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Effects of Computers Essay Examples

Tech's double-edged sword: examining its benefits and pitfalls.

Technology: Beneficial or Unlucky? In positive and negative effects of technology essay this question has been answered.  Imagine living in a world where computers, cell phones any electrical devices, take over your life. Can’t even think for oneself, couldn’t talk to friends or family. Life...

The Benefits of Unplugging: a Day Without Technology

Today, technology is used around the clock. It is part of our daily life. When we wake up, we pick up our phones or gadgets to check the time and even to clean our house. We use technology to make life easier for us. Most...

Importance of Computer in Our Daily Life: the Side of Education

Computer devices have become integrated part of our daily lives. They are used instead of traditional methods to help increase student’s cognitive ability. This is an “Importance of Computer in Our Daily Life” essay and its purpose is to discuss the impact of using computer...

Computer Evolution: from Room-sized to Pocket-sized

One of the greatest accomplishments in human kind history is the evolution of computers that have become the backbone of modern day life yet it was not the case about 60 years ago. In evolution of computers essay this topic will be revealed by the...

Analysis of the Use of Computer Based Test (cbt) of Toefl

The use of computers has become an important part of the learning process in the classroom and outside the classroom. Each language class usually uses a computer to teach or do problems. A computer is a tool to facilitate learning in English language testing usually...

The Way Artificial Intelligence Will Change the World

What is Artificial Intelligence and how it is changing the world? In AI will change the world by essay I want to share how beneficial Artificial Intelligence is for nowadays world. Artificial intelligence as the name suggests that creating intelligence artificially. Artificial intelligence is a...

Arguments About Why Video Games Don't Cause Violence

There have been several mass shootings in recent years and many people are blaming these atrocities on video games. This video games don't cause violence essay is going to dive into the minds of some of the shooters and redeem the reputation of video games....

What Are Effects of Computers on an Individual and Society

There are many negative impacts that computers have on both society and human beings. According to Ed Grabianowski, relationships begin to wither as individuals stops attending social gatherings, skips meetings with friends and avoids family members to get more computer time. This shows the negative...

PC History, Innovation, and Components

Personal Computers have been around since about 1975, however much earlier versions of computers were invented in the 1930’s. These earlier versions marked the way for the invention of the Personal Computer. The first PC was given the name MITS Altair 8800. Since the invention...

The Effect of Ipads on Toddlers

Continuity and change are integral, they both refer to the new innovations and life changes that might be affected by technology, westernisation, and globalisation. Before establishing technology, parents used to put so much effort into looking after their toddlers and follow every step they would...

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Essay on Importance of Computer in our life, Uses of Computer in various field

Importance of computer in our life | importance of computer in student life and uses of computer in various fields.

By Sathyavathi

Essay on the importance of Computers in our life – Computers have become an inevitable part of human life. We cannot overlook the importance of computers in education with the launch of so many education portals and apps which have made it necessary to use computers in education .

In this essay on the importance of computers in our life , students can get the use of computers in education , uses of computers in different fields like defense, medicine, business, entertainment, communication, and what is the importance of computers in today’s world . We have also compiled the importance of computers in points .

In case you have to write the 5 uses of computers , you can take help from this essay on computers . Also, any question based on the 10 points on the importance of computers can be easily answered once you have read this essay. So, let us check out this helpful essay on the importance of computers .

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We live in a world where Alexa plays the music in the living room, and Siri sets the alarm on the phone. Not far is the day when most of us will have robots in our homes, loading the dishwasher and assembling our furniture. We already have drones, and experiments on driverless cars are going on.

Computers are vital in the communication and transportation industries. They control our satellites and traffic signals. Through Big data and analytics, companies make business decisions.

Technologies like Artificial Intelligence , Machine Learning , and IoT (Internet of Things) could bring a sea of changes in our daily lives. A range of industries right from agriculture, textiles to our defense field is highly dependent on computer technology. There does not exist a sector, which is untouched by the magic of computers.

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If we acknowledge that our mobile phones are computers-based, then our life is not imaginable without them. Can we survive without phone calls and text messages?

