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How To Make Garri (Comprehensive Guide)

Garri is a dry crisp and granular flour made from fresh cassava pulp. Cassava is a common crop in Central and South America and in the tropical areas of West Africa. 

It is one of the many foods that are not edible raw because they have harmful substances and anti-nutrients in their skins and flesh. 

They need to be processed or cooked well to remove the toxins and make them safe and tasty to eat. 

Some of the popular products that cassava can be turned into are garri, topiaco, cassava flour, and chips. 

The different steps involved in making these products from fresh cassava reduce the toxicity to a level that is suitable for human consumption. 

In this article, we will focus on garri, especially how it is made from fresh cassava pulp. 

We will explain the whole process of producing garri from fresh cassava and show you how to store garri properly for longer use.

Toxicity of Cassava

Cassava, as we have seen, is a harmful root tuber when it is raw because it has toxins in its skin and flesh. 

The main toxin is a chemical compound called linamarin which turns into hydrogen cyanide when it is eaten. 

Cyanide exposure (from breathing or swallowing) can cause problems like goiter, and nerve disorders like tropical ataxic neuropathy and epidemic spastic paraparesis. 

In some cases, it can also cause death. 

There is a big difference in toxicity between the sweet and bitter varieties of cassava. 

Sweet cassava roots have low levels of cyanide; less than 50mg per kilogram hydrogen cyanide on fresh weight basis, while bitter cassava root can have up to 400mg per kilogram hydrogen cyanide. 

It is important to process cassava roots (using effective reduction techniques) to remove the cyanide compounds in them and lower the chances of cyanide poisoning. 

There are old methods that have been used for this purpose and one of the most common in West Africa is the garri making process which we’ll be exploring below. 

What Are The Steps In Making Garri

The process of making garri from cassava tubers involves seven hard steps that lower the total cyanide levels by about 83-96%.

At this level, the toxins are much less than the deadly dose and are safe to eat. 

The steps must be done carefully, otherwise, cyanide can still stay in the final product and harm people who eat it. 

The steps to change cassava into garri are:

• Peeling and Washing Of Cassava Roots
• Grating and Bagging
• Fermenting and Dewatering
• Re-sieving (or Grading).

1) Peeling and Washing Of Cassava Roots

Peeling is the first and a very important step (if not the most important step) in the garri making process. 

Peeling, like other steps, helps to remove the toxins from cassava roots by getting rid of the skin and cortex layer which have the most cyanide compounds.

By getting rid of these parts, about 50% of the total toxins in cassava roots is reduced. Fresh and good cassava roots should be used for making garri.

Peel off the skin and cortex layer (or the inner cream layer) of the cassava root using a sharp knife or a peeling machine. 

Avoid cutting the roots with a knife or peeler to get more garri from them.

Any bad or hard parts of the cassava roots should be cut off as well. 

After peeling, wash the bare cassava roots with clean water to remove dirt and stains which can spoil the quality of the final product.

2) Grating and Bagging

Grating breaks down the cassava roots and releases hydrogen cyanide which is the poison made in the stomach when cyanogens are eaten. 

Most of the hydrogen cyanide (and other types of cyanides) are removed during later fermentation, dewatering, roasting and drying steps. 

Grating is good at removing linamarin (which is the main type of cyanide in cassava roots).

After washing, let the cassava roots dry for about an hour, then turn them into a wet paste. 

A machine or a hand grater can be used for this. The hand grater is usually a piece of metal sheet with holes on one side to make a rough surface on the other. 

One way of hand grating is rubbing the cassava roots against the rough surface of the metal until only about 3% of each cassava root is left. 

These bits are too small to grate because of the risk of hurting fingers on the metal surface. 

During grating, put the wet cassava paste into a clean bowl and then move it into a bag; a jute bag, a plastic bag with holes, or a clean woven plastic bag.

3) Fermenting and Dewatering

Fermentation removes some of the hydrogen cyanide in water by soaking for a long time. Dewatering gets rid of most of the cyanide in the water that comes out of the mash.

Method one (Fermenting before dewatering):

Put the bag of mash on a rack and let it ferment for 1-4 days depending on how you like it. Fermenting for longer makes the final product more sour but also removes more cyanide than fermenting for shorter. 

At least 72 hours of fermenting is good for getting rid of cyanide. During fermenting, some of the white water from the mash will come out of the bag. 

After fermenting, take the bag of mash from the rack and press it using a machine or a screw. 

Take the bag out of the press when the mash has about 40-50% water in it. You can tell that by seeing when the white water stops coming out of the bag and the bag is still wet. 

Don’t take out too much water or the garri will not roast well. Leaving too much water will also make the garri clumpy when roasting. Aim for 40-50% water in the mash.

Method two (Fermenting and dewatering at the same time):

During fermenting, put pressure on the bag of mash by putting heavy stones on it, or by twisting the top of the bag and squeezing water out of it. 

Pressing the bag between wooden poles with ropes would also work. Make the bag tighter every day to help more white water come out.

Fermenting is a very important step for the taste, smell, safety and texture of the final product.

Sieving is needed to get a uniform grain that is good for roasting. 

During sieving, the lump made from the dewatering step is broken into smaller bits (by hand or a hand machine or a power machine). 

Big lumps and stringy parts of the grains are taken out.

Take out the hard lump from the bag and make it into smaller grains (or grits). Use hand, hand sieve or a mechanical sieve to do this and make sure to take out stringy and lumpy parts.

5) Roasting

Roasting eliminates some of the remaining cyanide from fermentation by means of evaporation. 

It is a crucial operation in terms of the development of flavor and edibility of garri. Roasting partially gelatinizes garri and dries it to a moisture content of 18%.

Smear a thin layer of edible oil onto a large roasting pan, cast over fire. 

Traditional roasting methods employ shallow cast-iron pans or earthenware pans, over an open wood fire, whereas modern industrial methods employ a mechanized garri frying/drying machine. 

The use of red oil facilitates cyanide removal more compared to other fats and oils. Red oil produces a yellowish tinge on the final product and gives it a finer texture. 

Fats and oils with good nutritional value should be used to supplement the loss of nutrients of high value from the cassava roots during processing. 

Transfer the grits from the sieving operation (in batches) onto the surface of the frying pan and cook using a combination of stirring and quick pressing of the mash against the hot surface of the pan. 

Use a large wooden spatula or a calabash for the operation and allow intermittent breaks (while stirring) to allow proper gelatinization of the grits. 

When the temperature of the mash reaches 80 to 85 degrees (about 30-35 minutes), or the grits are cream white and crisp, the frying operation is completed. 

Leave a small amount of garri on the frying pan to facilitate the roasting of the next batch.

Drying eliminates the remaining cyanide from the roasting operation by means of evaporation. 

At the end of drying, about 83-96 % of the total cyanogenic content of cassava is reduced and the final product is edible and stable. 

The final moisture content of the cassava mash is also reduced to about 10%, so the product is more crisp.

