research
Sources: Compiled from various online reports, including www.ncsl.org/programs/health/genetics/embfet.htm , http://isscr.org/public/regions , and “Yahoo! Alerts Health News: Stem Cells” (all last accessed December 7, 2007).
States with Legislation Relating to Embryonic Stem Cell Use
State | Legislation |
---|---|
Arkansas | Research prohibited except on stillborn fetuses |
Louisiana | Prohibits research on embryos |
Maine | Research prohibited on in vitro-fertilized embryos; a bill has been proposed for stem cell research this year |
Michigan | Dead embryos and fetuses available for experimentation by consent |
Missouri | Prohibits research on live fetus |
Montana | Prohibits live fetal research |
Nebraska | Restricted use of money for embryonic stem cell research; a ban on cloning proposed |
New Hampshire | Prohibits maintenance of unfrozen fertilized embryo beyond 14 days |
North Dakota | Research (after consent) on embryos from sources other than abortion |
Oklahoma | Prohibits research on fetus and embryos |
Pennsylvania | Prohibits research on live fetus and embryos |
Rhode Island | Prohibits research on in vitro–fertilized embryos post implantation, but pending legislation for embry onic stem cell research with the consent of both parties involved in the creation of the embryo |
South Dakota | Prohibits destruction of embryos |
Tennessee | Allows research on aborted fetuses, but requires consent |
Utah | Prohibits research on aborted fetus or post-implanted embryo |
The International Society for Stem Cell Research recently proposed international guidelines for the use of embryonic tissue to ensure uniform research and experimental practice worldwide. 125 At the core of these guidelines is that embryonic research should be rigorously overseen by sponsoring organizations or regulatory bodies with specific policies and procedures that conform to the recommendations of the scientific community. In all policies, no cloning is to be undertaken to create humans. The society’s policies also recommend the establishment of an institutional oversight committee to review and determine approval of all stem cell research. The use of “chimeras” (i.e., animals created with human cells) is allowed with approval from this committee. Further, the use of any cells donated for research purposes should require consent from those donating them. Regulations pertaining to stem cell use by state and country are kept reasonably up to date at the following websites:
Initially, the federal funding restriction was seen as detrimental to stem cell research. However, some scientists are now suggesting that the restriction has actually opened other funding opportunities that may be more helpful to the research community. As Table 1 shows, federal restrictions have created unprecedented state funding far exceeding any that the National Institutes of Health would likely provide. This alternative funding source has also piqued the interest of pharmaceutical companies. Such companies may be able to position themselves for a larger share of patents and licenses from state-funded research—they already have a near monopoly on drug therapies derived from this research. This apparent paradox was discussed in an opinion piece in The Scientist by Dr. Paul Sanberg. 126
Health educators are charged with numerous roles and responsibilities in the public sector. 1 These essential tasks intersect with current and anticipated research involving stem cells. What follows is an iteration of ways in which health educators might be expected to address relevant stem cell knowledge and research issues. Although not exhaustive, the points below highlight the importance of keeping public dialogue about this topic both vibrant and accurate.
Health education competencies and subcompetencies in this area include, but are not limited to, selecting valid sources of information about health needs and interests. The debate over stem cell research inevitably becomes enmeshed in moral arguments and political posturing, so it is important that scientifically accurate information and data be made prominent in the public eye. Health educators are positioned to translate technical information and make it accessible to the lay public and other interested consumers. Presently, although there are many avenues of availability for this information in the scientific and medical communities, it is far less available to the general public. What is needed are accurate sources of relevant stem cell data and other information that neither refute scientific discovery nor escalate optimism inappropriately or prematurely.
The highly diverse nature of the health information consumer includes different levels of health literacy, disparate ethical and moral belief systems, and widely varying learning styles. Health educators are professionally prepared as a group to respond to the needs of these different audiences by identifying individuals and groups who can best benefit from knowledge about stem cell research, incorporating appropriate organizational frameworks, establishing specific learning objectives based on assessment of baseline knowledge, assigning audience-specific modes of education delivery, and developing a program delivery method that includes optimal use of learning technologies.
Health educators are able to assess both knowledge and attitude shifts through the use of well chosen surveys and other assessment instruments. Moreover, health educators can infer needed future activities and programs that build either in a linear or a spiraling fashion on past activities. Stem cell research is a pioneering endeavor, and the knowledge shifts can, therefore, be rapid; the need for recurring data and information sources suitable for general and specific audience consumption is as dynamic as the shifting sands. Health educators are prime candidates for interpreting these changes, putting them in context, and making the necessary and relevant adjustments to the public’s informational needs.
Health educators should be masters at retrieval of information that can be translated from technical to more audience-friendly language. As with their other resource functions, health educators should be able to match information needs with the appropriate retrieval systems; to select data and data systems commensurate with program needs; and to determine the relevance of various computerized health information resources, access those resources, and employ electronic technology for retrieving references. To enhance the match between information and audience, health educators should be positioned to perform readability assessments using such tools as the SMOG Test, 127 the Flesch Reading Ease Formula, 128 and other indices, 129 thereby increasing the likelihood that relevant information about stem cells will be understood.
Health educators are expected to analyze and respond to current and future needs in health education. Particularly pertinent to stem cell research is the analysis of factors (e.g., social, demographic, political) that influence individuals who make decisions about the direction of, and restrictions on, stem cell research. Currently, the wise course may be for health educators to be as politically neutral as possible in organizing and communicating information about stem cell research—standing neither for nor against liberalization of current research postures by the federal government and other entities. Health educators, like any other professional group, are subject to their own biases, including those emanating from personal moral philosophy, ethical principles, or other convictions. Nevertheless, they are obligated to report on stem cell matters factually. They can also serve as advocates for promoting discussions in the public sector, at professional conferences, and in their own scientific literature. Finally, practice standards support health educators’ participation in continuing education on stem cell issues and their development of plans for ongoing professional development.
Stem cell research is a major area in biomedical research, one that could have a far-reaching impact on the overall health of the human race. Many people, professional and lay alike, obtain their knowledge from sources that present personal agendas or dubious interpretations of facts. In this article, we have endeavored to give a fair, balanced, and unbiased view—as much as our personal limits as scientists and individuals permit—of the potential of stem cells. We have also argued that health educators can position themselves to bring some orderliness to the debate about the merits of stem cell research and support a healthy dialogue among lay audiences as well as their own professional peers.
How to start a research paper on stem cell: tips on how to start.
To start writing a research paper on stem cells, students have to know the basics about them first and narrow down the general topic from there. Conduct initial research and determine what stem cells are, their different kinds, and their existing as well as future uses. Furthermore, as writers go along the step of collecting data, they have to choose a sub-topic that is most interesting for them. They should consider the kind of paper though.
For instance, if writing an argumentative paper, the author can choose a specific stance such as being supportive of stem cell use and subsequently provide evidence to sustain this viewpoint. Moreover, writers can explore as many topics and perspectives as possible in order to present compelling arguments which also respond to the strongest counter-positions. On the contrary, if the aim is to write an informative paper, then the tone of writing will be objective or unbiased. After selecting a specific topic, write an outline of the main ideas derived from the research.
