Why create a concept map.
A concept map is a visualization of key idea in your research and the relationships between them. To create a concept map, pick out the main concepts of your topic and brainstorm everything you know about them, drawing shapes around your concepts and clustering the shapes in a way that's meaningful to you. How can this help?
Jun 7, 2024
Visual learning tools like concept maps enhance understanding and organization in education, business, and personal development. Concept maps are versatile and effective, allowing users to visualize relationships between ideas. This article explores the benefits, key elements, differences from other graphic organizers, and practical steps to create effective concept maps using powerful features of Xmind .
A concept map is a visual diagram that shows relationships between concepts and ideas. These maps are typically hierarchical, with the most general concepts at the top and more specific sub-concepts arranged below. Each concept is usually enclosed in a box or circle and linked to related concepts with lines or arrows, often accompanied by linking words that describe the relationship between the concepts.
There are various ways to classify concept maps. Quantitative vs qualitative, free form or fixed structure, collaborative vs individual, demonstrative or analytic, etc.
But when people say concept maps, they usually refer to the qualitative, free-style, and analytic type - the Novakian style .
Concept maps offer numerous benefits across different fields:
By visually organizing information, concept maps help in grasping complex topics. They allow users to see the relationships and hierarchies between different concepts at a glance. This visual representation can make abstract or complicated information more concrete and accessible, helping overall comprehension of the subject matter.
The visual nature of concept maps makes it easier to remember information. When concepts are visually linked in a structured format, they become more memorable. This is because visuals help engage multiple senses and cognitive processes, reinforcing learning.
Creating a concept map requires analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of information. As users determine how concepts are related and organize them into a coherent structure, they engage in critical thinking. This process encourages deeper understanding and helps in identifying gaps in knowledge.
While both mind maps and concept maps are used for organizing information visually, they serve different purposes and have distinct structures:
👉 Detailed comparison.
Flowcharts and concept maps are both visual tools, but they are used in different contexts:
Step 0: key elements of a classic concept map.
Before creating a concept map, it's important to understand its main elements:
Concepts : Main ideas represented as nodes.
Links and Cross Links : Lines or arrows showing relationships between concepts.
Linking Words : Phrases on the links explaining relationships.
Propositions : Statements formed by combining concepts with linking words.
Hierarchical Structure : Organizes concepts from general to specific.
Focus Question : The central question guiding the map.
Pick one topic that you are interested in and ask a critical question about it. This is your central topic and focus question, which typically starts with "How", "Why", and "What".
Remember, the concept map is a free form ( aka complicated). So better to be humble in choosing a question.
Do LOTS of research if you are new to the topic so that you prepare yourself with a decent number of ideas. If it is a casual study, scanning through the top 5~8 results of a Google search will do.
List out all the related points you can come up with.
Notice that at the brainstorming phase, you should skip judging on redundancy, relationships, or importance of the listed items. The objective is on the number of concepts . By the end of this phase, you may generate around 20~50 nodes. This number fits the most common sizes of paper/monitor screens.
You can document your ideas in spreadsheets, for that makes your large-scale concept scoring and ranking as smooth as a breeze.
Concept mapping is NOT note-taking in boxes. You should keep the concepts concise and clear for better readability.
In this step, Xmind would be the perfect tool for brainstorming and organizing your ideas. 👇
This step involves two actions: grouping and scoring . As these actions go back and forth each other, I list them as one united step.
Concept grouping requires putting related or similar nodes into piles. You can achieve that by putting all ideas on one Post-It note and organizing them on paper.
Scoring requires weighing each of the concepts on some scale. The nodes are rated upon a 1-5 range for their relative importance, with 1 meaning the least important and 5 the most.
While scoring, you can reorganize groups or put back omitted words.
Find out links between ideas and connect them with Linking Words.
Proper linking words help you consolidate the relationship between nodes. Sometimes you may find it challenging to find appropriate linking phrases. This difficulty is helpful, as it signifies your confusion on the link.
Examples of linking words include: "shows", "defined as", "covers", "as demonstrated by", "makes", "can be", "for example", "leads to", "determined by", "important because".
After you generate primary links, create Cross Links that illustrate relationships between same-level nodes of different branches.
You have to be selective on link choices. Notice that two things are always connected, but only essential links are helpful to trigger insights and move the needle.
In Xmind application, you can double-click the Relationship line to start editing the linking words. 👇
Congratulations! By this stage, you are close to the final!
Finalizing your map works like going through a series of Q&As. It entails three types of evaluations: structure, content, and graphic design . The former two should take disproportionately more time than the last one.
Structure investigation includes two parts: the visual clarity of the structure and the accuracy of relationships.
The content assessment looks on the logic of the propositions and the completeness of the map.
Graphic design evaluation includes handling design elements and creativity in expression.