Transfer the roasted garri onto an elevated platform in the open air and spread thinly, allowing to cool completely in order to evaporate any remnant of cyanide from the preceding stages (about 4-5 hrs).

7) Re-sieving or Grading

Re-sieving ensures a finer and more even granules of garri. 

Re-sieving improves the aesthetic value of garri, which is an important factor for sellers during marketing.

Method : 

After drying, grade the resulting granules by sieving (using a standard sieve size) to produce finer granules.

Improving the Nutritional Contents of Garri

Garri produced from the method above has a not so impressive nutrient profile. 

The biggest issue isn’t the modest nutritional content of the cassava roots from which it’s derived, but rather in the nutrient-leaching process that takes place during garri production.

Essential nutrients like vitamin C and protein, initially present in substantial amounts in cassava roots, are diminished to near negligible levels once processed into garri. 

What remains is a carbohydrate-heavy grain (comprised largely of resistant starch), offering a meager amount of essential vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. 

However, this can be rectified by fortifying garri with nutrient-dense foods during processing.

Fortification Techniques for Garri:

Incorporation of Palm Oil:

Palm oil is a rich source of Vitamin A. Adding it during the roasting or fermentation stages significantly augments the Vitamin A content in garri, thus enhancing its nutritional value.

Selection of Yellow Cassava Cultivars:

The yellow flesh variety of cassava brims with vitamin A compared to its white counterpart. Using yellow cassava cultivars would result in a more nutrition-packed product, particularly pumping up its vitamin A content which is crucial for maintaining good vision and fortifying the immune system.

Introduction of Protein-Dense Foods:

Protein-rich foods like soybean and its derivatives such as paste, milk residue or flour can be incorporated into garri to augment its protein concentration.

How To Store Garri

Just like any other food product, garri requires appropriate storage measures to prevent the onset of spoilage, particularly from mold growth and moisture accumulation, both factors that can adversely affect its crispness and shelf life. 

Garri should always be stored in plastic bags or polyethylene bags that are lined with plastic, ensuring airtight conditions. 

This step is pivotal as it prevents moisture ingress which could trigger deterioration and dampen its cherished crisp texture. 

Furthermore, it’s crucial to place these bags on pellets or elevated surfaces rather than directly on the ground. 

A well-ventilated room is an optimum space for storage because it helps maintain relatively constant temperature and humidity levels.

By adhering to these storage steps, you can preserve your garri in prime condition for up to a year. 

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Garri processing business in Nigeria: Everything you need to know

Who would have thought that garri processing will become one of the lucrative business in Nigeria before, it was just a food business left in the hand of old men and women in the village, until recently when some entrepreneur saw the profitability of garri processing, though many people are now into it the increase in demand of garri still dwarf the supply perhaps because of increase in the price of other staple food.

Garri business will always be profitable because it is a food common to both rich and poor, mention garri in any home and they will tell you deferent way of preparing it.

To start the business is not a herculean task though it require 7 figures capital nonetheless it is not hard to start once you get the basics, which is the main purpose of this article.

Before we go into the steps of creating garri business, I will like you to take note of the following

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Types of Garri

There are no agreed garri types, but the most common varieties are

White Garri If you reside in south west of Nigeria you will know much about this garri as it is mainly produce in that region. As the name imply, white garri is white in color and made up of small particle. Depending on the state where it is been produce it might taste sour, sweet and normal.

This garri is reserve for drinking outside in other region of Nigeria , but can be drink and swallow as Eba in south west of Nigeria. Some of the common varieties of white Garri are

Garri Ijebu Garri Iwo Garri Egba

Yellow Garri It has a yellow color and it is native to South South and South East region of Nigeria. The yellow color is formed when palm oil is added to it and it is added so that it can look appetizing. It is majorly used for making Eba common swallow food in southern region and also in the middle belt.

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Operation of garri processing

To turn cassava into garri, it require four process which are:

1) Peel, wash, grate and ferment cassava by adding large amount of water to it for five to seven days.

2) Using hydraulic press, dewater the soft cassava and grate it again to form slur.

3) Filter the slur to remove undissolved part 4) Then fry it into garri using fryer.

Equipment needed to start garri processing business

Below are the equipment you will need to start garri processing buisness

A hydraulic press Sieving machine Sealer Nylon bags Buckets Frying machine Weighing machine Generator Filter

Niches in Garri processing business

Cassava farming Cassava is the second most lucrative of all the niches of garri business, if you chose this niche your job is to plant cassava, harvest it and sell to processor. This niche require low capital but large expanse of land.

Garri production This is the most capital intensive of all the niches and the most profitable, if you chose this niche your job is to process raw cassava into garri.

Garri distribution This also requires low capital but its profitability depend on how many kg of garri you could sell per day.

The job here is to act as middle between garri processor and consumer; you will buy processed garri from processor and sell to wholesaler or final consumer.

If you have enough money, you can take all the niches at the same time but if not grow from one niche to another, it does not matter where you start from just make sure you grow to have more profit.

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Steps to starting Garri processing business in Nigeria

Feasibility study The first thing you need to do to have a profitable garri business is to conduct a feasibility study, to see if the business will be profitable and how profitable it will be in your proposed location.

Answer the following question in your feasibility study:

How easy to get your raw material (cassava)? How are you going to sell the garri?

What is the purchasing power of your consumer?

Does your proposed location have access to road?

Business plan Bad plan is better than no plan, write down your vision for the business and how you will get there from year to year at least your projection should not be less down two years and maximum of three year for the sake of clarity.

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Though there is high chance that you will sway from your business plan before you reach your second year.

Then why should I write it?

You never can tell you might want to expand your business in the future which certainly will require capital from bank or investor, the first thing they will ask for is your business plan.

Register your business If you are operating small scale garri business you might not border yourself about business registration but if it is medium or large scale please do well to register your business with Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC), it will save you from future confrontation with the authority.

Building your processing plant Depend on your scale of production 1 plot to 3 acres should be enough for your plant and it should be situated in well drain land, please avoid water log area. Your garri pant should be partition into the following section.

Wet section As the name imply, this is where you will carry out cassava peeling, washing, grating, pressing and fermenting.

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Dry section This where you will fry and sieve your garri. It compose of two room one for the operation and the other for packaging and storing.

Source for your raw material There are two way to get cassava which is your raw material; either you plant cassava yourself or buy from farm the major difference between the two is that, your cassava farm can be attacked by disease or pest which might affect your processing.

When sourcing from farmer note the following

To buy at low price buy by acre not bag of cassava, what I mean is that buy yet-to-be uprooted cassava.

Avoid middle men

Take random sample of the cassava and check the inside and outside.

Wherever you buy from make sure it is accessible by road.

When sourcing from your farm note the following

Make sure you plant the stem well; usually it should be 45 degree to the ground.

Weed regularly

To have bountiful harvest, use fertilizer.