Our gas bills, bank payments, groceries, meals, clothes, and all basic needs are met via a smartphone. So, let us now look in detail the role of computers in various fields:

• Uses of Computers in Education
• Uses of Computers in Defence
• Uses of Computers in Medicine
• Uses of Computers in Businesses
• Uses of Computers in Services
• Uses of Computers in communication
• Uses of Computers in Entertainment
• Let us see the main points on the importance of computers

  Uses of Computers in Education

Computers, smartphones, and cheap internet data packs have revolutionized the field of education. A data-enabled mobile phone opens the door to vast resources.

Online learning and distance education has changed the fortunes of many. The curiosity to learn and diligent efforts are sufficient to succeed. High-quality, world-class courses are available at affordable rates through MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) from top-notch universities. The software programs are better than print media in presenting the subject to the students.

In this way, they are more interested in learning and take the initiative to know further. It increases the quality of education that people receive. Moreover, computers have vast storage spaces, and the durability of the study material is also high.

In specific fields like architecture and mechanical engineering, there is a paradigm shift in pedagogy. They learn and use software technologies like CAD and CAM (computer-aided design and manufacturing).

  Top   Uses of Computers in Defence

We know that the word ‘computer’ comes from compute and thus, they were mostly computing devices. The first computer was for the military, and the U.S. Army used it for calculating artillery firing tables.

Today, computers are used in tanks, planes, and ships to target enemy forces. They play a vital role in providing training and simulations to soldiers. They are essential to safeguard the confidential activities of the defense forces.

  Top   Uses of Computers in Medicine

Modern healthcare would become void without these wonderful machines. The hospitals require computers in all stages of treatment right from diagnosis to surgery. The advanced scans such as MRI and CT (Computerized Axial Tomography) scans help you detect life-threatening conditions.

The entire department of radiology is dependent on these electronic machines. Then we have fitness trackers and ECG bands that could warn you of imminent heart ailments and strokes.

Our doctors perform robotic surgeries by looking at a monitor. We are moving towards a time when we can swallow the computing devices in the form of a pill to get accurate images of the internal organs like the intestines.

  Top  

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  Uses of Computers in Businesses

The business communities are always quick in adapting to the latest technologies. Today, even in small shops, electronic book-keeping and PoS( Point-of-Sale) machines are indispensable. The supermarkets have computerized inventory management systems and barcode readers.

The factories have numerous automated manufacturing processes and software packages for sales, payrolls, and logistics are readily available in the market. Moreover, we have live access to global financial markets round the clock through the internet.

We should also remember that the flourishing E-commerce industry owes its existence to the internet and mobile technologies.

  Top   Uses of Computers in Services

The data-processing and storage facility has made life more comfortable. Automation of billing, book-keeping, and security services are due to smart devices. The Information Technology sector thrives on the quick, reliable services it provides. The concept of standing in queues for paying the electricity bills and taxes is no more in practice.

Banking is highly sophisticated due to the enhancement of data storage and retrieval technologies. ATMs, digital payments, and cashless transactions are changing the way we deal with money. Security and authentication services also are going through a sea of changes because of biometric identifications.

The use of computers in weather forecasting and disaster prediction and management is beneficial for people. It prevents loss of life and material. It is useful for farmers and tourists.

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  Uses of Computers in communication

The way we communicate today is primarily due to the rapid developments in computer and internet technologies. We can control the satellites, traffic signals, locate trains, etc. from remote places. The GPS (Global Positioning System) has a myriad of applications in life.

We use Google Maps to get directions on our way, we can share our lives travel routes with the family, and we can also check the arrival of our food orders through services like zomato and Swiggy.

Instant messages, social media, video conferences, and Skype meetings attribute their existence to advanced communication systems. Emails are not for sending and receiving messages alone; companies use them as marketing tools.

  Top   Uses of Computers in Entertainment

The entertainment industry has become highly versatile due to advancements in file processing and internet technologies. Live- streaming of videos, downloading music, and advanced video games give recreation facilities at the click of a mouse.

The internet stage has also become an open venue for many amateur artists. It helps the industry people to identify and recognize raw talents. It brings in a kind of transparency in the system. People are more willing to take up music, dance, and acting as mainstream professions.

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  Let us see the main points on the importance of computers-

Online application process – Nowadays, the application process for almost everything – admissions to courses, job recruitments, passport, etc are done through computers. So, everyone needs a computer at one or the other point of time.

Communication – these days all type of important communication is done through emails for which one needs either a computer or a smartphone.

Education – some of the best facilities for education can be availed online at the comfort of sitting at home. Students can download educational apps and enrol for online classes and webinars too.

