regarding
thanks to
following
pertaining to
in place of
other than
Join the parts on the left using the conjunctions on the right | ||
as long as unless hence so whereas yet | ||
Use one of the conjuncts on the right to introduce the second sentence | ||
Accordingly Nevertheless Nonetheless Primarily In view of that On the other hand | ||
It should be emphasised that teaching this kind of idea linking should precede the demand for learners to produce fully finished essays.
Here we are on simpler ground.
The following sorts of verbal processes are common to many differently focused FADEs.
Tense use is also predictably simple.
Almost all the verbs in the examples given above are in the present simple because the discussion involves a current situation. Occasionally, the present perfect may be used to refer to a previous event that has significant present consequences, as in, for example: It has been shown in numerous well-conducted studies that Otherwise, the simple present is conventionally used throughout.
Passive-voice clauses serve to distance the writer from the topic by implying that it is the action that is important, not who did it and that is conventionally how the tone of FADEs is achieved. For example, from above: public spaces are defined as not: I am defining ... voluntary activity should be controlled not: The state should control etc. There are many more examples and if you use a model text as a teaching tool, it is worth taking the time to notice the frequency and effect of the structures.
Modal auxiliary verbs are used sparingly and generally confined to their function as hedging tactics or to express degrees of certainty. For example: Banning smoking, it is argued, will reduce a predictive use. whose illnesses may have been caused a hedging use. Occasionally, usually hedged, modal auxiliary verbs of obligation are used but almost never ones which express absolute obligation (deontic modality, in the trade). For example in
Whether smoking should be banned in all public spaces is by no means an easy issue to determine. Firstly, there is a tension between the public and private spheres regarding the extent to which the rights of smokers may be subordinated to the rights of others to breath clean air. Secondly, there is the issue of social costs and how far only one type of potentially dangerous voluntary activity should be controlled because of the costs that may be involved to society as a whole. Thirdly, there is the ethical issue of how far the law should be involved in the private decisions and choices of individuals.
all the uses are putative rather than expressing obligation per se . Modality in FADE writing is usually focused on the likelihood of a proposition being true. That is epistemic modality and there is a link below which will take you to a guide.
Circumstances refer to concepts such as location in time or space, contingency, cause, matter, means and angle. Many of these, including contingency, matter, angle and cause have been considered above under conjunction and prepositional links. However, the discussion would not be complete without some consideration of how adverbials and prepositional phrases in particular are used in a FADE. Here are some key examples:
There is a guide, linked below, to how theme-rheme structures are achieved in writing. Here it will be enough to consider two aspects only and we'll take this paragraph as the example:
On balance, it seems that the costs to society and to the health of its members are more important than the respect we owe to allowing individuals to make informed choices concerning their own lives. Smoking is not an activity which only affects the smoker. Others are affected by the degradation of their surroundings, damage to their own health and costs to society as a whole to which all taxpayers contribute.:
Simple approaches to teaching in this area involve:
Short-term, the goal of learners' writing is probably for some kind of assessment purpose, either of their language skills or their subject knowledge and ability to construct rational arguments. The target audience is often, therefore, a single teacher or tutor rather than the audience one imagines for most essays in non-educational settings which may be somewhat wider. However, a long-term objective is to apply the skills learned in real-world settings for true communicative purposes. Possible audiences include, therefore:
The nature of the audience will determine a number of issues and can affect the choice of lexis as well as the choice of grammatical structures. For example:
Writing well in this genre is not achievable overnight or in a lesson or two. Teaching demands consistency in planning and delivery over a series of lessons with sensible and achievable tasks to be accomplished along the way. You may decide, based on your reading, the nature of the learners and your own propensities, to adopt a product, process or genre approach to teaching writing skills but whichever approach you take, you will almost certainly have to find or compose model texts which can be drawn on for examples of the language that needs to be used. There are examples which you are welcome to use above. An outline syllabus might appear something like:
Lesson series | Language foci |
This is by no means a simple syllabus to design because, although the general structure of FADE writing can be explained and exemplified quickly and will lead naturally to some level of coherence, achieving cohesion involves weaving together the seven issues identified on the right into a series of lesson focusing on the elements on the left.
