dissertation review zitieren

Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten

Ein blog der universitätsbibliothek tu hamburg.

Review-Artikel zitieren

Eine Studierende, die vor mehreren Semestern am Seminar „Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten“ teilgenommen hat, stellte folgende Anfrage:

„Es geht um Artikel, deren Ergebnisse eine Literaturrecherche sind, d.h. sie machen nicht selbst einen Versuch, sondern tragen die Ergebnisse von vielen hundert Anderen zusammen und das Ergebnis ist dann ein Überblick. Wie verwende ich so eine Quelle? Darf ich den Autor zitieren und die Ergebnisse von einem Dritten sozusagen daraus nehmen? Oder muss ich alle Quellen dieses Artikels zitieren?“

Beschrieben werden in dieser Anfrage sogenannte Review-Artikel : In Form eines Literaturüberblicks wird der Forschungsstand zu einem bestimmten Thema zusammengefasst. Es gibt übrigens sogar so etwas wie ein „wissenschaftliches“ Vorgehen, um so ein Review als sogenanntes systematisches Literatur-Review zu erstellen.

In manchen Datenbanken wie z.B. Web of Science können Recherche-Ergebnisse sogar extra auf diesen Dokumententyp eingeschränkt werden.

Solche Übersichtsarbeiten bzw. Reviews werden gern zitiert, weil man sich damit tiefergehende Literaturrecherchen eventuell ersparen kann. Dies führt also dazu, dass solche Artikel von anderen Autoren sehr oft zitiert werden. Zeitschriften, die oft solche Review-Artikel enthalten, haben hohe sogenannte Impact-Faktoren , die ein quantitatives Maß für die Bedeutung einer Zeitschrift darstellen können. Man sieht andererseits aber am Beispiel von Reviews auch, dass hohe Zitatraten nicht immer etwas über die wirkliche inhaltliche Qualität von Artikeln und Zeitschriften aussagen müssen.

Natürlich kann man also solche Review-Artikel zitieren, sollte man sogar. Findet man hier allerdings Ergebnisse Dritter, die für die eigene Fragestellung relevant sind, sollte man sich die originale Quelle beschaffen und diese dann auch selbst zusätzlich zitieren. Hier gilt also die wichtige Regel, Artikel nur zu zitieren, wenn man auch das komplette Dokument, den Volltext dieses Artikels, „in den Händen“ bzw. auf dem Bildschirm hat. Dass die einfache Übernahme eines Artikels in die eigene Literaturliste, ohne sich die eigentliche Quelle anzuschauen, schief gehen kann, zeigte ja schon ein anderer Beitrag in diesem Blog .

Und sollte der Artikel – aus welchen Gründen auch immer – nicht beschaffbar sein (auch nicht über Fernleihe !?), dann sollte man die wichtigen Ergebnisse aus dem Review-Artikel anführen und im Text zitieren, indem man beide Aufsätze, den Review-Artikel X und den dort zitierten Original-Artikel Y, angibt. Die Form dieser Angabe ist abhängig vom jeweiligen Zitierstil, z.B. „Autor Quelle Y zitiert nach Autor Quelle X“ oder „Autor Quelle Y nach Autor Quelle X“. Der Artikel Y muss dann in der Literaturliste im Allgemeinen nicht genannt werden.

Eine Kurzübersicht zum Thema Zitieren insgesamt bietet übrigens ein Handout, das auch die Studierenden des aktuellen Seminars bekommen haben.

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• Dissertation zitieren – Voraussetzungen und Anleitung

Dissertation zitieren - Voraussetzungen und Anleitung

Veröffentlicht am 29. Juli 2019 von Mandy Theel . Aktualisiert am 25. Januar 2024.

Gib beim Zitieren von Dissertationen die Art der Arbeit und das Studienfach an. Falls die Arbeit nicht publiziert wurde, füge den Zusatz ,unveröffentlicht‘ und die Universität hinzu.

Zitiere eine Dissertation nur, wenn

• es sich um Forschungsergebnisse oder Erkenntnisse des Autors selbst handelt,
• die Ergebnisse Mehrwert für deine Arbeit bieten und
• die Arbeit öffentlich zugänglich ist.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Wissenschaftliche arbeiten als quelle nutzen, dissertation im text zitieren, dissertation im literaturverzeichnis.

Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten von anderen Studierenden können als Quelle für die eigene Arbeit dienen.

Beispiele für die Nutzung einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit:

• als Inspirationsquelle für die eigene Thematik in der Einleitung ,
• im theoretischen Rahmen oder in der Methodik  als Ausgangspunkt für die eigene Forschung,
• in deinem Fazit als Beispiel für weiterführende Forschung.

Dissertationen zitieren

Generell empfiehlt es sich, nur Dissertationen oder Doktorarbeiten zu zitieren.

In Deutschland und der Schweiz besteht die Veröffentlichungspflicht von Dissertationen. Das bedeutet, dass alle Dissertationen zitierwürdig in einem Verlag oder einer elektronischen Datenbank publiziert werden müssen.

Dadurch werden die Dissertationen für eine große Leserschaft öffentlich zugänglich und auch als Quelle in deiner Arbeit für deine Leserschaft einsehbar.

Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit zitieren

Bachelorarbeiten oder Masterarbeiten sind in der Regel nicht veröffentlicht, das heißt, sie sind  nicht in z. B. einem Verlag oder einer öffentlichen Datenbank publiziert.

Möchtest du z. B. aus einer Bachelorarbeit zitieren, musst du daher den Zusatz unveröffentlicht in der Quellenangabe angeben.

Wenn eine Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit öffentlich zugänglich ist, z. B. mit einer URL oder in einer Bibliothek, ist es möglich, diese zu zitieren. Sie ist dadurch zwar nicht im wissenschaftlichen Sinne veröffentlicht bzw. publiziert, jedoch für deine Leserschaft nachvollziehbar.

Da die Bewertungskriterien für diese Arbeiten jedoch meist unbekannt und die Inhalte nicht vertrauenswürdig genug sind, raten wir davon ab.

Wusstest du schon, dass ...

Scribbr durchschnittlich 150 Fehler pro 1000 Wörter korrigiert?

Unsere Sprachexperten verbessern vor Abgabe deiner Abschlussarbeit den akademischen Ausdruck, die Interpunktion und sprachliche Fehler.

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Füge an der Stelle im Fließtext, an der du aus der Dissertation zitierst oder paraphrasierst , einen kurzen Verweis ein.

Je nach Zitierweise kann sich der Verweis direkt im Fließtext ( APA , MLA und Harvard-Zitierweise ) oder in der Fußnote ( Deutsche Zitierweise ) befinden.

Die Quellenangabe einer Dissertation im Literaturverzeichnis ist fast wie die Quellenangabe eines Buches aufgebaut.

Die Quellenangabe enthält:

• Titel der Dissertation
• Art der Dissertation
• Studienfach
• Verlag oder Hochschule und Erscheinungsort

Du findest alle Informationen auf dem Titel der Dissertation.

Akademische Grade wie Doktortitel (Dr.) können in der Quellenangabe weggelassen werden.

Verwende diese nur, wenn du selbst nicht auf die Originalquelle zugreifen kannst.

Art der Dissertation und Studienfach

Übernimm für die Art der Dissertation und das Studienfach immer den genauen Wortlaut, der auf der Titelseite selbst verwendet wird.

Verlag oder Universität und Erscheinungsort

Wurde die Dissertation bei einem Verlag veröffentlicht, solltest du diesen in deiner Quellenangabe nennen.

Falls die Dissertation über die Hochschule veröffentlicht wurde, musst du den vollständigen Namen und den Ort der Hochschule angeben.

Dissertationen sind häufig über Open-Access-Veröffentlichungen zugänglich. Füge in diesem Fall die URL deiner Quellenangabe hinzu.

Zu den Scribbr-Generatoren

Diesen Scribbr-Artikel zitieren

Wenn du diese Quelle zitieren möchtest, kannst du die Quellenangabe kopieren und einfügen oder auf die Schaltfläche „Diesen Artikel zitieren“ klicken, um die Quellenangabe automatisch zu unserem kostenlosen Zitier-Generator hinzuzufügen.

Theel, M. (2024, 25. Januar). Dissertation zitieren - Voraussetzungen und Anleitung. Scribbr. Abgerufen am 14. August 2024, von https://www.scribbr.de/richtig-zitieren/dissertation-zitieren/

War dieser Artikel hilfreich?

Mandy Theel

Das hat anderen studierenden noch gefallen, übersicht zur richtigen quellenangabe, internetquellen zitieren, artikel aus einer wissenschaftlichen zeitschrift zitieren, aus versehen plagiiert finde kostenlos heraus.

Generate accurate APA citations for free

• Knowledge Base
• How to cite a dissertation in APA Style

How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on December 16, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.

The format for citing someone else’s dissertation or thesis in APA Style depends on whether the thesis is available from a database, published somewhere else (e.g. on a university archive or personal website), or unpublished (only available in print form directly from the author or university).

To cite a dissertation or thesis from a database, use the following format. In the square brackets, specify the type of dissertation or thesis and the university. As with other database sources, no URL or DOI is included.

Table of contents

Citing a dissertation published elsewhere, citing an unpublished dissertation in apa style.

To cite a dissertation or thesis published in a university archive (often in PDF form ) or on a personal website, the format differs in that no publication number is included, and you do list a URL.

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To cite an unpublished dissertation (one you got directly from the author or university in print form), add “Unpublished” to the bracketed description, and list the university at the end of the reference, outside the square brackets.

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Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/dissertation/

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• Writing Tips

How to Cite an Unpublished Paper or Manuscript in APA Referencing

• 3-minute read
• 23rd June 2020

Did you know that you can cite unpublished works, such as in-progress research papers or manuscripts, in an essay? Well, you can! The key is citing them correctly. And in this post, we will look at how to cite an unpublished paper or manuscript in APA referencing .

How to Cite an Unpublished Paper in APA referencing

In APA referencing, you can cite an unpublished work in the same way as you would a published one. This means giving an author’s name and a date in brackets . The only difference is that you give a year of production (i.e., when the paper was written) rather than a year of publication:

Few fully understand the publication process (Clarke, 2020).

Like other sources, if you name the author in the text, you do not need to repeat it in the brackets. And if you quote an unpublished paper, you should give page numbers. For example:

According to Clarke (2020), publication “is a complex process” (p. 20).

When a paper has been accepted for publication but not yet published, however, you should use the term “in press” in place of a year in citations:

Few fully understand the publication process (Clarke, in press).

How to Reference an Unpublished Work in APA Referencing

When adding an unpublished paper to an APA reference list , the correct format will depend on where it is in the publication process. But let’s start with works that will not be published at all (e.g., a paper that the author never submitted or that the publisher rejected).

In this case, the correct format is:

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of Production). Title of manuscript [Unpublished manuscript]. Department, University Name.

So, in practice, we could cite an unpublished paper like this:

Clarke, J. (2020). The publication process explained [Unpublished manuscript]. School of Journalism, Media and Performance, University of Central Lancashire.

Referencing a Work Submitted for Publication

If a paper has been submitted for publication but not yet accepted, the reference should state “manuscript submitted for publication.” However, you should not include any other information about the submission, such as where it was submitted, as this information could go out of date quickly.

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The correct format in this case is therefore:

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year of Production). Title of manuscript [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department, University Name.

For example, we would list the paper above as follows:

Clarke, J. (2020). The publication process explained [Manuscript submitted for publication]. School of Journalism, Media and Performance, University of Central Lancashire.

Referencing a Paper in Press

If a paper has been accepted for publication, use the following format:

Author Surname, Initial(s). (in press). Title. Periodical or Journal Title .

As you can see, we now include both:

• The phrase “in press” to show that the paper has been accepted by the journal and is now awaiting publication.
• The title of the journal that accepted it (note, too, that we only use italics for the journal title here, not the title of the paper itself).

In practice, then, we would reference a paper awaiting publication like this:

Clarke, J. (in press). The publication process explained, Publishing Research Quarterly .

It is always worth checking the status of submitted papers before finalizing your reference list, too, as they can go from “submitted for publication” to “in press” quite suddenly, leaving your reference out of date.

Hopefully, you will now be able to cite an unpublished paper or manuscript correctly. But if you would like any further help with your writing, why not submit a document for proofreading ?

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Dissertation zitieren

Wissenschaftliche dissertation als quelle nutzen, unveröffentlichte dissertation.

Meier, Wolf: Korrektes Zitieren in Abschlussarbeiten. Zitierweisen für akademische Arbeiten, unv. Diss., Fachhochschule XXX, 2021.

Gedruckte Dissertation

Meier, Wolf: Korrektes Zitieren in Abschlussarbeiten. Zitierweisen für akademische Arbeiten. Fachhochschulstudien XVII, Stuttgart, 2021.