Defence – Computers are used extensively in defence forces for targeting weapons and finding locations.

Business – E-Commerce has changed the way businesses work. Consumers have adopted the system of buying online. Sellers like Amazon and services like Zomato have made e-commerce a daily thing for us.

Healthcare – the most advanced healthcare facilities like scans and various treatments have been made possible by the latest technologies in computers.

News – People stay updated with the latest news which is provided to us instantly through online resources.

• We can see our favorite movies and serials at any time of the day with the help of computers.
• Readers can avail e-books and free downloadable editions of their favorite books through online resources.
• We can talk to our friends, family, and colleagues located in any part of the world through computers with the help of Skype and Whatsapp.

We can conclude that computers which were simple machines aimed at storing and transferring data are becoming an integral part of our lives. They are not limited to banks or military operations.

These modern machines permeate our home, work, and even entertainment. It has changed the way many industries operate. For example, travelers no longer need guides, the booking process is mostly online, and people are ready to take the path less known.

We want our farmers to become modern and tap the potential of the internet to get weather updates, seed availability, and market prices.

But, these advancements have their flip side too. People tend to have health issues because of long sitting hours, constant staring at the screen, and ensuing lethargy. For youngsters, social media addiction and virtual highs seem to be a complete menace.

It is in our onus that we take the pluses of the computers alone. In the race for catching up with the latest technology that is changing in the blink of the eye, let us not forget our roots.

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Effects of Computer Programming and Technology on Human Behavior Essay

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Technology and Communication

Technology and information/education, technology and lifestyle, works cited.

The continued use of computers in our everyday life is beginning to alter how we as humans behave. For instance, “multitasking, output and efficiency” (Ullman 2) concepts that ideally just work for machines are slowly defining “human thought and imagination” (Ullman 2).

Computers have a way of actively engaging an individual or seeking their attention when they are about their businesses by either popping up messages on the desktop about “unused icons on your desktop” (Ullman 1) or aid you in writing a document with software like “Clippit” (Ullman 1).

The concept of multitasking “introduced in 1960’s, was an engineering strategy for making computers more efficient” (Ullman 1) and it achieved this by switching “its attention to some other task” (Ullman 1) while waiting for the next human input when being used.

It is only natural for humans to want to adapt this type of efficiency after “years of working in an environment where efficiency is a god and idleness in any component is intolerable” (Ullman 2) by keeping themselves “as busy as possible” and focusing on different things at the same time (Ullman 2).

For instance, we can “drive, eat, talk on the cell phone” simultaneously in an attempt to be efficient; “the ability to multitask, to switch rapidly among many competing focuses of attention, has become a hallmark of a successful citizen of the 21 st century” (Ullman 1). With its continuous advancements, modern technology will continue having an impact especially in the areas of communication, information and lifestyle.

Communication has never been faster or even more instant with the day to day use of both phones and computers. Phones transitioned from the basic feature phones people used to own for the sole purpose of calling and texting, to smart phones that have amazing capabilities and have adapted the concepts of computers. In his article, Mobile Telephone History, Tim Farley exhaustively discussed the development of these devices.

These devices have brought unique changes (Farley 1). Firstly, mobile phones, whether the smart phones or otherwise, provide an avenue for communication among people of different geographic locations, making distance no obstacle. Software like Skype, enable voice or video calls over the internet and this links friends and families in different continents whether using phones or computers. Secondly, communication has also become instant since one is able to get immediate feedback without delays.

Email services have facilitated efficient communication between employers and employees, students and lecturers, in comparison to letter writing which as compared to previous times would take much longer. Thirdly, all these devices have reduced face to face/personal interaction since communication is hugely done using these avenues. This is definitely a negative effect in as much as communication has been enhanced by modern technology.

Modern technology has in effect enhanced our accessibility to information, whether it is about general world news or completing our research projects for school work. In terms of education: students are able to have online discussion forums, do extensive researches and currently there are even online courses which are available for those who cannot attend classes (this is a milestone since conventionally, classrooms were the only forums of learning).

Thomas highlighted some negativity to this form of education. He claimed that although “online discussion forums can be effective in developing student’s knowledge…they do not allow for social construction between students” (Thomas 1).