Here is an example of an outline of stem cells.
I. Introduction
A. What Are Stem Cells and Why Are They Important to Study?
II. What Are the Different Kinds of Stem Cells?
A. Embryonic Stem Cells
B. Adult Stem cells
C. Perinatal Stem Cells
III. Why Is There a Debate on Using Stem Cells?
IV. What Are the Uses of Stem Cells and How Can Obstacles to Their Use Be Removed?
V. Conclusion
A thesis includes the main points of the paper. A good thesis is based on thoughtful research and not a simple rewriting of facts. The primary characteristics of a thesis for an argumentative paper are that it must be contestable, specific, focused, and based on evidence. Below is a sample of a thesis on stem cells:
“Stem cells should be used for research because they can reveal the origins of diseases and present effective therapies, especially for those without the cure, while also allowing the testing of these treatments without use for animal or human subjects.”
A good introduction should properly state the topic for the readers and hook them from the very start to encourage reading. Many essays start with a general statement for their introductory paragraph followed by supporting sentences. The last sentence is usually the thesis. Here is a sample introduction:
Stem cells have gained significant scientific and public interest as they have the magnificent potential of developing into diverse kinds of cells. When a stem cell divides, in essence, multiplies, each unit has the potential of becoming a replica or another kind with a specialized role, such as a brain cell or a red blood cell. Stem cells are important as they produce the entire body of a living thing, while adult stem cells assist in replacing those that are lost due to wear and tear, injuries, or diseases. Stem cells should be used for research because they can reveal the origins of diseases and present effective therapies, especially for those without a cure, while also allowing the testing of these treatments without use for animal or human subjects.
A good research paper is composed of well-thought and connected body paragraphs. Each paragraph should be a group of interrelated sentences about a specific idea that ties back to the thesis. The basic components of body paragraphs are a clear topic sentence followed by supporting evidence or details, unity and cohesion, and a concluding sentence that unites the evidence and brings the paper to the next point. Every paragraph must be fully developed with the right number and kind of details or evidence, such as personal examples, quotes from credible sources, and statistics. When writing points that use research, an in-text citation is essential to avoid plagiarism. In addition, all paragraphs must have transitions within the sentence and from one body paragraph to the next.
The first body paragraph should coincide with what is written in the outline. Below is an example of the initial body paragraph:
Stem cells have different kinds. Embryonic stem cells are derived from three- to five-day-old embryos. Also called a blastocyst, this kind has 150 cells. They are likewise pluripotent as they can divide and generate more stem cells or turn into any cell type. Being versatile, embryonic stem cells can regenerate or fix diseased organs and tissues. Adult stem cells are located in many adult tissues, like the bone marrow or fat. Dissimilar to embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells cannot produce different kinds of cells. Perinatal stem cells are found in the amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood and can also change into specialized cells.
The second body paragraph deals with the controversy of stem cells. Here is a sample:
Several critics are against the use of embryonic stem cells per se. Since these stem cells are collected from early-stage embryos, there are questions about this procedures’ morality. Harvesting embryonic stem cells can result in the promotion of abortion as well as the objectification of embryos. In other words, some people fear that embryos will now be made not for the purpose of reproduction but to sell and use for research. Thus, the sanctity of the human body may be sacrificed in pursuit of stem cell therapies.
The third body paragraph tackles the uses of stem cells and the resolutions to controversies. Here is a sample:
Human stem cells can be used for research and find treatment for incurable diseases and remove the need for animal or human experimentation; however, it should be conducted with a moral framework to avoid abuse. Embryonic stem cell research can provide critical information about human development including the formation of diseases. Understanding illnesses at the cellular level, in turn, can produce new therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, stem cells can be used to test new therapies and eliminate animal and human experimentation subjects. Likewise, stem cell research must proceed with an ethical framework to prevent and stop abuses. Related agencies can provide a code of ethics for all scientists to abide by.
To write a great concluding paragraph, follow these tips. First, summarize all the main arguments. Second, avoid introducing new topics. Third, you can ask provocative questions. Fourth, evoke strong images that can affect the feelings of readers and possibly motivate changes. Fifth, end with a call to action or suggest outcomes and consequences.
Here is a sample conclusion:
Stem cell research has great potential in understanding illnesses and treating incurable diseases apart from ending human and animal experimentation. Nevertheless, it can be abused and turned into a commercial enterprise without regard for human life. As a result, the paper recommends the creation of an ethical framework that will guide stem cell scientists and hold them responsible for the consequences of their actions. While stem cell studies may have some drawbacks, their benefits are far too important to be stunted; thus, the public should support them and ensure that they continue with a strong moral compass for proper guidance.
Revision is vital to a well-written paper because writing is a discovery process that does not always yield the perfect first draft. Revising your research work enables you to attain the following advantages. First, you can take a step back from your paper and recognize if everything in it has meaning. Second, you are checking if you said what you truly wanted to express. Third, you evaluate if the writing is clear enough for readers to understand the content. Fourth, if you are writing argumentatively, you can improve the power of your premises. Revising intends to create the best paper after several changes by making it more coherent and persuasive.
Here are the tips to consider for each part of your paper while doing your revisions. For the introduction, determine if it puts your argument within the context of an ongoing conversation on stem cell research. Next, check if this section includes a definition of key terms, draws readers in, and provides a compelling thesis. The next piece of advice is on revising the thesis. Evaluate if the thesis says what you want to say and offers a statement that is worthy of consideration. Furthermore, ensure that every part of the paper delivers what the thesis promises.
Afterward, assess the structure of the paper. A good practice is making an outline of your written output and determining if it answers your objectives. Make sure that each point is well-developed and improve where necessary. Afterward, determine the coherency of the paragraphs including transition sentences. Check if all the arguments are logical; any sentence that commits fallacies must be removed. Moreover, determine if the conclusion is appropriate in summing up the main point and motivates readers to think about your arguments.
Do the revision in steps and not in one blow. Rest your eyes for an hour or even days, depending on the time you have, in order to have fresh eyes that are ready to identify and correct mistakes. Read the paper loudly as well as this helps catch any mistakes you may miss when reading by the eye. Lastly, you can ask peers and instructors for feedback and consider all their suggestions during revision.
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Stem cells (SC) are characterized by the ability of self renewal as well as specialization into different cell types. Stem cells are present in most organs, and can be isolated from adult tissue, embryonic tissue and can be created by a new technology named induced pluripotency. The three types of SC have different potentials in terms of advancing regenerative medicine, but also raise serious safety concerns that need to be addressed before SC can fulfill the expectations by being developed into new cures and treatments for a range of serious cell degenerative diseases.
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Enhancing dental pulp stem cell proliferation and odontogenic differentiation with protein phosphatase 1-disrupting peptide: an in vitro study.
