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Harvard Business School (HBS) Case Method, a renowned approach to business education, using business case studies in the field of marketing, sales, leadership, technology, finance, enterpreneurship, human resources, and more .

Core Principles:

• Real-World Dilemmas: HBS cases delve into genuine business challenges faced by companies, exposing students to the complexities and uncertainties of real-world decision-making.
• Active Participation: Students are not passive recipients of knowledge. The case method emphasizes active participation through case discussions, fostering critical thinking and analysis.
• Developing Judgment: There are often no single “correct” answers in case studies. The focus is on developing sound judgment by weighing evidence, considering various perspectives, and making well-supported recommendations.
• Diversity and Collaboration: Diverse backgrounds and experiences enrich case discussions. Students learn from each other as they analyze the case from different viewpoints.

Structure and Implementation:

• Pre-Class Preparation: Effective case study learning hinges on thorough preparation. Students are expected to read and analyze the case beforehand, identifying key issues, conducting research, and formulating potential solutions.
• Case Discussion: The case discussion in class is the heart of the method. The instructor facilitates a dynamic discussion, encouraging active participation from all students.
• Open-Ended Questions: Instead of spoon-feeding answers, instructors pose open-ended questions that stimulate critical thinking and analysis.
• Cold Calling: The HBS method is known for its “cold calling” technique, where professors randomly call on students to respond, promoting active engagement and preparation.
• Socratic Dialogue: Instructors often employ the Socratic method, asking probing questions to challenge assumptions, encourage deeper analysis, and draw out student reasoning.

Benefits of the HBS Case Method:

• Develops Critical Thinking Skills: Grappling with complex business problems and analyzing diverse perspectives strengthens critical thinking abilities.
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• Promotes Decision-Making Confidence: The case method fosters the ability to make well-reasoned decisions under uncertainty.
• Builds Leadership Skills: Active participation in discussions and persuasively advocating for solutions develops leadership potential.
• Prepares Students for Real-World Business: The case method equips students with the knowledge and skills to navigate the complexities of real-world business environments.

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Key Components of a Harvard Case Study Solution

Comprehensive Understanding of the Case

• Summary of the Case : Provide a concise summary that outlines the key issues, stakeholders, and objectives. This sets the stage for deeper analysis.
• Problem Identification : Clearly define the main problem or decision point that the case presents. This includes understanding the underlying causes and the broader business context.

Detailed Analysis

• Qualitative Analysis : Evaluate qualitative factors such as organizational culture, leadership styles, and market conditions. This helps in understanding the non-quantifiable aspects that impact the business scenario.
• Quantitative Analysis : Use data and financial metrics to analyze the business performance. This includes profit margins, cost structures, revenue streams, and other relevant financial indicators.
• SWOT Analysis : Conduct a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis to provide a structured view of the internal and external factors affecting the business.

Strategic Alternatives

• Generation of Alternatives : Develop multiple strategic alternatives to address the identified problem. Each alternative should be feasible and align with the company’s goals and resources.
• Evaluation of Alternatives : Assess each alternative based on criteria such as cost, feasibility, impact, and alignment with the company’s strategic objectives. Use quantitative data where possible to support the evaluation.

Recommended Solution

• Selection of the Best Alternative : Choose the most viable solution from the generated alternatives. Justify the choice with clear, logical reasoning and supporting evidence.
• Implementation Plan : Develop a detailed implementation plan that includes steps, timelines, resources required, and potential risks. This ensures the recommended solution is actionable and practical.
• Contingency Plan : Outline a contingency plan to address potential challenges or risks that may arise during the implementation phase.

Reflection and Learning

• Lessons Learned : Reflect on the case study process and the key lessons learned. This includes insights into decision-making, strategic thinking, and the application of business concepts.
• Future Implications : Discuss the broader implications of the case study for the industry and future business scenarios.

Checklist for a Great Harvard Case Study Solution

Comprehensive Understanding

• Clearly summarized the case
• Identified the main problem and stakeholders
• Understood the broader business context
• Conducted qualitative analysis (organizational culture, market conditions, etc.)
• Performed quantitative analysis (financial metrics, data analysis)
• Completed a SWOT analysis
• Generated multiple feasible alternatives
• Evaluated alternatives based on relevant criteria
• Supported evaluations with data and logical reasoning
• Selected the most viable alternative with a strong justification
• Developed a detailed and practical implementation plan
• Created a contingency plan to manage potential risks
• Reflected on the case study process
• Identified key lessons learned
• Discussed future implications for the industry and business practices

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Filling the form and uploading guidelines.

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Uploading the Case Study PDF

Providing the case study in its original format ensures that the writer has all the necessary context and background information. This step is crucial for a thorough understanding of the problem and accurate analysis.

Communication with the Writer

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Requesting Improvements

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Legality of Privatizing Public Assets: Link REIT Harvard Case Solution & Analysis

Home >> Management Case Studies >> Legality of Privatizing Public Assets: Link REIT

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT) investment proved popular in many countries, including the United States, Australia, Japan and Singapore. They work with pooled capital of investors to acquire or dispose of property. Issued shares are traded on the stock exchanges (as well as stocks and mutual funds), as well as an increase or decrease in value according to changes in the value of the trust portfolio, rental income or other factors. To facilitate the growing budget deficit, housing, the Hong Kong government has made plans to launch in the first public REIT, in the hope of raising much-needed capital from the market. Privatization plan involving retail and car parking within the public housing in the joint property trust Link. However, the announcement was held in conjunction with the claim raised by public housing tenants who are concerned about the future of asset management will not meet the needs of existing tenants adequately. Illustrates the legal problems faced by the government and associated with exposure to key stakeholders in the privatization program. Also demonstrates the importance of a well-structured organizational structure in the privatization. "Hide on PS Tso, Samuel Tsang Source: University of Hong Kong, 4 pages. Publication Date: Aug 09, 2005. Prod. #: HKU550-PDF-ENG

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VRIO Analysis of Link REIT

This is an analysis carried out to know about the internal strengths and capabilities of Link REIT. Under the VRIO analysis, the following steps are carried out:

• The internal resources of Link REIT are listed down.
• Each of these resources are assessed in terms of the value it brings to the organization.
• Each resource is assessed in terms of how rare it is. A rare resource is one that is not commonly used by competitors.
• Each resource is assessed whether it could be imitated by competition easily or not.
• Lastly, each resource is assessed in terms of whether the organization can use it to an advantage or not.

The analysis done on the 4 dimensions; Value, Rareness, Imitability, and Organization. If a resource is high on all of these 4, then it brings long-term competitive advantage. If a resource is high on Value, Rareness, and Imitability, then it brings an unused competitive advantage. If a resource is high on Value and Rareness, then it only brings temporary competitive advantage. If a resource is only valuable, then it’s a competitive parity. If it’s none, then it can be regarded as a competitive disadvantage.

Value Chain Analysis of Link REIT

The Value chain analysis of Link REIT helps in identifying the activities of an organization, and how these add value in terms of cost reduction and differentiation. This tool is used in the case study analysis as follows:

• The firm’s primary and support activities are listed down.
• Identifying the importance of these activities in the cost of the product and the differentiation they produce.
• Lastly, differentiation or cost reduction strategies are to be used for each of these activities to increase the overall value provided by these activities.

Recognizing value creating activities and enhancing the value that they create allow Link REIT to increase its competitive advantage.

BCG Matrix of Link REIT

The BCG Matrix is an important tool in deciding whether an organization should invest or divest in its strategic business units. The matrix involves placing the strategic business units of a business in one of four categories; question marks, stars, dogs and cash cows. The placement in these categories depends on the relative market share of the organization and the market growth of these strategic business units. The steps to be followed in this analysis is as follows:

• Identify the relative market share of each strategic business unit.
• Identify the market growth of each strategic business unit.
• Place these strategic business units in one of four categories. Question Marks are those strategic business units with high market share and low market growth rate. Stars are those strategic business units with high market share and high market growth rate. Cash Cows are those strategic business units with high market share and low market growth rate. Dogs are those strategic business units with low market share and low growth rate.
• Relevant strategies should be implemented for each strategic business unit depending on its position in the matrix.

