which was based on a now-repealed executive order from President Donald Trump that was hotly opposed by Democrats and liberal groups.

Sara Sympson, a spokesperson for the College Board, said 33 Georgia schools piloted the course in 2023-2024. Some of those schools assumed they would be offering the finalized version of the course this year.

Georgia’s refusal to approve the course came to light Monday when the state’s largest school district, Gwinnett County in suburban Atlanta, issued a memo saying it was scrapping plans to teach the course at six high schools. Schedules for 240 students will have to change before classes begin on Aug. 5.

“We are committed to offering a comprehensive and inclusive education for each and every student,” Gwinnett County superintendent Calvin Watts said in a statement. “The 2023-24 AP African American Studies pilot was successful, and we are disappointed that students will neither have the opportunity to take, nor to receive credit for this innovative college-level course.”

In DeKalb County, another Atlanta suburb, rising senior Daniel Herrera was among the students pushing for the AP class to be offered at Dunwoody High School. He blamed the cancellation on a “conservatively dominated” Georgia Department of Education.

“I think it’s essential for students to remember everybody’s history equally,” Herrera said.

Angela Williams Pitkonen, who would have taught the class at Dunwoody, said 100 students had signed up, as many as typically sign up for AP World History.

“There’s no reason to not offer this class,” Pitkonen said. “This class is not a class that’s designed to make white students feel guilty; it’s not a class designed to make Black students feel ashamed.” Instead, she argued that it would teach understanding and empathy.

“I think the old guard may be uncomfortable with the level of empathy they are seeing in their children and their grandchildren,” Pitkonen said.

Associated Press writer Andrew DeMillo in Little Rock, Arkansas, contributed.

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The Olympic Cauldron Looks Like a Fiery Hot Air Balloon

The unique design of the cauldron pays tribute to the first flight of the hot air balloon in the Tuileries Garden.

It's a bird! It's a plane — actually, it's the Olympic Cauldron.

The Olympic Opening Ceremony was filled with appearances from iconic athletes, dance shows, light displays, and performances by Celine Dion and Lady Gaga . But all of that was quite literally outshone when torchbearers Marie-José Pérec and Teddy Riner walked up to what looked like a hot air balloon and set it ablaze, sending it up into the sky.

But this is no ordinary hot air balloon, nor is it your typical cauldron. Instead, the organizers of the Paris Olympics recruited French designer Mathieu Lehanneur to create what they call a "new-generation hot-air balloon that carries a ring of fire with it."

RELATED: Where To Watch 2024 Paris Olympics: Complete Schedule

The innovative balloon stands 30-meters tall while the fire has a seven-meter diameter. Throughout the next two weeks, those attending the Games in Paris can see the balloon on the ground at the Jardin de Tuileries from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Once the sun sets, the balloon will rise up to 60-meters high, where it will stay in sight of thousands until being grounded at 2 a.m. 

How Does the Paris Olympics Cauldron Work?

Environmentalists will be pleased to learn that the fire is technically "a flame without fuel made of water and light, that doesn't burn but illuminates," according to the EDF , which partnered with the Paris 2024 organizers to create the spectacle. 

No matter what you’re interested in, NBCU will have you covered during the 2024 Paris Olympics . Stay up to date on the with a comprehensive schedule of events and medal count .

So, how does it work? Basically, water is sprayed and beams of light are projected onto the mist, creating the illusion of flames. "The ring of fire, almost [seven meters] in diameter, incorporates 40 LED spotlights to illuminate the cloud created by 200 high-pressure misting nozzles. Above all, EDF has succeeded in guaranteeing the flow of electricity and water 60 [meters] above the ground, when the Cauldron is in flight," they said in a press release.

RELATED: The Official Paris Olympics Song Is Finally Here — See the Music Video Starring Gwen Stefani

Why a hot air balloon?

The Opening Ceremony often paid tribute to the French capital and the historic moments that have taken place within the city, and the Cauldron is no different.

The Cauldron pays homage to the first-ever documented air balloon flight, which took place in 1783. Piloted by scientist Pilâtre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes, the hot air balloon was developed using research by the Montgolfier brothers, the press release details. 

Then, a few years later, Jacques Charles also made history when he flew into the sky in a hydrogen balloon in the Jardin de Tuileries. 

To learn more about the influence Paris has had on the Olympic Games throughout the years, keep reading here . 