2. materials and methods, 2.1. cell culture, 2.2. metabolic activity and cell proliferation, 2.3. immunostaining of f-actin cytoskeleton and nucleus, 2.4. real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, 2.5. alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity and cytochemical staining, 2.6. statistical analysis, 3.1. metabolic activity and cell proliferation of dpscs exposed to mss1, 3.2. gene expression and alp activity of dpscs exposed to mss1, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
Click here to enlarge figure
Gene | Assay ID |
---|---|
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) | qHsaCED0038674 |
Alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) | qHsaCED0045991 |
Bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) | qHsaCID0015400 |
Collagen type I alpha I chain (Col1α1) | qHsaCED0043248 |
Dentin sialo phosphoprotein (DSPP) | qHsaCED0002962 |
Integrin binding sialoprotein (IBSP) | qHsaCED0002933 |
Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) | qHsaCED0045573 |
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Kobrock, A.; Matos, B.; Patrício, D.; Grenho, L.; Howl, J.; Fardilha, M.; Gomes, P.S. Enhancing Dental Pulp Stem Cell Proliferation and Odontogenic Differentiation with Protein Phosphatase 1-Disrupting Peptide: An In Vitro Study. Cells 2024 , 13 , 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13131143
Kobrock A, Matos B, Patrício D, Grenho L, Howl J, Fardilha M, Gomes PS. Enhancing Dental Pulp Stem Cell Proliferation and Odontogenic Differentiation with Protein Phosphatase 1-Disrupting Peptide: An In Vitro Study. Cells . 2024; 13(13):1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13131143
Kobrock, Anna, Bárbara Matos, Daniela Patrício, Liliana Grenho, John Howl, Margarida Fardilha, and Pedro S. Gomes. 2024. "Enhancing Dental Pulp Stem Cell Proliferation and Odontogenic Differentiation with Protein Phosphatase 1-Disrupting Peptide: An In Vitro Study" Cells 13, no. 13: 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13131143
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Playing “God” a. Human Cloning b. Helping humans live longer c. Can overpopulate society. Positive side of Stem Cell Research 1 . Cure/treat diseases a. Parkinson b. Alchemies c. Heart diseases d. Birth defects e. Spinal core Injuries f. Can play major roll in cancer g. Grow back small parts of body a. Primary source a. I. No longer baby embryos (futures) a. Ii. Adult Stem Cells a. Iii. Neural Stem Cells a. Iv. Cord Blood Stem Cells 3. Embryonic Stem Cells .
Ability to become majority of tissue and organ cells b.
Have a less chance of rejection c. Some argue it is better that fetus goes to better use Conclusion Just like any other agenda they both have their pros and cons, but it is our Job as a society to educate ourselves which of the two sides we stand on. Will we support the strive for new cures for heart disease, cancer, and various other diseases and be able to change lives.
Or will we stand in and view the morality aspect and how baby futures, and lab grown futures to be able to obtain these stem cells. I leave it up for you to decide.
Stem Cell Research Outline Stem Cell Research Outline Stem Cell Research Outline
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Stem cells are found in all plants and animals, including humans, and can transform into any type of special cells: blood, skin cells, bones, etc., making them essential to the human body and a great topic for your stem cell research essay. Stem cells can divide an indefinite number of times, so, according to stem cell research essays, with their help, the tissues of the body are constantly renewed throughout life. Many essays on stem cells note the input of scientists: Maximov, Evans, Thompson, Gerhart, and others. In the 21st century, researches in the field of therapy using stem cells rapidly continues to develop, so we can expect more essays on this topic. Please check the listed essay samples for curious facts about stem cell research. View our stem cell research essay samples below for more info.
Many controversies surround the use of stem cells in researches. Nevertheless, the current benefits of stem cell studies prove to be vital and pave the way for advancement in new treatments. They offer hope to people suffering from serious illnesses. There is no doubt that stem cells will continue to...
Cloning and its Ethical Concerns Cloning has raised controversial ethical concerns with experts expressing divergent viewpoints. Cloning enables scientists to perform exceptional modifications to human embryos' DNA using genetic modification technology. In Britain, for instance, stem cell scientists were granted the license to perform modifications of embryos' DNA in 2016 (Siddique...
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This essay examines the ethical concerns that are currently arising in the field of stem cell research and how they might be studied and used by researchers. Undifferentiated cells called stem cells can be found in a variety of body tissues, including the embryo and the bone marrow. Considered in...
Words: 1638
Stem Cell Research specifically the preparation of stem cells for use in the development, control and elimination of human embryos is considered one of the major breakthroughs in biology. Although evolution in science plays a great role in impacting mankind, our environment, and our view of the world, it is...
Words: 1398
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Interindividual genetic variation affects the susceptibility to and progression of many diseases 1 , 2 . However, efforts to study how individual human brains differ in normal development and disease phenotypes are limited by the paucity of faithful cellular human models, and the difficulty of scaling current systems to represent multiple people. Here we present human brain Chimeroids, a highly reproducible, multidonor human brain cortical organoid model generated by the co-development of cells from a panel of individual donors in a single organoid. By reaggregating cells from multiple single-donor organoids at the neural stem cell or neural progenitor cell stage, we generate Chimeroids in which each donor produces all cell lineages of the cerebral cortex, even when using pluripotent stem cell lines with notable growth biases. We used Chimeroids to investigate interindividual variation in the susceptibility to neurotoxic triggers that exhibit high clinical phenotypic variability: ethanol and the antiepileptic drug valproic acid. Individual donors varied in both the penetrance of the effect on target cell types, and the molecular phenotype within each affected cell type. Our results suggest that human genetic background may be an important mediator of neurotoxin susceptibility and introduce Chimeroids as a scalable system for high-throughput investigation of interindividual variation in processes of brain development and disease.
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Data availability.
Read-level data from scRNA-seq have been deposited at Synapse ( https://www.synapse.org/ ; syn52132869), while count-level data and metadata have been deposited at https://singlecell.broadinstitute.org/single_cell/study/SCP2609 . Any additional information required to reanalyse the data reported in this paper is available from the corresponding author on request. Data from previous publications that were used in this study were as follows: organoid reference map and fetal data 20 (Synapse: syn26346373); fetal data 23 (GEO: GSE162170 ) and fetal data 24 (dbGaP: phs001836).
Code used during data analysis is available at GitHub ( https://github.com/tfaits/Arlotta_Lab_Chimeroids ).
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We thank J. R. Brown for input and assistance in editing the manuscript; L. L. Lyons, N. Kozub and S. Tropp for technical assistance; all of the members of the Arlotta laboratory for discussions; B. Cohen for the Mito210 iPSC line; G. Church for the PGP1 iPSC line; M. Talkowski for the GM08330 iPSC line; the staff at the Broad Genomics Platform for sequencing; S. McCarroll for the Census-seq protocol; and B. Yeung for their support with pre-processing the Curioseeker data. Some components of the schematics were adapted from BioRender. This work was supported by grants from the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research to P.A., R.N. and J.Z.L.; the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; the Blavatnik Biomedical Accelerator at Harvard University to P.A.; the National Institutes of Health (P50-MH094271 and RF1-MH123977 to P.A., R01-MH112940 to P.A. and J.Z.L., and U01-MH115727 to R.N.); and the Klarman Cell Observatory (A.R.).
