We have heard of many hypotheses which have led to great inventions in science. Assumptions that are made on the basis of some evidence are known as hypotheses. In this article, let us learn in detail about the hypothesis and the type of hypothesis with examples.
A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis:
Following are the sources of hypothesis:
There are six forms of hypothesis and they are:
It shows a relationship between one dependent variable and a single independent variable. For example – If you eat more vegetables, you will lose weight faster. Here, eating more vegetables is an independent variable, while losing weight is the dependent variable.
It shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables. Eating more vegetables and fruits leads to weight loss, glowing skin, and reduces the risk of many diseases such as heart disease.
It shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome. The relationship between the variables can also predict its nature. For example- children aged four years eating proper food over a five-year period are having higher IQ levels than children not having a proper meal. This shows the effect and direction of the effect.
It is used when there is no theory involved. It is a statement that a relationship exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.
It provides a statement which is contrary to the hypothesis. It’s a negative statement, and there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables. The symbol is denoted by “H O ”.
Associative hypothesis occurs when there is a change in one variable resulting in a change in the other variable. Whereas, the causal hypothesis proposes a cause and effect interaction between two or more variables.
Following are the examples of hypotheses based on their types:
Following are the functions performed by the hypothesis:
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
What is hypothesis.
A hypothesis is an assumption made based on some evidence.
What are the types of hypothesis.
Types of hypothesis are:
Define complex hypothesis..
A complex hypothesis shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables.
Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Click ‘Start Quiz’ to begin!
Select the correct answer and click on the “Finish” button Check your score and answers at the end of the quiz
Visit BYJU’S for all Physics related queries and study materials
Your result is as below
Request OTP on Voice Call
PHYSICS Related Links | |
Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Post My Comment
Register with byju's & watch live videos.
Greater Good Science Center • Magazine • In Action • In Education
Many of us don’t necessarily have the kind of lives we want. We may not enjoy intimate relationships, jobs that fulfill us, the ideal home, or enough income to do what we want to do.
But do these circumstances dictate our happiness? According to a new study led by René Mõttus of Edinburgh University and the University of Tartu in Estonia, they don’t—at least not exclusively. Instead, our personalities play a significant role in determining how satisfied we are with our life, and changing our circumstances doesn’t really matter as much as we think.
“You can think, Oh, if I get these 10 papers published and I get this promotion, that’ll make things much better , but probably not,” says Mõttus.” You will be happier if something more broadly changes in you.”
In this study, over 21,000 European and British adults (many of them Estonians or ethnic Russians living in Estonia) reported on how satisfied they were in different domains of their lives (like their work, health, relationships, and finances). They also filled out a detailed personality survey that measured several aspects of personality, including the “Big Five” traits or how extroverted (outgoing and energetic), conscientious (efficient and organized), neurotic (sensitive and nervous), agreeable (friendly and compassionate), and open to experience (inventive and curious) they were. And the survey measured other aspects of personality, such as how envious, competitive, loyal, narcissistic, or spiritual someone was.
To get a less biased view of each person’s personality, participants designated someone they knew well to assess their personality traits, too, and the researchers used these to verify self-reports. Ultimately, Mõttus and his team found that people who were less neurotic, more extraverted, and more conscientious tended to be more satisfied with life in all domains, while agreeableness and openness to experience were hardly related to life satisfaction at all.
To Mõttus, these results weren’t too surprising, especially how life satisfaction was higher in people who were less neurotic and more extraverted. But, by looking more granularly into their data, he found that certain specific traits were much more strongly associated with life satisfaction than the Big Five.
For example, people who were risk takers, found it easy to apologize, felt committed to their family, were loyal, respected authority, liked to visit new places, and were working on self-improvement tended to be more satisfied with life, whereas the opposite was true of people who made enemies easily, told lies, often forgot things, and cried easily.
In fact, when they looked at scores on just three of the more nuanced personality factors—how much someone felt understood, excited by life, or able to make decisions easily—they found that these alone predicted life satisfaction with 80% accuracy. Of the three, though, feeling understood was the most strongly predictive of all.
“The single most important thing from which you can recognize somebody with low life satisfaction is if they feel that other people don’t understand them,” says Mõttus. “That’s the thing that really stood out. . . . It was by far the most consistent predictor.”