Zitierwürdigkeit einer Dissertation

Dissertation im text zitieren , dissertation im literaturverzeichnis .

• Autor mit Nach- und Vornamen
• Titel und Untertitel der Dissertation
• Art der Dissertation und Studienfach
• Verlag oder Hochschule, Erscheinungsjahr und Erscheinungsort

Dissertation im Literaturverzeichnis richtig angeben

Häufig gestellte fragen, kann ich für meine facharbeit auch aus einer dissertation zitieren, was mache ich, wenn ich wichtige informationen aus einer unveröffentlichten doktorarbeit verwenden will, müssen dissertationen grundsätzlich gedruckt werden.

Dissertation zitieren

Dissertationen kannst du problemlos als Quellen für deine wissenschaftliche Arbeit verwenden. In diesem Beitrag und in unserem Video  erfährst du, wie du Dissertationen richtig zitierst und im Literaturverzeichnis angibst.

Dissertation zitieren – einfach erklärt

Wissenschaftliche arbeiten als quelle, dissertation zitieren – im text, dissertation zitieren – im literaturverzeichnis, dissertation zitieren – besonderheiten, dissertation zitieren – dos und don’ts, dissertation zitieren – häufigste fragen, deutsche zitierweise.

Du darfst Dissertationen , also Doktorarbeiten, in deinen Haus- oder Abschlussarbeiten als Quelle zitieren . Das gilt auch für andere wissenschaftliche Arbeiten , wie Bachelor- oder Masterarbeiten. Zitiere Dissertationen oder andere wissenschaftliche Texte nur dann, wenn sie deine eigenen Überlegungen unterstützen oder sogar belegen .

Um eine Doktorarbeit zu zitieren, musst du sowohl Angaben im Text als auch im Literaturverzeichnis machen. Egal welchen Zitierstil du benutzt, gib immer Informationen über

• Autor oder die Autorin
• Erscheinungsdatum und -ort
• Fach der Dissertation  

Wichtig: Wurde die Dissertation nicht über einen Verlag publiziert, fügst du den Zusatz „ unveröffentlicht “ hinzu und gibst die Universität an.

Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten von anderen Studierenden können eine gute Quelle für deine eigene Arbeit sein. Lass dich dafür an verschiedenen Stellen von Bachelor- und Masterarbeiten oder auch Dissertationen inspirieren:

• Einleitung: Motivation für deine Forschungsinteressen
• Hauptteil: Basis für deine methodischen Überlegungen und den theoretischen Rahmen
• Schluss: Beispiel für weiterführende Forschungsvorhaben

Dissertationen zitieren

Doktorarbeiten eignen sich als Quelle am besten, denn sie wurden in der Regel veröffentlicht . Das macht sie zu einer zitierwürdigen akademischen Quelle. Nur, wenn ein wissenschaftlicher Text auch für deine Leserschaft einsehbar ist, können deine Zitate auf Plagiate geprüft werden. 

In Deutschland und in der Schweiz gilt die sogenannte Veröffentlichungspflicht für Dissertationen. Das bedeutet, Doktorarbeiten müssen als Buch oder online publiziert werden.

Tipp: Wenn du dir bei der Auswahl einer Quelle unsicher bist, frag am besten bei der betreuenden Person (z. B. Dozent/in oder Professor/in) nach.

Nicht alle Länder haben eine Veröffentlichungspflicht für Doktorarbeiten. Solche Arbeiten darfst du dann nur nutzen, wenn sie frei zugänglich sind, beispielsweise in der Uni Bibliothek oder in einer Online Datenbank.

Bachelor- und Masterarbeiten zitieren

Beim Zitieren von Bachelor- oder Masterarbeiten musst du angeben, dass sie unveröffentlicht sind. Denn diese Arbeiten wurden nicht offiziell publiziert. Sind sie öffentlich zugänglich, zum Beispiel online, darfst du sie prinzipiell aber trotzdem zitieren.

Verwendest du eine solche Arbeit, muss deine Quellenangabe und das Literaturverzeichnis den Zusatz „ unveröffentlicht “ beinhalten. Anstatt des Verlags gibst du die Universität an, an der die Arbeit abgegeben wurde

Allerdings weißt du nicht, wie gut diese Abschlussarbeiten abgeschnitten haben. Denn anders als bei Doktorarbeiten gibt es hier keine einheitlichen Qualitätskriterien. Also vermeide sie als Quellen eher.

Hat die Abschlussarbeit einen Sperrvermerk , darfst du sie nicht als Quelle benutzen.

Beziehst du dich durch ein Zitat oder eine Paraphrase direkt oder indirekt auf eine Dissertation, musst du das kenntlich machen. Erkundige dich immer bei deinem zuständigen Betreuer, welche Zitierweise in deiner Arbeit verlangt wird!

In einen vollständigen Verweis gehören:

• Nachname des Autors
• Erscheinungsdatum  

Zitiere beim Schreiben möglichst nur Ergebnisse und Aussagen des Autors selbst . Benutzt du doch einmal ein Sekundärzitat, dann gibst du im Text den Zusatz „ zitiert nach “ an.

Gib nur Quellen im Literaturverzeichnis an, die du wirklich gelesen hast.

Liste Dissertationen wie jede zitierte Quelle im Literaturverzeichnis auf. Alle relevanten Angaben findest du auf der Titelseite der Doktorarbeit. Der Aufbau der Angabe ist dabei fast derselbe wie bei der Quellenangabe eines Buches .

Deine vollständige Quellenangabe enthält Informationen über:

• Autor : Name und Vorname, akademischer Grad ist nicht notwendig 
• Jahr : Zeitangabe der Veröffentlichung
• Titel : Vollständiger Titel mit Untertitel
• „Dissertation“ und Studienfach : Gleicher Wortlaut wie auf der Titelseite
• Verlag mit Erscheinungsort : Wo und von wem die Arbeit publiziert wurde

Je nach Zitierstil , sieht deine Quellenangabe im Literaturverzeichnis dann so aus:

Je nachdem, in welchem Format dir die Doktorarbeit vorliegt, musst du die Angaben im Literaturverzeichnis anpassen.

Für Doktorarbeiten, die online zugänglich sind (z. B. als Open-Access-Veröffentlichung), brauchst du im Literaturverzeichnis:

• Universität
• Letzter Besuch (Wann du das letzte Mal auf der Seite warst)

Eine solche Quelle gibst du im deutschen Zitierformat so an:

• Fischer, Anja : Zitieren wie ein Profi , Dissertation, Germanistik , Universität Augsburg , 2022 , https://www.dissertationen.onlinepub/zitieren-wie-ein-profi.de (Zugriff: 20.07.2022) .

Schau dir die wichtigsten Dos und Don’ts zum Thema Dissertation zitieren an:

• Darf ich eine Dissertation zitieren? Ja, du darfst Dissertationen zitieren. Wenn sie von anderen einsehbar sind, sind sie eine gute akademische Quelle.
• Wie zitiere ich aus einer Dissertation? Je nach Zitierstil gibst du sowohl den Nachnamen des Autors, das Veröffentlichungsdatum und die Seitenzahl an.
• Wie sieht die Quellenangabe einer Dissertation aus? Die Quellenangabe im Literaturverzeichnis beinhaltet den Namen des Autors, die Jahreszahl, den vollständigen Titel, das Fach der Dissertation und den Verlag.
• Wie gebe ich unveröffentlichte Dissertationen an? Ist eine deiner Quellen unveröffentlicht, gibst du diesen Vermerk im Literaturverzeichnis an. Anstatt des Verlags steht hier die Universität.
• Darf ich auch andere wissenschaftliche Arbeiten zitieren? Ja, Abschlussarbeiten wie Bachelor- oder Masterarbeiten darfst du auch zitieren. Achte dabei auf den Sperrvermerk und auf den Zusatz, dass sie unveröffentlicht sind.

Eine der bekanntesten Arten zu zitieren ist die deutsche Zitierweise . Wie du sicher schon gemerkt hast, unterscheidet sie sich in der Form von den englischen Varianten APA oder Harvard. Alles, was du über die Besonderheiten der deutschen Zitierweise wissen musst, erfährst du im nächsten Video ! 

Beliebte Inhalte aus dem Bereich Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten

• Abbildungen zitieren Dauer: 03:45
• Bildquellen angeben Dauer: 04:53
• Empirische Forschung Dauer: 04:49

Weitere Inhalte: Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten

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• Automatische Transliteration
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• Regeln der Quellenangabe

Dissertation: wie formuliert man eine Angabe nach der APA (7. Aufl.)?

Geben sie eine quelle schnell und korrekt nach apa 7 und 6 an, allgemeine regeln.

Der APA-Standard der siebten Ausgabe legt einheitliche Regeln für die bibliografische Gestaltung der Dissertationen und der Masterarbeiten fest. Um eine außertextuelle Angabe einer Dissertation oder einer Diplomarbeit nach diesen Regeln zu formulieren, soll man die Daten des Autors der entsprechenden Arbeit, ihre Titel und Art und auch die Universität, an der sie verteidigt wurde, angeben.

Wenn der Text der Dissertation oder der Diplomarbeit aus einer spezialisierten Online-Datenbank, einem Online-Repositorium der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten oder einem Institutionsarchiv genommen wird, schreibt man den Namen der Datenbank oder des Repositoriums und die geeignete URL-Adresse (wenn sie direkten Zugang zum Text der Arbeit versichert).

So formuliert man es im Quellenverzeichnis

Veröffentlichte dissertation oder diplomarbeit.

Grundlegendes Angabemuster:

Daten d. Autors . ( Jahr ). Titel d . Arbeit  [ Art d. Arbeit , Universität ]. Datenbank . URL

Beachten Sie bitte :  für den Parameter "Art der Arbeit" sollen der Artname und der Grad angegeben werden (zum Beispiel "Dissertation", "Masterarbeit" usw.).

Wenn die in der Datenbank oder im Repositorium veröffentlichte Dissertation eine Veröffentlichungsnummer hat, dann wird diese in Klammern nach dem Titel der Arbeit ohne Kursivschrift angegeben.

Unveröffentlichte Dissertation oder Diplomarbeit

Daten d. Autors . ( Jahr ). Titel d . Arbeit [Unveröffentlichte Art d. Arbeit ]. Universität .

Beachten Sie bitte :  ist der Text der Arbeit nur in gedruckter Form in der Universität oder einer anderen Institution zugänglich, gilt solche Arbeit als unveröffentlicht.

Beispiele der Angaben

Umbach,   N.   R. (2021). Retrospektive Analyse von Stentimplantationen bei angeborenen Herzfehlern am Inselspital [Dissertation, Universität Bern]. swisscovery. https://ubbern.swisscovery.slsp.ch/permalink/41SLSP_UBE/99pfpl/alma99117251927105511

Markell,   K. (2019). Ecclesiology and adaptive change: A qualitative study of Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) congregations in the Northwest Regional Christian Church (Publication No. 28031160) [Doctoral dissertation, Seattle University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2427527679.html?FMT=AI

Bendeguz,   T. (2008). Frühmittelalterliche Gräber mit Beigabe von Schmiedewerkzeugen  [Unveröffentlichte Dissertation]. Universität Wien.

Dissertation im Text zitieren

Harvard-zitierweise, chicago-stil.

• Was gibt es bei einer unveröffentlichten Dissertation zu beachten?

Gedruckte Dissertation

Dissertation im literaturverzeichnis, dissertation im literaturverzeichnis angeben, harvard-zitierweise, wissenschaftliche arbeiten als quelle nutzen, was gibt es bei einer unveröffentlichten dissertation zu beachten .

Published Dissertation or Thesis References

This page contains reference examples for published dissertations or theses.

Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster youth who obtained graduate level degrees: Self-efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity development (Publication No. 27542827) [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2309521814.html?FMT=AI

Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry on response monitoring in those with worry and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona]. UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615

• Parenthetical citations : (Kabir, 2016; Miranda, 2019; Zambrano-Vazquez, 2016)
• Narrative citations : Kabir (2016), Miranda (2019), and Zambrano-Vazquez (2016)
• A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global or PDQT Open, an institutional repository, or an archive.
• If the database assigns publication numbers to dissertations and theses, include the publication number in parentheses after the title of the dissertation or thesis without italics.
• Include the description “Doctoral dissertation” or “Master’s thesis” followed by a comma and the name of the institution that awarded the degree. Place this information in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title and any publication number.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the database, repository, or archive.
• The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., “Undergraduate honors thesis”).
• Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
• If the database or archive requires users to log in before they can view the dissertation or thesis, meaning the URL will not work for readers, end the reference with the database name (as in the Kabir example).