Revisions go beyond what is presented on the map. To name a few: the underlying theory, marking rubrics, linking phrase choices, and grouping decisions.
Concept maps are used in various fields for different purposes. Here are some examples and templates at your hand:
Teachers use concept maps to explain complex subjects like photosynthesis. In this context, the central concept is the photosynthesis process itself, with branches leading to related concepts such as sunlight, chlorophyll, and oxygen. This helps students visualize and understand how these elements interact within the process. Concept maps in education can also be used to summarize chapters, outline research projects, or map out historical events, providing a clear and structured way to study and retain information.
Concept maps help outline the project scope, tasks, and relationships in project management. For example, a project manager might create a concept map to visualize the stages of a project, from initial planning to execution and delivery. Each stage can be broken down into tasks, with links showing dependencies and timelines. This provides a clear overview of the project, making it easier to communicate with team members and stakeholders, and ensuring that all aspects of the project are accounted for.
Healthcare professionals use concept maps to understand and communicate complex patient cases in the medical field. For example, a doctor might create a concept map for a patient with multiple health issues, with the central node representing the patient and branches for each medical condition, treatment plan, medications, and potential interactions. This helps in visualizing the patient's overall health status and ensuring a comprehensive approach to treatment. It also facilitates communication among healthcare providers and patients and their families.
In chemistry, concept maps can be used to plan and organize different aspects of chemical topics. For example, a chemistry student might create a concept map to outline the concepts of the Mole, Molar Mass, and Empirical Formula, with the central node representing chemical calculations and branches for each concept. This helps in visualizing the relationships between these concepts, understanding complex linking verbs, and managing multiple cross-links with a manageable number of nodes. It ensures that all relevant components are interconnected and clearly understood during the learning process.
In nursing, concept maps can be used to organize and outline various aspects of patient care. For example, a nursing student might create a concept map to cover key concepts such as nursing diagnosis, patient education, and care plans, with the central node representing patient care and branches for each key area. This hierarchical and clean style is suitable for diagrams containing a large number of concepts but with simple, straightforward connections. It helps in visualizing the overall care strategy, ensuring all aspects of nursing are systematically addressed and easy to understand.
Concept mapping is a powerful tool that can enhance understanding, memory retention, and critical thinking across various fields. Whether used in education, business, or personal development, concept maps provide a clear and effective way to visualize and organize information. By following the steps outlined in this article, you can create your concept maps to simplify complex topics and achieve your goals. Start concept mapping today and experience the benefits for yourself!
What is a concept map.
A concept map is a visual representation of what you know about a topic. Concept maps help you organize your thoughts and explore the relationships in a topic. Use a concept map to organize and represent what you know about a topic. Explore the connections between elements of the topic.
Concept maps can be used to develop a research topic. They are a useful brainstorming tool.
Concept maps can be used to study. Mapping what you know about a subject and examining the relationships between elements help you develop a greater understanding of the material.
Most of the time you start with the central idea, topic, or subject. Then you branch out from that central point and show how the main idea can be broken into specific subtopics. Each subtopic can also be broken into even more specific topics,
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Organize what you know by subtopic in a topic map.
Use the topic map to define your research topic.
For example: geography - local travel - rail - variants - rail systems - designs & availability - emissions - research & evidence
Make a topic statement or research question.
I am researching the environmental impact of using commuter rail systems in cities.
How does using commuter rail systems in cities affect the environment?
Example concept map.
The goal of a research proposal is twofold: to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. The design elements and procedures for conducting research are governed by standards of the predominant discipline in which the problem resides, therefore, the guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general project proposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal describes detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and benefits derived from the study's completion.
Krathwohl, David R. How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005.
Your professor may assign the task of writing a research proposal for the following reasons:
A proposal should contain all the key elements involved in designing a completed research study, with sufficient information that allows readers to assess the validity and usefulness of your proposed study. The only elements missing from a research proposal are the findings of the study and your analysis of those findings. Finally, an effective proposal is judged on the quality of your writing and, therefore, it is important that your proposal is coherent, clear, and compelling.
Regardless of the research problem you are investigating and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Procter, Margaret. The Academic Proposal. The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Sanford, Keith. Information for Students: Writing a Research Proposal. Baylor University; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal. International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal. University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Beginning the Proposal Process
As with writing most college-level academic papers, research proposals are generally organized the same way throughout most social science disciplines. The text of proposals generally vary in length between ten and thirty-five pages, followed by the list of references. However, before you begin, read the assignment carefully and, if anything seems unclear, ask your professor whether there are any specific requirements for organizing and writing the proposal.
A good place to begin is to ask yourself a series of questions:
In general, a compelling research proposal should document your knowledge of the topic and demonstrate your enthusiasm for conducting the study. Approach it with the intention of leaving your readers feeling like, "Wow, that's an exciting idea and I can’t wait to see how it turns out!"