Related guides | |
which contains links to associated areas such as reporting verbs, modality and hedging in academic writing | |
use this guide if terms such as product vs. process vs. genre approaches to teaching writing are important to you. It is the essentials-only guide to the area. | |
for a similar guide to another popular genre concerning relating experiences | |
for more about cohesion is maintained using connections of ideas | |
this guide briefly considers the main types of modification and has links to other, more detailed areas | |
for a functional way of seeing adverbials and prepositional phrases | |
for more consideration of how these connected concepts are developed in writing | |
for a guide to the six main clause structures in English | |
a guide to this type of modality which is particular important in FADE writing | |
the in-service skills index for links to more areas |
References: Butt, D, Fahey, R, Feez, S, Spinks, S and Yallop, C, 2001, Using Functional Grammar: an explorer's guide. Sydney: NCELTR Burns, A, 2001, Genre-based Approaches to Writing , in Candlin, C and Mercer, N (Eds.), English Language Teaching in its Social Context . Abingdon, UK: Routledge Halliday, M, 1994, An introduction to functional grammar: 2nd edition. London: Edward Arnold Tribble C, 1997, Writing . Oxford: Oxford University Press
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25 for and against essay topics that can be also used for class debates.
• The first paragraph should be the introduction. Include a thesis statement, which summarises the main issue.
In the past, most people lived with their parents until they got married. But in the modern world, it is more common to leave home and share accommodation with friends. This choice has both positive and negative aspects.
• The second paragraph should focus on the advantages. Include at least two arguments, if possible. Give examples where appropriate, introduced by phrases like For example or For instanc e.
There are several advantages to sharing with friends. Firstly, it gives you the opportunity to spend time with your friends and to build strong relationships with them. Secondly, it allows you to develop some of the practical skills that you will need as an independent adult. For instance, you will learn how to manage household bills, how to shop and cook, and so on. And thirdly, it makes living in your own home more affordable, and the more people who share, the more cost-effective it is. For instance , a shared house for six people is far cheaper than two houses for three people.
• The third paragraph should focus on the disadvantages. Include at least two arguments, if possible. Begin the third paragraph with a phrase like On the other hand or Howeve r,.. to express contrast with statements in the previous paragraph.
On the other hand , sharing a home has its disadvantages. Sharing a house can often cause disagreements. For instance, housemates often argue about household chores. What is more, it can be difficult to have time alone when you need it. And finally, the houses which young people share are sometimes in poor condition and landlords are not always good at repairing appliances when they break down.
• The fourth paragraph should be the conclusion. State your own opinion and decide whether the arguments for outweigh the arguments against the thesis statement or the other way around.
Although sharing a house with other young people is not always easy, the advantages definitely outweigh the problems. It is certainly something I would like to do in a few years’ time.
Source: Solutions Upper-Intermediate
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Picture Prompts for Speaking and Writing: An ESL Activity
Storytelling Cards: Imaginative Speaking and Writing Activity
Questions for ESL Conversation: 60 Questions Based on Vogue Interviews
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Table of Contents
There are many types of essays, each with a different purpose and style. Argumentative essays are particularly tricky because they ask students to go beyond being informative. They require students to present arguments on a subject and support them with evidence. This guide will provide readers with a for and against essay outline and explain a few basic concepts.
If you want to learn how to write potent essays and arguments, read on!
A for-and-against essay is an argumentative essay that requires writers to formulate arguments for and against the main topic. After presenting both arguments, the author will then choose a side and explain the reason for their decision.
A for and against essay follows the standard five-paragraph format but dedicates each body paragraph to a different stance on a topic. The key components of a for and against essay are:
Conclusion Paragraph
The main point of a for and against essay is to explore both sides of an argument and teach students to exercise sound judgment. Moreover, it also cultivates their ability to assert their stance and express their opinion.
The act of taking a stance is as much a mental exercise as it is a writing exercise. It encourages students to commit to an argument and to defend that stance.
While there are only five paragraphs in a for and against essay, it can still get complicated. This is especially true when there are a lot of ideas and topics involved.
The best way to create a clear and strong essay is to start with an outline.
An essay outline gives writers a full view of their topics . It helps them identify the key angles of approach and direction of their topics. Outlines help writers draw connections between topics, which creates a sense of coherence and progression.
It allows them to ease the reader’s transition from one key topic to another by priming them for the upcoming information.
