case study on phobia class 12

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CBSE Class 12 Psychology Important Case Study Based Questions 2023: Read and Solve for Tomorrow's Exam

Psychology important case study questions for cbse class 12: practice important psychology case study-based questions for cbse class 12. these questions are important for the upcoming cbse class 12 psychology board exam 2023..

  CBSE Class 12 Psychology Exam 2023: Hello students! kudos to the efforts you put into tackling your 2023 board examinations. We understand that the last few weeks were tremendously tiring, both mentally and physically. Don’t worry, take a deep breath and relax as this is the final phase of your CBSE examination 2023. The class 12 Psychology exam is the last in the lane. Its paper code is 037. The exam is planned for 05th April 2023, that is, tomorrow. The exam will be for 3 hours scheduled between 10.30 AM to 01.30 PM. We believe you have already solved the sample question and previous year papers for Class 12 Psychology and must be aware of the exam pattern. If not, please refer to the links below.

• CBSE Class 12 Psychology Previous Year Question Papers: Download pdf
• CBSE Board Class 12 Psychology Sample Paper 2022-23 in PDF

CBSE Class 12 Psychology, Important Case Study-Based Questions:

Case 1: .

Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow: 

Sundar, a college-going 20-year-old male, has moved from his home town to live in a big city. He has continuous fear of insecurity and feels that enemy soldiers are following him. He gets very tense when he spots anyone in a uniform and feels that they are coming to catch him. This intense anxiety is interfering with his work and relationship, and his friends are extremely concerned as it does not make any sense to them. Sundar occasionally laughs abruptly and inappropriately and sometimes stops speaking mid-sentence, scanning off in the distance as though he sees or hears something. He expresses concern about the television and radio in the room potentially being monitored by the enemies. His beliefs are fixed and if they are challenged, his tone becomes hostile. 

Q1. Based on the symptoms being exhibited, identify the disorder. Explain the other symptoms that can be seen in this disorder.

Q2. Define delusion and inappropriate affect. Support it with the symptoms given in the above case study.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow. 

Alfred  Binet, in 1905,  was requested by the French government to devise a method by which students who experienced difficulty in school could be identified.  Binet and his colleague,  Theodore  Simon,  began developing questions that focused on areas not explicitly taught in schools those days, such as memory, and attention skills related to problem-solving.  Using these questions, Binet determined which were the ones that served as the best predictors of school success. 

Binet quickly realised that some children were able to answer more advanced questions than older children were generally able to answer and vice versa.  Based on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of mental age or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a  certain age group.  This first intelligence test is referred to as the Binet-Simon  Scale. He insisted that intelligence is influenced by many factors, it changes over time,  and it can only be compared in children with similar backgrounds. 

Q1 . Identify the approach on which the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale is based. Discuss its features.

Q2 . ‘Binet quickly realised that some children were able to answer more advanced questions than older children were generally able to answer and vice versa’. Why do individuals differ in intelligence? Using examples, give reasons for your answer.

Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow :

All the Indian settlers were contemptuously and without distinction dubbed “coolies” and forbidden to walk on footpaths or be out at night without permits. 

Mahatma Gandhi quickly discovered colour discrimination in South Africa and confronted the realisation that being Indian subjected him to it as well. At a particular train station, railway employees ordered him out of the carriage despite his possessing a first-class ticket. Then on the stagecoach for the next leg of his journey, the coachman, who was white, boxed his ears. A Johannesburg hotel also barred him from lodging there. Indians were commonly forbidden to own land in Natal, while ownership was more permissible for native-born people. 

In 1894, the Natal Bar Association tried to reject Gandhi on the basis of race. He was nearly lynched in 1897 upon returning from India while disembarking from a ship moored at Durban after he, his family, and 600 other Indians had been forcibly quarantined, allegedly due to medical fears that they carried plague germs. 

Q1. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination ? On the

basis of the incidents in the above case study, identify a situation for each

which are examples of prejudice and discrimination.

Q2. What do you think could have been a source of these prejudices ? Explain

any two sources. 

Read the given case carefully and answer the questions that follow: 

Harish belonged to a family of four children, him being the eldest. Unlike any first born, he was not given the attention he should have had. His father worked as an accountant, while his mother stayed at home to look after the kids. He dropped out of school and could barely manage to get work for a little salary.

His relationship with his family played an important role in building his disposition. He felt a certain feeling of insecurity with his siblings, especially his brother Tarun, who was able to finish college because of parental support.

Due to the hopelessness Harish felt, he started engaging in drinking alcohol with his high school friends. Parental negligence caused emotional turmoil. He also had insomnia which he used as a reason for drinking every night.

Over time, Harish had to drink more to feel the effects of the alcohol. He got grouchy or shaky and had other symptoms when he was not able to drink or when he tried to quit.

In such a case, the school would be the ideal setting for early identification and intervention. In addition, his connection to school would be one of the most significant protective factors for substance abuse. His school implemented a variety of early intervention strategies which did not help him as he was irregular and soon left school. Some protective factors in school would be the ability to genuinely experience positive emotions through good communication.

(i)It has been found that certain family systems are likely to produce abnormal functioning in individual members.

In the light of the above statement, the factors underlying Harish's condition can be related to model.