Does this mean that creating greater understanding between people might increase life satisfaction more widely, then? Maybe feeling understood could help people feel less lonely or isolated.
But given his findings, Mõttus isn’t willing to conclude that. Personality traits tend to be stable over our lifetimes, which is what classifies something as an aspect of personality, and that will likely still influence how people respond to social situations.
“Relationships don’t just happen to people; people choose relationships and work for them. And they can screw up relationships by, for example, constantly going around showing that they feel misunderstood,” he says. So, personality is important to consider, even in our quest for more satisfying relationships.
Though these findings are based on a very large number of people, they don’t necessarily prove that someone’s personality causes them to have high or low life satisfaction. To get at that, Mõttus and his team looked at a smaller group of the participants who had also been surveyed about their personalities and life satisfaction 10 years earlier.
What does it take to live a happier life? Learn research-tested strategies that you can put into practice today. Hosted by award-winning psychologist Dacher Keltner. Co-produced by PRX and UC Berkeley’s Greater Good Science Center.
What they found surprised Mõttus: Even if someone’s life satisfaction had dipped a bit over time, it could still be pretty accurately predicted just by looking at personality traits measured 10 years earlier.
“Whatever the link between personality and life satisfaction is, it persists over time,” says Mõttus. “If we wanted to predict someone’s life satisfaction in 10 years, we could just as well predict it from their personality traits now.”
Of course, that’s not 100% true. Even Mõttus says that they couldn’t predict life satisfaction well for one out of four people. Perhaps in some cases, he says, a change in their life somehow knocked their stability out of whack, and their personality was no longer a strong driver of their life satisfaction.
But, in general, many of the things that happen in our ordinary lives don’t affect our happiness as much as we think, he says. And that has relevance for us all.
While this message may seem disheartening—that our personalities strongly influence our happiness—Mõttus doesn’t think it’s all bad news. Sure, having certain personality traits may make you feel less satisfied with life no matter what happens. But, on the flipside, other traits may buffer you through difficult times. For example, if you are low in neuroticism, you may be able to see the silver linings and not become overwhelmed, even in stressful circumstances.
It’s also possible that people can affect their life satisfaction deliberately through specific behaviors or practices, making it less tied to their personality. For example, research has found that many well-being practices —like gratitude and self-compassion , for example—can shift people’s life satisfaction without consideration of their personality type, per se.
Similarly, even though we tend to think of personality as fixed, more and more research suggests that personalities can evolve via specific effort, says Mõttus, and this gives him some (guarded) hope.
“I’ve been very skeptical about personality change research, but I’m really changing my mind,” he says. “There is a reason we should try these things, and the initial findings are pretty encouraging.”
However, he cautions, shifting from being neurotic to not neurotic at all might be difficult. Instead, it could be more realistic to just learn to worry a little less or feel a little less misunderstood. Those more nuanced traits might be more malleable and a better target for change than the “Big Five,” he says.
To that end, he and his team have been developing a toolkit that could be widely available as a phone app and would allow people to choose personality traits to work on. He hopes to test it in the years ahead to see if it helps people make the changes they want.
In the meantime, we can keep in mind that, while getting that great job or relationship we’ve been wanting won’t necessarily make us happier, having bad things happen won’t necessarily permanently tank our happiness either. And there is some solace in that.
“Circumstances just happen—they come and go,” says Mõttus. “On the positive side of this, if negative things happen, they probably don’t matter that much. You can be happy based on your personality, and you will probably bounce back pretty quickly.”
Jill Suttie, Psy.D. , is Greater Good ’s former book review editor and now serves as a staff writer and contributing editor for the magazine. She received her doctorate of psychology from the University of San Francisco in 1998 and was a psychologist in private practice before coming to Greater Good .
One trait cultivates lasting happiness more than any other..
Posted August 15, 2024 | Reviewed by Gary Drevitch
"Happy" is a big business. It always has been. Billboards, television commercials, and advertisements bombard us with the promise of happiness , all attempting to sell us the same thing: we'll be happier if we…
Ads like these can quickly transform us into "happiness junkies," forking over cash for the promise of perfect sunsets and stress-free living. But quick-fix solutions rarely produce sustainable happiness .
What if you could nurture and cultivate "happy" on your own? What if lasting happiness could be narrowed down to nurturing a single personality trait?