Outlines also simplify the discussion of topics by narrowing the scope per section. It simplifies essays into sections and subsections that have a focal point and function.
The next section provides a sample for-and-against essay outline .
Remember that the main premise of a for and against essay is to explore both sides of a topic. We will delve into each paragraph’s purpose and components. Let’s begin.
Introduction
First Body Paragraph
Second Body Paragraph
Third Body Paragraph
Outlines simplify all types of essay writing by helping writers organize and plan the logical flow of their content . Outlines create a workflow that identifies the key topics writers must emphasize in each essay paragraph. If you’re unsure of how to start an essay, you can always start by writing an outline.o
Remember that effective writing is all about proper planning and presenting the right ideas in the right order. Outlines are as essential to writers as scripts are to actors.
Abir is a data analyst and researcher. Among her interests are artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing. As a humanitarian and educator, she actively supports women in tech and promotes diversity.
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More university students should stay in education after their first degree in order to get another qualification. Do you agree?
Agrees ◻ Disagrees ◻
Nowadays, the number of students who do a second degree is increasing. In order to decide if this is a good thing, we must examine the advantages and disadvantages of taking a postgraduate course.
It is certainly true that there is fierce competition for employment, and candidates need something extra in order to get a good job. We should also remember that people with a second qualification can expect to earn more when they start work. Moreover, postgraduate courses offer the chance to focus on a topic which you find particularly interesting. What could be better than spending an extra two or three years studying something you find fascinating?
However, there are disadvantages too. Firstly, it is an expensive option. You often need to pay for your place at university and also support yourself financially during the course. What is more, many young people are understandably impatient to leave education by the time they finish their first degree.
On balance, I believe it is a good idea to continue your studies beyond a first degree, if possible. Although it may be expensive, an extra qualification allows you to find a better job and earn more money.
In which paragraph (1-4) does the writer …
1 describe the arguments for?
How many does she / he describe?
2 describe the arguments against?
3 give his / her opinion?
1 2, 3 2 3, 2 3 4
Writing Strategy
Rhetorical questions can make an opinion essay more persuasive, provided you only include one or two. You do not have to answer the questions, but always make sure that the expected answer is clear, e.g.
Some people work long hours for very low pay. How can this is be right? (Expected answer: It can’t be right. )
a everything ◻
b most things ◻
c nothing ◻
What could be better than spending an extra two or three years studying something you find fascinating?, c
More students should do their degree at a university abroad rather than in their own country. Do you agree?
Paragraph 1: Rephrase the statement in the task.
………………………………………………………………………….
Paragraph 2: What are the arguments for doing a degree abroad? Think of two or three.
Paragraph 3: What are the arguments against doing a degree abroad? Think of two or three.
Paragraph 4: Give your opinion
your own answers
Use signposting phrases ( Firstly, …, Furthermore, …, etc.) to introduce opinions for the statement and against it, and to introduce your opinion in the conclusion ( On balance, … ).
addition also another furthermore other overall
One issue with social media is that it can distract people from work or study. In 1 …………………….., it can create unhappiness and anxiety when people compare their lives to other people’s. 2 …………………….. problem is that some people use it to spread unkind ideas about others.
On the 3 …………………….. hand, thanks to social media, people can build friendships quickly and easily by sharing photos, links, ideas and opinions. Social media 4 …………………….. allows people to ask for help and advice. 5 …………………….., it can educate people about things like health.
6 …………………….., I think social media has more positive than negative effects on everyday life.
1 addition 2 Another 3 other 4 also
5 Furthermore 5 overall
Teenage students should spend more time at school studying I.C.T. (Information and Communication Technology). Discuss.
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For and against essay
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1. Keep it real. It’s normal to want to make a good impression on the school of your choice, but it’s also important to show who you really are. So just be yourself! Compelling stories might not be perfectly linear or have a happy ending, and that’s OK. It’s best to be authentic instead of telling schools what you think they want to hear.
2. Be reflective . Think about how you’ve changed during high school. How have you grown and improved? What makes you feel ready for college, and how do you hope to contribute to the campus community and society at large?
3. Look to the future. Consider your reasons for attending college. What do you hope to gain from your education? What about college excites you the most, and what would you like to do after you graduate? Answering these questions will not only give colleges insight into the kind of student you’ll be, but it will also give you the personal insight you’ll need to choose the school that’s right for you.
