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Formulation of hypothesis and testing

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Identification and formulation of research problem

A presentation by

Dr. Rajendra Kumbhar

Dept. of Library & Information Science

University of Pune, Pune

Current status of LIS Research: some observations

• Inadequate education, training
• Lack of sufficient guidance from practitioners
• Increased expectations and compulsions for research
• LIS professionals need to be both producers and consumers of research
• Increased availability of research funding
• It’s time to research and rule the world of librarianship

What is a research problem?�

• First step in research
• A question that need to be answered
• A concept the researcher wants to understand
• A crisis that need to resolved
• A situation that need to be changed
• A reason of dissatisfaction

Sources for identification of Research Problem-1

• Reading different types of documents
• Research articles: limitations, hypotheses, suggestions for further research
• Review articles, books
• Titles of books Titles of books and articles
• Library association’s websites
• Publisher’s websites
• Blogs of experts and libraries
• Discussion forums

Sources for identification of Research Problem-2

• Observations- in and around the library
• Issues related with
• Staff: job satisfaction, retention,
• Users: Needs of different types of users [students, children, senior citizens, writers, social workers]

Sources for identification of Research Problem-3

• Reading material:
• New formats (e-journals, e-books, collaborative,

Q&A, social media)

• Impact on users, staff, budget
• Collection development
• Problems in selection
• Quality v/s discount
• Study of supplier’s attitudes, performance

Sources for identification of Research Problem-4

• Usability testing
• Testing use pattern of DDC, OPAC, Library software, library portal, database
• Testing Performance :
• Time taken to use …
• Number of steps taken…
• Testing Accuracy :
• Number of mistake made
• How did they rectify the mistake
• Emotional response:
• User’s feelings about the use, usability – confident, stressed?
• Would he recommend it to others?

Sources for identification of Research Problem-5

• Innovations, evaluation, modification
• OPAC, Classification systems, Software, FRBR

Sources for identification of Research Problem-6

• Current social issues and trends:
• Reading ability/skills of children? Can libraries help?
• More books are published and sold? Any correlation?
• Political issues:
• Banned books, banning books, impact?
• Publishing world:
• What and why publishers publish?
• Changes in the publishing world: normal book size 170 pages- reasons and impact on reading, librarianship?
• Open access initiative- rationality, impact on libraries

Sources for identification of Research Problem-7

• Ideological issues:
• Internet, repositories, digital libraries- Competitors or facilities?
• Study of theories/principles/laws
• Bradford’s /Lotka’s law – are they still valid?
• Methodological issues: adapt methods
• Scope for experimentation
• Comparative / Benchmarking studies
• Exploratory studies
• Imagination
• Reading consultancy for parents/children
• Reading research in the other related subjects

Sources for identification of Research Problem-8

• Critical thinking:
• Ask questions
• Challenge ideas and claims in research papers
• A stem from present research
• Seminars/workshops/ refresher courses
• Personal interest: your favourite area
• Mentorship: working with experts

Check list for a researchable problem-1

• Advancement of knowledge, solving problem
• Development of innovative tools/services
• Considers people not studied so far
• Availability of data

Check list for a researchable problem-2

• Interesting
• Subject of researcher’s knowledge

� Formulation of research problem-1

Formulation of research problem-2

Formulation of research problem-3

Formulation of research problem-4

To formulate research problem one must-

• Know all aspects of the subject
• Understand relationship between variables
• Must have theoretical background

This can be done by-

• Literature review
• Discussions with experts having positive and negative views
• Concept mapping, brainstorming
• Identification of broad subject
• Read literature on the broad subject
• Identify few sub-themes
• Read thoroughly on the sub-themes
• Identify single topic for research

Simplified version of the problem identification process

�Examples of research problems-1

• Role of library in developing lifelong learning skills
• Reflection of institutions mission in library operations and services
• Impact of new communication methods on libraries
• Is organizational structure of libraries changing if so what are the forces and impacts?
• What is impact of growing distance education

Examples of research problems-2

• Retention: a new issue in personnel management
• Staff formula for libraries
• Criteria for evaluation of libraries
• Do we need college/university libraries?
• Negotiation skills for librarians
• What are the implications of –
• Barcode, RFID, CCTV
• Role of libraries in epidemics
• Criteria for evaluation of library professionals

Your experiences, please

• Graphic Design
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• Conference: departmental presentation

• Maharshi Dayanand University

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• 25+ million members
• 160+ million publication pages
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• Join for free
• Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google Welcome back! Please log in. Email · Hint Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google No account? Sign up

• Preferences

Hypothesis formulation and testing - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

• Hypothesis formulation and testing

2. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) 3. Latin Square Design (LSD) ... If the experimental units are not uniform, blocking is necessary to separate ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