The strategies identified from the Link REIT BCG matrix and included in the case pdf. These are either to further develop the product, penetrate the market, develop the market, diversification, investing or divesting.

Ansoff Matrix of Link REIT

Ansoff Matrix is an important strategic tool to come up with future strategies for Link REIT in the case solution. It helps decide whether an organization should pursue future expansion in new markets and products or should it focus on existing markets and products.

• The organization can penetrate into existing markets with its existing products. This is known as market penetration strategy.
• The organization can develop new products for the existing market. This is known as product development strategy.
• The organization can enter new markets with its existing products. This is known as market development strategy.
• The organization can enter into new markets with new products. This is known as a diversification strategy.

The choice of strategy depends on the analysis of the previous tools used and the level of risk the organization is willing to take.

Marketing Mix of Link REIT

Link REIT needs to bring out certain responses from the market that it targets. To do so, it will need to use the marketing mix, which serves as a tool in helping bring out responses from the market. The 4 elements of the marketing mix are Product, Price, Place and Promotions. The following steps are required to carry out a marketing mix analysis and include this in the case study analysis.

• Analyse the company’s products and devise strategies to improve the product offering of the company.
• Analyse the company’s price points and devise strategies that could be based on competition, value or cost.
• Analyse the company’s promotion mix. This includes the advertisement, public relations, personal selling, sales promotion, and direct marketing. Strategies will be devised which makes use of a few or all of these elements.
• Analyse the company’s distribution and reach. Strategies can be devised to improve the availability of the company’s products.

Link REIT Blue Ocean Strategy

The strategies devised and included in the Link REIT case memo should have a blue ocean strategy. A blue ocean strategy is a strategy that involves firms seeking uncontested market spaces, which makes the competition of the company irrelevant. It involves coming up with new and unique products or ideas through innovation. This gives the organization a competitive advantage over other firms, unlike a red ocean strategy.

Competitors analysis of Link REIT

The PESTEL analysis discussed previously looked at the macro environmental factors affecting business, but not the microenvironmental factors. One of the microenvironmental factors are competitors, which are addressed by a competitor analysis. The Competitors analysis of Link REIT looks at the direct and indirect competitors within the industry that it operates in.

• This involves a detailed analysis of their actions and how these would affect the future strategies of Link REIT.
• It involves looking at the current market share of the company and its competitors.
• It should compare the marketing mix elements of competitors, their supply chain, human resources, financial strength etc.
• It also should look at the potential opportunities and threats that these competitors pose on the company.

Organisation of the Analysis into Link REIT Case Study Solution

Once various tools have been used to analyse the case, the findings of this analysis need to be incorporated into practical and actionable solutions. These solutions will also be the Link REIT case answers. These are usually in the form of strategies that the organisation can adopt. The following step-by-step procedure can be used to organise the Harvard Business case solution and recommendations:

• The first step of the solution is to come up with a corporate level strategy for the organisation. This part consists of solutions that address issues faced by the organisation on a strategic level. This could include suggestions, changes or recommendations to the company's vision, mission and its strategic objectives. It can include recommendations on how the organisation can work towards achieving these strategic objectives. Furthermore, it needs to be explained how the stated recommendations will help in solving the main issue mentioned in the case and where the company will stand in the future as a result of these.
• The second step of the solution is to come up with a business level strategy. The HBR case studies may present issues faced by a part of the organisation. For example, the issues may be stated for marketing and the role of a marketing manager needs to be assumed. So, recommendations and suggestions need to address the strategy of the marketing department in this case. Therefore, the strategic objectives of this business unit (Marketing) will be laid down in the solutions and recommendations will be made as to how to achieve these objectives. Similar would be the case for any other business unit or department such as human resources, finance, IT etc. The important thing to note here is that the business level strategy needs to be aligned with the overall corporate strategy of the organisation. For example, if one suggests the organisation to focus on differentiation for competitive advantage as a corporate level strategy, then it can't be recommended for the Link REIT Case Study Solution that the business unit should focus on costs.
• The third step is not compulsory but depends from case to case. In some HBR case studies, one may be required to analyse an issue at a department. This issue may be analysed for a manager or employee as well. In these cases, recommendations need to be made for these people. The solution may state that objectives that these people need to achieve and how these objectives would be achieved.

The case study analysis and solution, and Link REIT case answers should be written down in the Link REIT case memo, clearly identifying which part shows what. The Link REIT case should be in a professional format, presenting points clearly that are well understood by the reader.

Alternate solution to the Link REIT HBR case study

It is important to have more than one solution to the case study. This is the alternate solution that would be implemented if the original proposed solution is found infeasible or impossible due to a change in circumstances. The alternate solution for Link REIT is presented in the same way as the original solution, where it consists of a corporate level strategy, business level strategy and other recommendations.

Implementation of Link REIT Case Solution

The case study does not end at just providing recommendations to the issues at hand. One is also required to provide how these recommendations would be implemented. This is shown through a proper implementation framework. A detailed implementation framework helps in distinguishing between an average and an above average case study answer. A good implementation framework shows the proposed plan and how the organisations' resources would be used to achieve the objectives. It also lays down the changes needed to be made as well as the assumptions in the process.

• A proper implementation framework shows that one has clearly understood the case study and the main issue within it.
• It shows that one has been clarified with the HBR fundamentals on the topic.
• It shows that the details provided in the case have been properly analysed.
• It shows that one has developed an ability to prioritise recommendations and how these could be successfully implemented.
• The implementation framework also helps by removing out any recommendations that are not practical or actionable as these could not be implemented. Therefore, the implementation framework ensures that the solution to the Link REIT Harvard case is complete and properly answered.

Recommendations and Action Plan for Link REIT case analysis

For Link REIT, based on the SWOT Analysis, Porter Five Forces Analysis, PESTEL Analysis, VRIO analysis, Value Chain Analysis, BCG Matrix analysis, Ansoff Matrix analysis, and the Marketing Mix analysis, the recommendations and action plan are as follows:

• Link REIT should focus on making use of its strengths identified from the VRIO analysis to make the most of the opportunities identified from the PESTEL.
• Link REIT should enhance the value creating activities within its value chain.
• Link REIT should invest in its stars and cash cows, while getting rid of the dogs identified from the BCG Matrix analysis.
• To achieve its overall corporate and business level objectives, it should make use of the marketing mix tools to obtain desired results from its target market.

Baron, E. (2015). How They Teach the Case Method At Harvard Business School. Retrieved from https://poetsandquants.com/2015/09/29/how-they-teach-the-case-method-at-harvard-business-school/

Bartol. K, & Martin, D. (1998). Management, 3rd edition. Boston: Irwin McGrawHill.

Free Management E-Books. (2013a). PESTLE Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.free-management-ebooks.com/dldebk-pdf/fme-pestle-analysis.pdf

Gupta, A. (2013). Environment & PEST analysis: an approach to the external business environment. International Journal of Modern Social Sciences, 2(1), 34-43.

Hambrick, D. C., MacMillan, I. C., & Day, D. L. (1982). Strategic attributes and performance in the BCG matrix—A PIMS-based analysis of industrial product businesses. Academy of Management Journal, 25(3), 510-531.

Hill, C., & Jones, G. (2010). Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, Ninth Ed. Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning.

Hussain, S., Khattak, J., Rizwan, A., & Latif, M. A. (2013). ANSOFF matrix, environment, and growth-an interactive triangle. Management and Administrative Sciences Review, 2(2), 196-206.

IIBMS. (2015). 7 Effective Steps to Solve Case Study. Retrieved from http://www.iibms.org/c-7-effective-steps-to-solve-case-study/

Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. (2004). Blue ocean strategy. If you read nothing else on strategy, read thesebest-selling articles., 71.

Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2010). Principles of marketing. Pearson education.

Kulkarni, N. (2018). 8 Tips to Help You Prepare for the Case Method. Retrieved from https://www.hbs.edu/mba/blog/post/8-tips-to-help-you-prepare-for-the-case-method

Lin, C., Tsai, H. L., Wu, Y. J., & Kiang, M. (2012). A fuzzy quantitative VRIO-based framework for evaluating organizational activities. Management Decision, 50(8), 1396-1411.

Nixon, J., & Helms, M. M. (2010). Exploring SWOT analysis – where are we now?: A review of academic research from the last decade. Journal of Strategy and Management, 3(3), 215-251.

Panagiotou, G. (2003). Bringing SWOT into Focus. Business Strategy Review, 14(2), 8-10.

Pickton, D. W., & Wright, S. (1998). What's swot in strategic analysis? Strategic Change, 7(2), 101-109.

Porter, M. E. (2001). The value chain and competitive advantage. Understanding Business Processes, 50-66.

Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance (Vol. 2). New York: Free Press.

Porter, M.E. (1979, March). Harvard Business Review: Strategic Planning, How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy. Retrieved July 7, 2016, from https://hbr.org/1979/03/how-competitive-forces-shape-strategy

Rastogi, N., & Trivedi, M. K. (2016). PESTLE Technique–a Tool to Identify External Risks in Construction Projects. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 3(1), 384-388.

Rauch, P. (2007). SWOT analyses and SWOT strategy formulation for forest owner cooperations in Austria. European Journal of Forest Research, 126(3), 413-420.

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• Harvard Case Studies

Link REIT Case Study Solution & Analysis

In most courses studied at Harvard Business schools, students are provided with a case study. Major HBR cases concerns on a whole industry, a whole organization or some part of organization; profitable or non-profitable organizations. Student’s role is to analyze the case and diagnose the situation, identify the problem and then give appropriate recommendations and steps to be taken.

To make a detailed case analysis, student should follow these steps:

STEP 1: Reading Up Harvard Case Study Method Guide:

Case study method guide is provided to students which determine the aspects of problem needed to be considered while analyzing a case study. It is very important to have a thorough reading and understanding of guidelines provided. However, poor guide reading will lead to misunderstanding of case and failure of analyses. It is recommended to read guidelines before and after reading the case to understand what is asked and how the questions are to be answered. Therefore, in-depth understanding f case guidelines is very important.

Harvard Case Study Solutions

STEP 2: Reading The Link REIT Harvard Case Study:

To have a complete understanding of the case, one should focus on case reading. It is said that case should be read two times. Initially, fast reading without taking notes and underlines should be done. Initial reading is to get a rough idea of what information is provided for the analyses. Then, a very careful reading should be done at second time reading of the case. This time, highlighting the important point and mark the necessary information provided in the case. In addition, the quantitative data in case, and its relations with other quantitative or qualitative variables should be given more importance. Also, manipulating different data and combining with other information available will give a new insight. However, all of the information provided is not reliable and relevant.

When having a fast reading, following points should be noted:

• Nature of organization
• Nature if industry in which organization operates.
• External environment that is effecting organization
• Problems being faced by management
• Identification of communication strategies.
• Any relevant strategy that can be added.
• Control and out-of-control situations.

When reading the case for second time, following points should be considered:

• Decisions needed to be made and the responsible Person to make decision.
• Objectives of the organization and key players in this case.
• The compatibility of objectives. if not, their reconciliations and necessary redefinition.
• Sources and constraints of organization from meeting its objectives.

After reading the case and guidelines thoroughly, reader should go forward and start the analyses of the case.

STEP 3: Doing The Case Analysis Of Link REIT:

To make an appropriate case analyses, firstly, reader should mark the important problems that are happening in the organization. There may be multiple problems that can be faced by any organization. Secondly, after identifying problems in the company, identify the most concerned and important problem that needed to be focused.

Firstly, the introduction is written. After having a clear idea of what is defined in the case, we deliver it to the reader. It is better to start the introduction from any historical or social context. The challenging diagnosis for Link REIT and the management of information is needed to be provided. However, introduction should not be longer than 6-7 lines in a paragraph. As the most important objective is to convey the most important message for to the reader.

After introduction, problem statement is defined. In the problem statement, the company’s most important problem and constraints to solve these problems should be define clearly. However, the problem should be concisely define in no more than a paragraph. After defining the problems and constraints, analysis of the case study is begin.

STEP 4: SWOT Analysis of the Link REIT HBR Case Solution:

SWOT analysis helps the business to identify its strengths and weaknesses, as well as understanding of opportunity that can be availed and the threat that the company is facing. SWOT for Link REIT is a powerful tool of analysis as it provide a thought to uncover and exploit the opportunities that can be used to increase and enhance company’s operations. In addition, it also identifies the weaknesses of the organization that will help to be eliminated and manage the threats that would catch the attention of the management.

This strategy helps the company to make any strategy that would differentiate the company from competitors, so that the organization can compete successfully in the industry. The strengths and weaknesses are obtained from internal organization. Whereas, the opportunities and threats are generally related from external environment of organization. Moreover, it is also called Internal-External Analysis.

In the strengths, management should identify the following points exists in the organization:

• Advantages of the organization
• Activities of the company better than competitors.
• Unique resources and low cost resources company have.
• Activities and resources market sees as the company’s strength.
• Unique selling proposition of the company.

WEAKNESSES:

• Improvement that could be done.
• Activities that can be avoided for Link REIT.
• Activities that can be determined as your weakness in the market.
• Factors that can reduce the sales.
• Competitor’s activities that can be seen as your weakness.

OPPORTUNITIES:

• Good opportunities that can be spotted.
• Interesting trends of industry.
• Change in technology and market strategies
• Government policy changes that is related to the company’s field
• Changes in social patterns and lifestyles.
• Local events.

Following points can be identified as a threat to company:

• Company’s facing obstacles.
• Activities of competitors.
• Product and services quality standards
• Threat from changing technologies
• Financial/cash flow problems
• Weakness that threaten the business.

Following points should be considered when applying SWOT to the analysis:

• Precise and verifiable phrases should be sued.
• Prioritize the points under each head, so that management can identify which step has to be taken first.
• Apply the analyses at proposed level. Clear yourself first that on what basis you have to apply SWOT matrix.
• Make sure that points identified should carry itself with strategy formulation process.
• Use particular terms (like USP, Core Competencies Analyses etc.) to get a comprehensive picture of analyses.

STEP 5: PESTEL/ PEST Analysis of Link REIT Case Solution:

Pest analyses is a widely used tool to analyze the Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Environmental and legal situations which can provide great and new opportunities to the company as well as these factors can also threat the company, to be dangerous in future.

Pest analysis is very important and informative.  It is used for the purpose of identifying business opportunities and advance threat warning. Moreover, it also helps to the extent to which change is useful for the company and also guide the direction for the change. In addition, it also helps to avoid activities and actions that will be harmful for the company in future, including projects and strategies.

To analyze the business objective and its opportunities and threats, following steps should be followed:

• Brainstorm and assumption the changes that should be made to organization. Answer the necessary questions that are related to specific needs of organization
• Analyze the opportunities that would be happen due to the change.
• Analyze the threats and issues that would be caused due to change.
• Perform cost benefit analyses and take the appropriate action.

Pest analysis

PEST FACTORS:

• Next political elections and changes that will happen in the country due to these elections
• Strong and powerful political person, his point of view on business policies and their effect on the organization.
• Strength of property rights and law rules. And its ratio with corruption and organized crimes. Changes in these situation and its effects.
• Change in Legislation and taxation effects on the company
• Trend of regulations and deregulations. Effects of change in business regulations
• Timescale of legislative change.
• Other political factors likely to change for Link REIT.