Published dissertation or thesis references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.6 and the Concise Guide Section 10.5

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Dissertation zitieren – das gilt es zu beachten!

Wie gefällt dir dieser beitrag.

Dissertationen werden in Seminar-, Bachelor- oder Masterarbeiten häufig als zuverlässige Quelle herangezogen, da sie meist öffentlich zugänglich und zitierwürdig sind. Wer eine Dissertation zitieren will, muss einige Regeln beachten. Wir geben dir die besten Tipps zum Thema „Dissertation zitieren“.

• 1 Häufig gestellte Fragen
• 2 Zitierwürdigkeit einer Dissertation
• 3 Zitierregeln für eine Dissertation
• 4 Dissertation zitieren im Text
• 5 Dissertation zitieren: Literaturverzeichnis
• 6 Dissertation zitieren: Fazit

Häufig gestellte Fragen

Darf ich eine dissertation zitieren.

Ja, es wird sogar empfohlen, aus Dissertationen bzw. Doktorarbeiten zu zitieren. In Deutschland und der Schweiz unterliegen Dissertationen einer Veröffentlichungspflicht. Dissertationen sind demnach öffentlich zugänglich und zitierwürdig.

Wie zitierte ich eine Dissertation?

Je nachdem, ob es sich um eine unveröffentlichte oder gedruckte Dissertation handelt, gibt es einige Unterschiede. Darüber hinaus gibt es auch Zitierregeln für Open-Access-Veröffentlichungen sowie Sekundärzitate.

Wie zitiert man Internetquellen richtig?

Wenn du eine seriöse Internetquelle zitieren möchtest, musst du die URL in deiner Quellenangabe hinzufügen. Achte außerdem darauf, dass in deiner Internetquelle Autor und Veröffentlichungsdatum genannt werden.

Welche Zitierweisen stehen mir zur Verfügung?

Um eine Dissertation zitieren zu können, musst du dich entweder an die APA-, Harvard- oder die deutsche Zitierweise halten. Oft wünschen sich Institute auch eine bestimmte Zitierweise.

Wie sieht die Quellenangabe einer Dissertation im Literaturverzeichnis aus?

Folgende Angaben müssen beim Dissertation zitieren unbedingt enthalten sein: Autor, Jahr, Titel der Dissertation, Art der Dissertation, Studienfach, Verlag oder Hochschule und Erscheinungsort, ggf. die URL.

Zitierwürdigkeit einer Dissertation

Dissertationen sind öffentlich zugängliche wissenschaftliche Arbeiten , die in einem Verlag oder einer elektronischen Datenbank publiziert wurden. Die Dissertation dient zur Erlangung eines Doktorgrades. Wenn du gerade deine Seminar-, Bachelor- oder Masterarbeit schreibst, empfiehlt es sich ausschließlich aus Dissertationen bzw. Doktorarbeiten zu zitieren. Für Dissertationen besteht in Deutschland und der Schweiz eine Veröffentlichungspflicht. Das heißt, dass alle Dissertationen zitierwürdig publiziert werden müssen. Damit werden Dissertationen einer großen Leserschaft zugänglich gemacht und können eine hilfreiche Quelle für deine Arbeit sein.

Wenn du aus einer anderen Bachelor- oder Masterarbeit zitieren möchtest, musst du den Zusatz „unveröffentlicht“ in deinem Quellenverweis angeben, da diese Arbeiten in der Regel nicht publiziert werden. Generell empfehlen wir dir jedoch aus Dissertationen und Doktorarbeiten zu zitieren. Allerdings solltest du auch hierbei einige Kriterien beachten:

• Nur dann die Dissertation zitieren, wenn es sich um Forschungsergebnisse des jeweiligen Autors handelt
• Nur dann Dissertation zitieren, wenn die Ergebnisse wirklich einen Mehrwert für deine Arbeit bieten

Zitierregeln für eine Dissertation

Wer eine Dissertation zitieren möchte, muss einige Regeln beachten. So wird eine unveröffentlichte Dissertation (nicht in allen Ländern besteht eine Veröffentlichungspflicht) zum Beispiel anders zitiert als eine gedruckte Dissertation.

Unveröffentlichte Dissertation

Möchtest du eine unveröffentlichte Dissertation zitieren, musst du folgendermaßen vorgehen:

Als Erstes gibst du den Namen und Vornamen des Autors/der Autorin getrennt durch ein Komma an, gefolgt von einem Doppelpunkt. Dann schreibst du in dieselbe Zeile den Titel der Dissertation. Danach folgt ein Punkt. Im Anschluss folgt der Untertitel der Dissertation und danach gibst du mit dem Kürzel „unv. Diss.“ an, dass es sich um eine unveröffentlichte Dissertation handelt. Ebenfalls durch ein Komma getrennt gibst du jetzt die Universität an und wieder durch ein Komma getrennt, das Erscheinungsjahr. Das Dissertation zitieren sieht dann folgendermaßen aus:

Mustermann, Max: Warum richtiges Zitieren in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten Pflicht ist. Zitieren mit der APA-Zitierweise, unv. Diss., Universität Mainz, 2019.

Gedruckte Dissertation

Du möchtest aus einer gedruckten Dissertation zitieren? Das stellst du wie folgt an: Die ersten Angaben gleichen der Zitierregel bei einer unveröffentlichten Dissertation. Du gibst also als Erstes Name, Vorname, Titel sowie Untertitel an. Anschließend folgt ein Punkt. Danach weist du auf die Veröffentlichung hin. Die Ausgabe, der Erscheinungsort und das Erscheinungsjahr müssen schließlich ebenfalls angegeben werden.

Dissertation zitieren im Text

An der Stelle in deinem Fließtext, an der man aus der Dissertation zitieren möchte (direkt oder indirekt), musst du einen kurzen Verweis einfügen. Je nachdem welche Zitierweise du bevorzugst ( Harvard , APA oder deutsche Zitierweise) fügst du deinen Quellenverweis entweder direkt im Fließtext oder in der Fußnote (deutsche Zitierweise) ein. So sieht das dann zum Beispiel laut APA Richtlinien aus:

Die Studie konnte feststellen, dass… (Mustermann, 2020). „Aus der Dissertation zitieren, empfiehlt sich für die Bachelorarbeit.“ (Mustermann, 2020, S. 19)

Dissertation zitieren: Literaturverzeichnis

Die Quellenangabe einer Dissertation im Literaturverzeichnis ist mit jener in einem Buch vergleichbar. Folgende Informationen muss die Quellenangabe beim Dissertation zitieren beinhalten:

Diese Angaben findest du ganz einfach und unkompliziert auf dem Titel der Dissertation, die du zitieren möchtest. So sieht das dann im Literaturverzeichnis aus:

Mustermann, T. (2020). Entwicklungsverzögerungen im Kindheits- und Jugendalter (Dissertation, Psychologie). Springer, Heidelberg. Akademische Grade wie Doktortitel (Dr.) musst du in deiner Quellenangabe nicht auflisten.

Diese Zitierregeln solltest du außerdem beachten:

• Solltest du ein Zitat aus einer Dissertation zitieren, die aus einer anderen Quelle stammt, handelt es sich um ein Sekundärzitat
• Verwende das Sekundärzitat nur, wenn die Originalquelle dazu auffindbar ist
• Beim Sekundärzitat musst du den Zusatz „zitiert“ hinzufügen
• Für die Art der Dissertation und das Studienfach musst du den genauen Wortlaut von der Titelseite übernehmen
• Wenn die Dissertation in einem Verlag publiziert wurde, musst du diesen in der Quellenangabe erwähnen
• Wurde die Doktorarbeit über die Hochschule veröffentlicht, musst du diese mit vollständigem Namen und Ort in deiner Quellenangabe erwähnen
• Bei Dissertationen handelt es sich häufig um Open-Access-Veröffentlichungen – in diesem Fall musst du die URL in deiner Quellenangabe hinzufügen

Dissertation zitieren: Fazit

Ob APA-, Harvard- oder deutsche Zitierweise – richtiges Zitieren ist in jeder wissenschaftlichen Arbeit Pflicht. Da Studenten für ihre Haus-, Bachelor- oder Seminararbeiten oft aus einer Dissertation zitieren müssen, sollte man sich mit den Zitierregeln einer Dissertation auseinandersetzen, um Fehler in der eigenen Arbeit zu vermeiden. Zunächst einmal macht es einen Unterschied, ob die Dissertation gedruckt oder unveröffentlicht ist. Handelt es sich um eine unveröffentlichte Dissertation musst du unbedingt die Abkürzung „unv. Diss.“ angeben. Sowohl im Fließtext als auch in der Literaturangabe musst du einige Hinweise bezüglich der Zitierregeln beachten. Im Fließtext (bzw. in der Fußnote) musst du einen kurzen Verweis auf die Dissertation einfügen.

Im Literaturverzeichnis musst du schließlich Autor, Jahr, Titel der Dissertation, Art der Dissertation, Studienfach, Verlag oder Hochschule und Erscheinungsort und ggf. die URL angeben. Achte während deiner Literaturrecherche außerdem immer darauf, ob es sich um ein Sekundärzitat handelt oder nicht.

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Mit bibliographischen Informationen arbeiten und Literaturreviews anfertigen

• First Online: 18 October 2018

Cite this chapter

• Stefan Rädiker 3 &
• Udo Kuckartz 4  

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Zusammenfassung

Mit Fachliteratur zu arbeiten gehört in vielen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen zum Kerngeschäft. Man kann sich schwerlich ein Exposé für ein Projekt, eine Masterarbeit oder eine Dissertation vorstellen, in der nicht der bisherige Forschungsstand systematisch aufgearbeitet und dargestellt wird (Creswell 2016a, S. 58–66). Immer mehr Verlage machen ihre Fachzeitschriften und Publikationen online zugänglich, sodass sich Literaturreviews heute wesentlich einfacher und effektiver durchführen lassen als noch vor einigen Jahren. MAXQDA eignet sich sowohl für die tagtägliche Arbeit mit Literatur als auch für die Durchführung von Literaturreviews (z. B. für die Vorbereitung eines Theoriekapitels und eines Berichts über den Forschungsstand) sowie auch für systematische Reviews, d. h. für die Aufbereitung von Forschungsergebnissen für eine Meta‐Analyse. Insbesondere kann MAXQDA für die Verwaltung von Exzerpten und die Erstellung von Summarys eingesetzt werden, was sehr effektiv den Schreibprozess unterstützt. Bei der Literaturarbeit ist die Ebene bibliographischer Informationen (Autor, Erscheinungsjahr etc.) von der Ebene der Inhalte dieser Literatur zu unterscheiden. MAXQDA fokussiert vorrangig die Ebene der Inhalte und ist keine Spezialsoftware für die Literaturverwaltung; doch lassen sich die Daten solcher Programme importieren und weiterbearbeiten.

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About this chapter

Rädiker, S., Kuckartz, U. (2019). Mit bibliographischen Informationen arbeiten und Literaturreviews anfertigen. In: Analyse qualitativer Daten mit MAXQDA. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22095-2_14

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APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

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Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Formatting:

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See Ch. 10 pp. 313-352 of APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

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How to cite a work in a manuscript that is under review? [duplicate]

I have two manuscripts that I am ready to submit in two different journals.

In the first manuscript, I have developed two models to be used for my research. Both of them are new and are an upgrade to the currently used models.

In the second manuscript, I have used one of the models developed in the first manuscript and have carried out an elaborate study. However, I am unsure on how to cite the first manuscript in the second.

Can I cite a submitted manuscript as "under review" in another manuscript? What's the correct procedure for citing under review works?

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2 Answers 2

Yes. Under review or "in review" are normal and I have used them myself when publishing several papers near simultaneously. (They were separate enough, different chemistries, that I thought made sense to cut into separate articles. But, for someone interested in the general area, they likely would want the citation.) It is to be understood that "under review" does not mean it will EVER get published (but likely will). You are doing the best you can, at the time. If the paper never makes it out or shifts to another journal, so be it.

You may also see citations that say "in press" (meaning accepted, but you are lacking the issue and page numbers). I have even used "in preparation for" and listed the journal I planned to, and did submit to. And I've even used "unpublished" for work that never saw the light of day (e.g. another worker's parallel chemistry study that was pretty finished, yet shelved as uninteresting...but was relevant to a chemistry to chemistry discussion.)*

The key thing is that you are not trying to get away with anything nefarious. You are simply doing your best to give citations to other work. And that will include some not-yet archived research. You just do the best you can, at the time you submit.

[Obviously if you are claiming some super insight and your current paper is fundamentally dependent on the other work, the editor/reviewer may cavitate and reject. But if you are just doing good stuff and other work is comparative, not dependent, people will appreciate the citation, not resent it.]