• Experimental designs
• 1. Complete randomized design (CRD)
• 2. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
• 3. Latin Square Design (LSD)
• Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
• If the experimental units are not uniform, blocking is necessary to separate experimental error, therefore, block is considered as a random factor
• Two factors (Trts Block) - Two-way ANOVA
• Most widely used
• Block can be
• Spatial pond, row, districts/village, households, etc.
• Time week, month or year
• Age different age group of animals
• Height tree trunk, shelf in the drier etc.
• Soil heterogeneity, slope, insect migration etc.
• Two null hypotheses (H0)
• no effects of block
• no effects of treatment
• Comparisons of five means
• 1. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
• all the experimental units within the block are considered uniform or identical
• treatment allocation in each block is completely random
• Blocks are considered as replications
• Two hypothesis are tested by comparing the variation, therefore, called as Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
• between treatments with the variation among treatments and blocks
• Effect of block is separated
• If variation between treatments (Treatment effect) is higher than the variation within treatment (i.e. Random error), there is a significant difference
• Also called as Two factor experiment/analysis
• Fertilization trials in different types of soil
• - Organic, in-organic and combination
• - 0, 40 and 60 kg N/ha/week etc.
• Crop/vegetable/fruits varieties in different districts
• Animal breeds in different villages/families
• Drug efficacy on different age groups
• Tilapia seed production by week or month
• Weekly DO and Temp differences
• Fish growth trial in cages in ponds
• Randomization and layout
• Determine the total number of experimental units (cages) t x b e.g. to test 6 feeds in 4 ponds, you will need 24 cages (6/pond)
• Assign cage number in each pond (1 to 6)
• Assign all the treatments in each block (pond) randomly by using lottery or random table
• Randomization
• 4. Using Xi to represent the measurement of the ith plot, Ti as the total of the ith treatment, and n as the total number of experimental plots i.e. n (r) (t) , calculate the correction factor (CF) and the various sums of square (SS)
• 5. Calculate the mean square (MS) for each source of variation by dividing SS by their corresponding d.f.
• 6. Calculate the F- values (R.A. Fisher) for testing significance of the treatment difference (F MST/MSE and MSB/MSE)
• 7. Enter all the values computed in the ANOVA table
• Step 1 Calculate Missing value
• Missing value estimation
• (t treatment total bblock total) Grand total
• (4401.45222) 1482.2/(34) 102.7
• Missing values should not be more than 10 and it should be used only lost data due to unavoidable circumstances
• In case of more than 1 missing data, guess others and estimate first one. Then use it to estimate others/guessed ones iterate it until all the values become stable
• Two-way (Multi-factor) ANOVA to analyze
• Check the block effect first,
• If there is an effect of block - treatment effects need to be compared within each block separately
• If there is no significant block effect data can be analyzed using one-way ANOVA and go for t-test and Multiple range tests to compare treatments (Tukeys test is widely accepted and most common)
• Note If ANOVA shows no significant difference then multiple range tests are not necessary
• 3. Latin Square Design
• Two blocks (random factors) 1 treatment (fixed factor)
• Latin Square Design
• All the treatments should be allocated to each block of both the factors
• 3 null hypotheses (H0) there are no effects of block 1 and block 2 and the treatments
• For four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4)
• Randomization?
• Latin Square Design (Data table)
• Three hypotheses are tested by comparing the variation, therefore, called as Multifactor ANOVA
• Effects of two way blocks are to be separated
• Effects of treatment
• Calculation of SS and MSS, Missing values
• Calculation is same as in RCBD
• Keep for practical session
• RCBD ANOVA vs Multiple range tests
• Most common
• Same number of treatments with the block
• Latin Square
• Less common in biological research
• Shouldnt loose single observation
• Need to have equal treatments with the block
• Very limited treatments can be tested (normally min- 4 and max - 8 only)

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How to Write a Hypothesis

Aug 24, 2014

500 likes | 1.3k Views

How to Write a Hypothesis. Steps of the Scientific Method. Problem/Question? Collect Information Create a Hypothesis Perform an Experiment Analyze Data Conclusion. The hypothesis is the most important part of your investigation!. What is a hypothesis again?? It is an educated guess.

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• 6th graders

Presentation Transcript

Steps of the Scientific Method Problem/Question? Collect Information Create a Hypothesis Perform an Experiment Analyze Data Conclusion

The hypothesis is the most important part of your investigation! What is a hypothesis again?? It is an educated guess. It is your prediction about the outcome of the experiment. It explains a cause and effect.

A Hypothesis ... is written in the following way: “If the (independent variable) is (describe change), then the (dependent variable) will (describe measure).” IMPORTANT: You must always write a hypothesis as an “IF...THEN” statement. It shows how the independent and dependent variables are related.

Now Let’s Try! Here is a scenario: Mrs. Smith wants to know if the amount of TV her son, Jeff, watches affects the number of times he wakes up at night.

First, let’s figure out what our variables are... Independent variable? (hint- change) TV time (1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours) Dependent variable? (hint- measure) How many times Jeff wakes up at night.

And our hypothesis is? If the (amount of TV time) is (increased), then the (number of times Jeff wakes up) will (increase). Sound good?

Let’s try another scenario... Ms. Szydelko wants to find out if using fertilizer on her sunflowers will affect how high they grow. What might her hypothesis be?

Ms. Szydelko says... “If the amount of fertilizer used on the sunflowers increases, then the height of the sunflowers will also increase.”

Ready for some practice? #1 – Put everything away. #2 – I will count you off by 4’s. Remember your number! #3 – After you join your group, have one group member come and get a mini white board, marker, and tissue (for your eraser). #4 – YOU HAVE 2 MINUTES TO DO THIS.

INSTRUCTIONS I will put a problem or question up on the board. You will discuss with your group and come up with a HYPOTHESIS. When I say “show me your answer,” one person from the group holds up the white board. You must pass the whiteboard to a different team member for each question/problem.

Problem #1 Billy Bob wants to know if the amount of time 6th graders at IJHS spent playing video games affects their science test scores.

Problem #2 Davey Jones has seen those commercials that say “Axe” body spray attracts girls. He decides to test if the amount of times he sprays Axe body spray on himself affects the number of girls that approach him during one school day.

Problem #3 Brendan Quinn is setting up an experiment to find out if the weight of a hockey puck has an affect on the speed of his slap shot.

Problem #4 Dr. McDermott is really curious to find out if the amount of time students spend each night on homework affects their grades.

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