Packaging your garri

Common way of packaging garri is to pack it inside 50kg sack containing 20 to 22 paint rubber. Then it will be sealed. To avoid dampness put the garri in an open place and it should be put out of reach of pest.

Marketing I’ve heard about people lamenting that they could not sell their garri, the problem of this people is that they refuse to do their feasibility study, if they do it they will know their target customer and how to reach them.

To avoid this make sure you do your feasibility study and before processing garri get a buying promise form wholesaler or consumer and write down the quantity they promise to buy, please do not exceed this quantity, in fact produce lower than the quantity.

Profit and cost analysis of garri business

Note: the price might have go up or reduce Cost of heavy equipment

Grater – #300,000 Presser – # 150,000 Fryer – # 150,000 Sieving machine – #100,000 Weigh machine – # 50,000 Total = #750,000

Profitability of garri processing business

Let say you will be producing 30 bags of cassava, you will need: 6 tons of cassava = #150,000 Peeling (machine + hand) = # 10,000 Pressing + Frying (labour) = 15,000 Firewood for frying = #10,000 Miscellaneous = #10,000 Total cost = #195,000 1 bag of garri = #15,000 30 bags of garri = #450,000 Profit = #450,000 – #195,000 =#245,000

Challenges of garri processing business

Up and down of garri price Garri price is not regulated it can go up and down at any moment which can affect your business.

Solution Note the season garri price normally go down and when it normarly comes up so as to prepare for such season.

Pest Pest especially rodent are enemy of garri, they can finish 50kg bag in a night. Solution Store your garri well and deal with the rodents by using rat catcher, you can use anything apart from poising.

Spoilage If garri stay long in storage it can get spoil. Solution Process gari you can sell at least in a week.

Question and answer

Is garri business profitable? Very profitable, though it require large capital.

How do I process garri locally It is the same process used in mechanical processing just that instead of using machine you use hand.

The processing steps are:

Peel, wash and soak cassava inside water

Packed the soaked cassava inside thick bag

Tie the bag mouth and place a stone on it to press out the water

Leave it for three to seven days to ferment

After the water is out, separate the undissolved cassava

Grate the dissolved ones (slur) inside large pot.

How profitable is garri processing in Nigeria Garri is very profitable; you can make as much as #1,000,000 profits with operating cost of #450,000

Startuppreneur

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How to Make Garri (Cassava Flour) from Raw Cassava

Last Updated: October 1, 2023 References

This article was co-authored by Elsie Glasu-Atunuwa and by wikiHow staff writer, Amber Crain . Elsie Glasu-Atunuwa is a West African Chef and the Founder of Trices Cafe and Lounge in San Antonio, Texas. Elsie learned to cook from her mother, using only the finest ingredients to create great flavors. Her mother’s training and her own imagination allow her to create delicious traditional West African dishes to satisfy customers, friends, family, and colleagues. Her team specializes in serving dishes from Nigeria, Ghana, and Cameroun. They also offer catering for all occasions. Elsie studies General Science and holds a doctorate degree in Nursing from Grand Canyon University. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 149,391 times.

Cassava flour, traditionally called garri, is made with fresh cassava root. It's very common in West-African countries such as Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. The process for making garri isn't difficult, but it does require some traditional techniques that may be unfamiliar to you. Don't worry—we're going to walk you through the process from start to finish and explain everything you need to know!

Peel off the skin of the cassava tubers.

• A sharp paring knife will also do the trick. [2] X Research source

Chop the root into smaller pieces.

• Cutting the root into smaller pieces makes it easier to grind.

Wash the peeled tubers with water.

Grind the pieces with a cassava mill.

• If you don’t have access to a motorized grater, use a manual cassava grater or rasper instead.

Pack the pulp in baskets and wait 1-2 days.

• Fermentation is crucial for breaking down the cyanide compounds in cassava root. If the cyanide isn't broken down, your batch of flour could be lethal. Proper fermentation is very efficient at this job, though, so try not to worry!

Transfer the pulp into porous bags.

• Polypropylene sacks can also be used for this purpose. [8] X Trustworthy Source Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for leading international efforts to end world hunger and improve nutrition Go to source

Put the bags under heavy weights for 1-2 days.

• If you have a manual screw press, use that to "de-water" the pulp a lot faster. [10] X Trustworthy Source Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for leading international efforts to end world hunger and improve nutrition Go to source
• If the pulp still looks a bit watery after 2 days, give it 1 more day to finish the process. [11] X Research source

Press the pulp through a wide sieve.

• Traditionally, the powder was pressed through a sieve made of palm branches. [13] X Research source

Fry the powder in a pan until it’s very dry.

• Heating the flour gets rid of any remaining cyanide gas, so it's really important! It also kills enzymes and microorganisms in the flour.

Grind the garri and store it in an airtight container.

• As long as garri is properly stored, it stays fresh for 6 months. [16] X Trustworthy Source Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for leading international efforts to end world hunger and improve nutrition Go to source

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Expert Interview

Thanks for reading our article! If you'd like to learn more about cassava (yuca), check out our in-depth interview with Elsie Glasu-Atunuwa .

• ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cassava-flour
• ↑ https://www.dominicancooking.com/19155-how-to-peel-yuca-cassava.html
• ↑ https://www.igboguide.org/guests/garri-process.htm
• ↑ https://edepot.wur.nl/175663
• ↑ http://www.fao.org/3/au140e/au140e.pdf
• ↑ https://www.cooksinfo.com/gari-cassava

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Sustainability of Garri Processing: A Case Study of Ogun State, Nigeria

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The processes involved in garri production

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Garri is produced from cassava tubers and popularly known in Africa. It is one of popular edible food in west Africa. Especially in Nigeria. Whether mechanical garri production or manual production, the processes involved in garri production are roughly similar. It mainly includes washing and peeling, crushing, fermentation, dewatering and frying. In this article I will show you how the processes involved in garri production.

1. Washing and peeling

Usually knives will be used to peel the cover of the cassava. Then use a lot of water to wash the peeled cassava by hands.

If you have a large scale garri production, dry sieve, paddle washer and cassava peeling machine are needed.

Dry sieve machine is to remove attached impurities. In the paddle washer machine, first layer of cassava tubers can be removed. After that, cassava peeling machine is used to remove the second layer of roots. At the same time when cassava is peeled, spray water will be open to clean and wash cassava roots. The 2 garri producction machines achieve its functions all by means of friction.

2. Crushing

Firstly you can cut the cassava tubers into medium sizes by knife. This is because smaller sizes increases the speed which will save labor for cassava crushing. Then the peeled cassava roots are crushed by cassava grater machine. At this stage, people usually choose crushing cassava by machine. Because the machine can save time and labor. After crushing, we can get cassava mash.

3. Fermentation

The grated cassava is pulpy which needs to be packed into bags for fermentation. At least 2 days later, cassava mash fermentation is finished.

4. Dewatering

Someone will squeeze the water by simple wood board. Water is squeezed out by pressure and gravity.