*Even this still has a use. For one, a simple (non-controversial) insight may be shared, that is scientifically relevant. In addition, if anyone ever really cares, they might still track down the author. I. R. Lazyguy; structure of unimportant chemical; 1989; Random Federal Agency; unpublished.

I would use a preprint server, such as arXiv and bioRxiv , and then cite the preprint version of the paper. In my opinion, there is no purpose in citing a paper that is not available anywhere.

You cannot be sure in which journal your article will be published nor if after revision it will remain with the same title you referenced. Furthermore, after the paper is published, journals do not accept editions to correct references.

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged publications citations paper-submission cross-referencing .

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What is a thesis?

What is a dissertation, getting started, staying on track.

A thesis is a long-term project that you work on over the course of a semester or a year. Theses have a very wide variety of styles and content, so we encourage you to look at prior examples and work closely with faculty to develop yours. 

Before you begin, make sure that you are familiar with the dissertation genre—what it is for and what it looks like.

Generally speaking, a dissertation’s purpose is to prove that you have the expertise necessary to fulfill your doctoral-degree requirements by showing depth of knowledge and independent thinking.

The form of a dissertation may vary by discipline. Be sure to follow the specific guidelines of your department.

• PhD This site directs candidates to the GSAS website about dissertations , with links to checklists,  planning, formatting, acknowledgments, submission, and publishing options. There is also a link to guidelines for the prospectus . Consult with your committee chair about specific requirements and standards for your dissertation.
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• Scholarly Pursuits (GSAS) This searchable booklet from Harvard GSAS is a comprehensive guide to writing dissertations, dissertation-fellowship applications, academic journal articles, and academic job documents.

Finding an original topic can be a daunting and overwhelming task. These key concepts can help you focus and save time.

Finding a topic for your thesis or dissertation should start with a research question that excites or at least interests you. A rigorous, engaging, and original project will require continuous curiosity about your topic, about your own thoughts on the topic, and about what other scholars have said on your topic. Avoid getting boxed in by thinking you know what you want to say from the beginning; let your research and your writing evolve as you explore and fine-tune your focus through constant questioning and exploration.

Get a sense of the broader picture before you narrow your focus and attempt to frame an argument. Read, skim, and otherwise familiarize yourself with what other scholars have done in areas related to your proposed topic. Briefly explore topics tangentially related to yours to broaden your perspective and increase your chance of finding a unique angle to pursue.

Critical Reading

Critical reading is the opposite of passive reading. Instead of merely reading for information to absorb, critical reading also involves careful, sustained thinking about what you are reading. This process may include analyzing the author’s motives and assumptions, asking what might be left out of the discussion, considering what you agree with or disagree with in the author’s statements and why you agree or disagree, and exploring connections or contradictions between scholarly arguments. Here is a resource to help hone your critical-reading skills:

http://writing.umn.edu/sws/assets/pdf/quicktips/criticalread.pdf

Conversation

Your thesis or dissertation will incorporate some ideas from other scholars whose work you researched. By reading critically and following your curiosity, you will develop your own ideas and claims, and these contributions are the core of your project. You will also acknowledge the work of scholars who came before you, and you must accurately and fairly attribute this work and define your place within the larger discussion. Make sure that you know how to quote, summarize, paraphrase ,  integrate , and cite secondary sources to avoid plagiarism and to show the depth and breadth of your knowledge.

A thesis is a long-term, large project that involves both research and writing; it is easy to lose focus, motivation, and momentum. Here are suggestions for achieving the result you want in the time you have.

The dissertation is probably the largest project you have undertaken, and a lot of the work is self-directed. The project can feel daunting or even overwhelming unless you break it down into manageable pieces and create a timeline for completing each smaller task. Be realistic but also challenge yourself, and be forgiving of yourself if you miss a self-imposed deadline here and there.

Your program will also have specific deadlines for different requirements, including establishing a committee, submitting a prospectus, completing the dissertation, defending the dissertation, and submitting your work. Consult your department’s website for these dates and incorporate them into the timeline for your work.

Accountability

Sometimes self-imposed deadlines do not feel urgent unless there is accountability to someone beyond yourself. To increase your motivation to complete tasks on schedule, set dates with your committee chair to submit pre-determined pieces of a chapter. You can also arrange with a fellow doctoral student to check on each other’s progress. Research and writing can be lonely, so it is also nice to share that journey with someone and support each other through the process.

Common Pitfalls

The most common challenges for students writing a dissertation are writer’s block, information-overload, and the compulsion to keep researching forever.

There are many strategies for avoiding writer’s block, such as freewriting, outlining, taking a walk, starting in the middle, and creating an ideal work environment for your particular learning style. Pay attention to what helps you and try different things until you find what works.

Efficient researching techniques are essential to avoiding information-overload. Here are a couple of resources about strategies for finding sources and quickly obtaining essential information from them.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_literature/writing_in_literature_detailed_discussion/reading_criticism.html

https://students.dartmouth.edu/academic-skills/learning-resources/learning-strategies/reading-techniques

Finally, remember that there is always more to learn and your dissertation cannot incorporate everything. Follow your curiosity but also set limits on the scope of your work. It helps to create a folder entitled “future projects” for topics and sources that interest you but that do not fit neatly into the dissertation. Also remember that future scholars will build off of your work, so leave something for them to do.

Browsing through theses and dissertations of the past can help to get a sense of your options and gain inspiration but be careful to use current guidelines and refer to your committee instead of relying on these examples for form or formatting.

DASH Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard.

HOLLIS Harvard Library’s catalog provides access to ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global .

MIT Architecture has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

Rhode Island School of Design has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

University of South Florida has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

Harvard GSD has a list of projects, including theses and professors’ research.

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How To Write A Dissertation Or Thesis

8 straightforward steps to craft an a-grade dissertation.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) Expert Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2020

Writing a dissertation or thesis is not a simple task. It takes time, energy and a lot of will power to get you across the finish line. It’s not easy – but it doesn’t necessarily need to be a painful process. If you understand the big-picture process of how to write a dissertation or thesis, your research journey will be a lot smoother.  

In this post, I’m going to outline the big-picture process of how to write a high-quality dissertation or thesis, without losing your mind along the way. If you’re just starting your research, this post is perfect for you. Alternatively, if you’ve already submitted your proposal, this article which covers how to structure a dissertation might be more helpful.

How To Write A Dissertation: 8 Steps

• Clearly understand what a dissertation (or thesis) is
• Find a unique and valuable research topic
• Craft a convincing research proposal
• Write up a strong introduction chapter
• Review the existing literature and compile a literature review
• Design a rigorous research strategy and undertake your own research
• Present the findings of your research
• Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications

Step 1: Understand exactly what a dissertation is

This probably sounds like a no-brainer, but all too often, students come to us for help with their research and the underlying issue is that they don’t fully understand what a dissertation (or thesis) actually is.

So, what is a dissertation?

At its simplest, a dissertation or thesis is a formal piece of research , reflecting the standard research process . But what is the standard research process, you ask? The research process involves 4 key steps:

• Ask a very specific, well-articulated question (s) (your research topic)
• See what other researchers have said about it (if they’ve already answered it)
• If they haven’t answered it adequately, undertake your own data collection and analysis in a scientifically rigorous fashion
• Answer your original question(s), based on your analysis findings

In short, the research process is simply about asking and answering questions in a systematic fashion . This probably sounds pretty obvious, but people often think they’ve done “research”, when in fact what they have done is:

• Started with a vague, poorly articulated question
• Not taken the time to see what research has already been done regarding the question
• Collected data and opinions that support their gut and undertaken a flimsy analysis
• Drawn a shaky conclusion, based on that analysis

If you want to see the perfect example of this in action, look out for the next Facebook post where someone claims they’ve done “research”… All too often, people consider reading a few blog posts to constitute research. Its no surprise then that what they end up with is an opinion piece, not research. Okay, okay – I’ll climb off my soapbox now.

The key takeaway here is that a dissertation (or thesis) is a formal piece of research, reflecting the research process. It’s not an opinion piece , nor a place to push your agenda or try to convince someone of your position. Writing a good dissertation involves asking a question and taking a systematic, rigorous approach to answering it.

If you understand this and are comfortable leaving your opinions or preconceived ideas at the door, you’re already off to a good start!

Step 2: Find a unique, valuable research topic

As we saw, the first step of the research process is to ask a specific, well-articulated question. In other words, you need to find a research topic that asks a specific question or set of questions (these are called research questions ). Sounds easy enough, right? All you’ve got to do is identify a question or two and you’ve got a winning research topic. Well, not quite…

A good dissertation or thesis topic has a few important attributes. Specifically, a solid research topic should be:

Let’s take a closer look at these:

Attribute #1: Clear

Your research topic needs to be crystal clear about what you’re planning to research, what you want to know, and within what context. There shouldn’t be any ambiguity or vagueness about what you’ll research.

Here’s an example of a clearly articulated research topic:

An analysis of consumer-based factors influencing organisational trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms.

As you can see in the example, its crystal clear what will be analysed (factors impacting organisational trust), amongst who (consumers) and in what context (British low-cost equity brokerage firms, based online).

Need a helping hand?

Attribute #2:   Unique

Your research should be asking a question(s) that hasn’t been asked before, or that hasn’t been asked in a specific context (for example, in a specific country or industry).

For example, sticking organisational trust topic above, it’s quite likely that organisational trust factors in the UK have been investigated before, but the context (online low-cost equity brokerages) could make this research unique. Therefore, the context makes this research original.

One caveat when using context as the basis for originality – you need to have a good reason to suspect that your findings in this context might be different from the existing research – otherwise, there’s no reason to warrant researching it.

Attribute #3: Important

Simply asking a unique or original question is not enough – the question needs to create value. In other words, successfully answering your research questions should provide some value to the field of research or the industry. You can’t research something just to satisfy your curiosity. It needs to make some form of contribution either to research or industry.

For example, researching the factors influencing consumer trust would create value by enabling businesses to tailor their operations and marketing to leverage factors that promote trust. In other words, it would have a clear benefit to industry.

So, how do you go about finding a unique and valuable research topic? We explain that in detail in this video post – How To Find A Research Topic . Yeah, we’ve got you covered 😊

Step 3: Write a convincing research proposal

Once you’ve pinned down a high-quality research topic, the next step is to convince your university to let you research it. No matter how awesome you think your topic is, it still needs to get the rubber stamp before you can move forward with your research. The research proposal is the tool you’ll use for this job.

So, what’s in a research proposal?

The main “job” of a research proposal is to convince your university, advisor or committee that your research topic is worthy of approval. But convince them of what? Well, this varies from university to university, but generally, they want to see that:

• You have a clearly articulated, unique and important topic (this might sound familiar…)
• You’ve done some initial reading of the existing literature relevant to your topic (i.e. a literature review)
• You have a provisional plan in terms of how you will collect data and analyse it (i.e. a methodology)

At the proposal stage, it’s (generally) not expected that you’ve extensively reviewed the existing literature , but you will need to show that you’ve done enough reading to identify a clear gap for original (unique) research. Similarly, they generally don’t expect that you have a rock-solid research methodology mapped out, but you should have an idea of whether you’ll be undertaking qualitative or quantitative analysis , and how you’ll collect your data (we’ll discuss this in more detail later).

Long story short – don’t stress about having every detail of your research meticulously thought out at the proposal stage – this will develop as you progress through your research. However, you do need to show that you’ve “done your homework” and that your research is worthy of approval .

So, how do you go about crafting a high-quality, convincing proposal? We cover that in detail in this video post – How To Write A Top-Class Research Proposal . We’ve also got a video walkthrough of two proposal examples here .

Step 4: Craft a strong introduction chapter

Once your proposal’s been approved, its time to get writing your actual dissertation or thesis! The good news is that if you put the time into crafting a high-quality proposal, you’ve already got a head start on your first three chapters – introduction, literature review and methodology – as you can use your proposal as the basis for these.

Handy sidenote – our free dissertation & thesis template is a great way to speed up your dissertation writing journey.

What’s the introduction chapter all about?

The purpose of the introduction chapter is to set the scene for your research (dare I say, to introduce it…) so that the reader understands what you’ll be researching and why it’s important. In other words, it covers the same ground as the research proposal in that it justifies your research topic.

What goes into the introduction chapter?

This can vary slightly between universities and degrees, but generally, the introduction chapter will include the following:

• A brief background to the study, explaining the overall area of research
• A problem statement , explaining what the problem is with the current state of research (in other words, where the knowledge gap exists)
• Your research questions – in other words, the specific questions your study will seek to answer (based on the knowledge gap)
• The significance of your study – in other words, why it’s important and how its findings will be useful in the world

As you can see, this all about explaining the “what” and the “why” of your research (as opposed to the “how”). So, your introduction chapter is basically the salesman of your study, “selling” your research to the first-time reader and (hopefully) getting them interested to read more.