(A) Humanistic

(B) Behavioural

(C) Socio-cultural 

(D) Psychodynamic

(ii) Over time, Harish needed to drink more before he could feel the effects of the alcohol. This means that he built a alcohol. towards the

(A) Withdrawal

(B) Tolerance

(C) Stress inoculation

(D) All of the above

(iii)He got grouchy or shaky and had other symptoms when he was not able to drink or when he tried to quit. This refers to

(A) Low willpower symptoms.

(B) Addiction symptoms

(C) Withdrawal symptoms

(D) Tolerance symptoms

(iv) Which of the following is not true about substance related and addictive disorders?

(A) Alcoholism unites millions of families through social interactions and get-togethers.

(B) Intoxicated drivers are responsible for many road accidents. 

(C) It also has serious effects on the children of persons with this disorder.

(D) Excessive drinking can seriously damage physical health.

Read the given case carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Monty was only 16 years when he dealt with mixed emotions for every couple of months. He shares that sometimes he felt like he was on top of the world and that nobody could stop him. He would be extremely confident. Once these feelings subsided, he would become depressed and lock himself in the room. He would neither open the door for anyone nor come out.

He shares, "My grades were dropping as I started to breathe rapidly and worry about almost everything under the sun. I felt nervous, restless and tense, with an increased heart rate. My family tried to help but I wasn't ready to accept." His father took him to the doctor, who diagnosed him. Teenage is a tough phase as teenagers face various emotional and psychological issues. How can one differentiate that from a disorder? Watch out when one is hopeless and feels helpless. Or, when one is not able to control the powerful emotions. It has to be confirmed by a medical practitioner.

During his sessions, Monty tries to clear many myths. He gives his perspective of what he experienced and the treatment challenges. "When I was going through it, I wish I had met someone with similar experiences so that I could have talked to her/him and understood why I was behaving the way I was. By talking openly, I hope to help someone to cope with it and believe that it is going to be fine one day."

Now, for the last five years Monty has been off medication and he is leading a regular life. Society is opening up to address mental health issues in a positive way, but it always helps to listen to someone who has been through it.

(i)Monty's symptoms are likely to be those of

(A) ADHD and anxiety disorder

(B) Bipolar disorder and generalised anxiety disorder 

(C) Generalised anxiety disorder and oppositional defiant disorder

(D) Schizophrenia

(ii) During his sessions, Monty tried to clear many myths. Which one of the following is a myth?

(A) Normality is the same as conformity to social norms.

(B) Adaptive behaviour is not simply maintenance and survival but also includes growth and fulfilment.

(C) People are hesitant to consult a doctor or a psychologist because they are ashamed of their problems.

(D) Genetic and biochemical factors are involved in causing mental disorders.

(iii) With an understanding of Monty's condition, which of the following is a likely symptom he may also be experiencing?

(A) Frequent washing of hands

(B) Assuming alternate personalities

(C) Persistent body related symptoms, which may or may not be related to any serious medical condition

(D) Prolonged, vague, unexplained and intense fears that are not attached to any particular object

(iv) Teenage is a tough phase as teenagers face various emotional and psychological issues. The disorder manifested in the early stage of development is classified as,

(A) Feeding and eating disorder

(B) Trauma and stressor related disorder

(C) Neurodevelopmental disorder

(D) Somatic symptom disorder

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• Indian J Psychiatry
• v.64(Suppl 3); 2022 Mar

A rare case with different presentation of specific phobia: Case Report

Akhil thati.

1 2 nd year Post Graduate, Department of Psychiatry, Mallareddy Institute of medical sciences, Hyderabad, India

Anand Bhogaraju

2 Professor and Head Of Department.Department of Psychiatry, Mallareddy Institute of medical sciences, Hyderabad, India

BACKGROUND:

Presentation of different phobia's namely photophobia, thermophobia, ligyrophobia at a time has not been described in extant literature to the best of our knowledge.

CASE PRESENTATION:

An 51yr old female came to OPD with complaints of fearfulness, nervousness, headache, restlessness since 3months, gradually started having episodes of fearfulness and nervousness when exposed to artificial light, fan air, hot food items such as tea, rice and intolerance to loud sounds of electrical appliances such as mixer grinder, motor and has no disturbance with natural light, wind breeze.

During such situations she would feel restless,has headache, fearfulness that something might happen to her. Due to this she started avoiding those circumstances and her symptoms would subside spontaneously after some

These symptoms increased in intensity over a period of time, had decreased appetite and developed weakness along with unrestful sleep.

On mental status examination she was anxious upon entry and and asked to switch of fan,has increased psychomotor activity and expressed thoughts of fearfulness that something will happen to her and no perception abnormalities.

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION:

This case highlights different & multiple presentations of specific phobia i.e, photophobia, thermophobia, ligyrophobia at a time and presented to extent of severity that caused her avoiding food,decreased interaction with environment for 3 months and causing severe detioration of her mental condition. This case study suggests that specific phobia with multiple presentations can be a serious debilitating mental condition.

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• Class 12 Psychology Case...

Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions

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Are you having trouble preparing for the CBSE Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions? Are you looking for a wide range of Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions? Then you’ve landed in the right place. Students can explore Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions to assist them in answering a range of questions concerning the case study.

Other ed-tech sites may provide limited study material for Class 12 Psychology students, but myCBSEguide has a variety of questions that cover all aspects of Class 12 Psychology including case study questions. Class 12 Psychology questions are designed to help students understand and retain the material covered. In addition, myCBSEguide also offers practice tests and sample papers to help students prepare for Class 12 Psychology exams.