If you want to be fully dewatered. Put bags containing fermented cassava mash into hydraulic press machine to complete dehydration process and get wet cakes with moisture around 40%.

Pouring the dewatered cassava into the pot for frying and stirrer constantly. Also there need enough firewood for fire to fry the dewatered cassava.

If you want to get high quality and good taste garri, you can use food grade stainless steel frying machine to ensure hygiene of finished product.

This is the whole processes involved in garri production. If you want to produce high quality and large garri, the garri production machine will be a good choice. Contact us to get more information about garri production machine.

Prev: The features of wet method of processing cassava starch

Next: How to solve the problem of starch with high water content in flash drying process?

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Process for Making Garri

by TRWCBlogger | Jul 8, 2020 | Blog | 0 comments

The overall process to prepare garri is as following:

Garri is a carbohydrate based food consumed in many West African countries, Nigeria and Igboland. Processed from Cassava ( akpu ), Garri in its raw form is creamy-white or light-yellowish flour with a slightly fermented flavor.

Essentially, both varieties of Garri have the similar processing methods; the yellow color can be achieved simply by adding a few drops of palm-oil ( mmanu nri ) to the cassava flour during the frying/drying stage. To produce Garri from cassava tubers, the following are required:

1.Cassava tubers ( apku ): Harvested from farms and must be used within seventy-two (72) hours.

2.Kitchen knife ( mma ): Will be used to peel off back of the cassava and cut them into smaller sizes.

3.Water ( mmiri ): To achieve maximum hygiene, water would be required to wash the peeled cassava tubers as many times as possible. After thorough washing, the cassava tubers are packed into sack(s), bowls or a wheel  barrow for easy transportation to the cassava mill.

4. At cassava mill: At the mill, the washed cassava would be grinded, packed into sacks and drilled to dryness (fermentation occurs at this stage).

A typical Garri mill in Igboland

A cassava grinding machine

A mill attendant

5.Sieve ( nyo ): Required to sieve off the fine cassava powder from the other constituent particles.

A woman demonstrating how to use the sieve

6. Frying pan ( agbada ): Required to fry the fine cassava powder until it is dry.

Demonstrating how to use the frying pan.

7. Firewood ( nku ): A source of heat. 8. Sacks ( akpa ): Will be used to pack the dry cassava powder (Garri). 9. Palm-oil ( mmanu nri ) – optional: Can be added to the fine cassava powder at the frying stage if a “yellow” Garri is desired.

Garri can be served in two prominent forms:

Preparation Process: Utara : A reasonable quantity of Garri is added little-by-little into a bowl of boiled water until the mixture becomes saturated. A wooden stick( eku ) is used to stir the content of the bowl until it is even. Serve the Utara with any native Igbo soup in different dishes.

Soaked: A reasonable amount of Garri is poured into a hollow plate or cup of clean water and allowed to soak for about thirty (30) seconds. The soaked Garri can be served with groundnut seeds( opapa ), dried meat ( anu nkpo ) or bean cake( moi-moi/akara ) with a little amount of sweetener if desired.

Beside Rice( osipaka ), Garri is arguably the most consumed food in Igbo land; hence, its nickname “The common-man’s food”.

Source:  igboguide.org

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GARRI PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA; HOW VIABLE?

Home → Investment Opportunities in Nigeria → Agriculture, Agro – Processing, Forestry And Fishing → GARRI PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA; HOW VIABLE?

One major achievement of the present civilian administration in Nigeria in the past eleven (11) years has been the growth of middle class which has been witnessed in the country. These growths continues to drive the increasing social and health awareness of the need for hygienically well prepared foods required for good quality living standard of people. This coupled with the geometrically exploding population and continued rural-urban drift continues to fuel the demand for food stuffs especially Garri, a staple food in the country.

Garri, a product gotten from the processing of cassava tubers is a very important staple food item in Nigeria. It is one of the food items that defy socio-economic class, religious and ethnic boundaries, It is doubtful if it is not eaten daily in one of every two homes in the country.

Garri is a creamy-white, granular flour with a slightly fermented flavour and a slightly sour taste made from fermented, gelatinized fresh cassava tubers. Garri is widely known in Nigeria and other West African countries. Garri constitutes a daily meal to millions people world-wide.

It is a popular West African food. It is most widely eaten as Eba. Eba is made by sprinkling garri into a bowl or pot of boiling water and stirred until dough of garri is formed. You could add more water to the dough and stir to your desired texture. The finished product is called eba.

Eba is served with vegetable soup and fish or meat. In combination, this constitutes a very balanced diet.

There are different types of garri, depending on how it is processed, its grain size and the region of Africa where it is produced.

The Standards Organization of Nigeria classifies garri into:

• Extra Fine Grain Garri – where more than 80% of the grain passes through a sieve of less than 350 micro meter aperture

• Fine Grain Garri – More than 80 % of the grains pass through a sieve of less than 1000 micro meter aperture

• Coarse Grain garri – Not less than 80% of grains passes through a sieve of 1400 micro meter or less than 20 % of weight passes through a sieve of 1000 micro meter

• Extra Coarse Grain Garri – Not less than 20 % of grain is retained on a sieve of 1400 micro meter aperture.

Garri can also be classified based on fermentation length (days and extent) as well as whether palm oil is added to make it yellow or not. Such classifications include:

 Yellow Garri

This is the type of garri commonly found in the Edo, Delta and other eastern part of Nigeria. It is also called Bendel garri. It is made exactly the way described above, but for the addition of red palm oil after grating the cassava and the garri is allowed to ferment for two to three days also. Adding palm oil to the garri further helps to reduce the cyanide content and gives it a unique flavor.

 White Garri

Same as Bendel garri, left to ferment for two to three days as well, but red palm oil is not added during processing.

 Ijebu Garri

Ijebu garri is made same way too, but allowed to ferment for up to seven days. No palm oil is added. It is also fried to become much crisped. It characteristically has a very sharp taste and less starchy. Many people from the Western part of Nigeria love this and find it great for “soaking”.

The Garri industry in Nigeria is dominated by small scale with production capacity of less than 0.1 tons per day. The production plants are usually found all parts of Nigeria where the chief raw material, Cassava tubers, can be found.

Nigeria is the leading producer of cassava tubers in the world with an annual production of about 40,000,000 tonnes and at such sourcing for the raw materials would not be a challenge.

The annual national demand for garri is estimated at 1,000,000 tonnes while the national supply estimate is about 250,000.

In recent times due to the other products {Cassava Starch and Flour} that can gotten from Cassava tubers ,the production of garri in Nigeria has witnessed a reduction in volume thereby prompting a shift in the demand-supply equilibrium in favour of garri producers.

The supply gap has been identified to continue to expand as the population of the country which is estimated to be 165 Million continues to grow at 3.5% per annum. Also the rural – urban drift in the country would help to deepen the market for garri which is estimated at over N 8 billion annually in Nigeria.