I haven't conducted hundreds of studies on happiness. I haven't received rave reviews for my happiness course. And I'm not trying to sell you anything. But I can tell you this: after providing weekly group psychotherapy for over 25 years to hundreds of happiness-seekers, it's essential to recognize that there are basic needs that support happiness, such as affordable housing, stable finances, fulfilling relationships, and good health. These things provide a stable daily foundation for security but don't guarantee happiness.
Google happiness and you'll discover endless lists of actions and behaviors that will point you in the right direction, such as a healthy diet , cardio workouts, loving relationships, and rewarding work. But even if you satisfy all those recommendations, happiness still isn't guaranteed.
That's annoying.
Desperate for happiness, you may even do a sales job on yourself. You tell yourself, I'll be happy when I:
The list goes on. But even when you achieve these goals , you guessed it: There's no promise that happiness will stick around.
If the goal is lasting, sustainable happiness, it will require a fundamental shift in attitude. In other words, how you view the world, yourself, and everyone is the number-one cause of your unhappiness. Negative outlooks and attitudes are toxic to happiness . No matter how many goals you achieve, negativity pulls you back to feeling unfulfilled and dissatisfied. No matter how much you have, you wake up each morning unconsciously thinking:
Meet Miserable Mike. Years ago, he joined one of my weekly therapy groups. Week after week, he arrived with a fresh list of complaints. Years and a small fortune in individual therapy hadn't budged his negative outlook or inspired him to develop more fulfilling relationships.
When individual therapy fails to spark change, group therapy frequently succeeds by challenging people to embrace a new way of being and giving them a place to practice.
Despite his negative outlook, Miserable Mike had one extraordinary gift: He responded with empathy and kindness if anyone in the group was suffering. His sensitivity was breathtaking in such moments.
Miserable Mike had a talent for championing anyone facing hardship. Yet, almost immediately after, he rebooted to complaining and returned to hiding behind his wall of negativity. His negative outlook was a prison that didn't allow visitors.
Over time, the group got tired of Mike's complaints, a bad habit that undermined any hope of happiness. One group member, Samatha, approached him with gratitude for his support throughout her mother's illness: “Mike, your kindness sustained me. I kept your voice in my head throughout my mother’s health crisis. I don’t know what I would have done without you.
Without missing a beat, Mike launched into a familiar rage about the unfairness of the healthcare system. This time, Samatha stopped him: “I don’t care about the healthcare system. I care about you.”
Mike was speechless. She continued: “Anyone can see how unhappy and lonely you are, Mike. You identify with everyone’s struggles because you feel the same way. You deserve support, Mike. You deserve to be loved. In fact, when you’re not complaining, I find you very loveable.”
The group sided with Samantha and voiced their appreciation and affection for Mike. Soon, it became clear that he yearned for such validation.
Mike's voice softened, and his eyes filled with tears; he then said two words he had never said in the group before: "Thank you."
Gratitude fuels happiness more than any other attitude. It is a superpower that breaks through walls of negativity and loneliness , builds bridges of connection and warmth, and changes strangers into friends. Gratitude doesn't discriminate: Rich or poor, young or old, partnered or single, it melts defensiveness and exchanges coldness for warmth.
For Mike, it all started with a simple moment of saying thank you. As Buddhist peace advocate Daisaku Ikeda writes:
"Thank you” is a miraculous expression. It energizes us when we say it to others, and encourages us when we hear it said to us…When we speak or hear the words thank you, the armor falls from our hearts and we communicate deeply.
Once Mike started receiving and expressing appreciation, he lived a more fulfilling life . He developed deeper relationships with group members, and, over time, complaining became less satisfying for him. Soon, these skills translated into more positive and intimate relationships outside the group. This didn't happen overnight: Mike fell back into his old outlook habit from time to time. But each time he did, the group confronted and redirected him. They wouldn't allow him to get stuck in his old ways—and soon, neither would he.
Bottom line: Cultivate gratitude, and you will cultivate lasting happiness.
Sean Grover, L.C.S.W. , is an author and psychotherapist who leads one of the largest group therapy practices in the United States.
Sticking up for yourself is no easy task. But there are concrete skills you can use to hone your assertiveness and advocate for yourself.