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Nvidia Stock Has Pulled Back Over 10%. Here's What History Says Could Happen Next.

• Nvidia has experienced many double-digit percentage declines in the past.
• The stock has always bounced back, but not always quickly.
• History is on the side of a fast rebound for Nvidia, but investors should look to its future instead of its past.
• Motley Fool Issues Rare “All In” Buy Alert

NASDAQ: NVDA

Nvidia has a 100% success rate of rebounding after pullbacks of 10% or more. Will this time be different?

Anyone who thought Nvidia 's ( NVDA 0.69% ) sizzling momentum would go on forever without a hitch should now know better. A hitch has unquestionably arrived.

Sure, the high-flying artificial intelligence (AI) stock is still up close to 140% year to date. However, Nvidia stock has pulled back over 10%. Here's what history says could happen next.

A track record of pullbacks and rebounds

Nvidia has fallen by double-digit percentages from its high plenty of times since its stock began trading publicly in 1999. The first one came only days after its initial public offering. However, within a few weeks, Nvidia shrugged off the temporary setback and marched to a new high.

NVDA data by YCharts

Several other pullbacks of 10% or more occurred during Nvidia's first year on the market. In each case, the stock bounced back. However, Nvidia's sell-offs weren't always short-lived. Between late 2001 and October 2002, shares of the graphics processing unit (GPU) maker plunged nearly 90%. Nvidia didn't climb back to its previous high until December 2006.

And that wasn't Nvidia's longest trough. The stock market sell-off that began in late 2007 sparked another huge sell-off of Nvidia. Although the worst was over by the latter part of 2008, it took the stock over eight years -- until May 2016 -- to recover.

However, Nvidia always eventually bounced back after a major decline. Given enough time, the stock has a 100% rebound rate historically.

Is this time different for Nvidia?

Investors shouldn't automatically conclude that history will repeat itself. Just because Nvidia has come back from big pullbacks in the past doesn't mean that it will necessarily do so again. Could this time be different for Nvidia?

Nvidia has never had a market cap of over $3 trillion before a double-digit percentage sell-off until now. The company is clearly at a different stage than it's ever been. Some could argue that Nvidia's valuation makes things different now than in the past.

I question that premise, though. Based on several valuation metrics (including price-to-earnings ratio and price-to-free-cash-flow ), Nvidia isn't as expensive as it's been at other times in its history.

The factors that contributed to Nvidia's lengthy downturns in the past aren't problems today, either. While many tech stocks trade at a premium, valuations aren't at the excessive levels seen in the dot-com boom. There is no financial crisis like we saw in 2007 through 2009. Overall, the macroeconomic conditions are pretty good for Nvidia right now.

Nvidia's current double-digit decline is mainly due to concerns about China. Bloomberg reported last week that the Biden administration could further restrict exports of chipmaking equipment to China. Soon afterward, GOP presidential nominee Donald Trump suggested that Taiwan should pay the United States for defending it against attack. Although these developments are concerning for Nvidia, they don't rise to the level of the issues that have caused extended declines for the stock in the past.

Look to Nvidia's future instead of its past

I think that history is on the side of a relatively quick rebound for Nvidia. But I'd also argue that investors should look to the company's future instead of its past. Nvidia's share price won't bounce back because it's always done so. It will bounce back if investors are convinced that growth prospects present a compelling case for buying the stock.

On that front, there's reason to be optimistic. Nvidia will soon launch new chips based on its Blackwell architecture. CEO Jensen Huang believes Blackwell will be the company's "most successful product" in its history. If he's right, the current pullback presents a great buying opportunity.

Keith Speights has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has positions in and recommends Nvidia. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy .

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How One Bad CrowdStrike Update Crashed the World’s Computers

Only a handful of times in history has a single piece of code managed to instantly wreck computer systems worldwide. The Slammer worm of 2003 . Russia’s Ukraine-targeted NotPetya cyberattack . North Korea’s self-spreading ransomware WannaCry . But the ongoing digital catastrophe that rocked the internet and IT infrastructure around the globe over the past 12 hours appears to have been triggered not by malicious code released by hackers, but by the software designed to stop them.

Two internet infrastructure disasters collided on Friday to produce disruptions around the world in airports, train systems, banks, health care organizations, hotels, television stations, and more. On Thursday night, Microsoft’s cloud platform Azure experienced a widespread outage. By Friday morning, the situation turned into a perfect storm when the security firm CrowdStrike released a flawed software update that sent Windows computers into a catastrophic reboot spiral. A Microsoft spokesperson tells WIRED that the two IT failures are unrelated.