Most proposals should include the following sections:
I. Introduction
In the real world of higher education, a research proposal is most often written by scholars seeking grant funding for a research project or it's the first step in getting approval to write a doctoral dissertation. Even if this is just a course assignment, treat your introduction as the initial pitch of an idea based on a thorough examination of the significance of a research problem. After reading the introduction, your readers should not only have an understanding of what you want to do, but they should also be able to gain a sense of your passion for the topic and to be excited about the study's possible outcomes. Note that most proposals do not include an abstract [summary] before the introduction.
Think about your introduction as a narrative written in two to four paragraphs that succinctly answers the following four questions :
II. Background and Significance
This is where you explain the scope and context of your proposal and describe in detail why it's important. It can be melded into your introduction or you can create a separate section to help with the organization and narrative flow of your proposal. Approach writing this section with the thought that you can’t assume your readers will know as much about the research problem as you do. Note that this section is not an essay going over everything you have learned about the topic; instead, you must choose what is most relevant in explaining the aims of your research.
To that end, while there are no prescribed rules for establishing the significance of your proposed study, you should attempt to address some or all of the following:
III. Literature Review
Connected to the background and significance of your study is a section of your proposal devoted to a more deliberate review and synthesis of prior studies related to the research problem under investigation . The purpose here is to place your project within the larger whole of what is currently being explored, while at the same time, demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. Think about what questions other researchers have asked, what methodological approaches they have used, and what is your understanding of their findings and, when stated, their recommendations. Also pay attention to any suggestions for further research.
Since a literature review is information dense, it is crucial that this section is intelligently structured to enable a reader to grasp the key arguments underpinning your proposed study in relation to the arguments put forth by other researchers. A good strategy is to break the literature into "conceptual categories" [themes] rather than systematically or chronologically describing groups of materials one at a time. Note that conceptual categories generally reveal themselves after you have read most of the pertinent literature on your topic so adding new categories is an on-going process of discovery as you review more studies. How do you know you've covered the key conceptual categories underlying the research literature? Generally, you can have confidence that all of the significant conceptual categories have been identified if you start to see repetition in the conclusions or recommendations that are being made.
NOTE: Do not shy away from challenging the conclusions made in prior research as a basis for supporting the need for your proposal. Assess what you believe is missing and state how previous research has failed to adequately examine the issue that your study addresses. Highlighting the problematic conclusions strengthens your proposal. For more information on writing literature reviews, GO HERE .
To help frame your proposal's review of prior research, consider the "five C’s" of writing a literature review:
IV. Research Design and Methods
This section must be well-written and logically organized because you are not actually doing the research, yet, your reader must have confidence that you have a plan worth pursuing . The reader will never have a study outcome from which to evaluate whether your methodological choices were the correct ones. Thus, the objective here is to convince the reader that your overall research design and proposed methods of analysis will correctly address the problem and that the methods will provide the means to effectively interpret the potential results. Your design and methods should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.
Describe the overall research design by building upon and drawing examples from your review of the literature. Consider not only methods that other researchers have used, but methods of data gathering that have not been used but perhaps could be. Be specific about the methodological approaches you plan to undertake to obtain information, the techniques you would use to analyze the data, and the tests of external validity to which you commit yourself [i.e., the trustworthiness by which you can generalize from your study to other people, places, events, and/or periods of time].
When describing the methods you will use, be sure to cover the following:
V. Preliminary Suppositions and Implications
Just because you don't have to actually conduct the study and analyze the results, doesn't mean you can skip talking about the analytical process and potential implications . The purpose of this section is to argue how and in what ways you believe your research will refine, revise, or extend existing knowledge in the subject area under investigation. Depending on the aims and objectives of your study, describe how the anticipated results will impact future scholarly research, theory, practice, forms of interventions, or policy making. Note that such discussions may have either substantive [a potential new policy], theoretical [a potential new understanding], or methodological [a potential new way of analyzing] significance. When thinking about the potential implications of your study, ask the following questions:
NOTE: This section should not delve into idle speculation, opinion, or be formulated on the basis of unclear evidence . The purpose is to reflect upon gaps or understudied areas of the current literature and describe how your proposed research contributes to a new understanding of the research problem should the study be implemented as designed.
ANOTHER NOTE : This section is also where you describe any potential limitations to your proposed study. While it is impossible to highlight all potential limitations because the study has yet to be conducted, you still must tell the reader where and in what form impediments may arise and how you plan to address them.
VI. Conclusion
The conclusion reiterates the importance or significance of your proposal and provides a brief summary of the entire study . This section should be only one or two paragraphs long, emphasizing why the research problem is worth investigating, why your research study is unique, and how it should advance existing knowledge.
Someone reading this section should come away with an understanding of:
VII. Citations
As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used . In a standard research proposal, this section can take two forms, so consult with your professor about which one is preferred.