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How to Write an Expository Essay | Structure, Tips & Examples

Published on July 14, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

“Expository” means “intended to explain or describe something.” An expository essay provides a clear, focused explanation of a particular topic, process, or set of ideas. It doesn’t set out to prove a point, just to give a balanced view of its subject matter.

Expository essays are usually short assignments intended to test your composition skills or your understanding of a subject. They tend to involve less research and original arguments than argumentative essays .

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Table of contents

When should you write an expository essay, how to approach an expository essay, introducing your essay, writing the body paragraphs, concluding your essay, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about expository essays.

In school and university, you might have to write expository essays as in-class exercises, exam questions, or coursework assignments.

Sometimes it won’t be directly stated that the assignment is an expository essay, but there are certain keywords that imply expository writing is required. Consider the prompts below.

The word “explain” here is the clue: An essay responding to this prompt should provide an explanation of this historical process—not necessarily an original argument about it.

Sometimes you’ll be asked to define a particular term or concept. This means more than just copying down the dictionary definition; you’ll be expected to explore different ideas surrounding the term, as this prompt emphasizes.

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An expository essay should take an objective approach: It isn’t about your personal opinions or experiences. Instead, your goal is to provide an informative and balanced explanation of your topic. Avoid using the first or second person (“I” or “you”).

The structure of your expository essay will vary according to the scope of your assignment and the demands of your topic. It’s worthwhile to plan out your structure before you start, using an essay outline .

A common structure for a short expository essay consists of five paragraphs: An introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Like all essays, an expository essay begins with an introduction . This serves to hook the reader’s interest, briefly introduce your topic, and provide a thesis statement summarizing what you’re going to say about it.

Hover over different parts of the example below to see how a typical introduction works.

In many ways, the invention of the printing press marked the end of the Middle Ages. The medieval period in Europe is often remembered as a time of intellectual and political stagnation. Prior to the Renaissance, the average person had very limited access to books and was unlikely to be literate. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century allowed for much less restricted circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.

The body of your essay is where you cover your topic in depth. It often consists of three paragraphs, but may be more for a longer essay. This is where you present the details of the process, idea or topic you’re explaining.

It’s important to make sure each paragraph covers its own clearly defined topic, introduced with a topic sentence . Different topics (all related to the overall subject matter of the essay) should be presented in a logical order, with clear transitions between paragraphs.

Hover over different parts of the example paragraph below to see how a body paragraph is constructed.

The invention of the printing press in 1440 changed this situation dramatically. Johannes Gutenberg, who had worked as a goldsmith, used his knowledge of metals in the design of the press. He made his type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, whose durability allowed for the reliable production of high-quality books. This new technology allowed texts to be reproduced and disseminated on a much larger scale than was previously possible. The Gutenberg Bible appeared in the 1450s, and a large number of printing presses sprang up across the continent in the following decades. Gutenberg’s invention rapidly transformed cultural production in Europe; among other things, it would lead to the Protestant Reformation.

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The conclusion of an expository essay serves to summarize the topic under discussion. It should not present any new information or evidence, but should instead focus on reinforcing the points made so far. Essentially, your conclusion is there to round off the essay in an engaging way.

Hover over different parts of the example below to see how a conclusion works.

The invention of the printing press was important not only in terms of its immediate cultural and economic effects, but also in terms of its major impact on politics and religion across Europe. In the century following the invention of the printing press, the relatively stationary intellectual atmosphere of the Middle Ages gave way to the social upheavals of the Reformation and the Renaissance. A single technological innovation had contributed to the total reshaping of the continent.

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An expository essay is a broad form that varies in length according to the scope of the assignment.

Expository essays are often assigned as a writing exercise or as part of an exam, in which case a five-paragraph essay of around 800 words may be appropriate.

You’ll usually be given guidelines regarding length; if you’re not sure, ask.

An expository essay is a common assignment in high-school and university composition classes. It might be assigned as coursework, in class, or as part of an exam.

Sometimes you might not be told explicitly to write an expository essay. Look out for prompts containing keywords like “explain” and “define.” An expository essay is usually the right response to these prompts.

An argumentative essay tends to be a longer essay involving independent research, and aims to make an original argument about a topic. Its thesis statement makes a contentious claim that must be supported in an objective, evidence-based way.

An expository essay also aims to be objective, but it doesn’t have to make an original argument. Rather, it aims to explain something (e.g., a process or idea) in a clear, concise way. Expository essays are often shorter assignments and rely less on research.

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A comprehensive guide to crafting a well-written expository essay.

Expository essays are a common assignment in academic settings, requiring students to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, and present a coherent argument. Crafting a stellar expository essay involves careful planning, research, and clear writing. Here are some essential tips to help you excel in your expository writing:

1. Choose a compelling topic: Select a topic that interests you and has enough relevant information to support your argument. Avoid broad topics and narrow down your focus to a specific aspect of the subject.

2. Conduct thorough research: Gather credible sources and evidence to back up your claims. Take notes, highlight key points, and organize your research to ensure a logical flow in your essay.

3. Develop a strong thesis statement: Your thesis should clearly state the main argument of your essay and provide a roadmap for the reader. Make sure it is specific, debatable, and supported by evidence.

Effective Strategies for Writing

Writing an expository essay requires careful planning and organization. Here are some effective strategies to help you craft a stellar essay:

• Start by brainstorming ideas and creating an outline. This will help you structure your essay and ensure that you cover all the necessary points.
• Use clear and concise language. Avoid using overly complex words or phrases that may confuse your readers.
• Provide ample evidence to support your arguments. Use reliable sources and cite them properly to back up your claims.
• Make sure to follow the proper essay format, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Edit and proofread your essay carefully to eliminate any errors in grammar, punctuation, or spelling.

By following these strategies, you can create a compelling and well-structured expository essay that will impress your readers.

Analyze the Prompt Thoroughly

Before diving into writing your expository essay, it’s crucial to thoroughly analyze the prompt given. Take the time to understand the requirements and expectations outlined in the prompt. Pay attention to key words and phrases that indicate the specific focus of the essay, such as “explain,” “analyze,” “compare,” or “contrast.”

Make sure to identify any guidelines regarding the structure, length, and formatting of the essay. Understanding the prompt will help you tailor your writing to meet the specific criteria and ensure that your essay addresses the topic effectively.

Create an outline or plan based on the prompt to organize your thoughts and approach. This will guide you through the writing process and help you stay on track while developing a well-structured and coherent essay.

Develop a Clear Thesis Statement

A strong expository essay starts with a clear and concise thesis statement. Your thesis statement should clearly state the main argument or point you will be discussing throughout the essay. It acts as a roadmap for your readers, guiding them on what to expect and informing them about the main focus of your essay.

When developing your thesis statement, make sure it is specific, debatable, and focused. Avoid broad statements that lack clarity or detail. Instead, choose a narrow topic and make a claim that can be supported with evidence and analysis. Your thesis statement should be the foundation of your essay, so take the time to craft a well-structured and compelling statement that sets the tone for the rest of your writing.

