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There are many forms of writing which you may have to undertake at university, from reflective journals to extended researched assignments. The two most common forms of writing are reports and essays . This page describes what a report is , outlines the main types of report you may need to write, and summarises the differences between reports and essays .
For another look at the same content, check out the video on YouTube (also available on Youku ).
A report is a clearly structured form of writing which presents and analyses information clearly and briefly for a particular audience. The information is usually the result of an experiment, investigation, or some other form of primary research such as a questionnaire or survey. It will contain headings and sub-headings, as well as graphics such as graphs, charts and tables. Reports often use the information they contain to present recommendations for future action. They are common not only at university, but also in industry and government. For more information on what a report is, see the section below which compares reports to essays .
There are many different types of reports which can be written, though the type you will write at university depends very much on your course of study. Each report will have a different format and writing conventions, though the structure and language used are broadly similar for all reports. The following are some of the main reports written at university.
Other types of report are possible, such as a systems analysis report , a maths report , a feasibility study and a client case work report . Some disciplines, especially business, may require you to write an essay with headings. This is not a report, since all the other features, aside from the headings, are the same as a conventional essay.
Although many of the writing skills required for essays also apply to reports, such as use of topic sentences , cohesion and citations , reports are quite unlike essays in several regards. The table below summarises the main differences. These are divided into three categories: general areas, structure, and content.
| : Provides specific information (description and explanation) to the reader |
: Presents an argument | |
| : Allows information to be found quickly in specific sections (and the abstract) |
: Requires careful reading to follow the argument | |
| : Demonstrates research skills and ability to analyse information |
: Demonstrates ability to support an argument (thesis) through knowledge and understanding of the topic | |
| : Will always be a long assignment |
: May be relatively short (e.g. for an exam answer) or a long assignment | |
: Sections | : Has clearly defined sections, each with a different function |
: Uses well ordered paragraphs, not sections | |
: | : Uses headings and sub-headings for the different sections (often numbered) |
: Does not usually use headings, sub-headings or numbering | |
: | : Will often include a to show the sections of the report |
: Will not usually include a Contents page | |
| : Usually uses graphics such as tables, graphs, charts |
: Does not usually include graphics | |
| : Usually includes primary research (e.g. experiment, survey) in addition to secondary research |
: Generally only includes secondary research (e.g. citations from text books/journals) | |
| : Often has |
: Only certain essay types (e.g. ) include recommendations | |
| : May include with additional information |
: Unlikely to include appendices |
| |||
to show the sections of the report | |||
) include recommendations | |||
with additional information |
Charles Darwin University (2013) Report . Available from http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/studyskills/studyskills/reports.html (Access date 19 July, 2015).
Massey University (2012) Business Report . Available from http://owll.massey.ac.nz/assignment-types/business-report.php (Access date 20 July, 2015).
Monash University (2015) Report Writing . Available from http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/general/report/index.xml (Access date 20 July, 2015).
Purdue University (2015) Purposes and Types of Report Format . Available from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/726/02/ (Access date 20 July, 2015).
Queensland University of Technology (2014) Writing a report Available from http://www.citewrite.qut.edu.au/write/report.jsp (Access date 19 July, 2015).
RMIT University (2007) Differences between Essays, Reports and Journals . Available from https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/2_assessmenttasks/assess_pdf/diffbet_reportsessays.pdf (Access date 19 July, 2015).
Unilearning (2000) Comparison: reports and essays . Available from http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/report/1b.html (Access date 19 July, 2015).
University of Queensland (2015) Types of assignment . Available from http://www.uq.edu.au/student-services/learning/types-of-assignments (Access date 20 July, 2015).
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Find out about report structure in the next section.
Read the previous article about the writing process .
Author: Sheldon Smith ‖ Last modified: 01 February 2022.
Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .
Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.
Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).
Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.
Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).
Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.
Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.
boohoo group logo
A British fashion e-retailer is closing its huge distribution center near Elizabethtown by Nov. 11, according to a report in a British fashion website.
In August 2022 , Boohoo Group plc said it expected to employ about 400 people at its 1.1-million-square-foot warehouse in First Logistics Center @ 283, an industrial park 2 miles northwest of Elizabethtown. The facility, which it began operating in August 2023, is located in Londonderry Township, Dauphin County.
The company told Drapersonline.com that it was closing the Elizabethtown-area center and consolidating its distribution to the United Kingdom. Boohoo Group did not respond to an LNP | LancasterOnline inquiry.
Pennsylvania requires employers to provide a 60-day notice, or or Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification notice, when it plans to lay off 100 or more employees, but no such notice had been posted by the state Department of Labor & Industry on Wednesday afternoon.
The industrial park was developed by First Industrial Realty Trust, a Chicago-based firm. The warehouse and fulfillment center was its only one in the United States. Boohoo designs and markets clothing under 13 brands such as Nasty Gal, PrettyLittleThing and Burton.
The warehouse is along Route 230 near Conewago Creek, which forms the boundary in the area between Lancaster and Dauphin counties.
First Industrial Realty invested $125.4 million in the building it leased to Boohoo group.