ECONOMICAL:

• Position and current economy trend i.e. growing, stagnant or declining.
• Exchange rates fluctuations and its relation with company.
• Change in Level of customer’s disposable income and its effect.
• Fluctuation in unemployment rate and its effect on hiring of skilled employees
• Access to credit and loans. And its effects on company
• Effect of globalization on economic environment
• Considerations on other economic factors

SOCIO-CULTURAL:

• Change in population growth rate and age factors, and its impacts on organization.
• Effect on organization due to Change in attitudes and generational shifts.
• Standards of health, education and social mobility levels. Its changes and effects on company.
• Employment patterns, job market trend and attitude towards work according to different age groups.

case study solutions

• Social attitudes and social trends, change in socio culture an dits effects.
• Religious believers and life styles and its effects on organization
• Other socio culture factors and its impacts.

TECHNOLOGICAL:

• Any new technology that company is using
• Any new technology in market that could affect the work, organization or industry
• Access of competitors to the new technologies and its impact on their product development/better services.
• Research areas of government and education institutes in which the company can make any efforts
• Changes in infra-structure and its effects on work flow
• Existing technology that can facilitate the company
• Other technological factors and their impacts on company and industry

These headings and analyses would help the company to consider these factors and make a “big picture” of company’s characteristics. This will help the manager to take the decision and drawing conclusion about the forces that would create a big impact on company and its resources.

STEP 6: Porter’s Five Forces/ Strategic Analysis Of The Link REIT Case Study:

To analyze the structure of a company and its corporate strategy, Porter’s five forces model is used. In this model, five forces have been identified which play an important part in shaping the market and industry. These forces are used to measure competition intensity and profitability of an industry and market.

porter’s five forces model

These forces refers to micro environment and the company ability to serve its customers and make a profit. These five forces includes three forces from horizontal competition and two forces from vertical competition. The five forces are discussed below:

• THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS:
• as the industry have high profits, many new entrants will try to enter into the market. However, the new entrants will eventually cause decrease in overall industry profits. Therefore, it is necessary to block the new entrants in the industry. following factors is describing the level of threat to new entrants:
• Barriers to entry that includes copy rights and patents.
• High capital requirement
• Government restricted policies
• Switching cost
• Access to suppliers and distributions
• Customer loyalty to established brands.
• THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES:
• this describes the threat to company. If the goods and services are not up to the standard, consumers can use substitutes and alternatives that do not need any extra effort and do not make a major difference. For example, using Aquafina in substitution of tap water, Pepsi in alternative of Coca Cola. The potential factors that made customer shift to substitutes are as follows:
• Price performance of substitute
• Switching costs of buyer
• Products substitute available in the market
• Reduction of quality
• Close substitution are available
• DEGREE OF INDUSTRY RIVALRY:
• the lesser money and resources are required to enter into any industry, the higher there will be new competitors and be an effective competitor. It will also weaken the company’s position. Following are the potential factors that will influence the company’s competition:
• Competitive advantage
• Continuous innovation
• Sustainable position in competitive advantage
• Level of advertising
• Competitive strategy
• BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS:
• it deals with the ability of customers to take down the prices. It mainly consists the importance of a customer and the level of cost if a customer will switch from one product to another. The buyer power is high if there are too many alternatives available. And the buyer power is low if there are lesser options of alternatives and switching. Following factors will influence the buying power of customers:
• Bargaining leverage
• Switching cost of a buyer
• Buyer price sensitivity
• Competitive advantage of company’s product
• BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS:
• this refers to the supplier’s ability of increasing and decreasing prices. If there are few alternatives o supplier available, this will threat the company and it would have to purchase its raw material in supplier’s terms. However, if there are many suppliers alternative, suppliers have low bargaining power and company do not have to face high switching cost. The potential factors that effects bargaining power of suppliers are the following:
• Input differentiation
• Impact of cost on differentiation
• Strength of distribution centers
• Input substitute’s availability.

STEP 7: VRIO Analysis of Link REIT:

Vrio analysis for Link REIT case study identified the four main attributes which helps the organization to gain a competitive advantages. The author of this theory suggests that firm must be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and perfectly non sustainable. Therefore there must be some resources and capabilities in an organization that can facilitate the competitive advantage to company. The four components of VRIO analysis are described below: VALUABLE: the company must have some resources or strategies that can exploit opportunities and defend the company from major threats. If the company holds some value then answer is yes. Resources are also valuable if they provide customer satisfaction and increase customer value. This value may create by increasing differentiation in existing product or decrease its price. Is these conditions are not met, company may lead to competitive disadvantage. Therefore, it is necessary to continually review the Link REIT company’s activities and resources values. RARE: the resources of the Link REIT company that are not used by any other company are known as rare. Rare and valuable resources grant much competitive advantages to the firm. However, when more than one few companies uses the same resources and provide competitive parity are also known as rare resources. Even, the competitive parity is not desired position, but the company should not lose its valuable resources, even they are common. COSTLY TO IMITATE : the resources are costly to imitate, if other organizations cannot imitate it. However, imitation is done in two ways. One is duplicating that is direct imitation and the other one is substituting that is indirect imitation.  Any firm who has valuable and rare resources, and these resources are costly to imitate, have achieved their competitive advantage. However, resources should also be perfectly non sustainable. The reasons that resource imitation is costly are historical conditions, casual ambiguity and social complexity. ORGANIZED TO CAPTURE VALUE : resources, itself, cannot provide advantages to organization until it is organized and exploit to do so. A firm (like Link REIT)  must organize its management systems, processes, policies and strategies to fully utilize the resource’s potential to be valuable, rare and costly to imitate.

STEP 8: Generating Alternatives For Link REIT Case Solution:

After completing the analyses of the company, its opportunities and threats, it is important to generate a solution of the problem and the alternatives a company can apply in order to solve its problems. To generate the alternative of problem, following things must to be kept in mind:

• Realistic solution should be identified that can be operated in the company, with all its constraints and opportunities.
• as the problem and its solution cannot occur at the same time, it should be described as mutually exclusive
• it is not possible for a company to not to take any action, therefore, the alternative of doing nothing is not viable.
• Student should provide more than one decent solution. Providing two undesirable alternatives to make the other one attractive is not acceptable.

Once the alternatives have been generated, student should evaluate the options and select the appropriate and viable solution for the company.

STEP 9: Selection Of Alternatives For Link REIT Case Solution:

It is very important to select the alternatives and then evaluate the best one as the company have limited choices and constraints. Therefore to select the best alternative, there are many factors that is needed to be kept in mind. The criteria’s on which business decisions are to be selected areas under:

• Improve profitability
• Increase sales, market shares, return on investments
• Customer satisfaction
• Brand image
• Corporate mission, vision and strategy
• Resources and capabilities

Alternatives should be measures that which alternative will perform better than other one and the valid reasons. In addition, alternatives should be related to the problem statements and issues described in the case study.

STEP 10: Evaluation Of Alternatives For Link REIT Case Solution:

If the selected alternative is fulfilling the above criteria, the decision should be taken straightforwardly. Best alternative should be selected must be the best when evaluating it on the decision criteria. Another method used to evaluate the alternatives are the list of pros and cons of each alternative and one who has more pros than cons and can be workable under organizational constraints.

STEP 11: Recommendations For Link REIT Case Study (Solution):

There should be only one recommendation to enhance the company’s operations and its growth or solving its problems. The decision that is being taken should be justified and viable for solving the problems.

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A Trade Secret Case Study: Application of ‘Res judicata’ Across the U.S. Federal and State Court Systems

“There might be reasonable considerations behind Neu Cloud’s decision to sue IBM in both a state court and a federal court in a recent trade secret case. But such an approach entails huge legal risks.”