Organize Your Ideas logically

When crafting an expository essay, it is crucial to organize your ideas in a logical and structured manner. Start by outlining your main points and subpoints to create a clear roadmap for your readers. Use transitions to smoothly guide your audience from one idea to the next, ensuring a coherent flow of information.

Consider using a traditional structure such as the five-paragraph essay format, with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. This format helps you maintain a clear and organized presentation of your ideas, making it easier for readers to follow your argument and understand your points.

Use Proper Evidence and Examples

One of the key elements of a stellar expository essay is the use of proper evidence and examples to support your ideas. Ensure that the evidence you choose is relevant, reliable, and directly connects to the topic you are discussing. This will help strengthen your arguments and provide credibility to your essay.

When including examples in your essay, make sure they are clear, concise, and effectively illustrate your point. Avoid using vague or generic examples that do not add value to your argument. Instead, opt for specific examples that are insightful and help the reader understand the concepts you are presenting.

Remember to cite your sources properly when including evidence in your essay. This adds credibility to your work and shows that you have conducted thorough research to support your claims. By using proper evidence and examples, you can craft a compelling and well-supported expository essay that engages your audience and effectively conveys your message.

Revise and Edit Your Essay

Once you have completed your expository essay, it’s crucial to go back and revise it to ensure clarity and coherence. Here are some tips for effectively revising and editing your work:

• Read through your essay slowly and carefully to catch any grammatical or spelling errors.
• Check the flow of your ideas and make sure they are logically organized.
• Look for any repetitive or redundant sentences and remove them to improve conciseness.
• Ensure that your thesis statement is clear and is well-supported throughout your essay.
• Consider the overall structure of your essay and make sure each paragraph flows smoothly into the next.

After revising, it’s also important to edit your essay for style, tone, and word choice. Make sure your writing is clear, concise, and engaging for your readers. Consider seeking feedback from a peer or instructor to get a fresh perspective on your work. By thoroughly revising and editing your expository essay, you can ensure that it is polished and ready for submission.

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How to Write an Expository Essay in 5 Steps

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Last updated: Jun 7, 2021 • 3 min read

Learning how to write a good expository essay is an academic writing skill that lays the foundation for the type of expository writing that's necessary for numerous professions.

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The term “expository” refers to expounding on, or elaborating on a topic. Hence, the main goal of an expository essay is to provide factual information on a particular subject. Although writing an engaging essay is definitely a plus, it is secondary. The main goal of writing an expository essay is to educate. 

An expository essay is a relatively unbiased piece of writing that explores a topic from all angles. In this article, we will explore the meaning of an expository essay and how to write one with the help of a few expository essay examples. Let’s take a look.

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What is an expository essay?

An expository essay is an unbiased, factual piece of writing that provides an in-depth explanation of a topic or set of ideas. It aims to explain a topic from all angles and takes no decisive stance on it.

Expository essays make no new arguments on a topic but rather explain preexisting information in a structured format. They are mainly used in assignments or exams to test the student’s knowledge of a subject. 

However, the expository essay definition remains incomplete without understanding the different types of expository essays. An “expository essay” is an umbrella term used to describe different types of essays. These essays include classification essays, definition essays, process essays, compare and contrast essays, and cause-and-effect essays.

Now that we’ve understood what is an expository essay, let’s look at its types.

1. Classification essay

A classification essay aims to group objects into distinct categories. It also involves comparing objects within the same group and highlighting their similarities and differences. For example, if the essay topic is evergreen trees, it would explore different types like pine and fir and discuss the similarities and differences between them.

2. Definition essay

A definition essay aims to provide a comprehensive explanation of a particular topic. As the name implies, the main goal is to define the subject matter in detail. So if you were writing a definition essay on the Victorian era, you would begin by defining the historical period. Then, you would move on to describe the cultural aspects such as fashion styles, notable figures, and societal norms that characterized that period.

3. Process essay

A process essay is a step-by-step guide to performing a particular task. It follows a logical, chronological order of detailed steps on how to achieve a desired outcome. For instance, if you want to write a process essay on “how to make a paper airplane” you will provide a step-by-step chronological guide on how to fold the paper in different ways to create the airplane. 

4. Compare and contrast essay

A compare and contrast essay aims to point out the subtle differences or unexpected similarities between two or more subjects. For instance, a compare and contrast essay about the types of ramen served in different parts of Japan may include the differences and similarities in the broth, ingredients used, types of noodles, and flavor profiles in each of them. 

5. Cause and effect essay

A cause-and-effect essay seeks to explore the aftermath of a specific incident. So a cause-and-effect essay on the Himalayan mountain range may analyze the movement of the tectonic plates that led to the formation of the Himalayas.

Now that we’ve fully understood what’s an expository essay let’s understand its structure.

Expository essay structure

An expository essay is written in the third person and the expository essay format, like any other essay format, consists of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. There is no limit on the length of your essay unless instructed by your teacher or professor. 

The expository essay format typically consists of one paragraph for the introduction and conclusion and three paragraphs for the body. But you can add additional body paragraphs depending on the scope of your topic. Here’s the expository essay paragraph structure:

1. Introduction

The purpose of an introduction is to acquaint your reader with‌ your topic or thesis statement. It also involves using engaging information and a relevant context to captivate the reader.

The thesis statement for an expository essay should be unbiased and should aim to provide the reader with more information on a topic. Here’s an example of an introductory paragraph for an expository essay:

• Background information
• Thesis statement

The Victorian era, spanning from 1837 to 1901, left an indelible mark on English society. With its strict expectations governing everything from fashion to employment, it was known to be a conservative society. But amidst the rigidity, the period also saw remarkable progress in industry, technology, and science. It’s a time of paradox, where tradition and innovation coexisted. In this essay, we’ll delve into the fascinating complexities of the Victorian era and how they shaped English society for generations to come.

2. Body paragraph

After understanding how to start an expository essay the next step is to construct substantial body paragraphs. Each body paragraph in an expository essay consists of a topic sentence, its explanation, and a transition statement. A single idea should be introduced in each paragraph. 

These ideas can be arranged chronologically, in the order of importance, or even in a random manner, depending on the purpose and the message of your essay. For instance, a step-by-step guide will always be written chronologically, from the first to the final step.  Let’s take a look at an example of a body paragraph for an expository essay.

• Topic sentence
• Explanation
• Transition statement

During the Victorian era, the social hierarchy was rigid, with the aristocracy and landed gentry holding most of the power, wealth, and privilege . Shockingly, the upper class comprised only 0.7% of the population, yet dominated England’s resources and politics. Meanwhile, the working class, who made up the majority of society, faced harsh living and working conditions and had limited opportunities for upward mobility. Working-class men in industrial cities had an average life expectancy of just 16 years. Despite these challenges, the Victorian era also saw a growing movement towards social reform, such as the National Health Service and Factory Act, aimed at improving the working class’s quality of life. Although the oppressive social hierarchy was highly apparent, the Victorian era represented a time of progress and change in England for many.