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Breaking news, dricus du plessis no longer writing off ufc 305 challenger israel adesanya’s last loss.
Through the process of defeating Sean Strickland in January — consequently becoming the UFC middleweight champion — Dricus du Plessis absorbed two key lessons that could serve him well in his first title defense.
The latter in particular could serve du Plessis well when he puts his gold on the line Saturday night (Sunday morning Down Under, care of a 12-hour time difference) in the UFC 305 main event against Adesanya.
“Strickland didn’t beat the Adesanya we know,” du Plessis recalled saying at the time during a recent video call with The Post. “Strickland beat a guy that didn’t look like he trained, didn’t want to be there. He was completely off.”
That was then, before du Plessis (21-2, 19 finishes) spent a full 25 minutes — a career first for him — in the cage with Strickland, getting to know his opponent as only those who’ve gone head-to-head in a cage can understand one another.
The experience brought a new perspective on Strickland vs. Adesanya and how a man du Plessis admits to not giving “a shot” to win pulled it off.
“And then, after fighting Strickland, my whole opinion around him changed because I went back to that fight and I said that,’Wow, actually, Izzy fought the way he always fights: staying on the outside, picking one shot,’ ” du Plessis explains, also making sure to credit Strickland’s unique combination of defensive acumen and posture for the way the fight played out. “… And then I started thinking that Adesanya wasn’t off that night. It was just Strickland who completely shut down Izzy’s game, and he enforced his game.
“That style that Strickland fights was kryptonite for a guy like Adesanya.”
One can’t expect du Plessis to morph his style into that of Strickland in a matter of months, so it’s not that the champ can duplicate that particular formula to neutralize the former longtime lord of the 185-pounders.
But there’s something to be said for not merely writing off a fighter of Adesanya’s caliber before locking horns in the octagon this weekend.
If the UFC had its way, these two would already have faced off in April, when the promotion had sought to make them the headline act of the milestone UFC 300 event.
Adesanya (24-3, 16 finishes) has said he agreed to the date, which du Plessis confirmed was simply too soon after his January win to allow his broken foot to heal.
Du Plessis believes the fracture occurred midway through the second round against Strickland, and said the UFC had seen his medical records and was aware of the situation that prevented him from being at the heart of the spectacle event in Las Vegas.
“Obviously, I would have loved to be part of UFC 300. They offered me some great money to fight on that card,” du Plessis said. “Take money out of the equation; just the magnitude of that event would have been, it would have been one of the most amazing things in the world to be on that card, but it wasn’t possible. And sometimes, things just work out that way. We have no control over that.”
UFC 305 in Australia marks the seventh country du Plessis has competed in MMA.
As much as he says he has been feeling the love from local fans since arriving ahead of fight week, du Plessis hasn’t had a home crowd on his side since before signing with the UFC in 2020.
But there is an opening for du Plessis to help pave the way for an event in his native South Africa.
UFC CEO Dana White told reporters last month the first event on the African continent could wind up in du Plessis’ homeland.
“This fight that is going to happen in Australia here coming up will determine our next trip to Africa,” White said during his post-UFC 304 media availability in London. “I know everybody doesn’t want to count South Africa as Africa, but I do. So, more than likely, our first fight in Africa will be South Africa.”
What White means by the UFC 305 title clash determining the prospective Africa event is not entirely clear, although he noted at the time that he was not up to speed on all the latest progress on bringing an event to the continent.
Regardless, du Plessis said he long has felt pressure to get the UFC to put on an event in South Africa.
“Being the first African-residing champion and then being the first South African champion, that’s always been something that I’ve aspired to do is to bring the UFC to Africa, obviously as a champion and the headliner,” said du Plessis, carefully styling himself as residing and training in Africa as a distinction from African-born former UFC champions such as Francis Ngannou, Kamaru Usman and Adesanya who later moved and primarily trained elsewhere. “And, yeah, this fight’s one step closer. But, I mean, it was in the talks for when the Strickland fight happened as well. So right now, that’s not pressure. That’s just excitement.”
Professor of Public Health, Deakin University
Samantha Thomas has received research funding from the Australian Research Council Discovery Grant Scheme, the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, Healthway and the New South Wales Office of Responsible Gambling. She is a board member for the International Confederation of Alcohol, Tobacco and other Drug Research Associations (ICARA). She is the Editor in Chief for Health Promotion International.