IMAGES
COMMENTS
Examples. A research hypothesis, in its plural form "hypotheses," is a specific, testable prediction about the anticipated results of a study, established at its outset. It is a key component of the scientific method. Hypotheses connect theory to data and guide the research process towards expanding scientific understanding.
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis. There are three general characteristics of a good hypothesis. First, a good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. We must be able to test the hypothesis using the methods of science and if you'll recall Popper's falsifiability criterion, it must be possible to gather evidence that will disconfirm ...
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process. Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test ...
There are three general characteristics of a good hypothesis. First, a good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. We must be able to test the hypothesis using the methods of science and if you'll recall Popper's falsifiability criterion, it must be possible to gather evidence that will disconfirm the hypothesis if it is indeed false ...
INTRODUCTION. Scientific research is usually initiated by posing evidenced-based research questions which are then explicitly restated as hypotheses.1,2 The hypotheses provide directions to guide the study, solutions, explanations, and expected results.3,4 Both research questions and hypotheses are essentially formulated based on conventional theories and real-world processes, which allow the ...
Developing a hypothesis (with example) Step 1. Ask a question. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Example: Research question.
Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc. Research methods in psychology are systematic procedures used to observe, describe, predict, and explain behavior and mental processes. They include experiments, surveys, case studies, and naturalistic observations, ensuring data collection is objective and reliable to understand and explain psychological phenomena.
Here are some good research hypothesis examples: "The use of a specific type of therapy will lead to a reduction in symptoms of depression in individuals with a history of major depressive disorder.". "Providing educational interventions on healthy eating habits will result in weight loss in overweight individuals.".
Psychology: In psychology, hypotheses are used to test theories and models of human behavior and cognition. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a particular stimulus on the brain or behavior. ... Characteristics of Hypothesis. Here are some common characteristics of a hypothesis: Testable: A hypothesis must be ...
Characteristics of a Scientific Hypothesis Testable Falsifiable Rational Prediction Scientific Hypothesis The moon is made of green cheese Santa Claus lives at the North Pole The mind is just like a computer 2+2=4 Attitudes affect cancer We are being observed by extra terrestrials The best things in life are free
Which of the Following Makes a Good Hypothesis. A good hypothesis is characterized by: Testability: The ability to form experiments or gather data to support or refute the hypothesis. Falsifiability: The potential for the hypothesis's predictions to be proven wrong based on empirical evidence.
A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction of what will happen. In science, a hypothesis proposes a relationship between factors called variables. A good hypothesis relates an independent variable and a dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable depends on or is determined by what happens when you change the independent variable.
A good hypothesis is one which meets such criteria to a large extent. Some of these characteristics are enumerated below: 1) Hypothesis should be conceptually clear; 2) Hypothesis must be testable; 3) Hypothesis should be related to the existing body or theory and impact; 4) Hypothesis should have logical unity and comprehensiveness; 5 ...
Characteristics of Hypothesis. A good hypothesis has the following characteristics. Ability To Predict One of the most valuable qualities of a good hypothesis is the ability to anticipate the future. It not only clarifies the current problematic scenario, but also predicts what will happen in the future. As a result of the predictive capacity ...
The hypothesis is an educated, testable prediction about what will happen. Make it clear. A good hypothesis is written in clear and simple language. Reading your hypothesis should tell a teacher or judge exactly what you thought was going to happen when you started your project. Keep the variables in mind.
Hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of a study. Hypotheses are drawn from theories and research questions or from direct observations. In fact, a research problem can be formulated as a hypothesis. To test the hypothesis we need to formulate it in terms that can actually be analysed with statistical tools.
A good hypothesis ensures that the sample is readily approachable. Hypothesis should state relationship between variables, if it happens to be a relational hypothesis. 10. A good hypothesis indicates clearly the role of different variables involved in the study. 11. A good hypothesis maintains a very apparent distinction with what is called ...
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis: The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable. If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between variables. The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
Jill Suttie, Psy.D., is Greater Good's former book review editor and now serves as a staff writer and contributing editor for the magazine. She received her doctorate of psychology from the University of San Francisco in 1998 and was a psychologist in private practice before coming to Greater Good.
Key points. Negative attitudes are toxic to happiness. Sustainable happiness requires a fundamental shift in outlook. Gratitude fuels happiness. It breaks through walls of negativity and loneliness.