All About Class 12 Psychology Case Study

What is a case study.

A case study is a scenario in a specific professional environment that students must analyze and answer based on specific questions provided about the circumstance. In many cases, the scenario or case study includes a variety of concerns or problems that must be addressed in a professional setting.

Case Study Questions in Class 12 Psychology

Class 12 Psychology Case-Based Questions are a new feature to the exam. Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions are easy to comprehend and will help you get good grades. You may also get free access to the most recent NCERT textbooks for Class 12 Psychology and all other subjects on myCBSEguide, which had been designed in accordance with the most recent Class 12 CBSE/NCERT Psychology curriculum and examination pattern.

Sample Case Study Questions in Class 12 Psychology

Below are some examples of Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions. These Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions will be extremely beneficial in preparing for the upcoming Class 12 Psychology exams. Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions are created by qualified teachers using the most recent CBSE/NCERT syllabus and books for the current academic year. If you revise your Class 12 Psychology exams and class tests on a regular basis, you will be able to achieve higher marks.

Class 12 Psychology Case Study Question 1

Read the case given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option: This is a story of three students Ruby, Radhika and Shankar who were enrolled in an Undergraduate Psychology Program in a University. Ruby was the admission officer’s dream. She was selected for the program as she had perfect entrance test scores, outstanding grades and excellent letters of recommendation. But when it was time for Ruby to start coming up with ideas of her own, she disappointed her professors. On the other hand, Radhika did not meet the admission officer’s expectations. She had good grades but low entrance exam scores. However, her letters of recommendation described her as a creative young woman. She could design and implement research work with minimal guidance at college. Shankar ranked somewhere in between the two students. He was satisfactory on almost every traditional measure of success. But rather than falling somewhere in the middle of his class at college, Shankar proved to be an outstanding student. His strength lay in the ability to not only adapt well to the demands of his new environment but also to modify the environment to suit his needs.

Identify the theory of intelligence which best explains the intelligence of all the three students in the story:

• One Factor Theory
• Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
• Hierarchical Model of Intelligence
• Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Identify the type of intelligence Ruby possesses.

• Componential
• Experiential

Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE about Radhika’s intelligence?

• People high on this quickly find out which information is crucial in a given situation.
• It is also called experiential intelligence.
• It involves modifying the environment to suit the needs.
• It reflects in creative performances.

Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion (A):  Shankar is not high in contextual intelligence. Reason (R):  Shankar was good at adapting well to the demands of his new environment and modifying the environment to suit his needs. Options:

• Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
• Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
• A is true, but R is false.
• A is false, but R is true.

Out of the three students mentioned in the story, who are/is more likely to be a successful entrepreneur?

• Radhika and Shankar
• Ruby and Radhika

Identify the three components of intelligence that Ruby is high on

• Knowledge acquisition, Meta, creativity
• Knowledge acquisition, Meta, performance
• Knowledge acquisition, Meta, planning
• Planning, performance, adaptability

Class 12 Psychology Case Study Question 2

Refer to the picture given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option:

Which type of personality assessment is being depicted in the above picture?

• Projective Technique
• Psychometric Tests
• Behavioural Analysis
• Self-report Measures

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of this test?

• It reveals the unconscious mind.
• It can be conducted only on an individual basis.
• Its interpretation is objective.
• The stimuli are unstructured.

Identify the name of the test from the options given below.

• Thematic Appreciation Test
• Thematic Apperception Test
• Theatre Apperception Test
• Theatre Appreciation Test

Which of the following statements are NOT true of this test? i. In the first phase, called performance proper, the subjects are shown the cards and are asked to tell what they see in each of them. ii. The second phase is called inquiry. iii. Each picture card depicts one or more people in a variety of situations. iv. The subject is asked to tell a story describing the situation presented in the picture. ​​​​​​​ Choose the correct option:

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of this test?

• It requires sophisticated skills and specialised training
• It has problems associated with reliability of scoring
• It has problems associated with validity of interpretations
• It is an indirect measure of assessment.

Identify the stimuli that are used in such kinds of tests as given in the above picture.

• Picture cards

NOTE- The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates in lieu of questions 55 to 60. Answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option.

Nafisa feels that she is liked by her peers in class. This reflects that she ________.

• is high on self-efficacy
• is high on social self-esteem
• possesses a high IQ
• is an introvert

Discrepancy between the real self and ideal self often results in ________.

• self-actualisation
• self-regulation
• unhappiness and dissatisfaction
• intrapsychic conflicts

If an individual is fat, soft and round along with a temperament that is relaxed and sociable, then he/she is said to have the characteristics of an:

Gurmeet was given a personality test to assess how he expresses aggression in the face of a frustrating situation. Identify the test most suitable for this.

• Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test
• Eysenck Personality questionnaire
• 16 Personality Factors Test

According to Karen Horney the origin of maladjustment can be traced to ________.

•  the inferiority feelings of childhood.
• basic anxiety resulting from disturbed interpersonal relations.
• overindulgence of the child at early stages of development.
• failure to deal with intrapsychic conflicts.

An individual’s sole concern with the satisfaction of ________ needs would reduce him/her to the level of animals.