The cause of one of those two disasters, at least, has become clear: buggy code pushed out as an update to CrowdStrike’s Falcon monitoring product, essentially an antivirus platform that runs with deep system access on “endpoints” like laptops, servers, and routers to detect malware and suspicious activity that could indicate compromise. Falcon requires permission to update itself automatically and regularly, since CrowdStrike is constantly adding detections to the system to defend against new and evolving threats. The downside of this arrangement, though, is the risk that this system, which is meant to enhance security and stability, could end up undermining it instead.

“It's the biggest case in history. We’ve never had a worldwide workstation outage like this,” says Mikko Hyppönen, the chief research officer at cybersecurity company WithSecure. Around a decade ago, Hyppönen says, widespread outages were more common due to the spread of worms or trojans. More recently, global outages have happened on the “server side” of systems, meaning outages often stem from cloud providers such as Amazon’s Web Services , internet cable cuts , or authentication and DNS issues .

CrowdStrike CEO George Kurtz said on Friday that the issues were caused by a “defect” in code the company released for Windows. Mac and Linux systems were not affected. “The issue has been identified, isolated and a fix has been deployed,” Kurtz said in a statement, adding the problems were not the result of a cyberattack. In an interview with NBC, Kurtz apologized for the disruption and said it may take some time for things to be back to normal.

The widespread Windows outages have been linked to a software update from cybersecurity giant ​​CrowdStrike. It is believed the issues are not linked to a malicious cyberattack, cybersecurity officials say, but rather stem from a misconfigured/corrupted update that CrowdStrike pushed out to its customers.

In a more detailed update Friday evening , CrowdStrike wrote in a blog post that the root cause of the crash had been a single configuration file pushed as an update to Falcon. The update was specifically aimed at changing how Falcon inspects “named pipes” in Windows, a feature that allows software to send data between processes on the same machine or with other computers on the local network. CrowdStrike says the configuration file update was aimed at allowing Falcon to catch a new method that hackers were using for communication between their malware on victim machines and command-and-control servers. “The configuration update triggered a logic error that resulted in an operating system crash,” the post reads.

Security and IT analysts searching for the root cause of the gargantuan outage had initially thought that it must be related to a “kernel driver” update to CrowdStrike’s Falcon software, due in part to the fact that the file that caused the crash ended in .sys, the file extension kernel drivers use. Kernel drivers are the software components that allow applications to interact with Windows at its deepest level, the core of the operating system known as its kernel. That highly sensitive level of access is necessary for security software, so that it can run prior to any malicious software installed on the system and access any part of the system where hackers might seek to plant their code. As malware has improved and evolved, it has pushed defense software to require constant connection and more extensive control.

That deeper access also introduces a far higher possibility that security software—and updates to that software—will crash the whole system, says Matthieu Suiche, head of detection engineering at the security firm Magnet Forensics. He compares running malicious code detection software at the kernel level of an operating system to “open-heart surgery.”

CrowdStrike noted in its blog post that despite the fact that the configuration file that caused the crash ended in the .sys file extension, it was not in fact a kernel driver. Yet it does appear that the configuration file was used by the driver and altered its functionality in a way that caused it to crash, says Costin Raiu, who worked at Russian security software firm Kaspersky for 23 years and led its threat intelligence team before leaving the company last year. During his years at Kaspersky, Raiu says, driver updates for Windows software were closely scrutinized and tested for weeks before they were pushed out. In this case, he suggests the configuration file may have been a far less scrutinized update that nonetheless able to change the way the kernel driver functioned and thus cause the crash. “It’s surprising that with the extreme attention paid to drivers, this still happened,” says Raiu. “One simple driver can bring down everything. Which is what we saw here.”

Microsoft requires developers to get its approval for kernel driver updates, which entails the company’s own careful inspection process. But Microsoft wouldn’t necessarily require any such approval for a configuration file. A Microsoft spokesperson told WIRED that the “CrowdStrike update was responsible for bringing down a number of IT systems globally,” and added that “Microsoft does not have oversight into updates that CrowdStrike makes in its systems.”

Raiu adds that, even so, CrowdStrike is far from the only security firm to trigger Windows crashes. Updates to Kaspersky and even Windows’ own built-in antivirus software Windows Defender have caused similar Blue Screen of Death crashes in years past, he notes. “Every security solution on the planet has had their CrowdStrike moments,” Raiu says. “This is nothing new but the scale of the event.”

