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GIELE: METHODS OF LIFE (P) COURSE RESEARCH: QUALITATIVE ANDQUANTITATIVE APPROACHES: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches 1st Edition

What are the most effective methods for doing life-course research? In this volume, the field′s founders and leaders answer this question, giving readers tips on: the art and method of the appropriate research design; the collection of life-history data; and the search for meaningful patterns to be found in the results.

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• Publication date March 19, 1998
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Methods of Life Course Research

• First Online: 01 February 2019

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• George P. Moschis 2  

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Researchers who employ the life course paradigm to investigate various phenomena can use both positivistic methodologies, which are grounded in the assumption of causal relations, as well as humanistic approaches capable of helping enrich their understanding of various phenomena (Giele and Elder 1998a; Shanahan et al. 2016). Several techniques of data analysis, both quantitative and qualitative, can be used to investigate consumption-related issues within the life course paradigm (for a review of life course methods, see Giele and Elder 1998a; Mortimer and Shanahan 2003; Shanahan et al. 2016). This chapter presents research designs appropriate for life course research and explains the main methods of analysis. It gives illustrations of recently emerged quantitative methods, with special emphasis on event history analysis, and several qualitative or humanistic (interpretive) methods. Also, this chapter provides information on limitations and potential applications of analytic methods that are yet to be widely used in life course studies. Additional illustrations of applications of life course methods are shown in later chapters.

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Moschis, G.P. (2019). Methods of Life Course Research. In: Consumer Behavior over the Life Course. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05008-5_6

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Methods of life course research : qualitative and quantitative approaches

• J. Giele , G. Elder
• Published 1998
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Methods of Life Course Research Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

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What are the most effective methods for doing life course research? The field's founders and leaders answer this question, giving readers tips on: the art and method of the appropriate research design; the collection of life-history data; and the search for meaningful patterns to be found in the results.

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• About the Authors. Preface. Introduction.
• CHAPTER 1: UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH. The Research Process. Types of Research. Research Proposals. Research Ethics. Getting Acquainted with SPSS. Summary. Key Terms.
• CHAPTER 2: THE WHO, HOW, AND WHY OF RESEARCH. Who: Selecting a Sample. How: Selecting a Research Strategy. Why: Doing Research That Makes a Difference. Summary. Key Terms.
• CHAPTER 3: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: MEASUREMENT AND DATA COLLECTION. Measurement: Turning Abstractions into Variables. Characteristics of Good Measures. Collecting Data. Summary. Key Terms.
• CHAPTER 4: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: DESCRIPTIVE AND CORRELATIONAL DESIGNS. Basic Concepts. Causation and Prediction. Data Gathering. Data Analysis. Summary. Key Terms.
• CHAPTER 5: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: BASIC EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS. Experimental Validity. Types of Variables. Characteristics of Experiments. Types of Experimental Designs. Data Analysis. Summary. Key Terms.
• CHAPTER 6: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: ADVANCED EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS. Basic Concepts. Repeated-Measures Designs. Complex Designs. Quasi-Experimental Designs. Data Analysis. Summary. Key Terms.
• CHAPTER 7: WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH? Telling a Story ... Qualitatively. Two Worldviews on Research: Reality and Knowledge. Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Critique of Quantitative Research. Crisis of Representation. Summary. Key Terms.
• CHAPTER 8: PLANNING YOUR QUALITATIVE STUDY: DESIGN, SAMPLING, AND DATA ANALYSIS. Designing Qualitative Research. Summary. Key Terms.
• CHAPTER 9: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS: ETHNOGRAPHY, PHENOMENOLOGY, CASE STUDY, TEXTUAL ANALYSIS, AND APPLIED RESEARCH. Ethnography. Phenomenology. Case Study. Textual Analysis. Applied Research Methods: Action and Evaluation Research. Summary. Key Terms.
• CHAPTER 10: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TOOLS: INTERVIEWING, FOCUS GROUPS, AND OBSERVATION. The First Tool: Defi ning the Context. Qualitative Research Tools: How to Collect Data. Summary. Key Terms.
• CHAPTER 11: PRESENTING YOUR RESEARCH FINDINGS. Presenting Your Research with a Poster. Presenting Your Research in an Oral Presentation. Presenting Your Research in a Paper. Reducing Bias in Research Reporting. Summary. Key Terms. References. Appendix A: A Sample Manuscript from a Quantitative Study. Appendix B: A Sample Manuscript from a Qualitative Study. Glossary. Index.
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Exploring the influence of contextual factors and the caregiving process on caregiver burden and quality of life outcomes of heart failure (hf) dyads after a hospital discharge: a mixed-methods study.