• belongingness

Class 12 Psychology Case Study Question 3

Read the case given below and answer the questions

Mental health professionals have attempted to understand psychological disorders using different approaches through the ages. Today, we have sophisticated facilities and hospitals dedicated to the treatment of the mentally ill. While studying the history of psychological disorders it is interesting to note that some practices from ancient times are still in use. Take the case of Lakshmi and her daughter, Maya. Maya exhibits abnormal behaviours and Lakshmi believes that this is because of evil spirits that have possessed her. She has been taking her daughter to a self-proclaimed healer, who uses counter-magic and prayer to cure her. Stigma and lack of awareness prevents Lakshmi from using the modern facilities and hospitals that provide quality mental health care. On the other hand, when young Rita reported seeing people and hearing voices, mental health professionals at a modern facility were able to understand her hallucinations using a convergence of three approaches. Psychologists use official manuals like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th Edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) to indicate presence or absence of disorders. Today there is increased compassion for people who suffer from disorders and a lot of emphasis is placed on providing community care.

• Identify the method used by the healer to cure Maya’s illness. How does this theory from ancient times explain Maya’s treatment?
• Which approach do you think would best explain Rita’s treatment? How do you think DSM – 5 and ICD -10 help mental health professionals in indicating the presence or absence of disorders?

Class 12 Psychology syllabus at a glance

Class 12 Psychology students must have a better comprehension of Class 12 Psychology New curriculum in order to have a positive impression of the exam pattern and marking scheme. By studying the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus, students will learn the unit names, chapters within each unit, and sub-topics. Let’s have a look at the Class 12 Psychology Syllabus, which contains the topics that will be covered in the CBSE test framework.

CBSE Class – 12 Psychology (Code No. 037) Syllabus

Course Structure

Benefits of Solving Class 12 Psychology Case Study Question

• You will be able to locate significant case study problems in your class quizzes and examinations because we offer the best collection of Class 12 Psychology case study questions 2. You’ll be able to go over all of the crucial and challenging themes from your CBSE Class 12 Psychology textbooks again.
• Answers to all Class 12 Psychology case study questions have been supplied.
• Class 12 Psychology Students in Class will be able to download all Psychology chapter-by-chapter assignments and worksheets in PDF format.
• Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions will aid in the enhancement and improvement of topic understanding, resulting in higher exam scores.

myCBSEguide: The best platform for Class 12 Psychology

myCBSEguide is the best platform for Class 12 Psychology students. It offers a wide range of resources that are not only helpful for academic purposes but also for personal development. The platform provides access to a variety of online courses, mock tests, and practice materials that can help Class 12 Psychology students ace their exams. Additionally, the forum on the website is a great place to interact with other students and get insights into different aspects of the subject. Overall, myCBSEguide is an invaluable resource for anyone pursuing Class 12 Psychology.

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4 thoughts on “Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions”

where are the answers? atleast give answers with the questions so we can know our mistakes

No answers ?.

teri behen ko naman

Dude what about the answers?

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• Psychology /

Psychological Disorders Class 12 Notes

• Updated on  
• Jan 25, 2024

Often referred to as mental disorders or psychiatric disorders, Psychological disorders are one of the largest areas of enquiry in Psychology. All major disorders are categorized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This volume helps in the treatment, analysis and detection of disorders in patients. Psychological disorders are covered in class 12th to help students prepare for a career in Psychology . In this blog, we present to you our detailed and insightful notes on Psychological Disorders Class 12:

This Blog Includes:

Concept of abnormality and psychological disorders, approaches to study abnormality and psychological disorders, factors underlying abnormal behaviour, major psychological disorders, anxiety disorders, separation anxiety disorders, somatic symptom and related disorder, dissociative disorders, bipolar and related disorders, schizophrenia disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders , feeding and eating disorders, substance related and addictive disorder, important questions for psychological disorders class 12, psychological disorders class 12 ncert pdf.

Also Read: 100 Psychological Facts You Must Know

Before we begin our notes on Psychological Disorders Class 12, let’s understand the concept of abnormality and psychological disorders. Meaning of Abnormality can be aptly described with the help of 4Ds :

• Deviance : Psychological disorders are characterized by Deviance, Unusual, Bizarre, Strange
• Dysfunction : Interferes with the normal functioning of an individual.
• Distress : It implies behaviour that is unpleasant and distressing to oneself and to others.
• Danger  It means behaviour that is harmful and dangerous to the person concerned and others.

Psychological Disorders Class 12 also covers the different approaches to the study of abnormality and mental disorders:

• First Approach views abnormal behaviour as deviation from social norms and those who are not able to fit in the society are viewed as deviants
• The second Approach is the maladaptive approach according to which behaviour that does not help the other person in leading a fulfilling life should be viewed as abnormal.

There are various factors underlying Abnormal Behaviour according to Psychological Disorders Class 12:

Biological Model

A wide range of biological factors like hormonal imbalances, faulty genes, and other factors may have repercussions on the normal functioning and development of individuals. As per various researches and studies, Abnormal activity by various neurotransmitters may lead to abnormal behaviour and Psychological disorders like schizophrenia may happen because of the high activity of dopamine and depression may be due to the low activity of serotonin.

Genetic Model

A lot of Psychological Disorders like Schizophrenia, Depression, Anxiety Happen because of hereditary factors and genetic mapping of individuals. These may be regressive in nature but can be triggered in an individual life to external stimuli.