These authors contributed equally: Noelia Antón-Bolaños, Irene Faravelli
Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Noelia Antón-Bolaños, Irene Faravelli, Tyler Faits, Sophia Andreadis, Rahel Kastli, Sebastiano Trattaro, Anqi Wei, Abhishek Sampath Kumar, Daniela J. Di Bella, Matthew Tegtmeyer, Ralda Nehme & Paola Arlotta
Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
Noelia Antón-Bolaños, Irene Faravelli, Tyler Faits, Rahel Kastli, Sebastiano Trattaro, Xian Adiconis, Anqi Wei, Abhishek Sampath Kumar, Daniela J. Di Bella, Matthew Tegtmeyer, Ralda Nehme, Joshua Z. Levin & Paola Arlotta
Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
Tyler Faits, Xian Adiconis & Joshua Z. Levin
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
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N.A.-B., I.F. and P.A. conceived and designed the experiments. N.A.-B., I.F. and S.A. generated, cultured and characterized all of the organoids in this study, with the help of S.T. and R.K., and P.A. supervised their work and contributed to data interpretation. N.A.-B., I.F., R.K. and S.A. performed IHC and image acquisition. R.K. performed MEA recordings and data analysis. X.A., N.A.-B. and I.F. performed scRNA-seq experiments, with help from D.J.D.B. and supervision of P.A. and J.Z.L.; N.A.-B., I.F. and S.T. performed scRNA-seq library preparation for the vast majority of the preparations included in this study. A.S.K., N.A.-B. and I.F. performed spatial transcriptomic experiments. A.S.K. and T.F. performed spatial transcriptomic computational analysis. A.W. performed the computational analysis of Extended Data Fig. 7 . T.F., N.A.-B. and I.F. worked on cell type assignments and scRNA-seq data analysis, and T.F. performed all of the computational work under supervision by A.R. and P.A.; R.N. and M.T. provided the CW line, and advised on the PSC-Chimeroid experiments and on application of the Census-seq analysis pipeline, using computational tools developed by S. McCarroll’s laboratory. N.A.-B., I.F. and P.A. wrote the manuscript with contributions from all of the authors. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Paola Arlotta .
Competing interests.
P.A. is a scientific advisory board member at Foresite Labs, CNSII, and is a co-founder and scientific advisory board member of Vesalius Therapeutics. A.R. is a founder and equity holder of Celsius Therapeutics, an equity holder in Immunitas Therapeutics and, until 31 August 2020, was a scientific advisory board member of Syros Pharmaceuticals, Neogene Therapeutics, Asimov and Thermo Fisher Scientific. From 1 August 2020, A.R. has been an employee of Genentech and has equity in Roche.
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Extended data fig. 1 psc chimeroids display uneven donor composition but proper cell type composition..
a , Schematic of the PSC-Chimeroid protocol. Some icons were created using BioRender. b , Stacked bar plots showing donor composition, as measured via Census-seq from low-pass whole-genome sequencing, in PSC-Chimeroids from various mixes and timepoints, labelled as the number of days since the day of the seeding (DIV0). For the DIV0 and DIV1 time points, n = 4 Chimeroids have been pulled together. c , Left panel: brightfield image of 3-mo PSC-Chimeroids; scale bar: 1 mm. Right panel: immunolabelling of 3-mo PSC-Chimeroid with SATB2, TBR1 and MAP2. Scale bar: 500 μm. d , UMAP of integrated PSC-Chimeroids at 3 mo, coloured by annotated cell type (left panel) and donor line as determined with demuxlet (right panel). e , UMAPs split by donor for two different replicates. f , Barplots of cell type proportions in PSC Chimeroids (n = 2), demultiplexed by donor. g , Immunolabelling of 1-mo PSC-Chimeroids showing early progenitors (SOX2), cortical progenitors (EMX1); rosette centres are lined with ZO-1, a tight junction protein present in the endfeet of radial glia cells, and NESTIN, indicating correctly-polarized neuroepithelium. CFuPNs neurons are marked by TBR1, and the neuronal dendrites by MAP2. h , Immunolabelling of 2-mo PSC-Chimeroids showing early progenitors (SOX2), IP (TBR2) and oRG (HOPX). CTNNB1 marks the centre of the neural rosettes, indicating correctly-polarized neuroepithelium. i , Immunolabelling of 3-mo PSC-Chimeroids showing cortical markers such as SATB2 (upper layers cortical neurons), and CTIP2 (deep layers cortical neurons). White arrows point to the neural rosettes (shown at higher magnification in the lower panels). Scale bar: 100 μm.
a . Brightfield images of single-donor H1 NSC-Chimeroids seeded with 9,000 (upper) and 12,000 (lower) cells/well at day 3 and day 16 after reaggregation (left panels), and brightfield images of single donor PGP1 NSC-Chimeroids seeded with 9,000 (top left), 12,000 (bottom left), and 20,000 (top right) cells/well at day 3 and day 16 after reaggregation (right panels). Scale bar: 500 μm. Barplot showing growth over time of PGP1 NSC-Chimeroids compared across all different cell counts at aggregation (bottom right). Bars show median values, whiskers show upper and lower quartiles (n = 170 Chimeroids across all 4 timepoints). Significance was calculated using ANOVA followed by two-sided Tukey post-hoc pairwise tests. P-values: *** < − 0.001; **** - <0.0001. b . Immunolabelling of PGP1 single-donor NSC-Chimeroids made by aggregating the indicated number of cells, at DIV35. Upper images display whole organoids; lower images, enlargement of indicated portions. Lefthand panel, immunolabelling for SOX2 (progenitors), MAP2 (neuronal dendrites), and TBR1 (deep layer neurons). Righthand panel, immunolabelling for SOX2, ZO-1 (tight gap junctions), and EMX1 (dorsal cortical progenitors). Scale bar: 500 μm (upper) and 125 μm (lower). Arrowheads indicate non-cortical (grey) and cortical (white) regions. c . Left panel: whole-organoid brightfield images of H1 single-donor NPC-Chimeroids seeded with 100,000 cells at aggregation, at 18 and 35 days after mixing. Scale bar: 500 μm. Right panel: immunolabelling of H1 single-donor NPC-Chimeroids showing SOX2, ZO-1, and EMX1. Scale bar: 500 μm and 125 μm (zoom-in).
a , Immunolabelling of 1-mo MD-NSC Chimeroids showing early progenitors (SOX2), cortical progenitors (EMX1); rosette centres are lined with ZO-1, a tight junction protein present in the endfeet of radial glia cells, and NESTIN signal, indicating correctly-polarized neuroepithelium. CFuPNs neurons are marked by TBR1, and the neuronal dendrites by MAP2. b , Immunolabelling of 2-mo MD-NSC Chimeroids showing early progenitors (SOX2), IP (TBR2) and oRG (HOPX). CTNNB1 marks the centre of the neural rosettes, indicating correctly-polarized neuroepithelium. c , Immunolabelling of 3-mo MD-NSC Chimeroids showing cortical markers such as SATB2 (upper layers cortical neurons), and CTIP2 (deep layers cortical neurons). White arrows point to the neural rosettes. Scale bar: 100 μm. Some icons were created using BioRender.