How do I write the introduction chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this post .

Step 5: Undertake an in-depth literature review

As I mentioned earlier, you’ll need to do some initial review of the literature in Steps 2 and 3 to find your research gap and craft a convincing research proposal – but that’s just scratching the surface. Once you reach the literature review stage of your dissertation or thesis, you need to dig a lot deeper into the existing research and write up a comprehensive literature review chapter.

What’s the literature review all about?

There are two main stages in the literature review process:

Literature Review Step 1: Reading up

The first stage is for you to deep dive into the existing literature (journal articles, textbook chapters, industry reports, etc) to gain an in-depth understanding of the current state of research regarding your topic. While you don’t need to read every single article, you do need to ensure that you cover all literature that is related to your core research questions, and create a comprehensive catalogue of that literature , which you’ll use in the next step.

Reading and digesting all the relevant literature is a time consuming and intellectually demanding process. Many students underestimate just how much work goes into this step, so make sure that you allocate a good amount of time for this when planning out your research. Thankfully, there are ways to fast track the process – be sure to check out this article covering how to read journal articles quickly .

Literature Review Step 2: Writing up

Once you’ve worked through the literature and digested it all, you’ll need to write up your literature review chapter. Many students make the mistake of thinking that the literature review chapter is simply a summary of what other researchers have said. While this is partly true, a literature review is much more than just a summary. To pull off a good literature review chapter, you’ll need to achieve at least 3 things:

• You need to synthesise the existing research , not just summarise it. In other words, you need to show how different pieces of theory fit together, what’s agreed on by researchers, what’s not.
• You need to highlight a research gap that your research is going to fill. In other words, you’ve got to outline the problem so that your research topic can provide a solution.
• You need to use the existing research to inform your methodology and approach to your own research design. For example, you might use questions or Likert scales from previous studies in your your own survey design .

As you can see, a good literature review is more than just a summary of the published research. It’s the foundation on which your own research is built, so it deserves a lot of love and attention. Take the time to craft a comprehensive literature review with a suitable structure .

But, how do I actually write the literature review chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this video post .

Step 6: Carry out your own research

Once you’ve completed your literature review and have a sound understanding of the existing research, its time to develop your own research (finally!). You’ll design this research specifically so that you can find the answers to your unique research question.

There are two steps here – designing your research strategy and executing on it:

1 – Design your research strategy

The first step is to design your research strategy and craft a methodology chapter . I won’t get into the technicalities of the methodology chapter here, but in simple terms, this chapter is about explaining the “how” of your research. If you recall, the introduction and literature review chapters discussed the “what” and the “why”, so it makes sense that the next point to cover is the “how” –that’s what the methodology chapter is all about.

In this section, you’ll need to make firm decisions about your research design. This includes things like:

• Your research philosophy (e.g. positivism or interpretivism )
• Your overall methodology (e.g. qualitative , quantitative or mixed methods)
• Your data collection strategy (e.g. interviews , focus groups, surveys)
• Your data analysis strategy (e.g. content analysis , correlation analysis, regression)

If these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these in plain language in other posts. It’s not essential that you understand the intricacies of research design (yet!). The key takeaway here is that you’ll need to make decisions about how you’ll design your own research, and you’ll need to describe (and justify) your decisions in your methodology chapter.

2 – Execute: Collect and analyse your data

Once you’ve worked out your research design, you’ll put it into action and start collecting your data. This might mean undertaking interviews, hosting an online survey or any other data collection method. Data collection can take quite a bit of time (especially if you host in-person interviews), so be sure to factor sufficient time into your project plan for this. Oftentimes, things don’t go 100% to plan (for example, you don’t get as many survey responses as you hoped for), so bake a little extra time into your budget here.

Once you’ve collected your data, you’ll need to do some data preparation before you can sink your teeth into the analysis. For example:

• If you carry out interviews or focus groups, you’ll need to transcribe your audio data to text (i.e. a Word document).
• If you collect quantitative survey data, you’ll need to clean up your data and get it into the right format for whichever analysis software you use (for example, SPSS, R or STATA).

Once you’ve completed your data prep, you’ll undertake your analysis, using the techniques that you described in your methodology. Depending on what you find in your analysis, you might also do some additional forms of analysis that you hadn’t planned for. For example, you might see something in the data that raises new questions or that requires clarification with further analysis.

The type(s) of analysis that you’ll use depend entirely on the nature of your research and your research questions. For example:

• If your research if exploratory in nature, you’ll often use qualitative analysis techniques .
• If your research is confirmatory in nature, you’ll often use quantitative analysis techniques
• If your research involves a mix of both, you might use a mixed methods approach

Again, if these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these concepts and techniques in other posts. The key takeaway is simply that there’s no “one size fits all” for research design and methodology – it all depends on your topic, your research questions and your data. So, don’t be surprised if your study colleagues take a completely different approach to yours.

Step 7: Present your findings

Once you’ve completed your analysis, it’s time to present your findings (finally!). In a dissertation or thesis, you’ll typically present your findings in two chapters – the results chapter and the discussion chapter .

What’s the difference between the results chapter and the discussion chapter?

While these two chapters are similar, the results chapter generally just presents the processed data neatly and clearly without interpretation, while the discussion chapter explains the story the data are telling  – in other words, it provides your interpretation of the results.

For example, if you were researching the factors that influence consumer trust, you might have used a quantitative approach to identify the relationship between potential factors (e.g. perceived integrity and competence of the organisation) and consumer trust. In this case:

• Your results chapter would just present the results of the statistical tests. For example, correlation results or differences between groups. In other words, the processed numbers.
• Your discussion chapter would explain what the numbers mean in relation to your research question(s). For example, Factor 1 has a weak relationship with consumer trust, while Factor 2 has a strong relationship.

Depending on the university and degree, these two chapters (results and discussion) are sometimes merged into one , so be sure to check with your institution what their preference is. Regardless of the chapter structure, this section is about presenting the findings of your research in a clear, easy to understand fashion.

Importantly, your discussion here needs to link back to your research questions (which you outlined in the introduction or literature review chapter). In other words, it needs to answer the key questions you asked (or at least attempt to answer them).

For example, if we look at the sample research topic:

In this case, the discussion section would clearly outline which factors seem to have a noteworthy influence on organisational trust. By doing so, they are answering the overarching question and fulfilling the purpose of the research .

For more information about the results chapter , check out this post for qualitative studies and this post for quantitative studies .

Step 8: The Final Step Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications

Last but not least, you’ll need to wrap up your research with the conclusion chapter . In this chapter, you’ll bring your research full circle by highlighting the key findings of your study and explaining what the implications of these findings are.

What exactly are key findings? The key findings are those findings which directly relate to your original research questions and overall research objectives (which you discussed in your introduction chapter). The implications, on the other hand, explain what your findings mean for industry, or for research in your area.

Sticking with the consumer trust topic example, the conclusion might look something like this:

Key findings

This study set out to identify which factors influence consumer-based trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms. The results suggest that the following factors have a large impact on consumer trust:

While the following factors have a very limited impact on consumer trust:

Notably, within the 25-30 age groups, Factors E had a noticeably larger impact, which may be explained by…

Implications

The findings having noteworthy implications for British low-cost online equity brokers. Specifically:

The large impact of Factors X and Y implies that brokers need to consider….

The limited impact of Factor E implies that brokers need to…

As you can see, the conclusion chapter is basically explaining the “what” (what your study found) and the “so what?” (what the findings mean for the industry or research). This brings the study full circle and closes off the document.

Let’s recap – how to write a dissertation or thesis

You’re still with me? Impressive! I know that this post was a long one, but hopefully you’ve learnt a thing or two about how to write a dissertation or thesis, and are now better equipped to start your own research.

To recap, the 8 steps to writing a quality dissertation (or thesis) are as follows:

• Understand what a dissertation (or thesis) is – a research project that follows the research process.
• Find a unique (original) and important research topic
• Craft a convincing dissertation or thesis research proposal
• Write a clear, compelling introduction chapter
• Undertake a thorough review of the existing research and write up a literature review
• Undertake your own research
• Present and interpret your findings

Once you’ve wrapped up the core chapters, all that’s typically left is the abstract , reference list and appendices. As always, be sure to check with your university if they have any additional requirements in terms of structure or content.  

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

20 Comments

thankfull >>>this is very useful

Thank you, it was really helpful

unquestionably, this amazing simplified way of teaching. Really , I couldn’t find in the literature words that fully explicit my great thanks to you. However, I could only say thanks a-lot.

Great to hear that – thanks for the feedback. Good luck writing your dissertation/thesis.

This is the most comprehensive explanation of how to write a dissertation. Many thanks for sharing it free of charge.

Very rich presentation. Thank you

Thanks Derek Jansen|GRADCOACH, I find it very useful guide to arrange my activities and proceed to research!

Thank you so much for such a marvelous teaching .I am so convinced that am going to write a comprehensive and a distinct masters dissertation

It is an amazing comprehensive explanation

This was straightforward. Thank you!

I can say that your explanations are simple and enlightening – understanding what you have done here is easy for me. Could you write more about the different types of research methods specific to the three methodologies: quan, qual and MM. I look forward to interacting with this website more in the future.

Thanks for the feedback and suggestions 🙂

Hello, your write ups is quite educative. However, l have challenges in going about my research questions which is below; *Building the enablers of organisational growth through effective governance and purposeful leadership.*

Very educating.

Just listening to the name of the dissertation makes the student nervous. As writing a top-quality dissertation is a difficult task as it is a lengthy topic, requires a lot of research and understanding and is usually around 10,000 to 15000 words. Sometimes due to studies, unbalanced workload or lack of research and writing skill students look for dissertation submission from professional writers.

Thank you 💕😊 very much. I was confused but your comprehensive explanation has cleared my doubts of ever presenting a good thesis. Thank you.

thank you so much, that was so useful

Hi. Where is the excel spread sheet ark?

could you please help me look at your thesis paper to enable me to do the portion that has to do with the specification

my topic is “the impact of domestic revenue mobilization.

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How to write a dissertation literature review

(Last updated: 11 November 2021)

Since 2006, Oxbridge Essays has been the UK’s leading paid essay-writing and dissertation service

We have helped 10,000s of undergraduate, Masters and PhD students to maximise their grades in essays, dissertations, model-exam answers, applications and other materials. If you would like a free chat about your project with one of our UK staff, then please just reach out on one of the methods below.

Are you tired of hearing the phrase 'literature review' every five minutes at university and having no idea what it means, let alone where to start? Not to worry - we've got you covered with this step-by-step guide to creating a great dissertation literature review.

What is a literature review?

In short, a dissertation literature review provides a critical assessment of the sources (literature) you have gathered and read surrounding your subject area, and then identifies a “gap” in that literature that your research will attempt to address.

There are a lot of misunderstandings about what exactly a dissertation literature review entails, as it can vary. Whilst in some cases a dissertation literature review can be a simple summary of important sources, most often it requires you to critically engage with the text to convey your positive or negative opinions of it. What is your interpretation of a particular source? Does this interpretation differ considerably from other viewpoints in the literature? This is the sort of critical engagement expected from you in a literature review.

Whereas a summary will most likely provide a simple recap of the general arguments of the source(s), the expectations concerning a literature review extend beyond this. A literature review may provide a new perspective on a classic research paper or it may combine both new and old interpretations (this is the “gap” – more on this later). A literature review may also provide a thorough and critical outline of the intellectual developments in a field with a focus on major, and often polemical, debates. In other scenarios, a literature review may also provide an assessment of a source and inform a reader about its validity, pertinence and relevance to the research subject.

"In a literature review, you're aiming to summarise and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments you have found in your readings, without making new contributions to the literature. Hence the term: “literature review ”."

There tends to be confusion between literature reviews and academic papers in general, but they are not one and the same. Generally, academic papers aim to provide new research material about a particular subject, and a literature review features as part of this objective. In a research paper, the literature review forms the basis of the research – it helps to highlight any research gaps as support for a new argument or insights you intend to provide. In a literature review, you're aiming to summarise and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments you have found in your readings, without making new contributions to the literature. Hence the term: “literature review ”.

Is a literature review really necessary?

Now that we know what a literature review is, the next step is to understand the point of writing one in the first place. Like it or not, a literature review is an essential part of any academic piece of writing, as it demonstrates to your tutor or reader that you have a nuanced understanding of the sources concerning your research area or question.

Although it may seem arbitrary, the literature review helps to persuade the person reading and marking your assignment that what you have written about is relevant and your arguments are justified and worthwhile. So, in short, a literature review is essential, and you need to put the necessary time into getting it right.