Another commendable result of modern technology is its ability to make the globe small, i.e. when it comes to television; people in various places can all be streaming live news coverage in a totally different location from the viewers. This means that information is widespread and covers a larger span in the shortest time possible.

Technology has also enabled news and other events watched on television to be streamed live using computers connected to the internet. Other than education and information, in recent times there have been social networks like facebook, tweeter, among others which the young generation has particularly embraced as a form of disbursing information. Much of the rapid spread of news, information and even learning material owe it to technology for providing easy instant access to such.

Our lifestyles have been transformed by advancing technology. Life can definitely be said to have become easier in more ways than one. First change that is undeniably notable is in the house environment.

People own microwaves, dishwashers, washing machines, driers, vacuum cleaners etc, all in an attempt to ease the work they need to do. Secondly, the transport industry cannot be said to have been left behind in this technology. Buses, planes trains and trams, all characterize how we are networking the different geographic locations in order that efficient mobility is achieved.

Lastly, the work environment is also not spared for there are different machines and devices that have been adapted to improve productivity and enhance efficiency. Robots are also gaining popularity in such forums since they can do the extra work humans allocate them. With all this in mind, as much as our lifestyle is improving by reducing the amount of work we do, caution need to be taken that individuals do not resort to laziness with the excuse that machines will do the work for them.

Farley, Tom. Mobile Telephone History . Cems, 2005. Web.

Thomas, Matthew. The Impacts of technology on communication- mapping the limits of online discussion forums. Impact of Technology, 2000. Web.

Ullman, Ellen. “ The Boss in the Machine .” New York Times, 2005. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2018, October 12). Effects of Computer Programming and Technology on Human Behavior. https://ivypanda.com/essays/effects-of-computer-programming-technology-on-human-behavior/

"Effects of Computer Programming and Technology on Human Behavior." IvyPanda , 12 Oct. 2018, ivypanda.com/essays/effects-of-computer-programming-technology-on-human-behavior/.

IvyPanda . (2018) 'Effects of Computer Programming and Technology on Human Behavior'. 12 October.

IvyPanda . 2018. "Effects of Computer Programming and Technology on Human Behavior." October 12, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/effects-of-computer-programming-technology-on-human-behavior/.

1. IvyPanda . "Effects of Computer Programming and Technology on Human Behavior." October 12, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/effects-of-computer-programming-technology-on-human-behavior/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Effects of Computer Programming and Technology on Human Behavior." October 12, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/effects-of-computer-programming-technology-on-human-behavior/.

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• PTE Sample Essay 19 – The Use of Computer

Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on your children. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. 

Technology, for the past few decades, has been the driving force behind mankind’s progress by leaps and bounds in almost every field. Technology, along with the information which it brings, has become an integral part of not only adults but children are also becoming avid users of computers, handheld devices and other gadgets. Although the new generation is becoming more aware of day to day happenings, access of everything brings divergent results as well.

Firstly, abuse of computers by youngsters has led them to waste their time on needless tasks rather than using computers in an efficient way. Facebook and other social media sites have played a devastating role in harming the overall working of an effective society. Children now like to spend hours of their precious time posting and reading useless material. They have access to every kind of information, which is causing children to view restricted content as well.

Secondly and more importantly, computers have barred children from engaging in physical activity as well. Children now prefer to limit themselves in their rooms and want to be lost in the fantasies of the online world. This leads children to be ostracized from today’s social happenings and is turning them into social outliers. I know many of my friends who play games, engage in digital social gatherings and wasting their useful time in mind numbing activities

Changes, in fact mind boggling ones, are taking place at societal level, where the balance of a child’s growth is being seriously challenged. This can be averted through proper control and dedication of parents towards their children. Useful things can become detrimental if employed at a wrong stage.

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Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects

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Some people believe that children of all ages should have an extra responsibilities (for example helping at home or at work). Others believe that, outside of school, children should be free to enjoy life.

In many developing countries, there is a problem with declining quality of air and water from both industry and construction. what measures could be taken to prevent this, some people say that violence in the media promotes violence in society. to what extent do you agree or disagree with this view give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. write at least 250 words., some think newspapers are the best method for reading the news while others think other media is better. discuss both sides and give your own opinion, the money spent by goverments on space programmes would be better spent on vital public services such as schools and hospitals. to what extent do you agree or disagree.

The Impact of Computer Use on Children's and Adolescents' Development

• February 2001
• Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 22(1):7-30
• This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.