Psychological Model

According to Psychological Disorders Class 12, there are several Psychological factors due to which the development of Psychological Disorders may happen and some of those factors are Maladaptive Family Structure, Faulty Parent-Child relationship, severe stress, maternal deprivation etc. Various other psychological models which provide a substantial explanation of Psychological disorders are explained as follows:

• Psychodynamic Model focus on the fact that human behaviour whether normal or Abnormal is a result of Psychological forces (Id, Ego, Superego) in the unconscious mind and the relative strength of Id, Ego and Superego determines a person’s personality.
• Behavioural Model states that human behaviour whether normal or Abnormal can be learnt and unlearnt. Abnormal behaviour is a result of learning Maladaptive ways of Behaving. There are three most eminent theories of the behavioural model are classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning.
• Cognitive Model states that Abnormal Behaviour is a consequence of faulty thinking and negative and irrational beliefs about one self and others and drawing broad negative conclusions on the basis of insignificant event results in abnormal behaviour.
• Humanistic-Existential Model -This model views human beings in a positive light and believes that human beings are inherently positive, cooperative and can self-actualize. Those who lack meaning in their lives tend to leave empty, depressed and dysfunctional lives.
• Socio-cultural model : Various socio-cultural factors like employment conditions, war, prejudice, discrimination, culture(collectivistic or individualistic) explain human behaviour whether normal or Abnormal in the best possible manner.
• Diathesis Stress Model : As per this model Psychological Disorders develop when a Diathesis (biological predisposition to the disorder) is set off by a stressful situation.

Also Read: Must Watch Movies on Psychological Disorders

According to Psychological Disorders Class 12, some major psychological disorders are covered by DSM5 are:

Anxiety is defined as a vague and unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension and some of its symptoms are rapid heart rate, fainting, dizziness, sweating etc. The main types of anxiety disorders are described as follows:

Generalised Anxiety Disorders

• Consists of vague, intense and inexplicable that is not attributed to any particular object or cause. 
• Its symptoms are frequent worry, apprehension, hypervigilance that involves continuous scanning of dangers in the environment and motor tension. A person finds it pretty difficult to stay at ease and relax.

Panic Disorder

• Comprising frequent anxiety attacks in which the person experiences intense terror and here, anxious thoughts are experienced due to a specific cause or stimuli.
• Symptoms include shortness of breath, choking, nausea, fear of going crazy or death, chest pain etc.

Phobias  

According to Psychological Disorders Class 12, Phobias are defined as irrational fears related to a particular object, person or situation. Three types of Phobias are

• Specific Phobias highly irrational fears such as fear of a specific type of animal or being enclosed into enclosed spaces
• Social Phobias is defined as a feeling of intense fear and embarrassment when dealing with others in public
• Agoraphobia is the fear of entering unfamiliar situations and people with agoraphobia have problems in leaving their home as well and thus due to which they are not able to carry out their normal activities as well.

It is defined as an intense fear of being separated from attachment figures to such an extent that it hinders their development as well. Children with Separation Anxiety Disorder show the following symptoms are reluctant to go to school alone, shadow every move of their parents and throw tantrums when they are away from their parents even for a little while.

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

• People who suffer from OCD are preoccupied with a certain idea or a thought and they are unable to prevent themselves from carrying out a particular activity that hinders their normal day to day functioning.
• Obsessive Behaviour means the inability to stop thinking about a particular Behaviour or a thought.
• Compulsive Behaviour is the need to perform certain behaviours over and over again.

Also Read: Social Influence and Group Processes Class 12 Notes

Trauma and Stress- Related Disorder

• People who have been victims of bomb blasts, terrorist attacks often experience Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
• Recurrent Dreams
• Frequent flashbacks
• Emotional distress

These are defined as conditions in which the client feels some of the physical symptoms and Psychological difficulties without any biological and medical cause. Main types of somatic symptom and related disorders are explained as follows-

Somatic Symptom Disorder

• Persistent body Related symptoms are seen in this disorder which does not have a definite medical cause.
• People with this disorder are preoccupied with their Symptoms, worry about their health and thus, make frequent visits to doctors.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

As the name suggests, people with illness Anxiety Disorder are preoccupied about the thought of developing a serious illness.

Conversion Disorder

Clients with conversion Disorder report loss of a body part or bodily function like deafness, blindness, difficulty in walking etc.

Dissociation is defined as a feeling of estrangement, unreality or depersonalisation etc. Some of the major Dissociative Disorders mentioned in the psychological disorders class 12 chapter are-

Dissociative Amnesia

• Its main characteristic feature is extensive but selective memory loss where people fail to remember either a particular incident, phase of life or cannot remember anything about their past. It is associated with high stress.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

• Its main root lies in Traumatic childhood experiences and it is also known as multiple personality disorder. A person assumes alternate or different personalities which may or may not be aware of each other.

Depersonalisation

• This involves a dream-like state in which there is a sense of being separated from self and reality.
• A person’s sense of reality is temporarily lost.

Dissociative Fugue

• New identity formation happens because of an unexpected travel away from the workplace and home.
• People with Dissociative Fugue experience inability to recall the previous identity.

Depression is defined as one of the most widely recognized mental disorders and it usually indicates a range of negative emotions and behavioural changes. Depression is usually experienced either after a fallout in a relationship or our failure to attain a significant goal.