How do you write a dissertation literature review?

As the next section of this blog is quite lengthy, we've broken it down into several key steps which should make it easier to follow when writing your own dissertation literature review. You start by identifying your sources, then you read and re-read them. Next, you think about any gaps in the research or literature you have used, and finally, you write your review using all the preparation and information gathered in the steps prior.

Identify sources

To write a good dissertation literature review, you need to have a fair idea of what sources you would like to review. If you haven’t been given a formal reference list by your tutor, refer back to the techniques we recommended earlier.

Make sure that your sources are balanced; include enough books and academic journals and any useful published work from reputable scholars. To help you choose your sources appropriately, you might want to think about the parameters and objectives of your research. What are you hoping to find out? In your literature review , what theoretical issues or perspectives do you aim to tackle? How about your methodology? Will you focus on mainly qualitative or quantitative studies, or a mixture of both? These general questions should help guide you in selecting your sources and again, remember that the abstract of a source is a very useful tool. Having a quick scan of the abstract and its ‘keywords’ will often give you an indication of the whether the source will be useful for your research or not.

As you’re identifying your sources, ensure you a keep a list as it’s very easy to lose focus given the wide scope of the Internet. Reference tools such as Mendeley allow you to store your sources online and via a desktop app, and are a great way to keep your bibliography organised. The citation tools attached to these programmes will also allow you to simply export citations in a format of your choice when required later. They will save you countless hours trying to figure out how to use Harvard or APA referencing correctly.

Read your sources

Now that you have organised your sources efficiently, it’s time to read through them. As unnatural as it may feel, it’s most effective to read in a few stages, as detailed below:

First, go through all the texts to get a sense of their general content and arguments. This will also help you judge which sources you mainly want to focus on in your review. During the second stage of your reading, you can then take a more critical, in-depth look at your sources. Make a lot of notes, be critical, ask questions. What is your academic opinion on the text? Do you have any comments on the methodological approach, the theoretical argument or the general hypothesis? Note these down. It will ensure that your literature review is not merely a summary of your readings, and will encourage a clear line of argument so that your work is logical and coherent.

Consider gaps in the research

When writing a dissertation literature review, an essential thing to consider is identifying the research gap. Identifying the gap is particularly important if your review forms part of a research proposal, as it will highlight the pertinence of your research – assuming that your research has been designed to fill this gap. In other instances, identifying the gap is an indication of good critical analysis and can score you extra points.

To identify the “gap” it is important that we know what this “gap” is. A research gap is essentially the existence of a research question, perspective or problem that has not been answered in the existing literature on any field of study. Identifying the research gap is important for highlighting the originality of your research; it proves you’re not simply recounting or regurgitating existing research. It also shows that you are very much aware of the status of the literature in your chosen field of study, which in turn, demonstrates the amount of research and effort you have put into your review.

Many students, especially at post-graduate level, find it extremely difficult to identify research gaps in their subject area. For post-graduate research papers, identifying research gaps and formulating research questions that can address these gaps form the very essence of a research paper. Identifying research gaps does not have to be a difficult endeavour and there are several ways to overcome this difficulty:

Start by reading A simple approach will be to read important parts of key articles in your research area. First, note that you’ll have to sift through many articles to identify the ones that are most suitable for your research. A quick search using keywords on Google Scholar will often give you a quick overview of the available literature. Other useful sources include databases such as JSTOR or Wiley Online Library . You can then snowball additional articles by clicking on ‘related articles’ or checking out which other papers have cited your source.

Abstracts and recommendations Whichever avenue you choose, reading the abstract is often a good starting point to get a sense of what the articles entails. You should also do a quick examination of the introductory and concluding paragraphs of the paper as these sections always provide some information on the aims and outcomes of the research, as well as ‘recommendations for future studies.’ These recommendations typically provide some insight on the research gaps in the literature. Another route would be to simply read as much as you can on your research subject while considering which research areas still need addressing in the literature – this is usually an indication of research gaps.

Write your review

Now you’re well prepared to start putting fingers to keyboard. Consider the following pointers:

1. Use sample literature reviews Have a look at sample dissertation literature reviews in your subject area and read them thoroughly to familiarise yourself with existing key debates and themes. This can be a good starting point for framing and structuring your own review. If you are not familiar with academic writing, going through samples will help you to get a sense of what is expected in this regard. Pay attention to the academic language and formal style used. Also, remember that the bibliography or reference section of your selected texts will help you to snowball further references if you need any.

2. Keep it simple Keep your topic as narrowed down as possible. Remember that there are hundreds – or in some instances, thousands – of sources or perspectives concerning any subject area or topic. Researchers investigate research problems in many divergent ways and the literature available on any given subject is extremely broad. In your literature review, you won’t be expected to address every argument or perspective concerning your topic – this might actually undermine your ability to write a coherent and focused piece. You’ll make your work easier if you limit the scope of your work. In your review, ensure that you clearly state what the focus of your work will be.

3. Make sure your sources are as current as possible If you are reviewing scientific work, it’s essential your sources are as current as possible given the advancements in the field over the years. In the medical field particularly, research is constantly evolving and a source that’s only three years old may be even out-dated. In the social sciences this rule may not apply, as many theoretical works are classics and you will be expected to be familiar with these perspectives. You might have to the review the work of Marx, or Hobbes, or any other classic scholar. You still need to balance theory with current approaches, as you will need to demonstrate the ways in which perspectives in the literature have changed over the years, or you may even want to demonstrate how scholars have used classic theories to inform their work.

4. Consider the organisation of your work In a dissertation literature review, organising your work goes beyond having an introduction, body and conclusion. You’ll be reviewing a number of texts, so you’ll also have to think clearly about how to organise themes, topics and your argument in general. Below is a detailed guide on how to do this:

Like any other academic paper, a dissertation literature review will comprise a basic introduction, body, and conclusion.

The introduction of a literature review should be clear, short and focused. It should outline the focus of the review – in other words, it should clearly state the main topics to be covered. A good literature review will also state the arguments to be made, as well as underlying rationale that underpins these arguments.

The body of your literature review will include an in-depth discussion of the academic sources you have chosen to review. You may choose to organise your sources according to themes, methodology or even based on a chronological order. In the body of your review, ensure that your arguments are presented clearly and that you link these arguments with the literature. Is there a scholar that agrees with your view? Say so, in a way that the reader will understand easily. This demonstrates that you are very familiar with the academic research in your field. Remember to also make note of any views that do not agree with your position; excluding these arguments will reduce the methodological robustness of your piece. You can use direct quotations in your literature review, however do so sparingly so you don’t appear lazy. Most tutors will not approach it kindly; the purpose of a literature review is to demonstrate your ability to critically engage with a piece of text, and littering your review with direct quotes isn’t a good indication of this. Instead, try to paraphrase quotations and only use direct quotes if it really helps to illustrate your argument.

In the summary of your dissertation literature review, it’s important to give a summary of the conclusions you’ve drawn from your readings. If your literature review forms part of a broader research proposal, reiterate the gaps in the literature here, and clearly state how your proposed research will fill these gaps. Make recommendations for future research in this section too, which demonstrates your analytical skills and will score you some extra points.

You now have the basic structure of your research in place, however it’s worth dedicating some time to what the body of your work should entail. The body is the main core of your work, so it’s important to consider how you will frame and organise it. You have options here – you can choose to organise the content of your work based on a chronological method, based on themes, trends or methodology, or based on arguments.

To structure the body of work chronologically, you will have to organise your sources based on when they were published. A limitation of this approach is that it inhibits continuity in your arguments and in some instances, can undermine the coherence of your work. Use with caution.

A more coherent way of organising your work is to group your sources based on the arguments they make in a ‘for versus against’ manner. This enables you to present your work in a more dynamic way and what’s more, makes the key debates in the literature more obvious. Say you were trying to convey the debates on European migration policy, you might want to start by writing something along these lines:

"While scholars such as X argue that migration policies must be made more stringent to counteract the increased flow of Syrian refugees to Europe, other scholars such as Y offer a divergent perspective. They specifically espouse a perspective based on a human rights approach…"

This approach also leaves room for you to insert your voice into the literature. Consider this statement:

"While X argues for the enactment of more stringent migration policies, this paper argues along the lines of Y that migration policies should be based on human rights considerations."

Using this technique also allows you to introduce additional literature that supports your position.

Another way of organising your content is according to theme; or sub-themes, if your review focuses on one overarching topic. This method of organisation still allows you to present an overview of any polemical debates within these sub-themes. A thematic review can easily shift between chronological periods within each sub-section too.

Structuring work using a methodological approach is quite a common approach, however it’s often used in tandem with other ways of organising sources. This method is particularly evident in introductory sections whereby researchers may simply want to state that a particular subject has been mostly studied from a qualitative or quantitative perspective (they will often then cite a number of scholars or studies to support this claim). In scientific reviews however, a methodological approach may form the basis of the discussions in the body. If this is the case for you, focus on the methods used by various researchers. How did they go about answering a particular research question? Were there any limitations to this method? If so, what method(s) would have been better?

You’ll soon realise that organising the body of your literature review is an iterative process and you’ll more often than not use all of these approaches in your write-up. The body of your research may also include additional sections that do not necessarily form a part of its organisational structure. For instance, you might want to include a ‘context section’ that provides some insight on any background detail required for understanding the focus of the literature review. It may also focus on historical considerations. You could include a short methodology section that details the approach you used in selecting and analysing your sources.

5. Write the paragraphs of the body Once you have settled on the approach to writing your body, you must now write each of its paragraphs in a way that is in keeping with academic conventions. Consider this paragraph from a literature review about stakeholder participation for environmental management, to clarify the discussion that follows:

As the example above suggests, a dissertation literature review must be written using a formal and academic style . Also, note how sources have been grouped according to both arguments and themes. Remember we noted that the process of grouping sources in the body of your literature review is never a linear one? You will often use a combination of the approaches that we have discussed. Ensure that your writing is concise, coherent and devoid of any personal or strong language. Avoid any phrases like, “I hate X’s work”; a more academic way of stating your disagreement would be to simply state: “I would argue against X’s position that…”, or “X’s argument is inconsistent with the evidence because...”, or “X’s arguments are based on false assumptions because...”.

In the sample paragraph above, notice the use of words like “argue” – this is a good academic alternative to more commonplace words such as “says”. Other good alternatives include “states”, “asserts”, “proposes” or “claims”. More academic options include “opine”, “posit”, “postulate”, or “promulgate”, however some tutors and readers find these words to be too ‘heavy’ and archaic, so ensure that you are familiar with the writing standards in your institution.

If your writing is tailored to a peer-reviewed journal, it’s worth having a look at articles within that journal to get a sense of the writing style. Most tutors will provide a guideline on writing styles, and it’s important you adhere to this brief. You will often be required to also use the third person when writing a literature review, thus phrases such as “this paper argues” or “this paper is of the view that…” are appropriate.

There are exceptions at post-graduate level or generally – like when you have conducted your own primary research or published your work widely – which give you the academic authority to boldly make claims. In cases like these, the use of first person is suitable and you may use phrases such as “I argue” or “I propose”.

Remember also to generally use present tense when referring to opinions and theories (although in the context of specific research experiments, the use of the past tense is better).

Beyond the use of the academic terms suggested above, ‘linking’ words are also particularly important when writing a literature review, since you’ll be grouping a lot of writers together with either similar or divergent opinions. Useful linking words and phrases include: similarly, there are parallels, in convergence with…

When there is disagreement, you may want to use any of the following: However, conversely, on the other hand, diverges from, antithetical to, differential from…

6. Write the conclusion The conclusion of a dissertation literature review should always include a summary of the implications of the literature, which you should then link to your argument or general research question.

Some final notes

The overall structure of your literature review will be largely based on your research area and the academic conventions that are in line with it. Nevertheless, there are some essential steps that apply across all disciplines and that you should ensure you follow:

Do not simply describe the opinions of writers Analyse, analyse, analyse, and ensure that your analysis is critical (what have the writers missed; where does your opinion sit with theirs, etc.).

Structure the body of your argument using various techniques Your structure should be organised based on thematic areas, key debates or controversial issues, and according to methodological approaches. Keep your review dynamic, but coherent. Remember to identify literature gaps and link this to your own research.

Use ample evidence This is extremely important and forms the very essence of a dissertation literature review. You must refer to various sources when making a point; see the sample paragraph above for an example of this. Your arguments and interpretation of a research topic must be backed by evidence. Do not make baseless claims, as a literature review is an academic piece of writing and not an opinion piece.