a , Stacked barplots showing the donor composition, as measured via Census-seq from low-pass whole-genome sequencing, of multi-donor NSC-Chimeroids from various mixes and at various timepoints, labelled as the number of days since reaggregation (DIV; for the DIV0 and DIV1 time points, n = 4 chimeroids have been pulled together). b-e , 3-mo NSC-Chimeroids UMAPs split by donor ( b, d ) and stacked barplots of donor contributions for each cell type ( c, e ) for Mix 1 (4 donors) and Mix 2 (5 donors).
a , Slice #1. Spatial plot of Slide-seq data from 2-mo MD-NSC Chimeroids (Mix 5), coloured by maximal donor contribution via Census-seq. b , Spatial plots showing donor prediction weights. c , Spatial plot of Slide-seq data from 2-mo NSC-Chimeroids (Mix 5), coloured by RCTD-assigned cell type. d , Spatial plots showing cell type prediction weights. e , Slice#2. Same as a . f , Slice#2. Same as b . g , Slide#2. Same as c. h , Slide#2. Same as d . i , Representative organoid placed on a Multielectrode Array (MEA). j , Representative activity map of a MD-NSC Chimeroid network burst at 4mo, where each pixel of the map represents an electrode (left) and example action potential traces from the electrodes highlighted in the activity map (right). k , Representative raster plot showing the firing activity of active electrodes (139, defined as electrodes with a mean firing rate >0.15 spikes/s inside the outline of the organoid) over a 15 min recording. Network bursts start to appear around 5 mins. l , Effect of AMPA and NMDA blockers (D-AP5, 150 µM; DNQX 60 µM) on neuronal activity/network bursts (left panel); network bursting activity of 4 recorded NSC-Chimeroids (right panel). Some icons were created using BioRender.
a , Immunolabelling of 1-mo NPC-Chimeroids showing early progenitors (SOX2), cortical progenitors (EMX1); rosette centres are lined with ZO-1, a tight junction protein present in the endfeet of radial glia cells, and NESTIN signal, indicating correctly-polarized neuroepithelium. CFuPN neurons are marked by TBR1, and the neuronal dendrites by MAP2. b , Immunolabelling of 2-mo NPC-Chimeroids showing early progenitors (SOX2), IP (TBR2) and oRG (HOPX). CTNNB1 marks the centre of the neural rosettes, indicating correctly-polarized neuroepithelium. c , Immunolabelling of 3-mo NPC-Chimeroids showing cortical markers such as SATB2 (upper layers cortical neurons), and CTIP2 (deep layers cortical neurons). White arrows point to the neural rosettes. Scale bar: 100 μm. d , Brightfield images of 3-mo Chimeroids across all protocols (scale bar: 1 mm). Some icons were created using BioRender.
a , UMAP of integrated dataset containing DIV23 organoids from our reference map of Velasco-protocol organoid development (“Ref. Map”), and MD-NSC and MD-NPC-Chimeroids 1 day after aggregation (INPUT), colour-coded by annotated cell type. b . UMAPs split by protocol. c , UMAP of the INPUT for MD-NSC Chimeroids (mix 2), colour-coded by annotated cell type. d , UMAPs split by donors. e , UMAP of the INPUT for MD-NPC Chimeroids (Mix 6), colour-coded by annotated cell type. f , UMAPs split by donors. g , Donor demultiplexed after sc-RNA-seq. h , Bar plots of cell-type proportions in INPUT MD-NSC and MD-NPC Chimeroids for each donor. Some icons were created using BioRender.
a , Immunolabelling of 1-mo 11a SD-NSC Chimeroids showing early progenitors (SOX2), cortical progenitors (EMX1); rosette centres are lined with ZO-1, a tight junction protein present in the endfeet of radial glia cells, NESTIN and CTNNB1 signal, indicating correctly-polarized neuroepithelium surrounded by early new born CFuPN neurons. b , Same as panel a, for PGP1 SD-NSC Chimeroids. c , Immunolabelling of 3-mo 11a SD-NSC Chimeroids showing cortical markers such as SATB2 (upper layers cortical neurons), and CTIP2 (deep layers cortical neurons). d , Same as panel c , for PGP1 SD-NSC Chimeroids. White arrows point to the neural rosettes. Scale bar: 100 μm. Some icons were created using BioRender.
a , UMAP showing overlapping neighbourhoods of cells, as calculated using Milo. Red and blue colours indicate neighbourhoods with significant enrichment for cells from single-donor or multi-donor Chimeroids, respectively. Point size indicates the number of cells in a neighbourhood, and edge thickness indicates the number of cells shared between pairs of neighbourhoods. b , Beeswarm plot showing shifts in the composition of neighbourhoods of cells, grouped by the cell-type identity of those neighbourhoods. Each point represents a neighbourhood of 50-200 cells with similar gene expression profiles. The vertical axis indicates the enrichment of single-donor cells within a neighbourhood, with positive log fold change values indicating more than expected single-donor cells, and negative values indicating fewer than expected single-donor cells. Neighbourhoods are coloured based on statistical significance of that enrichment: grey, not significantly different from random; red, significant over-enrichment; blue, significant under-enrichment. c-d , Volcano plots showing DEGs, overall and for each donor (c), and for each major cell type (d), between the MD- and SD-NSC Chimeroid protocols. Positive log2 fold change indicates higher expression in the SD protocol. e , Correlation plots comparing the DEGs between each pair of donors in MD-NSC Chimeroids to those between the same pair of donors in the SD-NSC Chimeroids. The x- and y-axies shows log2 fold change in MD and SD, respectively. Point size and colour indicate statistical significance in MD and SD, respectively. f , Heatmap showing the mean absolute value of the log2 fold change between each donor in the MD-NSC Chimeroid protocol (columns) and each donor in the SD-NSC Chimeroid protocol (rows). Lower values imply more similarity; samples from each donor were transcriptionally most similar to samples from the same donor in the other protocol. g , Aitchison distance measuring the dissimilarity in cell type composition between replicates within each protocol, split into comparisons within batches and between batches, and limited to cells derived from the PGP1 and Mito210 donors (as only these two donors are present in all organoid/Chimeroid protocols assayed here). (n = 23 PGP1, 23 Mito210, and 10 fetal samples; Boxes show upper and lower quartiles and median, whiskers show highest/lowest values within 1.5 interquartile range (IQR) of the nearest hinge). The dissimilarity in cell type composition between samples within each of three fetal cortical datasets is also shown, indicating natural variability between individuals. Dotted lines represent mean inter-sample distances within each fetal dataset 20 , 23 , 24 . Some icons were created using BioRender.