In either case, this section should testify to the fact that you did enough preparatory work to ensure the project will complement and not just duplicate the efforts of other researchers. It demonstrates to the reader that you have a thorough understanding of prior research on the topic.
Most proposal formats have you start a new page and use the heading "References" or "Bibliography" centered at the top of the page. Cited works should always use a standard format that follows the writing style advised by the discipline of your course [e.g., education=APA; history=Chicago] or that is preferred by your professor. This section normally does not count towards the total page length of your research proposal.
Develop a Research Proposal: Writing the Proposal. Office of Library Information Services. Baltimore County Public Schools; Heath, M. Teresa Pereira and Caroline Tynan. “Crafting a Research Proposal.” The Marketing Review 10 (Summer 2010): 147-168; Jones, Mark. “Writing a Research Proposal.” In MasterClass in Geography Education: Transforming Teaching and Learning . Graham Butt, editor. (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015), pp. 113-127; Juni, Muhamad Hanafiah. “Writing a Research Proposal.” International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences 1 (September/October 2014): 229-240; Krathwohl, David R. How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005; Procter, Margaret. The Academic Proposal. The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Punch, Keith and Wayne McGowan. "Developing and Writing a Research Proposal." In From Postgraduate to Social Scientist: A Guide to Key Skills . Nigel Gilbert, ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006), 59-81; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal. International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences , Articles, and Books. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal. University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.
A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.
The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:
Literature review.
While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.
Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.
Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .
In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.
Show your reader why your project is interesting, original, and important. | |
Demonstrate your comfort and familiarity with your field. Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic. | |
Make a case for your . Demonstrate that you have carefully thought about the data, tools, and procedures necessary to conduct your research. | |
Confirm that your project is feasible within the timeline of your program or funding deadline. |
The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.
One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.
Download our research proposal template
Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.
Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:
The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.
Your introduction should:
To guide your introduction , include information about:
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
See an example
As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.
In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:
Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
? or ? , , or research design? | |
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To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.
For example, your results might have implications for:
Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .
Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.
Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.
Download our research schedule template
Research phase | Objectives | Deadline |
---|---|---|
1. Background research and literature review | 20th January | |
2. Research design planning | and data analysis methods | 13th February |
3. Data collection and preparation | with selected participants and code interviews | 24th March |
4. Data analysis | of interview transcripts | 22nd April |
5. Writing | 17th June | |
6. Revision | final work | 28th July |
If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.
Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:
To determine your budget, think about:
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Methodology
Statistics
Research bias
Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .
Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.
I will compare …
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.
Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.
A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.
A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.
A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.
All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.
Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.
Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.
The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, November 21). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved August 15, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/
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A concept map (also called a mind map) is a tool that you can use to help brainstorm a research topic or help you narrow down a general idea into a more focused idea. Concept maps can also be used to help you come up with a thesis statement for your assignment or to help you develop keywords that you can use in your database searching.
Concept maps also help you see connections between some of your ideas and show you how many different directions you can take your research based on a single idea.
The great thing about concept maps is that they can look however you'd like and can be done either on a piece of paper or even done online. Some free online concept mapping tools are MindMup , Creately , and Lucidchart , although there are many other tools available.
Start with your main idea in the center of your map. Then to start building out your map, use the 5Ws + How (Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How) to start thinking about related concepts. For example, why is this topic so important? Who is influenced by your topic? Where did your topic take place?
The general topic of your paper, the All Community Colleges Should be Tuition Free goes in the center of your page.
Using the 5Ws + How, you have built out a concept map, to give you a better sense of which directions your paper can go. For example, based on your concept map, you might decide to narrow down your topic to who is impacted by community colleges being tuition free or how free tuition makes education more accessible.
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We all know that a research paper has plenty of concepts involved. However, a great deal of concepts makes your study confusing.
A conceptual framework ensures that the concepts of your study are organized and presented comprehensively. Let this article guide you on how to make the conceptual framework of your study.
Related: How to Write a Concept Paper for Academic Research
At a glance: free conceptual framework templates.
Too busy to create a conceptual framework from scratch? No problem. We’ve created templates for each conceptual framework so you can start on the right foot. All you need to do is enter the details of the variables. Feel free to modify the design according to your needs. Please read the main article below to learn more about the conceptual framework.
Conceptual framework template #2: input-process-output (ipo) model, conceptual framework template #3: concept map, what is a conceptual framework.
A conceptual framework shows the relationship between the variables of your study. It includes a visual diagram or a model that summarizes the concepts of your study and a narrative explanation of the model presented.
Imagine your study as a long journey with the research result as the destination. You don’t want to get lost in your journey because of the complicated concepts. This is why you need to have a guide. The conceptual framework keeps you on track by presenting and simplifying the relationship between the variables. This is usually done through the use of illustrations that are supported by a written interpretation.