Beijing Neu Cloud Oriental System Technology Co., Ltd. v. IBM, IBM WTC, IBM China

Neu Cloud first sued IBM, IBM WTC and IBM China (collectively referred to as IBM) for misappropriation of trade secrets under the Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and then sued IBM in the New York Supreme Court for unfair competition, unjust enrichment, and breach of fiduciary duty. Neu Cloud’s claims were dismissed by the New York Supreme Court first and then dismissed by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Neu Cloud appealed the decision of the federal district court to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. During the appeal process, IBM argued that Neu Cloud should be barred from filing a DTSA lawsuit in federal court based on the principle of res judicata . The appellate court agreed with IBM’s argument, holding that the decision already made by the state district court barred Neu Cloud from asserting a DTSA lawsuit in another proceeding, thus upholding the decision of the federal district court.

The focus of the dispute was whether a state district court ‘s ruling on unfair competition, unjust enrichment, and breach of fiduciary duty has res judicata on a trade secret misappropriation case before a U.S. federal court so that the federal case can be dismissed right away. The appellate court said yes.

Under New York preclusion law, “a party may not litigate a claim where a judgment on the merits exists from a prior action between the same parties involving the same subject matter”. In re Hunter , 827 NE 2d 269, 274 (NY2005) .

In this case, the appellate court held that, although Neu Cloud’s federal DTSA claim was not raised in the New York district court action, it could have done so in one single district court action. In making this judgment, the appellate court mainly took into consideration whether the facts involved in the two lawsuits were sufficiently related, and whether the latter case was subject to the jurisdiction of the court that adjudicated the earlier case.

In deciding the relatedness, the court primarily considered whether the subsequent claim arose from the same transaction or series of transactions with the adjudicated claim.

It was held that Neu Cloud’s state law claim and federal law claim arose from “the same transaction or series of transactions.” The appellate court found that both claims were based on the same series of events: IBM violated state and federal laws in establishing a joint venture that competed with Neu Cloud, which harmed Neu Cloud’s business interests. In addition to sharing the same factual basis, the language used in the two complaints was the same.

Although Neu Cloud sought different damages in the two court proceedings and the standards of proof in the two actions was also different, the appellate court said these were subtle differences and were not sufficient to overcome the overall similarities that rendered the two complaints sufficiently related so as to trigger res judicata .

The court found that although the DTSA stipulates that the federal district court has original jurisdiction over such cases, it does not explicitly say such jurisdiction is exclusive. Considering that state courts have inherent authority to adjudicate federal claims, the appellate court held that state courts are presumed to have jurisdiction over such cases.

To summarize, the appellate court held that Neu Cloud could have but failed to file its DTSA claim in the previous state court lawsuit and chose to initiate a separate lawsuit in a federal court instead to challenge IBM’s same conduct. Neu Cloud was thus barred by res judicata from bringing a DTSA claim in the federal court. As a result, Neu Cloud’s federal claim was dismissed.

There might be reasonable considerations behind Neu Cloud’s decision to sue IBM in both a state court and a federal court. But such an approach entails huge legal risks. It directly caused the appellate court to affirm the district court’s dismissal decision on the ground that the earlier district court’s decision had res judicata without hearing Neu Cloud’s appeal of the trade secret claim, , which ultimately stripped Neu Cloud of the right to appeal.

Through this case, we could also see the “long arm” effect of the res judicata rule under New York law, which covers not only “prior claims that have actually been adjudicated”, but also “claims that should have been made in the prior litigation”. This undoubtedly raises the bar of building up a case on the plaintiff’s side. For causes of action arising from related factual predicates, the plaintiff should, as much as possible, bring all claims in one action to avoid application of res judicata .

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Marketing Process Analysis

Segmentation, targeting, positioning, marketing strategic planning, marketing 5 concepts analysis, swot analysis & matrix, porter five forces analysis, pestel / pest / step analysis, cage distance analysis international marketing analysis leadership, organizational resilience analysis, bcg matrix / growth share matrix analysis, block chain supply chain management, paei management roles, leadership with empathy & compassion, triple bottom line analysis, mckinsey 7s analysis, smart analysis, vuca analysis ai ethics analysis analytics, link reit swot analysis & matrix / mba resources.

• Finance & Accounting / MBA Resources

Definition of SWOT Analysis

What is SWOT Analysis & Matrix? How you can use SWOT Analysis for Link REIT

At EMBA PRO , we specialize at analyzing & providing comprehensive, corporate SWOT Analysis of Link REIT case study. Link REIT "referred as Reit Hongchoy in this analysis " is a Harvard Business Review (HBR) case study used for MBA & EMBA programs . It is written by Siddharth Yog and deals with topics in areas such as Finance & Accounting Government, Growth strategy, Strategic planning SWOT Analysis stands for – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats that Reit Hongchoy encounters both internally and in macro environment that it operates in. Strengths and Weaknesses are often restricted to company’s internal - resources, skills and limitations. Opportunities and Threats are factors that are analyzed in view of the prevalent market forces and other factors such as political, legal & environmental, social, health & safety, economic , and technological. According to global executive survey done by Harvard Business Review & Brightline Initiative – Only 20% of the strategic targets set by organizations are realized. Rest 80% of the strategic targets are not achieved because of incomprehensive planning, limited resource allocation, and poor execution. The successful organizations such as Reit Hongchoy are the one who able to predict market trends better than others, provide resources to develop products and services to leverage those trends, able to counter competitors’ threats, and meet customers’ expected value proposition.

Case Description of Link REIT Case Study

Publicly listed in November 2005, Link REIT was the first real estate investment trust (REIT) in Hong Kong after the Hong Kong government decided to privatize a portfolio of community shopping malls, car parks, and fresh produce markets. Run by CEO, George Hongchoy, the company had evolved from managing retail spaces in public housing estates in Hong Kong into new property types such as offices, and into new geographies such as Beijing and Shanghai in Mainland China. The case centers around the many questions Hongchoy faced on whether the strategic shift would dilute Link's mission of servicing the local community with affordable yet quality retail experience, while balancing his responsibilties to his shareholders while pursuing other growth opportunities.

Case Authors : Siddharth Yog

Topic : finance & accounting, related areas : government, growth strategy, strategic planning, case study solution & analysis of link reit, pestel / pest / step analysis of link reit case study, urgent - 12hr.

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What are the Four Elements of SWOT Analysis? How to use them for Link REIT case study?

The four key elements of SWOT analysis are - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats . Reit Hongchoy can use strengths to create niche positioning in the market, can strive to reduce & remove weaknesses so that it can better compete with competitors, look out to leverage opportunities provided by industry structure, regulations and other development in external environment, and finally make provisions and develop strategies to mitigate threats that can undermine the business model of Reit Hongchoy.

For more detailed SWOT Matrix strategy please go through the detailed analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in next section.

What are Strengths in SWOT Analysis

Strengths - Link REIT

Strengths are the Reit Hongchoy capabilities and resources that it can leverage to build a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. Strengths come from positive aspects of five key resources & capabilities - physical resources such as land, building, activities & processes, human resources, financial resources, and past experiences and successes .

- Intellectual Property Rights – Reit Hongchoy has garnered a wide array of patents and copyrights through innovation and buying those rights from the creators. This can help Reit Hongchoy in thwarting the challenges of competitors in various industries Government, Growth strategy, Strategic planning.

- High Margins – Reit Hongchoy charges a premium compare to its competitors. According to Siddharth Yog of Link REIT case study, this has provided Reit Hongchoy resources to not only thwart competitive pressures but also to invest into research and development.

- Strong Balance Sheet and Financial Statement of Reit Hongchoy can help it to invest in new and diverse projects that can further diversify the revenue stream and increase Return on Sales (RoS) & other metrics.

- Successful Go To Market Track Record – Reit Hongchoy has a highly successful track record of both launching new products in the domestic market but also catering to the various market based on the insights from local consumers. According to Siddharth Yog , Reit Hongchoy has tested various concepts in different markets and come up with successful Finance & Accounting solutions.