3. Conclusion

The purpose of the conclusion is to tie up loose ends and to provide a short summary of your essay. End your essay with a strong, meaningful statement that leaves a lasting impression. This helps reinforce the significance of your thesis statement to the reader.

The conclusion should introduce no new information but rather focus on the broader impact and applications of your topic and central idea. Here’s an example of a concluding paragraph for an expository essay.

• Updated thesis statement
• Brief overview
• Concluding statement

The Victorian era brought about significant changes in society, culture, and technology, including the rise of the middle class, the expansion of the British Empire, the emergence of new literary and artistic movements, and the advancement of science and technology. Despite its flaws, it laid the foundation for modern society and continues to impact contemporary culture. This essay explored the Victorian era’s impact on literature, social norms, and technological advancements, providing a comprehensive overview of this era’s influence on society and culture. Overall, the Victorian era’s legacy continues to shape our world today.

Now that we’re familiar with the structure of an expository essay, let’s understand how to write it.

How to write an expository essay  

Although an essay is a highly versatile piece of writing, it follows the same basic steps. This involves choosing a relevant topic, crafting a clear thesis statement, creating a structured outline, and writing and revising your essay. Here are some simple steps to write an expository essay.

1. Choose an appropriate topic

An expository essay is based on accurate facts and information, so it makes sense to choose a topic you’re already familiar with. This will not only make the research process much easier but will also help you approach your topic in depth.

2. Craft the thesis statement

Create an interesting and succinct thesis statement that you can expound on. A thesis statement that is both intriguing and clear creates a strong foundation for your essay.

3. Create an essay outline

You can better understand how to structure your expository essay by constructing an outline.

An outline not only provides flow to your essay but also serves as a base to fall back on when in doubt. It is created by constructing relevant topic sentences that support your thesis statement and arranging them in a logical order. 

4. Write the first draft

Once you have created the outline, the next step is to flesh it out and start writing your essay. Make sure that you use reliable sources of information and accurately cite them during your writing process.

5. Revise and proofread 

After the first draft of your essay is complete, make sure to proofread it and revise any structural, grammatical, or factual inconsistencies. If you have the option, it always helps to hire essay editing services that can handle this crucial task for you.

Expository essay outline 

Before embarking on your essay writing journey, make sure that you have a solid base to fall back on. This can be done by creating a comprehensive expository essay outline with a detailed thesis statement, relevant topic sentences, and supporting bits of information. 

Here’s an example of an expository essay outline on the impact of the wheel on modern-day technology: 

The Impact of the Wheel on Modern-Day Technology

I. Introduction

A. Hook: An interesting fact or a historical anecdote about the invention of the wheel

B. Context: The significance of the wheel in ancient times

C. Thesis statement: The wheel has been a crucial invention that has influenced modern-day technology in various fields.

II. History and Evolution of the Wheel

A. Origin and early uses of the wheel

B. Development of the wheel and axle

C. Role of the wheel in ancient civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, China, and Egypt

D. The role of the wheel in the Industrial Revolution

III. The Influence of the Wheel on Transportation Technology

A. The invention of the modern-day car and its components

B. The development of airplanes and trains

C. The influence of the wheel on space exploration

IV. The Influence of the Wheel on Manufacturing Technology

A. The role of wheels and conveyors in modern factories

B. The use of wheels in heavy machinery and equipment

C. The influence of the wheel in assembly line production

V. The Influence of the Wheel on Everyday Technology

A. The role of the wheel in household appliances and gadgets

B. The use of wheels in sporting equipment and toys

C. The influence of the wheel on modern-day robotics

VI. Conclusion

A. Restate thesis statement

B. Summarize the main points of the essay

C. Final thoughts: The significance of the wheel on modern-day technology

D. Call to action or recommendation for further research or action

Expository essay example

To help you in your writing process, we’ve provided a comprehensive expository essay example. It discusses the impact of Shakespeare’s work on modern-day literature. This expository essay sample deviates from the original five-paragraph structure and consists of an introductory paragraph, four body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph.

Influence of Shakespeare on Modern-Day Literature

William Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the greatest playwrights in the history of English literature. His works have had a significant influence on modern-day literature, and his plays continue to be performed and adapted into various forms, including films, television shows, and novels. In this essay, we will explore the influence of Shakespeare on modern-day literature.

Shakespeare’s influence on the English language cannot be overstated. He is credited with the invention of over 1,700 words and phrases, including “eyeball,” “fashionable,” “addiction,” and “bedazzled,” to name a few. His writing style, characterized by poetic language, rich imagery, and powerful themes, has inspired countless writers and poets over the centuries. Many writers have attempted to imitate his style or use his works as a reference for their writing.

Moreover, Shakespeare’s plays, which were written over 400 years ago, still resonate with audiences today. His exploration of universal themes such as love, jealousy, power, and ambition, continues to captivate readers and audiences worldwide. The characters in his plays, such as Romeo and Juliet , Hamlet , Macbeth , and Othello , are iconic and have become part of our cultural heritage.

As a result, today’s media and entertainment have been heavily influenced by Shakespeare’s works. Many writers have adapted his plays into modern settings, retelling the stories in contemporary contexts. For example, the musical West Side Story , which is based on Romeo and Juliet , is set in 1950s New York City, while the film 10 Things I Hate About You is a modern retelling of The Taming of the Shrew .

Shakespeare’s influence is not only evident in media but also in the language and themes used in modern literature. His exploration of human nature and the human condition has inspired many writers to delve deeper into the human psyche, exploring complex emotions and motivations. His use of metaphors, symbolism, and imagery has become a hallmark of literary writing, inspiring many writers to use similar techniques in their works.

In conclusion, William Shakespeare’s influence on modern-day literature cannot be overstated. His works continue to be read and performed, inspiring writers and artists around the world. His use of language, themes, and characters has become part of our cultural heritage and continues to shape how we view the world. Shakespeare’s impact on modern-day literature is a testament to his enduring legacy as one of the greatest writers of all time.

Now that you have clarity about expository essays, you can use this information to write expository essays. As providers of essay editing services , we realize that you may also have doubts about other types of essays like narrative essays, argumentative essays, and more.

Keep reading with more resources from your loyal editors and proofreaders:

• Narrative Essay | Step-by-Step Guide with Examples
• 8 Types of Essays | Quick Summary with Examples
• How to Write an Essay in 8 Simple Steps (Examples Included)
• What Is an Essay? Structure, Parts, and Types
• How to Write an Argumentative Essay with Examples

Frequently Asked Questions

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How to Write an Expository Essay

4-minute read

• 29th March 2020

An expository essay explains something. This means investigating an idea, looking at evidence, coming to a conclusion, and explaining your thinking. But how do you write a strong expository essay? Our top tips include:

• Read the essay prompt carefully and using it to guide your research.
• Come up with a thesis statement (i.e., a position that you’ll explain).
• Plan the structure of your essay before you start writing.
• Once you have a first draft, revise and proofread to make sure it is perfect.