Also, people who will read your research must have a clear guide to the variables in your study and where the research is heading. By looking at the conceptual framework, the readers can get the gist of the research concepts without reading the entire study.
Related: How to Write Significance of the Study (with Examples)
You can develop this through the researcher’s specific concept in the study. | Purely based on existing theories. |
The research problem is backed up by existing knowledge regarding things the researcher wants us to discover about the topic. | The research problem is supported using past relevant theories from existing literature. |
Based on acceptable and logical findings. | It is established with the help of the research paradigm. |
It emphasizes the historical background and the structure to fill in the knowledge gap. | A general set of ideas and theories is essential in writing this area. |
It highlights the fundamental concepts characterizing the study variable. | It emphasizes the historical background and the structure to fill the knowledge gap. |
Both of them show concepts and ideas of your study. The theoretical framework presents the theories, rules, and principles that serve as the basis of the research. Thus, the theoretical framework presents broad concepts related to your study. On the other hand, the conceptual framework shows a specific approach derived from the theoretical framework. It provides particular variables and shows how these variables are related.
Let’s say your research is about the Effects of Social Media on the Political Literacy of College Students. You may include some theories related to political literacy, such as this paper, in your theoretical framework. Based on this paper, political participation and awareness determine political literacy.
For the conceptual framework, you may state that the specific form of political participation and awareness you will use for the study is the engagement of college students on political issues on social media. Then, through a diagram and narrative explanation, you can show that using social media affects the political literacy of college students.
The conceptual framework has different types based on how the research concepts are organized 1 .
In this type of conceptual framework, the phenomena of your study are grouped into categories without presenting the relationship among them. The point of this conceptual framework is to distinguish the categories from one another.
In this conceptual framework, the relationship between the phenomena and variables of your study is presented. Using this conceptual framework implies that your research provides empirical evidence to prove the relationship between variables. This is the type of conceptual framework that is usually used in research studies.
In this conceptual framework, the relationship between phenomena and variables of your study is described using mathematical formulas. Also, the extent of the relationship between these variables is presented with specific quantities.
1. identify the important variables of your study.
There are two essential variables that you must identify in your study: the independent and the dependent variables.
An independent variable is a variable that you can manipulate. It can affect the dependent variable. Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the resulting variable that you are measuring.
You may refer to your research question to determine your research’s independent and dependent variables.
Suppose your research question is: “Is There a Significant Relationship Between the Quantity of Organic Fertilizer Used and the Plant’s Growth Rate?” The independent variable of this study is the quantity of organic fertilizer used, while the dependent variable is the plant’s growth rate.
Usually, the variables of a study have a direct relationship. If a change in one of your variables leads to a corresponding change in another, they might have this kind of relationship.
However, note that having a direct relationship between variables does not mean they already have a cause-and-effect relationship 2 . It takes statistical analysis to prove causation between variables.
Using our example earlier, the quantity of organic fertilizer may directly relate to the plant’s growth rate. However, we are not sure that the quantity of organic fertilizer is the sole reason for the plant’s growth rate changes.
Consider analyzing if other variables can affect the relationship between your independent and dependent variables 3 .
Now that you’ve identified the variables and their relationship, you may create a visual diagram summarizing them.
Usually, shapes such as rectangles, circles, and arrows are used for the model. You may create a visual diagram or model for your conceptual framework in different ways. The three most common models are the independent-dependent variable model, the input-process-output (IPO) model, and concept maps.
You may create this model by writing the independent and dependent variables inside rectangles. Then, insert a line segment between them, connecting the rectangles. This line segment indicates the direct relationship between these variables.
Below is a visual diagram based on our example about the relationship between organic fertilizer and a plant’s growth rate.
If you want to emphasize your research process, the input-process-output model is the appropriate visual diagram for your conceptual framework.
To create your visual diagram using the IPO model, follow these steps:
Presented below is the IPO model for our example above.
If you think the two models presented previously are insufficient to summarize your study’s concepts, you may use a concept map for your visual diagram.
A concept map is a helpful visual diagram if multiple variables affect one another. Let’s say your research is about Coping with the Remote Learning System: Anxiety Levels of College Students. Presented below is the concept map for the research’s conceptual framework:
Provide a brief explanation of your conceptual framework. State the essential variables, their relationship, and the research outcome.
Using the same example about the relationship between organic fertilizer and the growth rate of the plant, we can come up with the following explanation to accompany the conceptual framework:
Figure 1 shows the Conceptual Framework of the study. The quantity of the organic fertilizer used is the independent variable, while the plant’s growth is the research’s dependent variable. These two variables are directly related based on the research’s empirical evidence.
You can create your conceptual framework by following the steps discussed in the previous section. Note, however, that quantitative research has statistical analysis. Thus, you may use arrows to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship in your model. An arrow implies that your independent variable caused the changes in your dependent variable.