Deakin University provides funding as a member of The Conversation AU.
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With parliament sitting this week, the federal government is trying to finalise its proposed laws to limit gambling advertising.
The current proposal is a partial ban , with limits to ads during general TV programming. Previously, a parliamentary committee, chaired by late Labor MP Peta Murphy, unanimously recommended banning gambling ads entirely.
The betting industry, unsurprisingly, doesn’t want a full ban. Speaking on ABC Radio , the chief executive of Responsible Wagering Australia (the peak body for the industry), Kai Cantwell, argued bans push gamblers to illegal offshore services. He said this has already happened in parts of Europe. He also rejected suggestions advertising was normalising gambling to children.
But is that true? What does the evidence say about ad bans like this?
The gambling industry is one of the most innovative health harming industries of modern times. The evidence about the harms from gambling is clear. They include relationship breakdown, physical ill-health, job loss, debt, crime, homelessness, family related violence and suicide.
Technological advances have enabled the industry to develop sophisticated and instantly accessible products. They promote these products using novel marketing strategies that are able to rapidly target individuals through different media channels , including TikTok. The industry is driven by highly profitable and powerful companies, including those who legitimise and facilitate gambling, such as broadcasters and sporting codes.
For the gambling industry to make money, people have to lose. This is also why a continuing customer base is necessary. Marketing is core to the industry’s business model, creating pathways to new products and brands.
As companies compete to spruik their products, children and young people are exposed to saturation gambling marketing in their everyday lives. Evidence from multiple countries shows that marketing is doing its job – contributing to the normalisation of gambling for young people, promoting brand recognition and recall and shaping positive perceptions of gambling. It’s also creating a perception that gambling has limited risk attached to it . As one 11-year-old told us :
When kid’s get to 18, they will want to bet all the time.
Of course the gambling industry disagrees with these conclusions. When asked if he thought that gambling had become normalised for children in recent years, Cantwell said no.
He agreed more could be done to ensure that children were not targeted by advertising, but went on to state that it was the illegal offshore market that was “advertising very heavily towards children and young people”. Cantwell said Australian providers were working with government to ensure that children were not targeted by advertising.
That work doesn’t appear to be preventing children from being exposed to gambling marketing everywhere they go . Sportsbet and the TAB are commonly recalled brand names among young people. Young people have also told us they would bet with a particular brand because of familiarity, they liked the advertisements, or that they had seen a company promote deals or offers. One said:
Sportsbet, because if you bet with them you can get your money back.
This is why the recent parliamentary inquiry unanimously recommended the need for strong regulatory action on gambling advertising. It proposed legislation to phase in a blanket ban on gambling advertising, with a fundamental aim of protecting children. These calls have been backed by numerous Australian politicians and many others who have stressed that partial bans will only ever get partial results.
Read more: The government is under pressure to ban gambling ads. History shows half-measures don't work
It is perhaps not surprising that gambling companies, and those that profit from gambling, strenuously oppose significant restrictions on gambling marketing. They use a range of strategies to delay, distract, and deflect calls for evidence-based regulation that would disrupt pathways to their products.
In his interview, Cantwell advocated for a “balanced, nuanced approach” and “sensible reforms”: in other words, nothing that would cause the industry any discomfort. He also stated a blanket ban on advertising would “run the risk of driving Australian consumers into online illegal offshore providers”.
However, experts have cast doubt on these claims. A focus on protecting young people overshadows any claims about the impact of advertising restrictions on driving people to unregulated markets. Financial counsellors, who are at the forefront of helping those recover from gambling related harms have said :
In financial counselling casework, we observe that the dominant harm comes from those licensed in Australia [who can advertise heavily]. We observe only a very small amount of gambling with the unregulated, overseas operators […]
The parliamentary inquiry also looked closely at illegal offshore gambling. They cited evidence from the regulator in Spain . The gambling industry, television and advertising sectors lobbied against reforms there too. After implementing advertising restrictions, the regulator found:
None of the dire predictions have occurred […] The TV stations said that they would go broke without gambling revenue and this has not happened […] Spanish sports teams said that they wouldn’t be competitive if they were the only ones not allowed sponsorship, and this hasn’t happened either […] The threat of gamblers migrating to illegal operators had not occurred either.