• University of California, Los Angeles

• Carnegie Mellon University

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Can Computers Create? A Short History of Mechanized Artistic Ambition

Mark graham, callum cant and james muldoon consider the creative possibilities and limits of artificial intelligence.

AI may be able to perform some routine tasks traditionally done by creative professionals, but could AI possess genuine creativity? Two of the great thinkers of AI disagreed on this very question. Ada Lovelace was an English mathematician and writer of the nineteenth century who was one of the first to recognize the importance of Charles Babbage’s machine, the Analytical Engine, often considered the first computer. She believed the machine capable of a great many things, but ultimately incapable of independent learning.

Because computers merely executed commands, she considered that any creativity should be attributed to programmers: “The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.” For Lovelace, the real limitation of machines was their inability to come up with something new outside of their programming. They merely executed tasks designed by their programmers.

Alan Turing, who many consider the father of modern artificial intelligence, considered that computers could in fact surprise us, particularly where the consequences of certain states of affairs were not immediately recognizable to humans. Turing believed that a machine could be said to exhibit intelligent behavior if it could pass what he called “the imitation game,” which is now better known as the Turing test. In a paper published in 1950, Turing proposed that if a human evaluator had a text-only conversation with a machine and could not reliably distinguish it from a real human then the machine would pass the test. The purpose of the Turing test was to develop an alternative to the more ambiguous and potentially unanswerable question of “can computers think?”

The problem with the alternative formulation is that passing the test turns on whether a programmer can trick a test subject. The emphasis is on the process of deception rather than the capacity of the machine or the value of its outputs. For example, a chatbot called Eugene Goostman developed in Saint Petersburg in 2001 by three programmers is often considered the first to have passed the Turing test. Goostman was introduced to participants of the study as a thirteen-year-old Ukrainian boy, a background intended to excuse his poor language skills and lack of general knowledge. So when the chatbot responded to questions with strange non sequitur and nonsense answers, participants may have been encouraged to overlook these, potentially undermining the validity of the results. The imitation game simply encourages tricksters.

In the early 2000s, Professor of Computer Science Selmer Bringsjord and his team saw this problem and attempted to develop an alternative test. They wanted to verify whether AI could exercise human-like creativity, developing a new formulation which they named the Lovelace test. The researchers proposed that AI could be said to be creative if its programmers could not account for how it produced an output. The point was to insist on a certain epistemic relationship between a human programmer and a system that produced outputs. In other words, did the programmer know how the machine did it?

And yet this alternative also proves unable to test whether a computer exercises genuine creativity. There are two main issues. The first is that computers may be able to produce outputs that their programmers cannot account for but which might still be entirely lacking in worth or value. To focus exclusively on the epistemic relationship is to ignore the quality of what is being produced. For a computer to be counted as creative or intelligent its creative outputs must have artistic value for people and add something new to the world. Programmers of the current generation of chatbots already cannot account for certain outputs, particularly when they are led down hallucinatory paths.

But we wouldn’t count unintelligible outputs as instances of creative flair. The second problem cuts in the other direction: the test is too restrictive. Given enough time, developers of a program should be able to offer an account of the underlying reasons why it has been able to perform certain actions. The real question is not whether we can understand it, but whether it has produced something new that could be described as a valuable and creative work.

A better test, and one we hope still captures the original spirit of the Lovelace test, is what we call the Creativity Test. An artificial agent or system could be said to exercise genuine creativity if it can produce an output that originates something new that is judged as valuable by human observers. There are two elements to this test. The first is Lovelace’s originating principle. Even if elements of a computer’s output are present in its training data, its product must contain an original element that can be considered a novel contribution provided by the process undertaken by the computer.

Secondly, this creative act must have value as an artistic creation. This is not to say that it must fetch a high price on the art market or that it must command universal adoration from critics, but there must be some sense in which its outputs are considered worthwhile by a human community. On both elements, there is a degree of subjectivity involved in any assessment, but we see this as unavoidable for any creativity test. Ultimately, the subjectivity of the test makes it difficult to use as a measurement tool for scoring specific creative systems. It is rather intended as a thought experiment to help us understand the important elements involved in whether an AI system could be said to exercise creativity.