The closure comes as part of a strategy to "reposition the group for sustainable, profitable growth," Boohoo said in a statement to Drapersonline.com .
The warehouse and fulfillment center are operated by a third party and is a property lease that the group will now sublet, Drapersonline.com reported. Boohoo will now fulfill all US orders from its automated UK distribution center in Sheffield.
Former owner buying ll lumber stores out of bankruptcy; manheim twp. store among locations staying open.
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Weekly lancaster county restaurant inspections from the pa department of agriculture., what to read next.
Support local journalism. Click here to learn more about the role the Lancaster County Local Journalism Fund plays in Lancaster County and to make a tax-deductible donation.
(The Center Square) – Homeowners are worse off than they were four years ago, multiple reports show, and the two presidential candidates have differing views on how to improve their plight.
Only 10% of prospective home buyers polled said they could afford to buy a home, saying the American dream of home ownership was out of reach . According to a Zillow report, home buyers need 80% more income to buy a home today than they did four years ago, The Center Square reported earlier this year. Monthly mortgage payments, with 10% down, for a typical U.S. home have doubled since January 2020.
In seven swing states, the median monthly housing payment has doubled since the 2020 election and the median sale price in swing states increased by nearly 40%, Redfin notes . It analyzed data from 2016 through the first five months of 2024 in Arizona, Nevada, Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Georgia and North Carolina.
Home buyers’ median housing payments “increased 95% to a record $2,066 in red states and 83% to a record $3,311 in blue states,” the analysis found. Redfin focused on swing states because “voters in those states will decide the winner of the 2024 presidential election, and housing affordability – or lack thereof – is a crucial issue on voters’ minds.”
“The typical swing-state home has gone from affordable to unaffordable for the typical family since the 2020 election,” Redfin said. “The typical family would spend 33% of their earnings to afford the median-priced home in a swing state; back in 2020, they would have spent 22% of their earnings.”
Since 2020, housing costs have increased more than three times faster than incomes, making “homeownership feel impossible for some Americans,” Redfin senior economist Elijah de la Campa said. “That’s especially true for young people who are earning low incomes and haven’t yet built up their savings, making them feel it would be an uphill battle to reach their parents’ level of financial success.”
“While swing states have historically had lower housing costs than blue states – and most still do – markets in swing states have not been immune to the affordability crunch the country has been facing for the last several years. The inability to afford a home is making a lot of voters feel bad about the economy and their financial prospects.”
At the Democratic National Convention last month, Vice President Kamala Harris said her administration would “end America’s housing shortage” after affordability worsened while she’s been in office.
Harris’ plan includes up to $25,000 in taxpayer-funded down payment support for an estimated four million “working families” who are first time home buyers. She’s also called for four million housing units to be built, including one million by the private sector.
Her plan does not say how she would pay for this, although she has vowed to go after big corporations she blames for increasing costs. She also claims no one earning under $400,000 a year “will pay more in taxes.” Taxes will be increased on the wealthiest Americans and the largest corporations to ensure they “pay their fair share, so we can take action to build up the middle class while reducing the deficit,” her website states.
This includes rolling back former President Donald Trump’s tax cuts “for the wealthiest Americans, enacting a billionaire minimum tax, quadrupling the tax on stock buybacks, and other reforms to ensure the very wealthy are playing by the same rules as the middle class.”
Harris also plans to increase the tax rate on long-term capital gains for those earning a million dollars a year or more to 28%, up from 0%, 15% or 20%, depending on the tax bracket, according to the Internal Revenue Service. Increasing this tax, she argues, is an example of the federal government encouraging investment, which she says “leads to broad-based economic growth and creates jobs, which makes our economy stronger.”
By contrast, Trump has proposed cutting the corporate tax rate to 15% for companies that manufacture products in the U.S., make permanent his 2017 tax cuts on all Americans, rein in wasteful federal spending, cut excessive regulations, and impose tariffs on imports. To “make the American Dream affordable again,” his plan to help new home buyers is “to reduce mortgage rates by slashing inflation, open limited portions of Federal Lands to allow for new home construction, promote homeownership through Tax Incentives and support for first-time buyers, and cut unnecessary Regulations that raise housing costs.”
By reducing the federal regulatory burden, lowering energy costs, and other economic policies, he says his administration will “drive down the cost of living and prices for everyday goods and services.”
Fact check: in presidential debate, harris deflects on border record, massie: save act won’t be signed into law, fact check: who's to blame for high grocery, energy, other costs, harris says she will build a border wall, majority polled don’t believe her, nyc students to receive lessons on reparations, abolishing the police, tcs reader poll, a weekly feature of the top stories from the center square..
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This will frame the rest of the report by providing: Background information (e.g., business history or market information) The purpose of the report (i.e., what you set out to achieve) Its scope (i.e., what the report will cover and what it will ignore) These are known as the "terms of reference" for the business report. 5. Methods and Findings
Step 2: Create an Outline. Once you've gathered the resources, it's time to plan the report. Before you start writing, create an outline that will help you stick to the right structure. A business report is complex writing in which you can get lost very easily if you don't have a clear plan.