For more advice on how this works, check out the guide below.

1. Read Your Essay Prompt

Most expository essay prompts will ask you to do one of the following:

• Define and explain a concept or theory.
• Compare and contrast two ideas.
• Examine a problem and propose a solution.
• Describe a cause and effect relationship.
• Explain a step-by-step process.
• Analyze a broad subject and classify examples into groups.

When you’ve been set an expository assignment, then, check the prompt or question carefully. You can use the phrasing to guide your research. You may also need to select a topic to write about. If so, try to think of something:

• You already know at least something about.
• You find interesting enough to research.
• That fits with the instructions in the essay prompt (e.g., if you’ve been asked to contrast two things, you’ll need a topic that allows for a comparison).
• That is narrow enough to discuss in one essay.

Start by brainstorming topics, then narrow it down to one or two ideas.

2. Come Up with a Thesis Statement

Once you have a topic, you’ll need to do some research and develop a thesis statement. This is the proposition or position that you’ll explain in your essay.

Your thesis statement should be something you can back up with evidence and facts, as well as something that answers the question in your essay prompt. Keep in mind, too, that an expository essay should present a balanced account of the facts available, not personal opinions. For instance, we’ve come up with thesis statements for a few example essay prompts:

When you’ve selected a thesis, make sure you’ve got evidence to back it up! This may mean doing a little more research before you start writing.

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3. Structuring an Expository Essay

The exact length and content of your essay will depend on the topic and prompt. However, most expository essays follow a similar basic structure:

• Introduction – A paragraph where you introduce the essay topic and your thesis statement (i.e., the issue or idea you will explain in the essay).
• Main Body – A series of short paragraphs in which you explain your thesis statement, providing evidence and arguments to support each point.
• Conclusion – A final paragraph where you restate your thesis and how your evidence supports this. Try not to introduce any new information here (if it’s important, it should go in the main body).
• References – If required, include a bibliography of sources you’ve used.

Before you start writing, then, create an essay outline with the structure above in mind and plan what each paragraph will say.

4. Editing and Proofreading

When you have a first draft, take a break and re-read it. Now comes the redrafting ! This is where you go back over your essay and look for areas to improve. Do you provide enough evidence? Is your argument clear? Even a few tweaks may increase your mark, so make sure to redraft at least once!

Finally, make sure to have your essay proofread before you submit it for marking. This will ensure your writing is error free and easy to read, giving you an even better chance of getting the grades you deserve.

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The Purpose of Illustration in Writing

To illustrate means to show or demonstrate something clearly. An effective illustration essay  clearly demonstrates and supports a point through the use of evidence.

As you learned in  Chapter 3: Putting Ideas into Your Own Words and Paragraphs , the controlling idea of an essay is called a  thesis . A writer can use different types of evidence to support his or her thesis. Using scientific studies, experts in a particular field, statistics, historical events, current events, analogies, and personal anecdotes are all ways in which a writer can illustrate a thesis. Ultimately, you want the evidence to help the reader “see” your point, as one would see a good illustration in a magazine or on a website. The stronger your evidence is, the more clearly the reader will consider your point.

Using evidence effectively can be challenging, though. The evidence you choose will usually depend on your subject and who your reader is (your audience). When writing an illustration essay, keep in mind the following:

• Use evidence that is appropriate to your topic as well as to your audience.
• Assess how much evidence you need to adequately explain your point depending on the complexity of the subject and the knowledge your audience has of the subject.

For example, if you were writing about a new kind of communication software and your audience was a group of English major undergrads, you might want to use an analogy or a personal story to illustrate how the software worked. You might also choose to add a few more pieces of evidence to make sure the audience understands your point. However, if you were writing about the same subject and your audience was information technology (IT) specialists, you would likely use more technical evidence because they would be familiar with the subject. Keeping in mind your subject in relation to your audience will increase your chances of effectively illustrating your point.

The Structure of an Illustration Essay

The controlling idea, or thesis, belongs at the beginning of the essay . Evidence is then presented in the essay’s body sections/paragraphs to support the thesis. You can start supporting your main point with your strongest evidence first, or you can start with evidence of lesser importance and have the essay build to increasingly stronger evidence. You will learn about this type of organization— order of importance —in  Chapter 5 : Putting the Pieces Together with a Thesis .

The time transition words listed in Section 4.2 Narration, Transition Words and Phrases for Expressing Time  are also helpful in ordering the presentation of evidence. Words like first, second, third, currently, next , and  finally all help orient the reader and sequence evidence clearly. Because an illustration essay uses so many examples, it is also helpful to have a list of words and phrases to present each piece of evidence; see the list below.

Phrases of Illustration

• case in point
• for example
• for instance
• in particular
• in this case
• one example
• another example
• specifically
• to illustrate

Writing at Work

In the workplace, it is often helpful to keep the phrases of illustration in mind and incorporate them whenever you can. Whether you are writing directives that colleagues will have to follow or requesting a new product or service from another company, making a conscious effort to incorporate a phrase of illustration will force you to provide examples of what you mean.

Writing an Illustration Essay

First, choose a topic you are interested in. Then create an interesting introduction to engage the reader. The main point, or thesis, should be stated at the end of the introduction. Gather evidence that is appropriate to both your subject and your audience. You can order the evidence in terms of importance, either from least important to most important or from most important to least important. Be sure to fully explain all your examples using strong, clear supporting details. See  Appendix 1: Readings: Examples of Essays  to read a sample illustration essay.

Self-Practice Exercise 4.2

H5P: Illustration Writing Practice

Thesis Statement

Choose a topic from this list (or choose something you might prefer to write about more!) and think about what you might like to illustrate about this topic:

Draft a thesis for your illustration essay. A thesis for an illustration-style expository essay about raising children, for example, would need to make a claim (state an opinion) and suggest how the illustrations will help to support that claim. It might be something like, “Overly permissive or unregulated parenting is troubling for children and their caregivers, as several infamous examples can attest.” The claim is clear here — our author opposes permissive parenting. This essay would then go on to illustrate examples that support the argument that permissive parenting is bad for children.

Take a run at drafting your own thesis statement.

Supporting Details

• What examples will you use to illustrate this claim for your reader? Try to identify at least three.
• Consider your options for organizing your illustration-style expository essay. How will you order your points?

Key Takeaways

• An illustration essay clearly explains a main point using evidence.
• When choosing evidence, always gauge whether the evidence is appropriate for the subject as well as the audience.
• Organize the evidence in terms of importance, either from least important to most important or from most important to least important.
• Use time transitions to order evidence.
• Use phrases of illustration to call out examples.

ENGL Resources Copyright © by Tara Horkoff. All Rights Reserved.

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