Usually, for quantitative research, the Input-Process-Output model is used as a visual diagram. Here is an example of a conceptual framework in quantitative research:
Research Topic : Level of Effectiveness of Corn (Zea mays) Silk Ethanol Extract as an Antioxidant
Again, you can follow the same step-by-step guide discussed previously to create a conceptual framework for qualitative research. However, note that you should avoid using one-way arrows as they may indicate causation . Qualitative research cannot prove causation since it uses only descriptive and narrative analysis to relate variables.
Here is an example of a conceptual framework in qualitative research:
Research Topic : Lived Experiences of Medical Health Workers During Community Quarantine
Presented below are some examples of conceptual frameworks.
Research Topic : Hypoglycemic Ability of Gabi (Colocasia esculenta) Leaf Extract in the Blood Glucose Level of Swiss Mice (Mus musculus)
Figure 1 presents the Conceptual Framework of the study. The quantity of gabi leaf extract is the independent variable, while the Swiss mice’s blood glucose level is the study’s dependent variable. This study establishes a direct relationship between these variables through empirical evidence and statistical analysis .
Research Topic : Level of Effectiveness of Using Social Media in the Political Literacy of College Students
Figure 1 shows the Conceptual Framework of the study. The input is the profile of the college students according to sex, year level, and the social media platform being used. The research process includes administering the questionnaires, tabulating students’ responses, and statistical data analysis and interpretation. The output is the effectiveness of using social media in the political literacy of college students.
Research Topic: Factors Affecting the Satisfaction Level of Community Inhabitants
Figure 1 presents a visual illustration of the factors that affect the satisfaction level of community inhabitants. As presented, environmental, societal, and economic factors influence the satisfaction level of community inhabitants. Each factor has its indicators which are considered in this study.
1. how can i create a conceptual framework in microsoft word.
First, click the Insert tab and select Shapes . You’ll see a wide range of shapes to choose from. Usually, rectangles, circles, and arrows are the shapes used for the conceptual framework.
Next, draw your selected shape in the document.
Insert the name of the variable inside the shape. You can do this by pointing your cursor to the shape, right-clicking your mouse, selecting Add Text , and typing in the text.
Repeat the same process for the remaining variables of your study. If you need arrows to connect the different variables, you can insert one by going to the Insert tab, then Shape, and finally, Lines or Block Arrows, depending on your preferred arrow style.
If you have used the Independent-Dependent Variable Model in creating your conceptual framework, start by telling your research’s variables. Afterward, explain the relationship between these variables. Example: “Using statistical/descriptive analysis of the data we have collected, we are going to show how the <state your independent variable> exhibits a significant relationship to <state your dependent variable>.”
On the other hand, if you have used an Input-Process-Output Model, start by explaining the inputs of your research. Then, tell them about your research process. You may refer to the Research Methodology in Chapter 3 to accurately present your research process. Lastly, explain what your research outcome is.
Meanwhile, if you have used a concept map, ensure you understand the idea behind the illustration. Discuss how the concepts are related and highlight the research outcome.
The research study’s conceptual framework is in Chapter 2, following the Review of Related Literature.
The Conceptual Framework is a summary of the concepts of your study where the relationship of the variables is presented. On the other hand, Literature Review is a collection of published studies and literature related to your study.
Suppose your research concerns the Hypoglycemic Ability of Gabi (Colocasia esculenta) Leaf Extract on Swiss Mice (Mus musculus). In your conceptual framework, you will create a visual diagram and a narrative explanation presenting the quantity of gabi leaf extract and the mice’s blood glucose level as your research variables. On the other hand, for the literature review, you may include this study and explain how this is related to your research topic.
You will use a two-way arrow in your conceptual framework if the variables of your study are interdependent. If variable A affects variable B and variable B also affects variable A, you may use a two-way arrow to show that A and B affect each other.
Suppose your research concerns the Relationship Between Students’ Satisfaction Levels and Online Learning Platforms. Since students’ satisfaction level determines the online learning platform the school uses and vice versa, these variables have a direct relationship. Thus, you may use two-way arrows to indicate that the variables directly affect each other.
Written by Jewel Kyle Fabula
in Career and Education , Juander How
Jewel Kyle Fabula is a Bachelor of Science in Economics student at the University of the Philippines Diliman. His passion for learning mathematics developed as he competed in some mathematics competitions during his Junior High School years. He loves cats, playing video games, and listening to music.
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Plan out and finish your research proposal in no time using a mind map. Learn how to prepare it by following the steps described in this article. The examples generated by a mind mapping tool define each step.
Mind mapping is a great tool to help you come up with your research proposal. The mind map will guide you through the process of research proposal preparation and even the whole study with less effort as you become more systematic in your approach. It will help you plan out in detail those things that you want done within a specified period and at the same time, monitor your progress.