Be very selective Not every piece of research has to be reviewed. If you are determined to show that you aware of the available literature out there, try writing techniques such as: There is robust literature available concerning the migration patterns of Syrian refugees. Notable works include: X(2015), y (2013), Z (2014). Once you have acknowledged these works, you do not have to review them in detail. Be selective about the sources that you will discuss in detail in your review.

Do not rely too much on direct quotes Only use them to emphasise a point. Similarly, don’t rely too heavily on the work of a single author. Instead, highlight the importance of that author in your research and move on. If you need to keep going back to the work of that author, then you need to link those discussions with your work. Do not simply provide a summary of the author’s work. In what ways does your work agree or disagree with his/hers? Be critical.

Make your voice heard Yes, the whole point of the literature review is to provide a critical analysis and summary of the viewpoints out there, but a critical analysis does include the fact that you need to make your opinion known in the context of the literature. Note how skilfully, in the earlier sample paragraph by Reed (2008), he weaves his opinions with references. Read back over the sample and try to perfect this skill.

Ensure that you reference your work correctly And make sure you use the appropriate referencing style. For more help on this, click here .

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Olympic Breakdancer Raygun Has PhD in Breakdancing?

Rachael gunn earned a zero in breakdancing at the paris 2024 olympic games., aleksandra wrona, published aug. 13, 2024.

About this rating

Gunn's Ph.D. thesis, titled "Deterritorializing Gender in Sydney's Breakdancing Scene: a B-girl's Experience of B-boying," did cover the topic of breakdancing. However ...

... Gunn earned her Ph.D. in cultural studies. Moreover, a "PhD in breakdancing" does not exist as an academic discipline.

On Aug. 10, 2024, a rumor spread on social media that Rachael Gunn (also known as "Raygun"), an Australian breakdancer who competed in the 2024 Paris Olympics, had a Ph.D. in breakdancing. "This australian breakdancer has a PhD in breakdancing and dance culture and was a ballroom dancer before taking up breaking. I don't even know what to say," one X post on the topic read .

"Australian Olympic breakdancer Rachael Gunn has a PhD in breakdancing and dance culture," one X user wrote , while another asked, "Who did we send? Raygun, a 36-year-old full-time lecturer at Sydney's Macquarie University, completed a PhD in breaking culture and is a lecturer in media, creative arts, literature and language," another X user wrote .

The claim also spread on other social media platforms, such as Reddit and Instagram . 

"Is she the best break dancer? No. But I have so much respect for going on an international stage to do something you love even if you're not very skilled at it," one Instagram user commented , adding that, "And, I'm pretty sure she's using this as a research endeavor and will be writing about all our reactions to her performance. Can't wait to read it!"

In short, Gunn's Ph.D. thesis, titled "Deterritorializing Gender in Sydney's Breakdancing Scene: A B-girl's Experience of B-boying," indeed focused on the topic of breakdancing. However, Gunn earned her Ph.D. in cultural studies, not in breakdancing. Furthermore, it's important to note that a "PhD in breakdancing" does not exist as an academic discipline. 

Since Gunn's research focused on the breakdancing community, but her degree is actually in the broader field of cultural studies, we have rated this claim as a "Mixture" of truths.

Gunn "secured Australia's first ever Olympic spot in the B-Girl competition at Paris 2024 by winning the QMS Oceania Championships in Sydney, NSW, Australia," the Olympics official website informed . 

Gunn earned a zero in breakdancing at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games and clips of her routine went viral on social media, with numerous users creating memes or mocking dancer's moves. "As well as criticising her attire, social media users mocked the Australian's routine as she bounced around on stage like a kangaroo and stood on her head at times," BBC article on the topic read . 

The website of the Macquarie University informed Gunn "is an interdisciplinary and practice-based researcher interested in the cultural politics of breaking" and holds a Ph.D. in cultural studies, as well as a bachelor of arts degree (Hons) in contemporary music: 

Rachael Gunn is an interdisciplinary and practice-based researcher interested in the cultural politics of breaking. She holds a PhD in Cultural Studies (2017) and a BA (Hons) in Contemporary Music (2009) from Macquarie University. Her work draws on cultural theory, dance studies, popular music studies, media, and ethnography. Rachael is a practising breaker and goes by the name of 'Raygun'. She was the Australian Breaking Association top ranked bgirl in 2020 and 2021, and represented Australia at the World Breaking Championships in Paris in 2021, in Seoul in 2022, and in Leuven (Belgium) in 2023. She won the Oceania Breaking Championships in 2023.

Gunn's biography further revealed that she is a member of the Macquarie University Performance and Expertise Reasearch Centre, and has a range of teaching experience at undergraduate and postgraduate levels "across the areas of media, creative industries, music, dance, cultural studies, and work-integrated learning." 

Moreover, it informed her research interests included, "Breaking, street dance, and hip-hop culture; youth cultures/scenes; constructions of the dancing body; politics of gender and gender performance; ethnography; the methodological dynamics between theory and practice."

Gunn earned her Ph.D. from the Department of Media, Music, Communications, and Cultural Studies within the Faculty of Arts at Macquarie University. Below, you can find the abstract of her paper, shared by the official website of Macquarie University:

This thesis critically interrogates how masculinist practices of breakdancing offers a site for the transgression of gendered norms. Drawing on my own experiences as a female within the male-dominated breakdancing scene in Sydney, first as a spectator, then as an active crew member, this thesis questions why so few female participants engage in this creative space, and how breakdancing might be the space to displace and deterritorialise gender. I use analytic autoetthnography and interviews with scene members in collaboration with theoretical frameworks offered by Deleuze and Guttari, Butler, Bourdieu and other feminist and post-structuralist philosophers, to critically examine how the capacities of bodies are constituted and shaped in Sydney's breakdancing scene, and to also locate the potentiality for moments of transgression. In other words, I conceptualize the breaking body as not a 'body' constituted through regulations and assumptions, but as an assemblage open to new rhizomatic connections. Breaking is a space that embraces difference, whereby the rituals of the dance not only augment its capacity to deterritorialize the body, but also facilitate new possibilities for performativities beyond the confines of dominant modes of thought and normative gender construction. Consequently, this thesis attempts to contribute to what I perceive as a significant gap in scholarship on hip-hop, breakdancing, and autoethnographic explorations of Deleuze-Guattarian theory.

In a response to online criticism of her Olympics performance, Gunn wrote on her Instagram profile: "Don't be afraid to be different, go out there and represent yourself, you never know where that's gonna take you":

We have recently investigated other 2024 Paris Olympics' -related rumors, such as:

• Lifeguards Are Present at Olympic Swimming Competitions?
• Hobby Lobby Pulled $50M in Ads from 2024 Paris Olympics?
• 2024 Paris Olympics Are 'Lowest-Rated' Games in Modern History?

Gunn, Rachael Louise. Deterritorializing Gender in Sydney's Breakdancing Scene: A B-Girl's Experience of B-Boying. 2022. Macquarie University, thesis. figshare.mq.edu.au, https://doi.org/10.25949/19433291.v1.

---. Deterritorializing Gender in Sydney's Breakdancing Scene: A B-Girl's Experience of B-Boying. 2022. Macquarie University, thesis. figshare.mq.edu.au, https://doi.org/10.25949/19433291.v1.

Ibrahim, Nur. "Lifeguards Are Present at Olympic Swimming Competitions?" Snopes, 8 Aug. 2024, https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/lifeguards-paris-olympics-swimming/.

"Olympic Breaking: Criticism of Viral Breakdancer Rachael Gunn - Raygun - Condemned by Australia Team." BBC Sport, 10 Aug. 2024, https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/articles/c2dgxp5n3rlo.

ORCID. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-4021. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

Paris 2024. https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/-raygun_1940107. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

Saunders, Grant Leigh, and Rachael Gunn. "Australia." Global Hip Hop Studies, vol. 3, no. 1–2, Dec. 2023, pp. 23–32. Macquarie University, https://doi.org/10.1386/ghhs_00060_1.

Wazer, Caroline. "2024 Paris Olympics Are 'Lowest-Rated' Games in Modern History?" Snopes, 1 Aug. 2024, https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/paris-olympics-lowest-rated-games/.

---. "Hobby Lobby Pulled $50M in Ads from 2024 Paris Olympics?" Snopes, 8 Aug. 2024, https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/olympics-hobby-lobby-ads/.

By Aleksandra Wrona

Aleksandra Wrona is a reporting fellow for Snopes, based in the Warsaw, Poland, area.

Article Tags

'QUEEEEEN': Raygun of Olympics breakdancing fame spotted busting moves, gains fan in Adele

Rachael gunn, also known as raygun, was spotted breakdancing in front of cheering fans on the heels of the 36-year-old's newfound fame stemming from her performance at the 2024 paris games.

Rachael Gunn , also known by her breakdancing name Raygun, went viral during the 2024 Paris Olympic Games , but the Australian is garnering even more attention after she was recently filmed busting a move or two in front of adulating fans.

Gunn is a 36-year-old university lecturer from Sydney who made waves with her performance at Place de la Concorde during the Paris Games' breakdancing competition. Many people online, and even Grammy-winning singer Adele, poked fun at Gunn's unique moves.

"I think it's the best thing that's happened in the Olympics the entire time," the British singer said about Gunn's dancing while on stage during a concert in Munich, Germany. "Did anyone see the breakdancing lady? Now I didn't even know that breakdancing was an Olympic sport these days. I think that's (expletive) fantastic."

Watch: Adele praises breakdancer Raygun during concert

Adele continued to say that she and her friends had been "laughing" for "nearly 24 hours" about Gunn's dancing, but she said it made her "very very happy."

Despite the jokes, Gunn continues to embrace the spotlight and some lucky fans even got a chance to see her breakdance in person. TikTok user @jeanmitchell posted a video of Gunn dancing in the street as fans surrounded her and yelled after each move. The caption was: "(Expletive) QUEEEEN"

@jeanmitchell_ FKN QUEEEEEN #RAYGUN #breaking #breakdancing #paris2024 ♬ original sound - Jeanos

How did Raygun do at the Paris Olympics?

Although Gunn is gaining fans, the Olympic judges were anything but as they didn't give the "B-girl" a single point throughout the competition. She was defeated by USA’s Logistx, France’s Syssy and Lithuania’s Nicka, losing 18-0 on each occasion.

Gunn, who wrote her PhD thesis on the intersection of gender and Sydney’s breaking culture, also repped Australia at the world championships in 2021 and 2022 before earning a spot at the Olympics through the Oceania championships in 2023, CNN reported.

"In 2023, many of my students didn’t believe me when I told them I was training to qualify for the Olympics and were shocked when they checked Google and saw that I qualified,”  Gunn told CNBC earlier this month .

While most of the 32 B-boys and B-girls at the Paris Games had been breakdance battling since they were young, Gunn did not participate in her first battle until 2012.

“All my moves are original,” Raygun told CNN after competing in Paris. “Creativity is really important to me. I go out there and I show my artistry. Sometimes, it speaks to the judges, and sometimes, it doesn’t. I do my thing and it represents art. That is what it is about.”

Movie Reviews

Tv/streaming, collections, chaz's journal, great movies, contributors, hollywood black.

The tricky part with a docuseries like “Hollywood Black,” particularly if you have a deep reservoir of knowledge about its chosen subject, is realizing that it’ll probably never be as comprehensive as you’d like. After all, the four-part series directed by Justin Simien (“ Dear White People ”), adapted from the same-titled book by film historian Donald Bogle, is slated to premiere on MGM+—which isn’t really a historically minded network or streamer like TCM or Criterion Channel. Recalibrating one’s expectation, in that regard, is crucial.

And yet, a documentary series can’t be judged on intention alone. Simien assembles an impressive roster of talking heads (academics, stars, directors, and producers) to talk about the history of Hollywood from a Black perspective. His thesis is sound—Black people are imperative to Hollywood’s existence—and the joy he injects into the subject is pure. But it never feels like there’s quite enough substance to match his enthusiasm.    

The abbreviated length of “Hollywood Black” often betrays its noble desires. Take, for instance, the first hour, which attempts to cram over sixty years of Black cinematic history into less than an hour. As such, the chronology of early Black filmmaking is simplified into a neater timeline. A pioneer like Nina Mae McKinney isn’t mentioned, while Josephine Baker only receives a passing nod (the docuseries instead turns its focus to Fredi Washington, an equally imperative figure). At one point, Issa Rae claims that no other Black director was producing and directing films except Oscar Micheaux. The broad statement ignores creators like Richard D. Maurice and brothers Noble and George Johnson .

There is an early tension to the first episode. While scholars like Racquel Gates, Jacqueline Stewart, and Bogle are providing in-depth context, the celebrity talking heads, who, armed with some basic historical grounding, reduce the past to broad, generic observations That tension is emblematic of Simien trying to balance the research component of the docuseries and the approachability, with the latter party decided by spotlighting the celebrity participants. 