1. Introduction

3.1. design, 3.2. ethics approval, 3.3. sample, 3.4. recruitment, enrollment, and data collection, 3.5. individual and family self-management theory (ifsmt), 3.6. dyad (patient and caregiver) measures, 3.7. measures for caregiver only, 3.8. measures for hf patient only, 3.9. data analysis, 4.1. demographic analysis, 4.1.1. social isolation.

The following quote from one of the caregivers illustrates COVID-19 social isolation: “ My social life has been a struggle with family and friends because of COVID. I want to keep him safe without the risk, so I keep company at a minimum and require everyone to wear a mask and be vaccinated to enter the house .”

4.1.2. Fear

“ His last hospital stay really scared me, and I was not really sure or got an answer about his prognosis .”

4.1.3. Patient Dependence upon Caregivers

An example quotes one of the caregivers: “ I am the only one that is even available. My first career was as a CNA, and I took care of his sister before she died. Both sets of parents passed away, and honestly, I am the only one. He would do it for me. We have been married for 25 years .”

4.1.4. Patient Expectations

An example quotes one of the caregivers: “ Yes. He defers to me even though he enjoys some of the tasks with other family or friends, such as going to Menards. I think he would enjoy these much better if he went with his friends or male relatives, but he wants me to go in case something happens .”

4.1.5. Financial Strain

A quote from one of the caregivers illustrates perceived financial strain and potential burden: “ Yes, she has not worked since 2016 and she has been in the hospital with so many visit(s) and now they have thrown around working her up for heart transplant and I am concerned with the cost of the surgery, hospital and post-transplant medications what our out of pocket and monthly costs are for us as I am the only income and we have a son still at home .”

5. Discussion

5.1. caregiving process, dyad congruence, 5.2. contextual factors, 5.3. limitations, 6. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest, appendix a. the zarit burden interview.

• 2: sometimes
• 3: quite frequently
• 4: nearly always

• 0–21: little or no burden.
• 21–40: mild to moderate burden.
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Oliver, T.L.; Hetland, B.; Schmaderer, M.; Zolty, R.; Wichman, C.; Pozehl, B. Exploring the Influence of Contextual Factors and the Caregiving Process on Caregiver Burden and Quality of Life Outcomes of Heart Failure (HF) Dyads after a Hospital Discharge: A Mixed-Methods Study. J. Clin. Med. 2024 , 13 , 4797. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164797

Oliver TL, Hetland B, Schmaderer M, Zolty R, Wichman C, Pozehl B. Exploring the Influence of Contextual Factors and the Caregiving Process on Caregiver Burden and Quality of Life Outcomes of Heart Failure (HF) Dyads after a Hospital Discharge: A Mixed-Methods Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine . 2024; 13(16):4797. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164797

Oliver, Tamara L., Breanna Hetland, Myra Schmaderer, Ronald Zolty, Christopher Wichman, and Bunny Pozehl. 2024. "Exploring the Influence of Contextual Factors and the Caregiving Process on Caregiver Burden and Quality of Life Outcomes of Heart Failure (HF) Dyads after a Hospital Discharge: A Mixed-Methods Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4797. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164797

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