How does mind mapping work? To those who are not familiar with this excellent tool that has many applications, the following example is given to show how it works.
Let’s say you already have finished most of the required subjects in your chosen course and is now faced with the task of preparing a research proposal. You can come up with your mind map by following the three steps outlined below. You may do this without XMind using a clean sheet of paper, marking pen, and a set of colored pencils.
Since you intend to prepare your research proposal, your goal will be “Prepare Research Proposal.” Type in XMind as the central idea or write in bold strokes at the center of the paper.
Preparing your research proposal involves at least three things. These are:
Link each major activity to the central idea using a line, preferably a curved one. Allocate enough space between these major activities to make way for the more detailed activities. XMind does this automatically when you add a subtopic to the main idea.
Under each of the major activities, specify those things that you will actually do. These should be action statements. Link these statements with lines to the corresponding major activities. In XMind, just add the specific activities as subtopics.
Following the steps above, the corresponding examples for each step were arrived at using the mind mapping software. Below is the mind map output that aided the preparation of the given examples (click the figure to enlarge).
You can add more or change items in the mind map as well as define a time frame for each of the activities that you have identified. In so doing, you will be able to make a rough estimate how long you should be able to prepare your research proposal. If you have a fixed period within which you have to submit your draft proposal, you can allocate specific time periods for the accomplishment of each activity. Thus, you can submit your proposal on time.
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Simply having a good idea isn't enough to receive funding. Good ideas become fundable once you have developed them into a comprehensive proposal. The trick is putting your idea onto paper.
A concept paper can assist you in sculpting a comprehensive proposal. Your concept paper is an outline of your project. It provides the framework to guide discussions with potential partners, your Sponsored Programs Office, and funding agency program officers.
A concept paper should be brief (1-3 pages) and succinct. Use strong, forceful language. Sell your idea, highlight every important aspect of your idea and sell it to your potential reviewers. A concept paper may include the following sections:
o For example, will you be developing curriculum, developing a research plan, or holding a training workshop?
o Distinguish yourself and your method from the other proposals. Justify why your proposal and your approach should receive funding instead of another method or approach.
o This isn't only answering your research question. Consider the project's potential effect upon students, curriculum, faculty, professional development, the institution's research environment, and society in general. The broader impacts should be related to your sponsoring agency's goals and mission.
o Sponsored Programs can assist you in researching what your needs may be and how to assign appropriate figures to those needs.
o Personnel
o Equipment (items greater than $5,000)
o Supplies (items less than $5,000)
o Travel
o Consultants or subcontractors
o Participant Support (costs paid to participants or trainees for participation in training projects)
o Physical space
Embedding a block?
A concept map is a visual representation of contents and core concepts, for example of a course or a chapter. It shows how parts of the contents are related to each other (interrelationships) within a knowledge network.
Using concept maps can facilitate and deepen students’ learning process.
Some examples:
You can use concept maps in multiple ways:
You can create your own concept map and show it to the students. In that sense, concept mapping can be an excellent way to communicate with your students. You can approach this in a number of ways:
You can let students build their own concept maps .
You can easily work with pen and paper, but also with a number of online tools .
Letting students create a concept map and providing feedback on it can also be a nice way of formative assessment. The exercise gives both the teaching staff member and the student insight into how well the course material is understood. For summative assessments you can consider the following assessment methods:
Do you implement the teaching activity ‘concept map’ in a teaching situation where at least a part of the students follows class online? If so, find out through the applicable teaching method which technology in the classroom is suitable for this purpose. Depending on the classroom in which your teaching activity takes place, choose a scenario that describes step by step how to proceed. You can find more information on this on the support page for technology in the classrooms.
Click through to the tools you can use for concept maps in an online context:
Want to learn more about concept maps? The button below takes you to a reading list with recent scientific literature.
Go to the reading list
You can also find useful information on the following web pages:
Laat je inspireren door collega’s die conceptmappen hebben geïntegreerd in hun lespraktijk of project:
Plan your research using this extensive research concept map template..
This research concept map template features a central circle in a bright color which contrasts the other blue tones. It communicates the theme of this infographic in a single glance.
This template is a great addition to research proposals and pitches. You can also use it as a visual aid to help guide your students through the research process.
Use this template to explain research phases through a concept map, or browse through the other professional templates we offer at Visme for more inspiration and ideas.
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Concept Map: Plan Your Research A concept map helps you build on what you know, create new connections, and organize your research. The simplest ways to make a concept map are either by hand-drawing it or using PowerPoint. How to make a concept map? 1. Begin with putting your topic in a center bubble. Main Topic . 2.
Your concept map will show you which keywords to search for. #2 Use a concept map when planning the search strategy for your literature review. Jumping right into those databases to do a search for articles to include in your literature review can really take you down the deepest darkest rabbit hole.