The inquiry acknowledged that continued action on illegal offshore gambling was an important part of preventing gambling harm. It is worth noting that since November 2019, the Australian Communication and Media Authority (ACMA) has actively blocked 995 illegal offshore gambling and affiliate websites.
While there will always be means for some determined people to access these sites, increased resourcing for the regulator would help ensure people are prevented from accessing them where possible.
In her foreword to the parliamentary inquiry report, Peta Murphy thanked those with lived experience of gambling harm who had testified to the inquiry. She stated:
It took incredible courage and strength for you to come forward, and it is your experiences, described in your own words that have provided the foundation for this report and its recommendations.
We now wait to see if the government will show the political courage and strength to go up against powerful vested interests.
Candice and Brandon Miller showed the public a world of glittering parties and vacations. The money to sustain it did not exist.
Candice and Brandon Miller. In photographs shared online, their lives were full of parties and luxurious vacations. Credit... Joe Schildhorn/BFA.com, via Shutterstock
Supported by
By Katherine Rosman
In the modern Gilded Age of New York, where Instagram is awash in unrestrained displays of wealth, Brandon and Candice Miller were royalty.
At their 10th wedding anniversary “Midsummer Night’s Dream” party, they celebrated with a few dozen friends in the backyard of their 5,500-square-foot vacation home in the Hamptons.
Beautiful women in gowns watched with their handsome husbands as the couple renewed their vows near a swimming pool strewn with peonies and rose petals beneath a canopy of lights.
It was a grand public display of their perfect life and marriage. Ms. Miller told a lifestyle blogger who wrote about the party that her husband’s speech “made me cry by the end with his authentic, raw emotion and romantic words.”
It all culminated in the kind of envy-inducing images anticipated by the roughly 80,000 followers of “Mama and Tata,” Ms. Miller’s popular Instagram feed, which featured a near-constant stream of photographs and videos of her glittering life.
The Midsummer Night party was in 2019. Five years later, the glamorous image that Ms. Miller cultivated and promoted has disappeared, replaced with heartbreak, anger and a mountain of once-secret debt.
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We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.
In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.
If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.
Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.
When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.
When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).
The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.
The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:
Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):
Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.
Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.
Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.
The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.
Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.
Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).
You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.
We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?
On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.
For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.
Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .
We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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Top Tips for writing. 1. Start each paragraph with a word or phrase so the reader knows what to expect, for example Firstly, On the other hand or To sum up. 2. Link your sentences with these words: In addition; Another advantage is that; However; Also; Another disadvantage is that. 3. Organise your essay in paragraphs. paragraph 1 - introduction.
A for and against essay - a balanced essay List three advantages and three disadvantages. The first thing you have to do before writing a for and against essay is make a list of three advantages and three disadvantages. For example, we are going to write an balanced essay about the pros and cons of streaming video platforms like Netflix or HBO.
In the concluding paragraph you can say why you find one side more convincing than the other. In this post, I'll guide you step by step to write a good for and against essay. Step 1. Tips and Guidelines +sample essay (pdf) Step 2. Presentation + sample essay. Step 3. Using connectors of contrast. Step 4.
Write a for and against essay. Think about these questions: What topic will you write about? What are the arguments for it? What are the arguments against it? What's your opinion about it? Writing skills practice: A for and against essay - writing practice
th. ir phones when they vote.The winners win great priz. s.2. Check your writing: reordering - essay structure Write numbers 1-4 to pu. Conclusion - writer's opinion. Introduction - the situation. ts. for reality TV showsArguments against reality TV shows3. Check your writing: rewriting sentences - linking words. ewrite the sentences ...
Writing an essay doesn't need to be a dull affair! Watch how Holly gets her class interested in the essay topic through group discussions, games and watching...
Writing Strategy. When you write an essay, you need to ensure that it has a clear structure. Paragraph 1: introduction (stating the issue) Paragraph 2: arguments for the statement. Paragraph 3: arguments against the statement. Paragraph 4: summary, your own opinion. 1. Read the Writing Strategy and the task below.
For and Against Discussion Essays (FADEs) Learners working in English for Academic Purposes are not alone in needing the skills to write FADEs. They are also important in business, education, government and other fields where the ability logically and dispassionately to set out arguments for and against a proposal or situation is valued. ...