- First Mover Advantage – Reit Hongchoy has first mover advantage in number of segments. It has experimented in various areas Government, Growth strategy, Strategic planning. The Finance & Accounting solutions & strategies has helped Reit Hongchoy in coming up with unique solution to tap the un-catered markets.

- Robust Domestic Market that Reit Hongchoy Operates in - The domestic market in which Reit Hongchoy is operating is both a source of strength and roadblock to the growth and innovation of the company. Based on details provided in the Link REIT case study – Reit Hongchoy can easily grow in its domestic market without much innovation but will require further investment into research and development to enter international market. The temptation so far for the managers at Reit Hongchoy is to focus on the domestic market only.

- Diverse Product Portfolio of Reit Hongchoy – The products and brand portfolio of Reit Hongchoy is enabling it to target various segments in the domestic market at the same time. This has enabled Reit Hongchoy to build diverse revenue source and profit mix.

What are Weakness in SWOT Analysis

Weakness- Link REIT

Weaknesses are the areas, capabilities or skills in which Reit Hongchoy lacks. It limits the ability of the firm to build a sustainable competitive advantage. Weaknesses come from lack or absence of five key resources & capabilities - physical resources such as land, building, financial resources, activities & processes, past experiences and successes, and human resources .

- Lack of Work force diversity – I believe that Reit Hongchoy is not diverse enough given that most of its growth so far is in its domestic market. According to Siddharth Yog , this can reduce the potential of success of Reit Hongchoy in the international market.

- Reit Hongchoy business model can be easily replicated even with the number of patents and copyrights the company possess. The intellectual property rights are very difficult to implement in the industry that Reit Hongchoy operates in. According to Siddharth Yog , Intellectual Property Rights are effective in thwarting same size competition but it is difficult to stop start ups disrupting markets at various other levels.

- Implementation of Technology in Processes – Even though Reit Hongchoy has integrated technology in the backend processes it has still not able to harness the power of technology in the front end processes.

- Lack of critical talent – I believe that Reit Hongchoy is suffering from lack of critical talent especially in the field of technology & digital transformation. Reit Hongchoy is struggling to restructure processes in light of developments in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning.

- Organization Culture – It seems that organization culture of Reit Hongchoy is still dominated by turf wars within various divisions, leading to managers keeping information close to their chests. According to Siddharth Yog of Link REIT case study, this can lead to serious road blocks in future growth as information in silos can result can lead to missed opportunities in market place.

- Low Return on Investment – Even though Reit Hongchoy is having a stable balance sheet, one metrics that needs reflection is “Return on Invested Capital”. According to Siddharth Yog in areas Government, Growth strategy, Strategic planning that Reit Hongchoy operates in the most reliable measure of profitability is Return on Invested Capital rather than one favored by financial analysts such as – Return on Equity & Return on Assets.

What are Opportunities in SWOT Analysis

Opportunities- Link REIT

Opportunities are macro environment factors and developments that Reit Hongchoy can leverage either to consolidate existing market position or use them for further expansion. Opportunities can emerge from various factors such as - increase in consumer disposable income, political developments & policy changes, economic growth, technological innovations, and changes in consumer preferences .

- Lucrative Opportunities in International Markets – Globalization has led to opportunities in the international market. Reit Hongchoy is in prime position to tap on those opportunities and grow the market share. According to Siddharth Yog , growth in international market can also help Reit Hongchoy to diversify the risk as it will be less dependent on the domestic market for revenue.

- Growing Market Size and Evolving Preferences of Consumers – Over the last decade and half the market size has grown at brisk pace. The influx of new customers has also led to evolution of consumer preferences and tastes. This presents Reit Hongchoy two big challenges – how to maintain loyal customers and how to cater to the new customers. Reit Hongchoy has tried to diversify first using different brands and then by adding various features based on customer preferences.

- Reducing Cost of Market Entry and Marketing into International Markets – According to Siddharth Yog, globalization along with boom in digital marketing and social media has considerably reduced the risks of market entry and marketing in international market.

- Opportunities in Adjacent Markets – Reit Hongchoy can explore adjacent industries Government, Growth strategy, Strategic planning to further market growth especially by extending the features of present products and services.

- E-Commerce and Social Media Oriented Business Models – E-commerce business model can help Reit Hongchoy to tie up with local suppliers and logistics provider in international market. Social media growth can help Reit Hongchoy to reduce the cost of entering new market and reaching to customers at a significantly lower marketing budget. It can also lead to crowd sourcing various services and consumer oriented marketing based on the data and purchase behavior.

- Developments in Artificial Intelligence – Reit Hongchoy can use developments in artificial intelligence to better predict consumer demand, cater to niche segments, and make better recommendation engines.

What are Threats in SWOT Analysis

Threats- Link REIT

Threats are macro environment factors and developments that can derail business model of Reit Hongchoy. Threats can emerge from various factors such as - economic growth, increase in consumer disposable income, political developments & policy changes, changes in consumer preferences, and technological innovations .

- International Geo-Political Factors – Since the Trump election, geo-political factors have taken a turn for growing protectionism. Developments such as Brexit, Russian sanctions, foreign exchange crisis & inflation in Venezuela, lower oil prices etc are impacting international business environment. Reit Hongchoy should closely focus on these events and make them integral to strategy making.

- Growing Protectionism - Reit Hongchoy should hedge the risk against growing protectionism ranging from – storing data into international market to diversifying risk by operating into countries at different economic cycle.

- Increasing bargaining power of buyers – Over the years the bargaining power of customers of Reit Hongchoy has increased significantly that is putting downward pressure on prices. The company can pursue horizontal integration to consolidate and bring efficiencies but I believe it will be a short term relief. According to Siddharth Yog , Reit Hongchoy needs fundamental changes to business model rather than cosmetic changes.

- Culture of sticky prices in the industry – Reit Hongchoy operates in an industry where there is a culture of sticky prices. According to Siddharth Yog of Link REIT case study, this can lead to inability on part of the organization to increase prices that its premium prices deserve.

- Threats of New Entrants because of Reducing Costs and Increasing Efficiencies – As Reit Hongchoy can leverage low cost of reaching customers using social media and e-commerce, so can the competitors – both local and international competitors.

- Squeezing Middle Class in Developed and Developing World – The growing inequality is one of the biggest threat to not only globalization but also to capitalism. Reit Hongchoy first hand witnessed the impact of it where it has seen lower demand of its products from middle class customers in US and EU market.

5C Marketing Analysis of Link REIT

4p marketing analysis of link reit, porter five forces analysis and solution of link reit, porter value chain analysis and solution of link reit, case memo & recommendation memo of link reit, blue ocean analysis and solution of link reit, marketing strategy and analysis link reit, vrio /vrin analysis & solution of link reit, pestel / step / pest analysis of link reit, case study solution of link reit, swot analysis and solution of link reit, references & further readings.

Siddharth Yog (2018) , "Link REIT Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.

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REITs Raised $16.6 Billion Through Secondary Offerings in 2024:Q2

U.S. REITs raised $16.6 billion from secondary debt and equity offerings in the second quarter of 2024. Of that total, $12.5 billion came from debt and $4.1 billion came from common and preferred equity offerings. While there were no IPOs during the second quarter, July saw the largest IPO of any company in 2024 and the largest REIT IPO ever in Lineage’s $5.1 billion offering, which includes overallotment shares. Nareit’s historical capital offerings summary can be found here .

During the second quarter, one merger was completed with Blackstone acquiring Apartment Income REIT for $9.2 billion. In 2023, $44 billion in acquisitions of publicly traded U.S. REITs was announced. Of the $272 billion in public REIT mergers and acquisitions from 2019 to 2024, over 60% of the transaction value represents deals between listed REITs in the same property sector.