While the docuseries includes plenty of Black women directors as talking heads: Ava DuVernay , Gina Prince-Bythewood , Cheryl Dunye, Melina Matsoukas , Lena Waithe , and more—the actual screen time directed at films by Black women is hardly sufficient. How does one make a documentary about Black filmmakers and not include Kathleen Collins? Outside of “The Watermelon Woman” and “ Daughters of the Dust ,” when the series talks about Black women directors, it’s those who mostly operate in Hollywood. While that decision is understandable, to a point, after all, the series is called “Hollywood Black,” it does erase core pieces of Black cinematic history. Barely any contemporary Black women directors are included—the same with creatives like Ayoka Chenzira, Cauleen Smith, Zeinabu irene Davis, and more. 

Once again, Simien only had so much time, and aiming for comprehensiveness is almost a fool’s errand. And yet, what is cut to conserve time is nevertheless telling. Ultimately, “Hollywood Black” is a history lesson told from a male perspective with only a few diversions to Black women’s contributions.  

There is enough missing from “Hollywood Black” that it very nearly blinds one to the wealth of history that is present. Very few mainstream documentaries, for instance, have tried to provide context to Blackface and the practice of minstrelsy. The genius of Bert Williams is noticed. The little-known, unreleased silent feature “Lime Kiln Field Day” (1913), starring Williams, is placed in its proper context as the oldest surviving Black-cast feature (it’s presently streaming on Criterion Channel ). Charles Lane , the director of “ Sidewalk Stories ,” is also spotlighted. And while it’s heartening to see Bill Greaves’ boundary-pushing mockumentary “Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One” talked about, the conversation between Simien and DuVernay, where the former gives their own odd interpretation of Greaves’ film can be painful to watch, if only because the critique provided doesn’t appear well-considered.  

That doesn’t mean Simien’s first-person perspective isn’t worthwhile. The series is especially strong when he talks about the impact “ The Wiz ” had on him. As Simien stares up at the footage of the still-underrated Blaxploitation musical, there is a palpable joy to the proceedings. It’s clear Simien wants the series to be a celebration of Black creativity—hence cutting Bill Cosby ’s presence in Black Hollywood’s history by uplifting the importance of Richard Pryor and also remaining deferential to Tyler Perry ’s achievements—and his side steps keep him out of relative trouble, so to speak. 

Still, I wish there was more in this film about the how versus what of cinema. When Ernest Dickerson talks about how the lighting of Black skin has changed over the years, it’s incisive and stimulating. But Simien, unfortunately, doesn’t dig that deep into the craft. Rather, he sticks to the broad beats of what these steps forward to progress mean. It’s worth noting that the craft in Simien’s own series slips. Simien critiques how Hollywood co-opted Blaxploitation only to cut to Rudy Ray Moore (an independent filmmaker). At another point, he makes a broad point about films during the late-70s but cuts to “Black Belt Jones” (released in 1974). These mistakes are compounded by the fact that in charting the rise of Blaxploitation, he skips over Ossie Davis ’ “Cotton Comes to Harlem,” the film that kicked it all off. 

Many of these grievances come with the knowledge that many people watching “Hollywood Black” will not be looking for deep-cut references or notice the many confusing nips and tucks used to tailor the history. This is a series meant to serve as an entry point. You just hope it primes enough people’s curiosity to look for more. In that regard, “Hollywood Black” might be moderately successful.    

Whole season screened for review.

Robert Daniels

Robert Daniels is an Associate Editor at RogerEbert.com. Based in Chicago, he is a member of the Chicago Film Critics Association (CFCA) and Critics Choice Association (CCA) and regularly contributes to the  New York Times ,  IndieWire , and  Screen Daily . He has covered film festivals ranging from Cannes to Sundance to Toronto. He has also written for the Criterion Collection, the  Los Angeles Times , and  Rolling Stone  about Black American pop culture and issues of representation.

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Lotus Bakeries: Great H1 Results With Lots Of Reinvestment Opportunities

• Lotus Bakeries has outperformed the S&P 500 with a 9.99% return compared to the index's 5.26% over the past 4 months, despite the high multiple.
• The company's earnings review shows strong operational leverage, sales growth, and expansion into new markets like India.
• Lotus Bakeries forms a strategic partnership with Mondelēz International to expand its presence in India and create co-branded products.

Waqar Hussain

It has been almost 4 months since the last time I wrote about Lotus Bakeries ( OTCPK:LOTBY ), and several things have happened since then that deserve mention or an update. The company's performance since then, despite trading at 50X PER, has surpassed that of the S&P 500, specifically a 9.99% return compared to the index's 5.26% over the same period. In this article, I will cover all the important news and some new reflections I've had over these past months.

Source: Seeking Alpha

Thesis Review

If we recall what I wrote in my previous article, Lotus aims to become the third most-sold cookie in the world, behind Chips Ahoy and Oreo. To achieve this, the company had a clear strategy based on several pillars: alternative products, partnerships with other brands or franchises, and more. All of this is managed conservatively by the founding family, focused on reinvesting in the business with a long-term perspective, maintaining a healthy balance sheet, and achieving high growth rates, especially considering the simplicity of the business.

In addition to all this, we found many similarities with the functional beverage company, Celsius Holdings (NASDAQ: CELH ). Both are attempting to become the third major player in their industry, be associated with more uses and consumption occasions, form partnerships with restaurants, expand internationally, and create consumption habits among their customers or be linked to special moments, all to increase product value and reduce potential discretionary consumption. This is one of the most important aspects for any consumer staples brand—trying to associate your product with a higher purpose, such as exercising, studying, leading a healthy lifestyle, or gathering with friends during special moments. And this is something Lotus also seems to be achieving successfully.

Earnings Review

On August 9th, Lotus presented incredible H1 results that caused the stock to rise nearly 10% in a single day. There are many positive points to highlight from these results, which continue to confirm the thesis we previously established about the company.

To begin with, the company seems to demonstrate operational leverage, despite being a business that owns its own factories, which doesn't make it particularly capital-light. As we recall, Lotus is currently in an expansive CAPEX cycle until 2026 (about 13%-14% of sales), but the maintenance CAPEX is only around 2% of sales, so we can use this to calculate a normalized FCF for the future.

Looking back at their income statement, we see that sales have increased at a very healthy and somewhat surprising growth rate of 19.6%, while EBITDA has grown at a rate of 20.9%, and Net Income at 21.8%. There are several explanations behind this operational leverage and the subsequent improvement in margins in this part of their web.

Source: Half Year Results Presentation Slide 7

The management explained some of the reasons that have helped improve their margins:

"With the exception of chocolate, the input and production costs for raw materials, packaging, co-manufacturing, utilities and labour have, on an aggregated level, stabilised year-over-year."

"The increased production capacity was made available by gearing up towards full and continuous production and shift regimes, increased productivity on prior years’ production line start-ups and the commissioning of a new production line in the plant in Mebane (US)." Half-Year Lotus press release.

Another major positive point that demonstrates the strong traction of the brand and its products is that the sales growth has come in the form of a 16% increase in volume and only a 3% increase in price, similar to Celsius. This contrasts with more mature brands like Hershey or Pepsi, which are experiencing negative volumes.

The company continues to penetrate all the markets where it is present and has entered some new ones, such as Australia, Canada, and especially India, which we will discuss later. It is also continuously improving its product portfolio, which is crucial for enhancing cross-selling opportunities. As I mentioned in the previous analysis, these products are generally complementary rather than substitutes—for example, Lotus cookies and Lotus spread. Although, a new product that excites me especially is the new TREK Power Biscoff bar.

TREK Power Biscoff bar.

"The step-up in volume of Biscoff cookies, Biscoff sandwich cookies and Biscoff spread over the past 12 months was possible through increased production capacity made available by gradually gearing up towards full continuous production and shift regimes, by improved productivity and by the commissioning of a new production line in the plant in Mebane (US)." Half-Year Lotus press release.

On the other hand, the company's reinvestment capacity remains intact, and they expect to increase the CAPEX for the next two years to a total of $275 million, compared to the previously stipulated $200 million.

"In the meantime, the greenfield project in Thailand is progressing according to plan and remains on track to go live with commercial production in the first half of 2026 at the latest." Half-Year Lotus press release.

Source: Half Year Results Presentation Slide 9

And all these investments are being financed almost entirely by the cash generated by the company. This helps it to be managed conservatively, and despite being a company that could be considered capital-intensive (at least for the moment), it maintains very healthy net debt/EBITDA ratios. Currently, it's at 0.7X. This vertical integration is one of the aspects that most differentiate it from Celsius (aside from the market it operates in or the ownership structure).

A Master Movement Association

On June 13th, Lotus and Mondelez announced what I consider to be a masterstroke for the small cookie company, similar to what Celsius did with Pepsi in North America.

"Mondelēz International (NASDAQ: MDLZ ) and Lotus Bakeries Join Forces to Expand the Biscoff® Brand in India and Create Co-Branded Chocolate Innovations in Key Markets

• Mondelēz will manufacture, market, distribute, and sell the Lotus Biscoff® brand in India, significantly expanding its presence in the Indian cookie market. • The companies will develop co-branded chocolate innovations combining Biscoff® with Cadbury, Milka, and other key brands in Europe, with the option to expand globally.

The first co-branded products are expected to launch in early 2025, with Cadbury and Biscoff® in the United Kingdom, as well as Milka and Biscoff® in Europe." Partnership Press Release.

And why do I consider this a masterstroke?

India is one of the largest producers and per capita consumers of tea in the world. Just as Celsius initially targeted its audience within gyms, Lotus is doing the same by penetrating the tea and coffee consumer market. This approach helps to establish consumption habits, brand awareness, and market penetration in new locations.

Furthermore, they are doing this with the help of the largest chocolate and cookie manufacturer in the world, which alleviates concerns about production and logistics. Additionally, it creates new opportunities for reinvestment in the business through marketing and R&D expenditures on the income statement. Let's not forget that Lotus’s reinvestment rate between CAPEX and OPEX was nearly 90%, with ROICs of 16%. Additionally, it will benefit from Mondelēz's own marketing efforts, as well as its distribution network across many establishments in the country.

The company's market share in India relative to its sales is only 0.5%, so the Total Addressable Market and growth opportunities are enormous.

An important aspect is the preservation of the brand: "Lotus Bakeries is providing Mondelēz India with a licence to manufacture, market and sell Biscoff cookies in India but retains control over the Biscoff branding, the product taste and texture, product specifications and quality and most importantly the confidentiality of the recipe.

For the entire licence scope, Lotus Bakeries retains ownership of the brand identity and Biscoff’s global brand guidelines, both present and future, will be adhered to." Half-Year Lotus press release.

Overall, my valuation has barely changed, although I am updating my normalized estimated FCF for 2024 to $129 million. Using an inverse DCF with these assumptions: an 8% internal rate of return and a 4% terminal growth rate, Lotus would need to grow at a rate of 16% annually to justify its current price and achieve an 8% return. It's worth noting that these assumptions are quite aggressive, but I have already provided my reasons for using them in the previous article.

"The reason for using these figures is because I believe Lotus's greatest risk comes from internal execution failure, and given that it's a family-owned company with almost 100 years of history, I see this as unlikely, hence the high TGR. Additionally, it's a sector without technological disruption, and it's clearly gaining market share from its direct competitors, so despite these assumptions being somewhat aggressive, they seem fair to me. FCF growth is derived by multiplying ROIC by the reinvestment rate explained earlier."

I believe that while the growth rate is demanding, it is not impossible. Therefore, despite the high multiple, the company may be fairly valued. That is why I continue to rate Lotus as a hold.

Source: Author's representation

There are no new risks for the company beyond those mentioned in the previous article.

Overall, the results are very strong for a company that continues to execute exceptionally well, with a high terminal value, operational leverage, a conservative balance sheet, and good profitability with reinvestment capacity. All of this contributes to the company trading at a 60X PER, undoubtedly a very demanding multiple, but one that reflects not only good growth but also all the qualitative factors mentioned in both articles.

Editor's Note: This article discusses one or more securities that do not trade on a major U.S. exchange. Please be aware of the risks associated with these stocks.

This article was written by

Analyst’s Disclosure: I/we have no stock, option or similar derivative position in any of the companies mentioned, and no plans to initiate any such positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

Seeking Alpha's Disclosure: Past performance is no guarantee of future results. No recommendation or advice is being given as to whether any investment is suitable for a particular investor. Any views or opinions expressed above may not reflect those of Seeking Alpha as a whole. Seeking Alpha is not a licensed securities dealer, broker or US investment adviser or investment bank. Our analysts are third party authors that include both professional investors and individual investors who may not be licensed or certified by any institute or regulatory body.

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