Rank-Rank Hypergeometric Overlap (RR-HO) plots comparing the expression signatures of cell types in multi-donor Chimeroids to all cell types in single-donor Chimeroids, cortical organoids from our reference map of Velasco-protocol organoid development, or endogenous human fetal tissue 20 . The horizontal axes represent lists of marker genes for multi-donor NSC-Chimeroid cell types compared to all other Chimeroid cells, ranked from most upregulated to most downregulated; the vertical axes represent similarly-ranked lists of marker genes for single-donor NSC-Chimeroids, reference map organoids, or human fetal cells. Colour at a given position represents the significance (negative log p-value) of the overlap of the gene lists up to that point, as calculated by Fisher’s exact tests. High significance (i.e., red colour) in the lower left and upper right quadrants indicates strong concordance between the expression profiles which define the compared cell types. a , b , c , d and e represent different cell types analysed. f , Explanatory schematic for the RR-HO plots. Some icons were created using BioRender.
a , Density plot showing the distribution of scaled pseudotimes assigned to each donor within each organoid/Chimeroid protocol. Pseudotime was calculated independently for each protocol using Monocle 3, with aRGs in each dataset set as root cells. b , Glycolysis module scores calculated in each cell type/donor/Chimeroid with linear MEMs (using lme4’s lmer) on the PGP1/Mito210 cells using donor as a random effect (n = 40 replicates across 4 protocols; boxes show upper and lower quartiles and median, whiskers show highest/lowest values within 1.5 interquartile range (IQR) of the nearest hinge.). P-values were generated via one-sided F-test comparing models with and without “protocol” as a covariate. c-d , Expression of the glycolysis geneset is similar across donors (12,887 cells from n = 45 donor/Chimeroids) and protocols (20,425 cells from n = 40 donor/Chimeroids and organoids). Violin plots showing the module scores for the MSigDB Hallmark Glycolysis gene set across cell types, donors, and protocols; boxes show upper and lower quartiles and median, whiskers show highest/lowest values within 1.5 interquartile range (IQR) of the nearest hinge. Module scores were calculated with Seurat’s addModuleScores function.
a , Stacked barplot showing cell type and donor composition for control Chimeroids; the width of each bar corresponds to the proportion of the indicated donor in Mix 1 (4 donors, left panel) and Mix 2 (5 donors, right panel). b , Brightfield images of whole cortical NSC-Chimeroids at 3 mo, in the EtOH treatment condition. Scale bar: 1 mm. c , Stacked barplot showing cell type and donor composition for EtOH treated Chimeroids; the width of each bar corresponds to the proportion of the indicated donor in Mix 1 (4 donors, left panel) and Mix 2 (5 donors, right panel). d , UMAPs of EtOH treated NSC-Chimeroids, split by mixes and replicates. e , Brightfield images of whole cortical MD-NSC Chimeroids at 3 mo, in the VPA treatment condition. Scale bar: 1 mm. f , Stacked barplot showing cell type and donor composition for EtOH treated Chimeroids; the width of each bar corresponds to the proportion of the indicated donor in Mix 1 (4 donors, upper panel) and Mix 2 (5 donors, lower panel). g , UMAPs of VPA treated NSC-Chimeroids, split by mixes and replicates. Some icons were created using BioRender.
a , Immunolabelling of multi donor NSC-Chimeroids ( a , Mix 1, upper images and b , Mix 2, lower images). Left panel, MAP2 (neuronal dendrites), EMX1 (cortical progenitors), and DLX2 (GABAergic cells). Right panel, DCX (migrating neurons), SATB2 (upper layers cortical neurons), and CTIP2 (deep layers cortical neurons). Scale bar: 100 μm. c , Stacked barplot showing cell type composition for control and treated single-donor NSC-Chimeroids. d , Left panel: cell-type specific changes in single-donor Chimeroids treated with VPA (yellow) vs control (grey). Right panel: UMAP showing overlapping neighbourhoods of cells, as calculated using Milo. Red and blue colours indicate neighbourhoods with significant enrichment for VPA-treated cells or control cells, respectively. Point size indicates the number of cells in a neighbourhood, and edge thickness indicates the number of cells shared between pairs of neighbourhoods. e , Beeswarm plot showing shifts in the composition of neighbourhoods of cells in response to VPA treatment in single-donor Chimeroids, grouped by the cell-type identity of those neighbourhoods. Each point represents a neighbourhood of 50-200 cells with similar gene expression profiles. The vertical axis indicates the enrichment of VPA-treated cells within a neighbourhood, with positive log fold change values indicating more than expected VPA-treated cells, and negative values indicating fewer than expected VPA-treated cells. Neighbourhoods are coloured based on statistical significance of that enrichment: grey, not significantly different from random; red, significant over-enrichment; blue, significant under-enrichment. If most neighbourhoods within a cell type collectively shift up or down, it implies an overall gain or loss, respectively, of that cell type in VPA-treated Chimeroids. Cell types with neighbourhoods that form long tails of both over-enrichment and under-enrichment are likely to have treatment-induced changes in expression profile, without necessarily changing in abundance. f , GSEA of donor specific genes from MD-NSC Chimeroids ranked on the corresponding single-donor datasets. g , GSEA of donor specific genes from SD-NSC Chimeroids ranked on the corresponding multi-donor datasets (lower panels). P-values calculated via two-sided Kolmogrov-Smirnov test. Some icons were created using BioRender.
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Antón-Bolaños, N., Faravelli, I., Faits, T. et al. Brain Chimeroids reveal individual susceptibility to neurotoxic triggers. Nature 631 , 142–149 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07578-8
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Topic: Science vs. Religion: Biomedical Engineering General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about both sides of each argument regarding biomedical engineering. Thesis: In the great debate of biomedical engineering, stem cell research has become a hot topic as the religious community has become outraged with the destruction of human life for medical experimentation
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I.Introduction
A.Attention Getter: The great quarrel between science and religion has been in full swing since their beginning and has since taken a twist into controversy. Science wants to see the facts while religion bases everything on their belief in the Bible. These statements still hold truth today. B.Significance: Stem cells are very versatile in curing diseases which one day could one day in turn save your life. C.Credibility: “Embryonic stem cell research will prolong life, improve life and give hope for life to millions of people” said Jim Ramstad D.Thesis: In the great debate of biomedical engineering, stem cell research has become a hot topic as the religious community has become outraged with the destruction of human life for medical experimentation E.Preview: Specifically, I will discuss the basic arguments of religion, the stem cell industry, and the future with stem cell research.
Transition: Although the sciences of biomedical engineering is beneficial to people, it is still wrong in the eyes of the bible and many people.
1.) Basic arguments of religion
a. Throughout history the scientific and religious communities have fought to obtain dominance over the beliefs of the people. b.In order to better understand
c. According to Winslow They argued under the fourteenth amendment stating “ All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
d.The breaking of one of the ten commandments, “Thou shall not kill”, cannot be over turned before an inferior assembly of politicians when it is gods decision if that child in question should live. e. Fueled by their defeat in the protest of abortion in the early 1970’s, the religious community comes back strong with its beliefs that human life begins at conception of sperm and eggn Transition: Even if the bible does disagree with science, it does not mean that it is wrong. Even with many setbacks the stem cell industry is still thriving.