Cybersecurity authorities around the world have issued alerts about the disruption, but have similarly been quick to rule out any nefarious activity by hackers. “The NCSC assesses that these have not been caused by malicious cyber attacks,” Felicity Oswald, CEO of the UK’s National Cyber Security Center, said. Officials in Australia have come to the same conclusion .

Nevertheless, the impact has been sweeping and dramatic. Around the world, the outages have been spiraling as companies, public bodies, and IT teams race to fix bricked machines, which involves manually taking machines through a series of corrective steps, including rebooting. In the UK, Israel, and Germany, health care services and hospitals saw systems that they use to communicate with patients disrupted, and canceled some appointments. Emergency services in the US using 911 have reportedly had problems with their lines too. In the earliest hours of the outages, some TV stations, including Sky News in the UK, stopped live news broadcasts.

Global air travel has been one of the most impacted sectors so far. Huge lines formed at airports around the world, with one airport in India using handwritten boarding passes. In the US, Delta, United, and American Airlines grounded all flights at least temporarily, with a dramatic graphic showing air traffic plummeting above the US .

The catastrophic situation reflects the fragility and deep interconnectedness of the internet. Numerous security practitioners told WIRED that they anticipated or even worked with clients to attempt to protect against a scenario where defense software itself caused cascading failures as a result of malicious exploitation or human error, as is the case with CrowdStrike. “This is an incredibly powerful illustration of our global digital vulnerabilities and the fragility of core internet infrastructure,” says Ciaran Martin, a professor at the University of Oxford and the former head of the UK’s National Cyber Security Center.

The ability of one update to trigger such massive disruption still puzzles Raiu. According to Gartner, a market research firm, CrowdStrike accounts for 14 percent of the security software market by revenue, meaning its software is on a wide array of systems. Raiu suggests that the Falcon update must have triggered crashes in other parts of web infrastructure, which could have multiplied the disaster. “CrowdStrike is big, but it can’t be this big,” Raiu says. “Airports, critical infrastructure, hospitals. It cannot be just CrowdStrike everywhere. I suspect we’re seeing a combination of factors, a cascading effect, a chain reaction.”

Hyppönen, from WithSecure, says his “guess” is that the issues may have happened due to “human error” in the update process. “An engineer at CrowdStrike is having a really bad day,” he says. Hyppönen suggests that CrowdStrike could have shipped software different to what they had been testing or mixed up files, or there could’ve been a combination of different factors. “Software like this has to go through extensive testing,” Hyppönen says. “That's what we do. That's what CrowdStrike, of course, does. You have to be really careful about what you ship, which is tough to do because security software is updated very frequently.”

While many of the impacts of the outage are ongoing and still unraveling, the nature of the problem means that individually impacted machines may need to be rebooted manually rather than through an automated process. “It could be some time for some systems that just automatically won’t recover,” CrowdStrike CEO Kurtz told NBC.

The company’s initial “ workaround ” guidance for dealing with the incident says Windows machines should be booted in a safe mode, a specific file should be deleted, and then rebooted. “The fixes we’ve seen so far mean that you have to physically go to every machine, which will take days, because it’s millions of machines around the world which are having the problem right now,” says Hyppönen from WithSecure.

As system administrators race to contain the fallout, the larger existential question of how to prevent another, similar crisis looms large.

“People may now demand changes in this operating model,” says Jake Williams, vice president of research and development at the cybersecurity consultancy Hunter Strategy. “For better or worse, CrowdStrike has just shown why pushing updates without IT intervention is unsustainable.”

Update 7/19/2024, 11am ET: Added comment from Microsoft saying that the Azure outage and the CrowdStrike issue are unrelated.

Update 7/19/2024, 12:30pm ET: Added further comment from Microsoft about its lack of oversight of CrowdStrike's updates.

Update 7/19/2024, 3:45pm ET: Updated to clarify that Amazon Web Services was not impacted by the CrowdStrike update, according to the company.

Update 7/20/2024, 9:30am ET: In an technical explanation released on Friday evening, CrowdStrike clarified that the issue causing the global IT crash was due to a problem with a configuration file that uses the .sys file extension also used by kernel drivers. However, the company clarified that it was not a kernel driver itself. We've updated the piece with the new technical details.

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