Major Depressive Disorder

It is characterised by loss of interest and enthusiasm in most of the activities in our life and along with that other symptoms include irregular sleep patterns, change in body weight, irritability, withdrawal from social relationships, etc. Factors predisposing to Depression are mentioned below-

• Age : Women are likely to get depressed in young adulthood and men are likely to get depressed during middle age either due to midlife crisis.
• Genetics : It is a crucial factor that determines an individual’s proneness to depression.
• Other factors : Significant bad phase in life or lack of desired social support can cause depression as well.

People who suffer from mania are highly euphoric, talkative and easily distractible and episodes of mania are accompanied alternatively by depression. In bipolar mood disorder, both mania and depression happen alternatively and in between, there are periods of normal mood as well.

Suicide  

Suicide is a major concern as the suicide rate has increased and some of the symptoms of suicide are mentioned below

• Difficulty in maintaining concentration.
• A drastic change in personality.
• Change in eating and sleep pattern
• Cut off from family and friends 
• Drug and alcohol abuse.

Factors leading to suicide are given below-

• The last attempt of suicide is the strongest factor.
• Significant problems in the family, peer group, work-life, and inability to deal with them may lead to suicide.
• Culture also is an important factor determining suicide.

Some measures suggested by WHO to reduce Suicide

• Care for people who attempted suicide and providing them much needed support
• Limiting access to suicide.
• Early identification, treatment and prevention of people who are at risk

It is the descriptive term for a group of psychotic disorders in which functioning in personal, social and work life deteriorates and the causes behind that can be motor abnormalities, unusual emotional states and strange perceptions. Psychological disorders class 12 states the symptoms of Schizophrenia is classified into three categories:

Positive Symptoms

They are defined as bizarre additions to a person’s behaviour and they are mentioned below and are basically excess of thought, emotion and behaviour.

It is defined as a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds and they are of various types –

• Delusion Of Persecution -People believe that they are being plotted against, spied upon and threatened.
• Delusion Of Reference -People attach special and personal meaning to actions and events of others
• Delusion Of Grandeur -People believes themselves to be highly empowered.
• Delusion Of Control- People believes that their thoughts, emotions, feelings are in the hands of others.

Hallucination

Perceptions that occur in absence of stimuli are defined as hallucination and various types of Hallucination are described as follows-

• Auditory Hallucination : Patients hear sounds or voices that speak sounds, phrases, words etc.
• Tactile Hallucination -People experience tingling and burning sensation.
• Olfactory Hallucination -People experience the smell of poison or smoke.

Negative Symptoms  

They are pathological deficits and include poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect and social withdrawal.

• Alogia -People show a reduction in speech content
• Blunted Effect – People show less anger, sadness, joy etc.
• Flat effect -People at times exhibit no emotion at all.
• Avolition – Inability to start or complete a course of action.

Psychomotor Symptoms

They move less spontaneously and make odd gestures.

• Catatonic Stupor -People remain motionless and silent for long stretches of time.
• Catatonic Rigidity -People maintain rigid postures for hours.
• Catatonic Posturing -People maintain awkward and bizarre positions for long stretches of time.

Formal Thought Disorders 

In the chapter, Psychological disorders class 12, there are formal thought disorders wherein people are not able to think rationally, communicate properly, quickly switch from one topic to another and at times invent their own phrases too.

According to Psychological Disorders Class 12, there are neurodevelopmental disorders manifest during early childhood and impact academic and personal development. They are characterised as excesses or deficits in a particular behaviour. Several neurodevelopmental disorders are discussed as follows-

Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder

Main features of ADHD are-

• Inattention is defined as the ability to sustain attention in academics or play. Children who are inattentive quickly lose interest in boring activities, are disorganized and find it difficult to follow instructions.
• Impulsivity is defined as the inability to control their immediate reaction to the stimulus in the environment and they are habitual of instant gratification and they find it difficult to delay their gratification.
• Hyperactivity Children who are hyperactive have difficulty sitting still through class and are in constant motion. Boys are four times more likely to get diagnosed with ADHD as compared to girls.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

This disorder is characterised by difficulty in social communication, interaction and restricted categories of interests. Children with autism are unresponsive to others in social situations, face problems in communication and are intellectually deficient as well.

Specific Learning Disorder

The individual experiences problems in processing information accurately and efficiently and in reading, writing. In the early years of childhood, academic performance is usually below average but with efforts and inputs, it can be improved.

Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders

Various disorders under this category according to the chapter on Psychological Disorders Class 12-

• People exhibit an age-inappropriate amount of stubbornness and are defiant.
• People behave in a hostile manner.
• Verbal Aggression includes actions like name-calling, swearing etc.
• Physical Aggression includes hitting, fighting with others.
• Proactive Aggression includes bullying and dominating others without being provoked.
• Hostile Aggression is aimed at inflicting injury to others.

According to Psychological Disorders Class 12 chapter, there are various eating disorders:

Anorexia Nervosa

People with Anorexia Nervosa see themselves as overweight and thus due to their self-image, they exercise extensively and refuse to eat. They can starve themselves to death as well at times.

Bulimia Nervosa

People with Bulimia Nervosa may over-eat and then purge their body by vomiting or using laxatives and thus, feel relieved.

Binge Eating

Binge Eating is characterized by frequent episodes of out-of-control eating. The erratic eating patterns can be harmful to the health and well-being of the individual.