2.) The stem cell industry a.Since the scientific community gained the approval of abortion by the state the religious community carries over the fight against stem cell research saying that life is made at the conception of sperm and egg. Even though through many promised breakthroughs in human life and efficiency they still deny it and deem it unethical due to destruction of human life and the painful process of extracting the egg cells from the mother.
b.The alternative to this highly bombastic topic is the non-controversial adult or somatic stem cells.
c.They do not require the destruction of the human embryo in order to harvest the stem cells.
d.These particular type of stem cells again are pluripotent and have all the same qualities and capabilities as embryonic stem cells but the complication is that these are much harder and much more painful to extract from the human body said Weiss
e.They require a bone marrow transplant to acquire the stem cells as well as the vast experimentation with these new kinds of stem cells. They have begun to test these findings on rats and mice in which they have found great success in regrowing the testicular, neural, mammary, and olfactory cells. Proclaimed Cowen
Transition: Unfortunately for us, the biomedical engineers have not found a successful way to cure many diseases yet. But once the bridges the gaps they will be able to, and save many of lives
3.) The future with stem cell research.
. a.Embryonic stem cells is the scientific communities cure for all the unjust flaws in the human body. b.For patients and their families, embryonic stem cell research offers the hope for cures for chronic and debilitating conditions, such as juvenile diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injuries and blindness. c.For scientists, it represents a revolutionary path to discovering the causes and cures for many more human deficiencies. d.Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, that is, they have the unique ability to develop into any 220 cell types in the human body. Vestal
Transition: There is no clear cut winner in this argument but both sides have valid cases.
Conclusion:
A.Review: Today, I have discussed the basic arguments of religion, the stem cell industry, and the future with stem cell research. B. Lasting Moment: With this information about the battle of science vs religion I hope that you have better knowledge of the topic. Humans tend to be very argumentative, aggressive, and strong willed but this irrationality is only putting the lives of millions in jeopardy due to this quarrelsome mindset by the religious and scientific leaders throughout the many centuries.
The possibilities are endless, all that is needed is cooperation amongst all human beings; atheists, Catholics, Buddhists, Muslims, etc. An ethical solution has presented itself throughout all the fighting, lets take this discovery and put it to good use. Life may be just a “spark” in the flames of humanity but we can fuel this fire so it never has to burn out. Bryson In other words, lets help humans, help humans.
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Introduction A. Thesis: Biometric technology is used for a variety of many things, but its mostly dedicated to identify and verification methods. B. Biometric Technology has been used before the 20th century starting the in the 14th century in China using handprints and foot prints to identify each other. Body Paragraph 1 A. Main Idea: Biometric technology has been
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July 2, 2024
The withdrawal after 22 years of a controversial stem cell paper highlights how perverse incentives can distort scientific progress
By Peter Aldhous
Trays of brain cells derived from bone marrow cells in the lab of Dr. Catherine Verfaillie at the University of Minnesota on November 10, 2000.
Bruce Bisping/Star Tribune via Getty Images
In June a notice posted on the website of the journal Nature set a new scientific record. It withdrew what is now the most highly cited research paper ever to be retracted.
The study, published in 2002 by Catherine Verfaillie, then at the University of Minnesota, and her colleagues, had been cited 4,482 times by its demise according to the Web of Science . The bone marrow cells it described were lauded as an alternative to embryonic stem cells , offering the same potential to develop into any type of tissue but without the need to destroy an early-stage human embryo. At that time the U.S. government was wrestling with the ethics of funding stem cell research, and politicians opposed to work on embryos championed Verfaillie’s findings.
The paper’s tortured history illustrates some fundamental problems in the way that research is conducted and reported to the public. Too much depends on getting flashy papers making bold claims into high-profile journals. Funding and media coverage follow in their wake. But often, dramatic findings are hard to repeat or just plain wrong .
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When such papers start falling apart, they are often vigorously defended. Research institutions and journals sometimes drag their feet in correcting the scientific record. This may partly be driven by legal caution; nobody relishes a libel lawsuit from a prominent researcher who objects to a retraction. The reputations of scientists’ employers and journals also suffer when papers are withdrawn, creating an incentive to let things stand.
Nature ’s retraction notice for Verfaillie’s paper says that its editors “no longer have confidence in the reliability of the data.” I have had little confidence in the data since 2006. That’s when Eugenie Reich and I, then working for New Scientist, asked Verfaillie to explain duplications of plots across her Nature paper and another published in Experimental Hematology . By then several research groups had failed to repeat the experiments reported in the Nature paper—which was why we selected it for scrutiny.
We subsequently found multiple examples of reused and manipulated images in papers published by Verfaillie and her colleagues. By 2009, two papers had been retracted, and several more had been corrected—including the Nature paper that was subsequently retracted this June.
The investigations we triggered focused on whether there was deliberate data falsification. This led to a finding of scientific misconduct against a single junior researcher—who was not responsible for the images that ultimately caused the Nature paper to be retracted.
This focus on willful misconduct is itself a problem, in my view: it’s very hard to prove intent and assign blame. Junior scientists are often the ones who take the fall. More importantly, papers beset with errors borne from the haste to publish can be just as misleading as outright fraud.
The most disturbing twist for me came when the University of Minnesota declined to investigate our concerns about image manipulation in another Verfaillie paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA —for which the researcher who was previously found guilty of misconduct was not an author, raising questions about whether justice had been done.
The university was able to let that study slide thanks to a policy that didn’t require the investigation of allegations about research that was conducted seven or more years before the allegations were made. PNAS accepted a correction to one duplicated image in that paper but left the most problematic figure untouched. (The journal told me it is now looking again at the matter in light of the Nature retraction.)
Reich and I eventually moved on to other projects. It wasn’t until 2019 that the research integrity consultant Elisabeth Bik reviewed Verfaillie’s work. She extended our findings and raised concerns about newer papers published since Verfaillie moved to KU Leuven in Belgium. Crucially, Bik also found images in the Nature paper that contained duplications, suggesting they had been edited inappropriately.
It was the failure of Verfaillie and her colleagues to provide original images to address these concerns that led to the paper’s demise. Verfaillie didn’t respond to my request for comment, but I’ve obtained correspondence with Nature that shows she fought to keep the paper alive, only reluctantly agreeing to the retraction almost five years after Bik’s investigation. In a statement, Nature said, “We appreciate that substantial delays to investigations can be frustrating, and we apologise for the length of time taken in this case.” ( Nature is owned by Springer Nature, which is also the parent company of Scientific American.)
KU Leuven also looked into Bik’s concerns and said in 2020 that it had found “ no breaches of research integrit y .” It didn’t review the Nature paper, however, on the grounds that the University of Minnesota had examined that paper. The University of Minnesota told me that it did review the issues raised by Bik but said state law prevented it from sharing any further information.
I understand why universities and journals are reluctant or slow to take corrective action. But the saga of Verfaillie’s Nature paper reveals a deeper problem with perverse incentives that drive “successful” careers in science. A highly cited paper like this is a gateway to promotions and generous grants. That can starve funding to more promising research.
My profession of science journalism shares the blame, often fixating on the latest findings touted in journal press releases, rather than concentrating on the true measure of scientific progress: the construction of a body of repeatable research. When doing so, we mislead the public, selling a story of “breakthroughs” that frequently amount to little.