When writing a formal report, use data and evidence to support your argument, add visuals, use consistent fonts and headings, and highlight important information. You should also use clear language that is easy to understand, considering the audience's background knowledge. 1. Only use credible sources.
Add your name, the names of the other people who worked on it and the date under the title. Write an index or table of contents: A table of contents or index is essential in any business report, especially if the document is long and complex. Add a list of each section of the document under the title and ensure the page numbers accurately match ...
1. Annual Report Templates. An annual report is an all-encompassing document that allows you to reflect on your company's past year, including: Your company's mission statement. Your company's growth (financially, product-wise, culture-wise) Your statement of income and cash flow. Your various business segments.
Strengths aid the company and evaluation 9 I. Introduction: - In this assignment report, we will enable to learners to apply the business skills needed to design an e-Commerce solution for an Organisation. Understanding of the importance of business skills for ecommerce is the key for all students who wish to work in computer science fields.
A business analysis report examines the structure of a company, including its management, staff, departments, divisions, and supply chain. It also evaluates how well-managed the company is and how efficient its supply chain is. In order to develop a strong strategy, you need to be able to analyze your business structure.
2.1 Covering letter/memorandum. Often a letter is attached to a report to officially introduce the report to the recipient. If the recipient is outside the organisation, a letter format is appropriate; if the recipient is inside the organisation, a memorandum/memo is appropriate. indicate future actions to be taken.
In addition to answering the assignment questions, your business report must have a certain structure (which is discussed in the next section). Your outline will include point-form notes about the ideas that you want to discuss in these sections as well. Structure of a Business Report A business report should contain the following:
A typical business report uses the following format and layout: Use a clearly legible font and font size (Times New Roman is the most common font and 12 point is the most common size). Set page margins to around 1 inch/2.5cm. Use 1.5 or double line-spacing.
you don't tell us who's doing the action, e.g. 'the report was written.' Active language is when you state who's doing the action, e.g. 'I wrote the report.' Here are some more detailed examples: - Passive language: It is a recommendation of the report that implementation of strategic responses conducive to a
5 Weekly / Monthly / Quarterly Report Examples. Similar to daily progress reports, weekly, monthly and quarterly reports are constants in a business setting.They're usually more generalized than a progress report, which is about a specific project. Weekly and monthly reports are sometimes condensed sections of different analytics reports put together into one document.
Paper and report design and layout templates. Pen perfect looking papers and reports every time when you start your assignment with a customizable design and layout template. Whether you want your paper to pop off the page or you need your report to represent your data in the best light, you'll find the right template for your next paper.
To achieve this, the report must present a clear and logical case that demonstrates the subject knowledge and authority of the author and will lead the reader to understand and appreciate the value of the recommended actions. This guide offers advice on the report-writing process and sets out key steps to improve the quality of business reports.
A business report is a formal document that provides an analysis of a specific business issue or situation. It typically includes detailed information on the topic at hand such as data, research, and other relevant sources. Business reports are used to make business decisions, identify problems or opportunities, or track progress toward goals.
ASSIGNMENT GUIDESThis sample student paper is a business report task whic. demonstrates therequirements for APA (7th edition) The guidelines and comments have been colour-coded: Formatting requirements - blue. Academic writing and addressing the task - red. yellow studentRunning header with Student name.
1 Choose a topic based on the assignment. Before you start writing, you need to pick the topic of your report. Often, the topic is assigned for you, as with most business reports, or predetermined by the nature of your work, as with scientific reports. If that's the case, you can ignore this step and move on.
Introduction; 3.1 Identity and Expression; 3.2 Literacy Narrative Trailblazer: Tara Westover; 3.3 Glance at Genre: The Literacy Narrative; 3.4 Annotated Sample Reading: from Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass; 3.5 Writing Process: Tracing the Beginnings of Literacy; 3.6 Editing Focus: Sentence Structure; 3.7 Evaluation: Self-Evaluating; 3.8 Spotlight on …
When planning your report, you may find it helpful to follow these steps: Analyse the problem and identify the purpose of the report. Analyse the audience and the issue. Prepare a work plan and a draft outline. Collect and sort the information you require. Evaluate and organise the information. Revise the draft outline and restructure it if ...
Sample Business Report, with Tips. Important Points to Remember. A report is divided into four areas: Terms of Reference - This section gives background information on the reason for the report. It usually includes the person requesting the report. Procedure - The procedure provides the exact steps taken and methods used for the report.
Other types of report are possible, such as a systems analysis report, a maths report, a feasibility study and a client case work report.Some disciplines, especially business, may require you to write an essay with headings. This is not a report, since all the other features, aside from the headings, are the same as a conventional essay.. Reports vs. essays
A British fashion e-retailer is closing its huge distribution center near Elizabethtown by Nov. 11, according to a report in a British fashion website. In August 2022, Boohoo Group plc said it ...
According to a Zillow report, home buyers need 80% more income to buy a home today than they did four years ago, The Center Square reported earlier this year. Monthly mortgage payments, with 10% down, for a typical U.S. home have doubled since January 2020.