25 For and Against Essay Topics and Ideas that Double as Conversation Topics. 25 for and against essay topics that can be also used for class debates. For and against essay topics: layout. • The first paragraph should be the introduction. Include a thesis statement, which summarises the main issue. In the past, most people lived with their ...
The main point of a for and against essay is to explore both sides of an argument and teach students to exercise sound judgment. Moreover, it also cultivates their ability to assert their stance and express their opinion. The act of taking a stance is as much a mental exercise as it is a writing exercise. It encourages students to commit to an ...
Do you agree? 1. Read the task and the model essay. Does the writer agree or disagree with the statement in the task? Agrees Disagrees . [1] Nowadays, the number of students who do a second degree is increasing. In order to decide if this is a good thing, we must examine the advantages and disadvantages of taking a postgraduate course.
Paragraph 2 : arguments against On the one hand, those who are against the prohibition of smoking- usually the smokers themselves-tend to claim this is a move against their personal liberty. They say that smokers form a large part of the population and that no one has the right to tell them where or when they can smoke.
Answers. ···. Opinion. Agree or disagree' questions are the most common questions in both IELTS Academic and General Training modules. You can either answer them like a 'for and against essay', looking at both sides of the argument, or you can put forward your own personal opinion and take one side of the argument, i.e. 'agree or disagree.
25/10/2020. Country code: ES. Country: Spain. School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) (1061958) Main content: Writing (2013230) From worksheet author:
Start each paragraph with a word or phrase so the reader knows what to ex ect, for exam le First/ , On the other handor To u . 2. Link our sentences with these words. 3. Organise your essay in paragraphs. paragraph 1 — paragraph 2 — paragraph 3 — paragraph 4 — introduction arguments for the subject arguments against the subject ...
A game to revise for and against essay writing. Play Study Slideshow Share anapdgz 248 Share For and against essay revision. Class PIN. Use Class PIN to share Baamboozle+ games with your students. Upgrade. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. Save to Folder. New folder Save ...
Writing the personal essay for your college application can be tough, but we're here to help. Sometimes the hardest part is just getting started, but the sooner you begin, the more time and thought you can put into an essay that stands out. Check out some tips: 1. Keep it real.
For and against essays. A "for and against" essay is a formal piece of writing in which a topic is considered from opposing points of view. You should present both sides in a fair way by discussing them objectively and in equal detail. A good essay of this type should consist of: a) an introductory paragraph in which you clearly state the topic ...
If it helps, leave a placeholder and start in the body of the essay, where the story truly takes off and you get to the things you most want to say. READ: 7 Deciding Factors in Law School Admissions
participating in the essay competition, you will be among the very first group of young people working to actively implement the recently launched "Roadmap to strengthening the role of non-governmental actors in the fight against corruption", presented to the States parties to the UN Convention Against Corruption in December 2023.
"Obviously, I would have loved to be part of UFC 300. They offered me some great money to fight on that card," du Plessis said. "Take money out of the equation; just the magnitude of that ...
Betting companies use a range of technologies to reach new audiences. Shutterstock. As companies compete to spruik their products, children and young people are exposed to saturation gambling ...
To organize Christian voters against Trumpism, Doug Pagitt, an evangelical pastor, founded the nonprofit Vote Common Good, which aims to engage Christian voters.He's driving across the country ...
The former president, in a series of social media posts, said that Vice President Kamala Harris had used A.I. technology to create images of fake crowds at her events. By Shane Goldmacher Former ...
A few weeks later, he borrowed yet more money against the house: a $2 million mortgage from a lender in Naples, Fla., facilitated by a family friend, Ryan Nivakoff, who contributed cash to the ...
For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response. ... researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies. Reference ...
Writing skills practice: A for and against essay - exercises Look at the essay and do the exercises to improve your writing skills. Preparation Complete the tips for writing a for and against essay with a word from the box. disagree formal plan reasons opinions 1. You should give your _____ on the topic. 2.
ir phones when they vote.The winners win great priz. s.2. Check your writing: reordering - essay structure Write numbers 1-4 to pu. Conclusion - writer's opinion. Introduction - the situation. ts. for reality TV showsArguments against reality TV shows3. Check your writing: rewriting sentences - linking words. ewrite the sentences ...