Around two thirds of the citations to Verfaillie’s paper accrued after Reich and I first went public with our concerns in 2007. We should rethink the incentives that propelled this paper to prominence and then kept it circulating for so many years.
In recent years publishers have experimented with various forms of “open” peer review, in which expert comments appear alongside the research before, at the time of, or after its publication. That’s a start, but my view is that the formal scientific paper, set in stone at the moment of publication, is an anachronism in the Internet age. The more we can move toward ways of publishing research as “living” documents, informed by constructive critical comment, the better. As for science journalism, let’s report on the bigger picture of scientific progress, warts and all.
This is an opinion and analysis article, and the views expressed by the author or authors are not necessarily those of Scientific American.
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In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and advanced scientific research topic. The development of treatment methods has evoked great expectations. This paper is a review focused on the discovery of different stem cells and the potential therapies based on these cells. The genesis of stem cells is followed by laboratory steps of controlled stem cell culturing and derivation.
Stem cells began their role in modern regenerative medicine in the 1950's with the first bone marrow transplantation occurring in 1956. Stem cell therapies are at present indicated for a range of clinical conditions beyond traditional origins to treat genetic blood diseases and have seen substantial success.
When you write your actual research paper, you will also include figures - bar graphs, scatter plots, histograms, etc. - to give readers a way to visually comprehend your data. Whether or not to include those figures in the outline is up to you. Also, note that the Data section contains the "objective" numerical results.
Stem cell-based therapies. Stem cell-based therapies are defined as any treatment for a disease or a medical condition that fundamentally involves the use of any type of viable human stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), iPSCs and adult stem cells for autologous and allogeneic therapies ().Stem cells offer the perfect solution when there is a need for tissue and organ ...
STEM CELL RESEARCH - PERSUASIVE ESSAY OUTLINE INTRODUCTION (1 paragraph) Sentence 1: Grab the reader's attention with a "hook" Sentences 2-5*: Preview the argument; identify the opposing points of view; provide background information if necessary Concluding sentence: A thesis statement revealing the position you are arguing
Stem Cell Reports Perspective ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation: The 2021 update Robin Lovell-Badge,1,* Eric Anthony,2 Roger A. Barker,3 Tania Bubela,4 Ali H. Brivanlou,5 Melissa Carpenter,6 R. Alta Charo,7 Amander Clark,8 Ellen Clayton,9 Yali Cong,10 George Q. Daley,11 Jianping Fu,12 Misao Fujita,13 Andy Greenfield,14 Steve A. Goldman,15 ,16 Lori Hill,17 Insoo ...
Outline for Stem Cell Research Paper. Title: Stemming Out! I. Introduction a. For the various incompatible situations out there in the world, there is a contemporary option for people to think about: Embryonic Stem Cells.
WHAT ARE STEM CELLS? Stem cells are template cells found throughout the body that can grow to become cells with specialized functions. 2 - 6 These cells replicate to generate "offspring" cells that can be either stem cells (and hence, self-renewing) or specialized cells (i.e., differentiated cells) that play a specific role—becoming blood, bone, brain, or skin cells, among others. 7 ...
Example of a stem cell research paper thesis. A thesis includes the main points of the paper. A good thesis is based on thoughtful research and not a simple rewriting of facts. ... Afterward, assess the structure of the paper. A good practice is making an outline of your written output and determining if it answers your objectives. Make sure ...
Abstract. Stem cells (SC) are characterized by the ability of self renewal as well as specialization into different cell types. Stem cells are present in most organs, and can be isolated from adult tissue, embryonic tissue and can be created by a new technology named induced pluripotency. The three types of SC have different potentials in terms ...
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The reparative and regenerative capabilities of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are crucial for responding to pulp injuries, with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) playing a significant role in regulating cellular functions pertinent to tissue healing. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore the effects of a novel cell-penetrating peptide Modified Sperm Stop 1-MSS1, that disrupts PP1, on the ...
Stem Cell Research Outline. A)There are 2 broad types of stem cells: Adult stem cells, and the most controversial type, Embryonic stem cells B)One of the most obvious differences in these types is where they come from C)Adult stem cells come from tissue like blood, bone marrow, or adipose (fat) D)Embryonic cells come from blastocytes in ...
View Stem-cell research paper Outline.docx from HSD 240 at CUNY Lehman College. Stem-Cell Research Paper Outline I. Introduction & Background A. Introduction 1. Getting to understand what stem cells
Ivan Has Decided To Give His Persuasive Speech On Stem Cell Research Pages: 3 (653 words) A Rundown of How Stem Cell Research and Treatment Works Pages: 2 (574 words) Stem Cell Research: Pros and Cons Pages: 8 (2109 words) History of Stem Cell Research Pages: 6 (1672 words) A Review on Stem Cell Therapy For Facial Neuropathic Pain Pages: 4 (959 ...
Stem cell research paper outline sample Research paper outline .... Stem Cell Research - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Stem Cells Essay Science University/College - Grade 12 OSSD Thinkswap. Argumentative essay for stem cell research. Stem Cell Research Speech Outline / Essays / ID: 101961. Stem cell research Paper Example Topics and ...
Stem cell research's ethical concerns. This essay examines the ethical concerns that are currently arising in the field of stem cell research and how they might be studied and used by researchers. Undifferentiated cells called stem cells can be found in a variety of body tissues, including the embryo and the bone marrow.
An analysis in 3D multidonor Chimeroids—a scalable multidonor human brain organoid model—shows that human genetic background may be an important mediator of neurotoxin susceptibility.
Outline on stemcell research paper. Topic: Science vs. Religion: Biomedical Engineering General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about both sides of each argument regarding biomedical engineering. Thesis: In the great debate of biomedical engineering, stem cell research has become a hot topic as the religious ...
In June a notice posted on the website of the journal Nature set a new scientific record. It withdrew what is now the most highly cited research paper ever to be retracted.. The study, published ...
Research Paper Stem Cell Research Outline - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. research paper stem cell research outline
outline on stemcell research paper. Powerful Essays. 964 Words; 4 Pages; Open Document Analyze This Draft. Open Document Analyze This Draft. outline on stemcell research paper. View Writing Issues. File. Edit. ... OUTLINE FOR INFORMATIVE SPEECH Topic: Science vs. Religion: Biomedical Engineering
Stem Cell Research I have decided to write my paper on one of the most controversial subjects in the United States for the past few years: Stem Cell Research. ... outline on stemcell research paper. 964 Words; 4 Pages; outline on stemcell research paper. Thesis: In the great debate of biomedical engineering, stem cell research has become a hot ...
People think that Stem Cell Research is some terrible unethical procedure. When really the process of it might be painful or somewhat dangerous, but it can save people precious time that they might not have had before this new discovery. Adult stem cell research is much more ethical than embryotic stem cell research.
Stem Cell Research Paper Outline - Nursing Management Business and Economics History +104. Hire a Writer. Level: College, High School, University, Master's, Undergraduate, PHD. 652 . Finished Papers. 14550 + 2456 Orders prepared. Stem Cell Research Paper Outline: 4.9 (6757 reviews) 4.9 ...