Disorders which are related to maladaptive Behaviours resulting from regular and consistent use of substance involved are included under substance-related and Addictive disorders and some of the frequently used substances are explained below-

• People who abuse alcohol and rely on it to handle severe situations and this addiction interfere with their ability to function well in their social, personal, and work lives.
• Due to excessive consumption of alcohol, the body of alcoholics develops a tolerance for alcohol which means that they have to consume it to feel normal.
• Withdrawal of alcohol results in a huge range of Psychological problems like anxiety, depression and other health problems as well.

Heroin  

• It impacts our social and occupational functioning.
• People develop a tolerance for it and experience withdrawal when they stop consuming Heroin
• It paralyzes breath and may lead to death as well.
• May cause problems in short term memory and attention.
• People develop a tolerance for it and experience withdrawal when they stop consuming Cocaine
• People who are Cocaine addicts may function poorly in their work-life and social life.
• It has serious repercussions on Psychological and physical well-being.

Also Read: Class 12 Psychology Sample Papers

Important question and answers for Psychological Disorders Class 12-

Q. Identify the symptoms associated with depression and mania. Ans . Symptoms of Mania are highly euphoric, talkative and easily distractible and symptoms of depression are loss of interest in all the activities which they like, change in eating and sleeping patterns, cut off from family and friends etc.

Q. Describe the characteristics of hyperactive children. Ans. Children who are hyperactive have difficulty sitting still through class and are in constant motion.

Q. Distinguish between obsessions and compulsions . Ans. Obsessive Behaviour means the inability to stop thinking about a particular Behaviour or a thought. Compulsive Behaviour is the need to perform certain behaviours over and over again.

Must Read: Entrance Exams for Psychology after 12th

A lot of Psychological Disorders like Schizophrenia, Depression, Anxiety Happen because of hereditary factors and genetic mapping of individuals.

Anxiety is defined as a vague and unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension and some of its symptoms are rapid heart rate, fainting, dizziness, sweating etc.

Perceptions that occur in absence of stimuli are defined as hallucination.

This was all about Psychological Disorders class 12 notes. Worried about how to revise at the last moment for exams? Don’t worry! We, at Leverage Edu , are here for you to provide all the required notes to help you revise faster and ace your examinations. Follow us on Facebook , Youtube , Instagram and LinkedIn . 

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Psychological Studies

This blog contains papers written by the author on various topics related to psychology. All entries are actual papers submitted by the author & may not be copied or reproduced without proper citation and reference.

Sunday, January 13, 2013

Case study of social phobia, case study analysis of dave, social phobia, patient history, components of dave’s phobia, no comments:, post a comment.

Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.

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• Social Phobia/Anxiety Case Study: Jim

Jim was a nice looking man in his mid-30’s.  He could trace his shyness to boyhood and his social anxiety to his teenage years.  He had married a girl he knew well from high school and had almost no other dating history.  He and his wife, Lesley, had three children, two girls and a boy.

At our first meeting, Jim was very shy and averted his eyes from me, but he did shake hands, respond, and smile a genuine smile.  A few minutes into our session and Jim was noticeably more relaxed.  "I’ve suffered with this anxiety for as long as I can remember", he said.  "Even in school, I was backward and didn’t know what to say.  After I got married, my wife started taking over all of the daily, family responsibilities and I was more than glad to let her."

If there was an appointment to be made, Lesley made it.  If there was a parent-teacher conference to go to, Lesley went to it.  If Jim had something coming up, Lesley would make all the social arrangements.  Even when the family ordered takeout food, it was Lesley who made the call.  Jim was simply too afraid and shy.

Indeed, because of his wife, Jim was able to avoid almost all social responsibility -- except at his job.  It was his job and its responsibilities that brought Jim into treatment.

Years earlier, Jim had worked at a small, locally-owned record and tape store, where he knew the owner and felt a part of the family.  The business was slow and manageable and he never found himself on display in front of lines of people.  Several years previously, however, the owner had sold his business to a national record chain, and Jim found himself a lower mid-range manager in a national corporation, a position he did not enjoy.

"When I have to call people up to tell them that their order is in," he said, "I know my voice is going to be weak and break, and I will be unable to get my words out.  I’ll stumble around and choke up....then I’ll blurt out the rest of my message so fast I’m afraid they won’t understand me.  Sometimes I have to repeat myself and that is excruciatingly embarrassing........"

Jim felt great humiliation and embarrassment about this afterwards: he couldn’t even make a telephone call to a stranger without getting extremely anxious and giving himself away.  That was pretty bad!  Then he would beat himself up.  What was wrong with him?  Why was he so timid and scared?  No one else seemed to be like he was.  He simply must be crazy!  After a day full of this pressure, anxiety and negative thinking, Jim would leave work feeling fatigued, tired, and defeated.

Meanwhile, his wife, being naturally sociable and vocal, continually enabled Jim not to have to deal with any social situations.  In restaurants, his wife always ordered.  At home, she answered the telephone and made all the calls out.  He would tell her things that needed to be done and she would do them.

He had no friends of his own, except for the couples his wife knew from her work.  At times when he felt he simply had to go to these social events, Jim was very ill-at-ease, never knew what to say, and felt the silences that occurred in conversation were his fault for being so backward.  He knew he made everyone else uncomfortable and ill-at-ease.

Of course, the worst part of all was the anticipatory anxiety Jim felt ahead of time – when he knew he had to perform, do something in public, or even make phone calls from work.  The more time he had to worry and stew about these situations, the more anxious, fearful and uncomfortable he felt.

