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Research Paper Conclusion – Writing Guide and Examples

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Research Paper Conclusion

The conclusion of a research paper is the final section that ties together the findings, restates the main arguments, and provides closure for readers. A well-crafted conclusion not only summarizes the paper’s insights but also highlights its broader implications and suggests future research directions. This guide explores the steps involved in writing an effective conclusion, offering tips and examples to help you end your research paper on a strong note.

Purpose of a Research Paper Conclusion

The conclusion serves several important purposes:

Summarize Key Findings : Recap the main findings of the research in a concise way.
Reinforce the Thesis : Remind readers of the main argument or research question.
Highlight Implications : Discuss the broader significance of the findings.
Suggest Future Research : Identify areas for further study or unresolved questions.

Structure of a Research Paper Conclusion

Restate the Thesis : Briefly restate the research question or thesis statement, using different wording.
Summarize Main Points : Highlight the key findings or arguments without going into detailed explanations.
Discuss Implications : Explain what the findings mean in a larger context, considering their impact on the field or related areas.
Recommend Future Research : Suggest potential directions for future studies based on any remaining questions or limitations in your work.

Steps to Write a Strong Research Paper Conclusion

Step 1: restate the thesis.

Begin the conclusion by rephrasing the research question or thesis statement. This reminds readers of the core argument and connects it to the findings.

Example : Original Thesis: “This study examined the effects of social media on adolescent mental health, focusing on its impact on self-esteem and anxiety levels.” Restated Thesis: “This research has highlighted the significant role that social media plays in shaping adolescent self-esteem and contributing to anxiety.”

Step 2: Summarize Key Findings

Next, summarize the most important findings or arguments from the paper. Keep this summary brief, as the main body has already provided details.

Example : “Analysis of the data revealed a clear correlation between high social media usage and low self-esteem among adolescents. Additionally, increased time spent online was associated with higher levels of anxiety, particularly among female participants.”

Step 3: Discuss the Broader Implications

In this section, explore the significance of the findings. Discuss how they contribute to the existing knowledge or impact the field. If applicable, address any potential practical or policy implications.

Example : “These findings underscore the need for educators, parents, and policymakers to develop strategies for supporting mental health among young people in a digital age. They suggest that moderating social media use may be beneficial for adolescent well-being.”

Step 4: Suggest Future Research Directions

Identify any gaps in the research or limitations that could be addressed in future studies. This section demonstrates the study’s contribution to ongoing research.

Example : “Future research should explore the long-term effects of social media use on mental health and examine potential moderating factors, such as family support and self-regulation strategies. A larger, more diverse sample would also enhance the generalizability of these findings.”

Examples of Research Paper Conclusions

Example 1: environmental science research paper conclusion.

Thesis Restatement : “This study has demonstrated the significant impact of deforestation on biodiversity loss in the Amazon rainforest.”

Summary of Findings : “The data shows that deforestation contributes directly to habitat loss, reducing species diversity and increasing the risk of extinction.”

Broader Implications : “These results emphasize the urgent need for stronger environmental protection policies to prevent further degradation of one of the world’s most vital ecosystems.”

Future Research Suggestions : “Future research should investigate the effects of deforestation on ecosystem services, such as water purification and carbon storage, which play a critical role in climate regulation.”

Example 2: Business Research Paper Conclusion

Thesis Restatement : “This research has explored how organizational culture influences employee satisfaction and retention.”

Summary of Findings : “The study found that companies with a supportive and inclusive culture reported higher employee satisfaction and lower turnover rates.”

Broader Implications : “These findings suggest that fostering a positive work environment not only benefits employees but also contributes to organizational success.”

Future Research Suggestions : “Future studies could examine how different types of leadership styles impact organizational culture and employee satisfaction across various industries.”

Example 3: Psychology Research Paper Conclusion

Thesis Restatement : “This research investigated the relationship between mindfulness practices and stress reduction among college students.”

Summary of Findings : “Participants who practiced mindfulness exercises reported lower levels of stress and improved mental clarity compared to the control group.”

Broader Implications : “These results highlight the potential of mindfulness programs as a simple, effective tool for stress management, especially in academic settings.”

Future Research Suggestions : “Further studies should explore how the duration and frequency of mindfulness practices influence their effectiveness and examine their long-term impact on mental health.”