Introduction. Concept mapping is a straightforward yet powerful technique that offers a bird's eye view of scientific knowledge and connections between ideas. Through concept mapping, research can be systematically arranged to allow researchers to analyze complex topics, making it easier to see how different concepts relate to one another.
A mind map about research is a visual representation of your understanding of a subject. Concept maps help in the organization of your thoughts and the exploration of relationships within a topic. To organize and illustrate what you know about a topic, make an idea map. They essentially represent the knowledge that we people hold in our minds ...
When embarking on your research journey, an effective concept map can be a powerful tool to visually organize and synthesize information. Identifying core concepts and relationships is the first step in this process. It involves pinpointing the main ideas and how they interconnect, which will form the backbone of your map.
2. Background of concept mapping. Concept maps may be defined as a type of diagram (Umoquit, Tso, Varga-Atkins, O'Brien, & Wheeldon, Citation 2013) or mind map (Wheeldon, Citation 2011); however, concept maps are further delineated depending on authors' theoretical and methodological orientations.Novak and Gowin (Citation 1984) originally used concept maps to facilitate meaningful learning ...
4. Data Analysis Concept Map. These concept maps are utilized for the creation of data analysis frameworks. It helps researchers create a visual guide to effectively analyze and interpret research data by mapping the relationships between variables and data analysis techniques. 5. Research Project Concept Map.
Tweak the colors of the shapes and lines. Change the fonts, text size and styling. Add a solid, gradient or image background. Add animated icons and illustrations to your diagram. Make your concept map interactive with links and hover effects. Another design idea is to add your company logo to your concept map.
Concept Maps are a way to graphically represent ideas and how they relate to each other. Concept maps may be simple designs illustrating a central theme and a few associated topics or complex structures that delineate hierarchical or multiple relationships. J.D. Novak developed concept maps in the 1970's to help facilitate the research process ...
A concept map is a visualization of key idea in your research and the relationships between them. To create a concept map, pick out the main concepts of your topic and brainstorm everything you know about them, drawing shapes around your concepts and clustering the shapes in a way that's meaningful to you.
Visual learning tools like concept maps enhance understanding and organization in education, business, and personal development. Concept maps are versatile and effective, allowing users to visualize relationships between ideas. This article explores the benefits, key elements, differences from other graphic organizers, and practical steps to create effective concept maps using Xmind's powerful ...
A concept map is a visual representation of what you know about a topic. Concept maps help you organize your thoughts and explore the relationships in a topic. Use a concept map to organize and represent what you know about a topic. Explore the connections between elements of the topic.
A research proposal must be focused and not be "all over the map" or diverge into unrelated tangents without a clear sense of purpose. Failure to cite landmark works in your literature review. Proposals should be grounded in foundational research that lays a foundation for understanding the development and scope of the the topic and its relevance.
Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".
A concept map (also called a mind map) is a tool that you can use to help brainstorm a research topic or help you narrow down a general idea into a more focused idea. Concept maps can also be used to help you come up with a thesis statement for your assignment or to help you develop keywords that you can use in your database searching.
First, click the Insert tab and select Shapes. You'll see a wide range of shapes to choose from. Usually, rectangles, circles, and arrows are the shapes used for the conceptual framework. Next, draw your selected shape in the document. Insert the name of the variable inside the shape.
Use the buttons below to download a printable version of this tutorial and additional concept map templates. Tutorial PDF Templates Making a Concept Map by The Teaching & Learning Team is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Step 1. Identify your main goal. Since you intend to prepare your research proposal, your goal will be "Prepare Research Proposal.". Type in XMind as the central idea or write in bold strokes at the center of the paper. Step 2. Figure out what major activities you should do to prepare the research proposal.
Your concept paper is an outline of your project. It provides the framework to guide discussions with potential partners, your Sponsored Programs Office, and funding agency program officers. A concept paper should be brief (1-3 pages) and succinct. Use strong, forceful language. Sell your idea, highlight every important aspect of your idea and ...
A concept map is a visual representation of contents and core concepts, for example of a course or a chapter. It shows how parts of the contents are related to each other (interrelationships) within a knowledge network. ... Other research (see a.o. Cañas, A.J., Reiska, P. et al. (2017) and Schroeder, N.L., Nesbit, J.C., et al. (2018)) shows ...
This research concept map template features a central circle in a bright color which contrasts the other blue tones. It communicates the theme of this infographic in a single glance. This template is a great addition to research proposals and pitches. You can also use it as a visual aid to help guide your students through the research process.
Research Proposal (concept map) created by Jaileen F. Ramirez on Feb. 7, 2021
Mind Map for Research Proposal. Use Creately's easy online diagram editor to edit this diagram, collaborate with others and export results to multiple image formats. You can easily edit this template using Creately. You can export it in multiple formats like JPEG, PNG and SVG and easily add it to Word documents, Powerpoint (PPT) presentations ...