REITs Issued Less Equity, More Debt in Q2

Non-ATM equity issuance totaled $4.2 billion, with $3.6 billion from common equity and $571 million from preferred equity in the second quarter of 2024. Year-to-date, $8.1 billion has been raised, with $7.3 billion coming from common equity offerings and $781 million coming from preferred equity offerings. REITs raised $4.1 billion at-the-market in the first quarter of 2024 and $19.6 billion in all of 2023.

Debt issuance totaled $12.5 billion raised at the secondary market in the second quarter of 2024, with a year-to-date total of $25.4 billion. In the second quarter of 2023, REITs raised $9.9 billion through secondary debt offerings. In the second quarter of 2024, the average yield to maturity for REIT unsecured debt offerings was 4.5%, down from 5.7% in the first quarter of 2024.

Mergers & Acquisitions Activity Slowed in First Half of 2024

In 2024, one deal has been announced and completed, with a value of $9.2 billion. In 2023, 11 deals to acquire publicly listed REITs were announced, with a total deal value of $44 billion and 95% of the value reflecting acquisitions by listed REITs. In 2022, 10 deals to acquire publicly listed U.S. REITs were announced, representing a total deal value of $83 billion. Since the beginning of 2021, deals for 37 REITs have been announced or completed. Of the $225 billion represented by these acquisitions, 81% is attributed to acquisitions by other public REITs.

Retail, Industrial, and Data Centers Led Acquisitions

REITs posted $8.0 billion in property acquisitions and $7.3 billion in dispositions in 2024:Q1, which is the more recent data available. This is in comparison to 2023, during which REITs posted $70.7 billion in acquisitions and $25.7 billion in dispositions. In 2024:Q1, retail, industrial, and data centers led with acquisitions of $3.4 billion, $1.2 billion, and $1.0 billion, respectively. In 2023:Q1 industrial, gaming, and retail led with respective acquisitions of $13.0 billion, $3.6 billion, and $2.9 billion. See Nareit’s T-Tracker for further details.

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Get nareit market commentary blog posts delivered straight to your inbox., you might also like..., what's a reit.

REITs, or real estate investment trusts, are companies that own or finance income-producing real estate across a range of property sectors. These real estate companies have to meet a number of requirements to qualify as REITs. Most REITs trade on major stock exchanges, and they offer a number of benefits to investors.

Why Invest in REITs

REITs historically have delivered competitive total returns, based on high, steady dividend income and long-term capital appreciation. Their comparatively low correlation with other assets also makes them an excellent portfolio diversifier that can help reduce overall portfolio risk and increase returns. These are the characteristics of real estate investment.

About Nareit

Nareit serves as the worldwide representative voice for REITs and real estate companies with an interest in U.S. real estate. Nareit’s members are REITs and other real estate companies throughout the world that own, operate, and finance income-producing real estate, as well as those firms and individuals who advise, study, and service those businesses.

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Home › Success

Do ambitious people really make the best leaders? New study raises doubts

By StudyFinds Staff

Reviewed by Steve Fink

Research led by Shilaan Alzahawi, Emily S. Reit, and Francis J. Flynn, Stanford University

Aug 20, 2024

(Credit: fizkes/Shutterstock)

STANFORD, Calif. — Leadership is a critical component in every aspect of human activity, from business and education to government and healthcare. We often assume that those who aspire to leadership positions are the most qualified for the job. However, a new study challenges this assumption, revealing a striking disconnect between ambition and actual leadership effectiveness.

The study, conducted by researchers Shilaan Alzahawi, Emily S. Reit, and Francis J. Flynn from Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business, explores the relationship between ambition and leadership evaluations. Their findings suggest that while ambitious individuals are more likely to pursue and obtain leadership roles, they may not necessarily be more effective leaders than their less ambitious counterparts.

At the heart of this research is the concept of ambition, defined as a persistent striving for success, attainment, and accomplishment. Ambitious individuals are typically drawn to leadership positions, motivated by the promise of power, status, and financial rewards. However, the study, published in PNAS Nexus , raises an important question: Does this ambition translate into better leadership skills ?

To investigate this question, the researchers conducted a large-scale study involving 472 executives enrolled in a leadership development program. These executives were evaluated on 10 leadership competencies by their peers, subordinates, managers, and themselves. In total, the study analyzed 3,830 ratings, providing a comprehensive view of each leader’s effectiveness from multiple perspectives.

Perhaps the most thought-provoking finding of the study is the significant discrepancy between how ambitious leaders view themselves and how others perceive them. Highly ambitious individuals consistently rated themselves as more effective leaders across various competencies. However, this positive self-assessment was not corroborated by the evaluations from their peers, subordinates, or managers.

For instance, ambitious leaders believed they were better at motivating others , managing collaborative work, and coaching and developing people. They also thought they had a stronger growth orientation and were more accountable for results. Yet, their colleagues and subordinates did not observe these superior abilities in practice.

This disconnect between self-perception and reality has significant implications for how we select and develop leaders. Many organizations rely on self-selection processes, where individuals actively choose to be considered for leadership roles. The assumption is that those who step forward are the most capable candidates . However, this study suggests that such an approach may be flawed, potentially promoting individuals based on their ambition rather than their actual leadership skills.

The researchers propose that ambitious individuals may be drawn to leadership roles for reasons unrelated to their aptitude. The allure of higher salaries, greater authority, and increased social status may drive them to pursue these positions, regardless of their actual leadership capabilities . To justify this pursuit, ambitious individuals may unconsciously inflate their self-perceptions of leadership effectiveness.

This phenomenon aligns with psychological concepts such as motivated reasoning and cognitive dissonance. Essentially, people tend to interpret information in a way that confirms their existing beliefs or desires. In this case, ambitious individuals may convince themselves of their superior leadership skills to justify their pursuit of higher positions.

Organizations and individuals may need to rethink their approach to leadership selection and development. Rather than relying solely on self-selection and ambitious individuals dominating candidate pools, companies might benefit from actively identifying and encouraging individuals who possess leadership potential but may lack the confidence or ambition to pursue such roles.

Moreover, the research highlights the importance of gathering diverse perspectives when evaluating leadership effectiveness. Relying solely on self-assessments or the opinions of a single group (e.g., only peers or only subordinates) may provide an incomplete or biased picture of a leader’s true capabilities.

This study urges us to look beyond ambition when selecting and developing leaders. By focusing on actual leadership skills rather than mere drive for power, we can cultivate leaders who are truly capable of guiding us through the challenges of the 21st century.

Paper Summary

Methodology.

The researchers used a multi-wave, preregistered study design. They collected data from 472 executives enrolled in a leadership development program at a West Coast business school. Each executive completed a self-assessment of their ambition and leadership effectiveness.

Additionally, the researchers gathered leadership evaluations from each executive’s peers, subordinates, and managers through a 360-degree assessment process. This approach allowed for a comprehensive view of each leader’s effectiveness from multiple perspectives. The study used various statistical methods, including mixed-effects models and Bayesian analysis, to examine the relationship between ambition and leadership ratings across different rater roles.

Key Results

The study found a significant discrepancy between self-ratings and other ratings of leadership effectiveness for ambitious individuals. Highly ambitious leaders consistently rated themselves as more effective across various leadership competencies.

However, these positive self-assessments were not corroborated by ratings from peers, subordinates, or managers. For example, while ambitious leaders believed they were better at motivating others and managing collaborative work, their colleagues did not observe these superior abilities in practice. The results were consistent across different measures of ambition and leadership effectiveness.

Study Limitations

The study has several limitations. First, it relied on subjective ratings of leader effectiveness, which might not capture objective performance measures. Second, the sample consisted of executives from a single leadership development program, potentially limiting the generalizability of the findings.

Third, the study did not examine potential cultural differences in the relationship between ambition and leadership effectiveness. Finally, the research did not explore how the relationship between ambition and leadership effectiveness might change over time or in different contexts.

Discussion & Takeaways

The study’s findings have important implications for leadership selection and development. They suggest that organizations should be cautious about relying solely on self-selection processes for identifying potential leaders. Instead, a more active approach to identifying leadership potential may be beneficial.