To determine how close AI currently comes to passing the Creativity Test, let us first consider how AI outputs could be compared to human creativity. The field of computational creativity is focused on modeling and understanding creativity using computers. One of its objectives is to see if a computer could be capable of achieving human-level creativity. It is widely considered that humans possess a spontaneous capacity for innovation. We can come up with new ideas, insights and creative ways of understanding and representing our world. This creativity relies on a combination of bursts of insight and long periods of hard work developing our skills, often in conversation with others.

On the one hand, artists commonly describe some of their best work coming to them as a flash of brilliance. Many ancient philosophers used to attribute artistic greatness to divine inspiration. In Plato’s early dialogue Ion , for example, he presents poetry as a result of divine madness, a form of truth revealed through the poet as a prophet of the gods. One version or another of this view still holds sway in modern times. Paul McCartney described waking up one day with a song playing in his head which he assumed must have been written by somebody else. After asking others if they had ever heard it before he stated, “eventually it became like handing something in to the police. I thought if no one claimed it after a few weeks then I could have it.” German polymath Johann Wolfgang von Goethe contemplated how to write The Sorrows of Young Werther for two years until suddenly it came to him: “at that instant, the plan of Werther was found; the whole shot together from all directions, and became a solid mass, as the water in a vase, which is just at the freezing point, is changed by the slightest concussion into ice.” Many of us could recount such experiences where ideas simply appeared to us.

On the other hand, such bursts of creativity could not be translated into great works of art without a long process of training and development. It is unlikely that had McCartney not received music lessons, played multiple instruments from an early age, and been among other creative minds, he would have written such transformative music. Many artistic breakthroughs that fundamentally change how a discipline operates are based on a thorough understanding and familiarity with a corpus of existing works. Creativity may appear to be a spontaneous activity, but the actual practice of creation often requires long stretches of artists honing their skills and messy periods of trial and error.

It is also important to note that there are many aspects of human thinking and creativity that could be described as algorithmic. The process through which we learn new skills is often rule-following and based on repetition and reinforcement. Many ideas that one might want to describe as innovation are often forms of imitation with subtle differences that distinguish them from that which has been copied.

While it is debatable whether AI has truly originated a new idea, it is clear that it can do more than that which Ada Lovelace thought possible. Deep artificial neural networks enable computers to generate far more surprising outputs from their input data than simple processes of command and execution. Contemporary approaches to machine learning allow computers to mimic the process of a child learning new patterns. One type of computer program that has surprised its creators is the modern chess engine, particularly those that use neural networks and reinforcement learning to master the game. An engine called AlphaZero, developed by Google DeepMind, became one of the strongest programs through a novel technique: rather than learning from previous games of grandmasters, AlphaZero developers only taught the program the rules of the game and nothing else, allowing it to play itself millions of times with the goal of achieving a better position until it attained superhuman performance.

As a result of this style of reinforcement learning, the engine discovered new moves that had never been played by humans, appearing completely counterintuitive based on how a human would play the game. While primarily based on logical calculations, chess has an aesthetic quality in which discovering certain moves relies on a strong imaginative capacity. Russian grandmaster Mikhail Botvinnik thought “chess is the art which expresses the science of logic.” In this game and others, AI has proved itself capable of generating beautiful moves that surprised its creators and masters of the game. Some would argue that on our Creativity Test, a chess engine could be said to have passed. These engines have produced new ways of understanding the game considered valuable contributions at the highest level of play. Yet the objection could still be made: an innovative move in a rulebound game is one thing, but what about a genuinely spontaneous and creative idea?

One thing is certain: AI does not create ex nihilo . AI’s creations are based on its training data, from which it discovers patterns and produces outputs that resemble the data. In 2018, Christie’s auction house announced its intention to sell the first piece of AI-generated art at auction. Edmond de Belamy is a blurry portrait of a man based on a training set of 15,000 portraits from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries. It was produced by French art collective Obvious, based on a type of image generation called generative adversarial networks (GANs), invented by Ian Goodfellow in 2014. While initially estimated at less than $10,000, the painting sold for $432,500 and achieved worldwide media attention for AI’s ability to generate unique artworks practically indistinguishable from human art. GANs work by using two neural networks to generate and then judge the authenticity of an image until the AI can create convincing copies of its dataset. Although everything is ultimately based on its training data, these image generators can combine elements in new ways to produce strikingly original pictures.