REMARKS: Jim presented a very typical case of generalized social phobia/social anxiety.  His strong anticipation and belief that he wouldn’t do well at social interactions and in social events became a self-fulfilling prophecy, and his belief came true: he didn’t do well.  The more nervous and anxious he got over a situation, and the more attention he paid to it, the more he could not perform well.  This was a very negative paradox or "vicious cycle" that all people with social anxiety get stuck in.  If your beliefs are strong that you will NOT do well, then it is likely you will not do well.  Therefore, thoughts, beliefs, and emotions need to be changed.

The depression (technically "dysthymia") that comes about after the anxious event continued to fuel the fire.  "I’ll never be able to deal with this," Jim would tell himself, thus constantly reinforcing the fact that he saw himself as a failure and a loser.

Unusual in this situation is that Jim’s wife remained loyal to him, understood his problem to some extent, and even seemed to enjoy her role as the family’s "social director".  The more and more she did for Jim, the more and more he could avoid.  It got so bad that Jim, who loved to listen to new albums and read new books -- could not even go to stores or to the library.  He would tell his wife what to buy and she would buy it.  She even kept track of when the library books were due and made sure she took them back on time.

This family situation is unusual because most people with social anxiety/social phobia have an extremely difficult time making and continuing personal relationships -- because of self-consciousness and the need for more privacy than most other people.  In fact, social phobia ranks among one of the highest psychological disorders when it comes to failed relationships, divorce, and living alone.

TREATMENT for Jim consisted of the normal course of cognitive strategies so that he would relearn and rethink what he was doing to himself.  He was cooperative from the beginning, and progressed nicely doing therapy.  He took each of the practice handouts and spent time each day practicing.  He made a "special time" for himself that his family respected and he used this place and time to practice the cognitive strategies his mind had to learn.

His biggest real-life fear, speaking to another person in public, was not really a speaking problem; it was an anxiety problem.  There was nothing wrong with Jim’s voice, his reading ability, or his speaking ability.  Jim was a bright man who had associated great anxiety around these social events in public situations.

The course of treatment here is NOT to practice!  In fact, practicing would just draw attention to what Jim perceived was the problem: his voice, his awkwardness, his perceived inability to speak to others.  Thus, it would reinforce the very behaviors we do not want to reinforce.

Instead, Jim worked on paradoxes.  We deliberately goofed-up.  We tried to make as many mistakes as possible.  We injected humor into the situation and found that when he exaggerated his fears, he thought this was funny.  Although more is involved than just this, the concept here is to de-stress the situation and enable the person to see it for what it is: NO BIG DEAL!  If you make a mistake, SO WHAT?  Everyone else does too!

Over the weeks, before group therapy began, Jim did a number of interesting things in public that began proving to him that he was NOT the center of attention, and it just didn’t matter if he made a mistake or two.  After all, he was human just like everyone else.  It’s this idea of perfectionism, of always having to "do your best" that must be broken down.  Jim was human; humans make mistakes; so what?  It was certainly nothing to get upset about.  In fact, as time went by, it become even more funny and humorous, rather than humiliating or embarrassing.

After completion of the behavioral group therapy, Jim had an opportunity for advancement in his company, which he now felt comfortable to take.  The promotion entailed holding weekly meetings in which he was in charge.  He would have to do some public speaking and respond to his employees’ questions.  By this time, Jim was feeling much more comfortable and much less anxious about the whole situation.  "I think I’ll deliberately goof up," he joked to me before the start of his new job.  "It would be interesting to see how everyone else responds."

To say that Jim did not have any anticipatory anxiety before taking this position or before making his weekly presentations would be inaccurate.  The difference was now they were manageable.  They were simply minor roadblocks that could be overcome.  Jim’s thinking about social events and activities had changed a great deal since the first day I saw him in therapy.

I talked to Jim a few months ago and everything was going well.  His responsibilities at work had increased slightly, but Jim now had the ability and beliefs to deal with them.  He was much more confident and had a feeling of being in control.  He was doing more around the house and his wife was a little surprised at his metamorphosis.  Luckily, this did not change the marriage dynamics adversely, and the last time I talked with him, Jim had become a father again: another little boy.

"He’s the last," Jim said, laughing over the phone, "I can’t get too distracted.  I’ve got too many speeches to give now."

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Social Anxiety

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• Why We Prefer "Social Anxiety" to "Social Phobia"
• Visiting The Social Anxiety Therapy Group
• Thinking Problems: Correcting Our Misperceptions
• What is Social Anxiety/Social Phobia?
• Personal Statements for Social Anxiety
• The Scorpion's Sting: An Anxiety Parable
• Social Anxiety Questions and Answers
• Social Anxiety and Misdiagnosis
• Social Anxiety Disorder and Medication
• The Least Understood Anxiety Disorder
• What are "The Phobias"?
• Social Anxiety: Past and Present
• What is the Difference Between Panic Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder?
• Ask Dr. Richards About Anxiety Disorders

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The Anxiety Network began in 1995 due to growing demand from people around the world wanting help in understanding and overcoming their anxiety disorder.  The Anxiety Clinic of Arizona and its website, The Anxiety Network, received so much traffic and requests for help that we found ourselves spending much of our time in international communication and outreach.  Our in-person anxiety clinic has grown tremendously, and our principal internet tool, The Anxiety Network, has been re-written and re-designed with focus on the three major anxiety disorders: panic, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety disorder.  

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