The research also highlights the importance of gathering diverse perspectives when evaluating leadership effectiveness. Organizations might benefit from developing interventions aimed at fostering feelings of ambition in high-potential employees who may lack confidence. The study also raises questions about the role of ambition in different cultural contexts and how it might interact with other personality traits or motivations.

Funding & Disclosures

The authors declared no specific funding for this research. The study was conducted while one of the authors, Em Reit, was affiliated with the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University. The authors reported no conflicts of interest. The research received approval from an institutional review board (Stanford IRB-29451), and informed consent was obtained from all participants.

About StudyFinds Staff

StudyFinds sets out to find new research that speaks to mass audiences — without all the scientific jargon. The stories we publish are digestible, summarized versions of research that are intended to inform the reader as well as stir civil, educated debate. StudyFinds Staff articles are AI assisted, but always thoroughly reviewed and edited by a Study Finds staff member. Read our AI Policy for more information.

Our Editorial Process

StudyFinds publishes digestible, agenda-free, transparent research summaries that are intended to inform the reader as well as stir civil, educated debate. We do not agree nor disagree with any of the studies we post, rather, we encourage our readers to debate the veracity of the findings themselves. All articles published on StudyFinds are vetted by our editors prior to publication and include links back to the source or corresponding journal article, if possible.

Our Editorial Team

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Watch CBS News

Details emerge after doctor raped and murdered in India as thousands protest

August 15, 2024 / 6:32 AM EDT / CBS/AFP

Thousands took to the streets of Kolkata early Thursday to condemn the rape and murder of a local doctor , demanding justice for the victim and an end to the chronic issue of violence against women in Indian society.

The discovery of the 31-year-old's brutalized body last week at a state-run hospital has sparked nationwide protests, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi demanding swift punishment for those who commit "monstrous" deeds against women.

Large crowds marched through the streets of Kolkata in West Bengal to condemn the killing, with a candlelight rally at midnight coinciding with the start of India's independence day celebrations on Thursday.

The protesters in Kolkata, who marched under the slogan "reclaim the night", called for a wider tackling of violence against women and held up handwritten signs demanding action.

"We want justice," read one sign at the rally. "Hang the rapist, save the women," read another.

"The atrocities against women do not stop," midnight marcher Monalisa Guha told Kolkata's The Telegraph newspaper.

"We face harassment almost on a daily basis," another marcher, Sangeeta Halder, told the daily. "But not stepping out because of fear is not the solution."

"Monstrous behavior against women"

Modi, speaking in New Delhi on Thursday morning at independence day celebrations, did not specifically reference the Kolkata murder, but expressed his "pain" at violence against women.

"There is anger for atrocities committed against our mothers and sisters, there is anger in the nation about that," he said.

"Crimes against women should be quickly investigated; monstrous behavior against women should be severely and quickly punished," he added. "That is essential for creating deterrence and confidence in the society."

Doctors are also demanding swift justice and better workplace security in the wake of the killing, with those in government hospitals across several states on Monday halting elective services "indefinitely" in protest.

Protests have since occurred in several other hospitals across the country, including in the capital.

"Doctors nationwide are questioning what is so difficult about enacting a law for our security," Dhruv Chauhan, from the Indian Medical Association's Junior Doctors' Network, told the Press Trust of India news agency. "The strike will continue until all demands are formally met."

The Telegraph on Thursday praised the "spirited public protests" across India.

"Hearteningly, doctors and medical organizations are not the only ones involved," it said in an editorial. "The ranks of the protesters have been swelled by people from all walks of life."

Police accused of mishandling case

Indian media have reported the murdered doctor was found in the teaching hospital's seminar hall, suggesting she had gone there for a brief rest during a long shift.

An autopsy has confirmed sexual assault, and in a petition to the court, the victim's parents have said that they suspected their daughter was gang-raped, according to Indian broadcaster NDTV.  

Though police have detained a man who worked at the hospital helping people navigate busy queues, officers have been accused of mishandling the case.

Kolkata's High Court on Tuesday transferred the case to the elite Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to "inspire public confidence."

In the early hours of Thursday, a mob of some 40 people angry at authorities' handling of the case stormed the grounds of the R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital, the site of the murder.

The men smashed property and hurled stones at police, who fired tear gas in response, authorities said.

West Bengal lawmaker Abhishek Banerjee, from the Trinamool Congress party, condemned the "hooliganism and vandalism," but said "the demands of the protesting doctors are fair and justified."

History of sexual violence in India

Sexual violence against women is a widespread problem in India. An average of nearly 90 rapes a day were reported in India in 2022, according to  data  from the National Crime Records Bureau.

That year, police  arrested 11 people  after the alleged brutal gang rape and torture of a young woman that included her being paraded through the streets of Dehli. Also in 2022, a police officer in India was arrested after being  accused of raping  a 13-year-old girl who went to his station to report she had been gang-raped.

In March 2024, multiple Indian men were arrested after the  gang rape of a Spanish tourist  on a motorbike trip with her husband.

For many, the gruesome nature of the attack has invoked comparisons with the horrific 2012 gang rape and murder  of a young woman on a Delhi bus.

The woman became a symbol of the socially conservative country's failure to tackle sexual violence against women.

Her death sparked huge, and at times violent, demonstrations in Delhi and elsewhere.

Under pressure, the government introduced harsher penalties for rapists, and the death penalty for repeat offenders.

Several new sexual offences were also introduced, including stalking and jail sentences for officials who failed to register rape complaints.

• Sexual Violence

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Customer Case Study: KPMG Clara AI and Microsoft’s Semantic Kernel

Sophia Lagerkrans-Pandey

August 20th, 2024 0 1

Today we’re featuring KPMG on our Semantic Kernel blog for their work on Clara AI in KPMG. You can learn more about the solution here:

KPMG Announces AI Integration into Global Smart Audit Platform, KPMG Clara

KPMG Partnership with Microsoft’s Semantic Kernel

Here’s a quote from KPMG on the partnership, “Microsoft and KPMG entered a strategic alliance to modernize the work of KPMG professionals. KPMG Clara AI demonstrates the impact of that alliance. Built on Azure AI, KPMG Clara AI provides the latest in AI advancements to KPMG audit professionals in a responsible manner. By using Microsoft’s Semantic Kernel, our development team quickly delivered complex, agentic AI workflows that empower the engagement team. To learn more about KPMG Clara and our Trusted AI capabilities, visit kpmg.com/trustedAI  or kpmg.com/kpmgclara”

Learn more about KPMG’s AI work here: KPMG Announces AI Integration using Microsoft Semantic Kernel

From the Semantic Kernel team, we want to thank the KPMG team for their time. We’re always interested in hearing from you. If you have feedback, questions or want to discuss further, feel free to reach out to us and the community on the Semantic Kernel GitHub Discussion Channel ! We would also love your support, if you’ve enjoyed using Semantic Kernel, give us a star on  GitHub .

Thanks again to the KPMG team for their amazing work and partnership!

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Reporting by Ashwin Manikandan, Arpan Chaturvedi and Munsif Vengattil; Additional reporting by Tora Agarwala, Jatindra Das, Varun Vyas Hebbalalu, Jose Devasia, Juveria Tabbasum, and Dhwani Pandya; Editing by Aditya Kalra and Clarence Fernandez

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Arpan is a correspondent for Reuters based in New Delhi, where he reports from the courts in India. He joined Reuters in 2022, and has been a part of the companies coverage team reporting on court cases spanning aviation, mining, human rights and other public interest issues.

Munsif Vengattil is a Reuters' India technology correspondent, based in New Delhi. He tracks how policymaking is influencing the business of tech in India, and how the country is now vying more aggressively to be a powerhouse in the global electronics supply chain. He also regularly reports on big tech giants, including Facebook and Google, and their strategies and challenges in the key Indian market.

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