Tips for Writing an Effective Conclusion

Be Concise : Avoid re-explaining details from the body of the paper. Focus on the main takeaways and keep the conclusion brief.
Stay Objective : Avoid introducing new arguments or data. Stick to summarizing and interpreting existing information.
Use Strong Language : Convey confidence in your findings and their significance, while remaining balanced and objective.
Avoid Redundancy : Do not repeat phrases or sentences verbatim from earlier sections. Rephrase to keep the conclusion fresh and engaging.
End on a Positive Note : Aim to leave readers with a clear sense of the study’s contribution to the field and any actions that may result from the findings.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Introducing New Information : The conclusion is not the place to introduce new ideas or findings.
Repeating the Introduction : Avoid copying the introduction’s content. Instead, synthesize the paper’s main points and implications.
Being Overly General : Focus on specific conclusions rather than vague statements. Make sure your conclusions are directly related to your research.
Ignoring Limitations : Address any limitations honestly, as they provide context for interpreting the results and contribute to transparency.

Writing a strong research paper conclusion involves restating the thesis, summarizing key findings, discussing implications, and suggesting future research directions. A well-written conclusion leaves a lasting impression, reinforcing the importance of the research and opening doors for further inquiry. By following these steps and avoiding common mistakes, you can ensure that your conclusion effectively wraps up your study and communicates its significance.

Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., & Williams, J. M. (2016). The Craft of Research . University of Chicago Press.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . Sage Publications.
Graff, G., & Birkenstein, C. (2017). They Say, I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing . W.W. Norton & Company.
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2012). Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Essential Tasks and Skills . University of Michigan Press.
Turabian, K. L. (2013). A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations . University of Chicago Press.

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In a short paper—even a research paper—you don’t need to provide an exhaustive summary as part of your conclusion. But you do need to make some kind of transition between your final body paragraph and your concluding paragraph. This may come in the form of a few sentences of summary. Or it may come in the form of a sentence that brings your readers back to your thesis or main idea and reminds your readers where you began and how far you have traveled.

So, for example, in a paper about the relationship between ADHD and rejection sensitivity, Vanessa Roser begins by introducing readers to the fact that researchers have studied the relationship between the two conditions and then provides her explanation of that relationship. Here’s her thesis: “While socialization may indeed be an important factor in RS, I argue that individuals with ADHD may also possess a neurological predisposition to RS that is exacerbated by the differing executive and emotional regulation characteristic of ADHD.”

In her final paragraph, Roser reminds us of where she started by echoing her thesis: “This literature demonstrates that, as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

Highlight the “so what”

At the beginning of your paper, you explain to your readers what’s at stake—why they should care about the argument you’re making. In your conclusion, you can bring readers back to those stakes by reminding them why your argument is important in the first place. You can also draft a few sentences that put those stakes into a new or broader context.

In the conclusion to her paper about ADHD and RS, Roser echoes the stakes she established in her introduction—that research into connections between ADHD and RS has led to contradictory results, raising questions about the “behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

She writes, “as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

Leave your readers with the “now what”

After the “what” and the “so what,” you should leave your reader with some final thoughts. If you have written a strong introduction, your readers will know why you have been arguing what you have been arguing—and why they should care. And if you’ve made a good case for your thesis, then your readers should be in a position to see things in a new way, understand new questions, or be ready for something that they weren’t ready for before they read your paper.

In her conclusion, Roser offers two “now what” statements. First, she explains that it is important to recognize that the flawed behavioral mediation hypothesis “seems to place a degree of fault on the individual. It implies that individuals with ADHD must have elicited such frequent or intense rejection by virtue of their inadequate social skills, erasing the possibility that they may simply possess a natural sensitivity to emotion.” She then highlights the broader implications for treatment of people with ADHD, noting that recognizing the actual connection between rejection sensitivity and ADHD “has profound implications for understanding how individuals with ADHD might best be treated in educational settings, by counselors, family, peers, or even society as a whole.”

To find your own “now what” for your essay’s conclusion, try asking yourself these questions:

What can my readers now understand, see in a new light, or grapple with that they would not have understood in the same way before reading my paper? Are we a step closer to understanding a larger phenomenon or to understanding why what was at stake is so important?
What questions can I now raise that would not have made sense at the beginning of my paper? Questions for further research? Other ways that this topic could be approached?
Are there other applications for my research? Could my questions be asked about different data in a different context? Could I use my methods to answer a different question?
What action should be taken in light of this argument? What action do I predict will be taken or could lead to a solution?
What larger context might my argument be a part of?

What to avoid in your conclusion

a complete restatement of all that you have said in your paper.
a substantial counterargument that you do not have space to refute; you should introduce counterarguments before your conclusion.
an apology for what you have not said. If you need to explain the scope of your paper, you should do this sooner—but don’t apologize for what you have not discussed in your paper.
fake transitions like “in conclusion” that are followed by sentences that aren’t actually conclusions. (“In conclusion, I have now demonstrated that my thesis is correct.”)
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