The sceptic might still see copying and creating images—even if there is a degree of novelty—as fundamentally a reproductive act and not quite sufficient to pass the Creativity Test. Yes, the painting is new, but ultimately it is simply derivative of the other works in the dataset. But what about a novel? The creator of the Lovelace test, Selmer Bringsjord, stated that if an AI could write a novel that captured his attention and that he found compelling, this would satisfy his criteria. In this field, AI still has some way to go. In 2016, The Day a Computer Wrote a Novel was celebrated as the first AI-generated novel and even passed the first stage of a literary award. However, the team of developers behind the novel imputed a large amount of the guidelines for the program themselves, including the plot line, characters and even key sentences and phrases, amounting to roughly 80 per cent of the novel, according to one of the developers.

Left to its own devices, AI struggles to produce a coherent piece of work. Another AI-generated project, the novel 1 The Road (2018) sought to emulate Jack Kerouac’s On the Road through an American cross-country road trip. Writer and engineer Ross Goodwin drove from New York to New Orleans in a car equipped with a camera, microphone, GPS and a portable AI writing machine in an attempt to reproduce the experience of a road trip with the AI writing as they travelled. Here is the opening line of the novel: “It was nine seventeen in the morning, and the house was heavy.” The results of this exercise were lackluster, with most of the prose appearing nonsensical. However, these obvious limitations of AI for writing novels have not prevented people from using it to produce large quantities of AI-generated books to sell on Amazon, including books written under the names of famous authors without their consent.

Whether or not the Creativity Test could be said to have been passed depends on a domain-specific assessment. There is a strong case, for example, that chess engines have created truly original and valuable moves—if one considers these creative acts. Image generators have also produced outputs with striking quality and originality. AI writing tools, on the other hand, are still much further from passing the test due to the low quality of their outputs and the amount of work that human programmers must inject into the process.

Ultimately, however, many studios in the creative industries are not concerned about whether AI art is genuinely creative or not. If it makes money and passes for a marketable product then it will likely be widely used. Art, too, is a commodity in a capitalist marketplace, and must be viewed from this perspective to understand how studios are likely to respond to new technologies. For the authors’ part, we see glimpses of creativity in certain AI outputs and understand the reasoning of people who want to see these as examples of genuine creative expression. At the same time, we argue there are hard limits to what AI can produce when it comes to genuine works of art.

__________________________________

Excerpted from Feeding the Machine: The Hidden Human Labor Powering A.I. by Mark Graham, Callum Cant and James Muldoon. Copyright © 2024. Available from Bloomsbury Publishing.

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Computer Science > Machine Learning

Title: effect of kernel size on cnn-vision-transformer-based gaze prediction using electroencephalography data.

Abstract: In this paper, we present an algorithm of gaze prediction from Electroencephalography (EEG) data. EEG-based gaze prediction is a new research topic that can serve as an alternative to traditional video-based eye-tracking. Compared to the existing state-of-the-art (SOTA) method, we improved the root mean-squared-error of EEG-based gaze prediction to 53.06 millimeters, while reducing the training time to less than 33% of its original duration. Our source code can be found at this https URL

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The Vacuum Effect of Cloud Radiative Forcing Derived from Dynamo

24 Pages Posted: 10 Aug 2024

University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Lanzhou University

This work shows a vacuum effect transcending from the buoyancy created by cloud radiative heating in the middle to upper troposphere of the tropics after the initiation of deep convection. While the initiation of deep convection is largely driven by heating and moistening at the surface and in the lower troposphere, this vacuum effect pulls the air from the top of the convective tower after convection initiation. This pulling force can intensify convection and extend both its spatial scale and longevity at the efficiency that cannot be achieved by the latent heat release processes alone in our traditional understanding of the development of deep convection in the tropics. This pulling forcing from above has been overlooked in our effort to describe and understand tropical deep convection, especially over warm waters. In this note, this force is illustrated by examples of simulated deep convection in the tropical Indian Ocean during the DYNAMO project and analytic support. The absence of deep convection in the simulation without including this force demonstrates that this vacuum effect/forcing is critical for advancing our understanding of tropical deep convection and their associated processes in a wide range of time and space scales, such as tropical cyclones, the MJO, and monsoons.

Keywords: Cloud radiative heating, buoyancy, deep convection, tropics

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Qi Hu (Contact Author)

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Lanzhou University ( email )

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