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academic essay writing cambridge

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Are you happy with your essay writing style? Could you improve your coursework marks?

Check out these quick tips for essay writing from Cambridge University's English department.

Remember that teachers’ expectations vary as to what constitutes a good essay and how it should be presented – these are our guidelines, but if in doubt, ask your teacher’s advice!













   
 

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Cjbs database guide: academic writing.

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In this Guide...

Brushing up, it's time to write that essay, notes on academic writing (or what we would like to have seen more of in the past…), camguides - check it out.

CamGuides is a free online resource for all Master's students, designed as an introduction to some of the academic, digital and research practices that you will engage in at the University. It encourages you to think about ways you can prepare for your degree: camguides.lib.cam.ac.uk

CamGuides for Graduate Students

Writing an essay can be daunting especially if you have been out of academia for a while. You will be expected to read widely in your field which will help you grow accustomed to academic writing. In this section, you will find advice on how to critically engage with the required reading and structure your essays.

Desk with computer, notebook, and coffee.

This section was put together by the program teams for EMBAs,  MSt in Entrepreneurship, and MSt in Social Innovation.

Other resources that are available:

  • Cambridge's MML has put together a dissertation toolkit
  • The Language Centre has some helpful guidance  on writing an essay
  • There are a number of resources in Sage Research Methods  (Ensure that you are logged in to gain access then search for writing)
  • How to write a thesis by Umberto Eco (ebook)
  • The handbook of academic writing by Rowena Murray and Sarah Moore

There are a number of elements that are considered in the evaluation of submitted work:

Critical Engagement with the Appropriate Literature

You are expected to show a clear understanding of the relevant concepts in the academic literature. In so doing, it is essential to appraise different viewpoints critically, and you should therefore rely on multiple sources to construct your arguments. The sources that you use may come from the suggested readings in the course material, but it is strongly recommended that you look beyond these and engage with a broader range of academic material. The Information and Library Services team will provide guidance on how to use the main academic databases during your first week in Cambridge, but you can also contact them for support at other times of the year.  

Please note that it is not the quantity of references that matters, but rather the quality of the author’s engagement with them. Moreover, your essays should not be purely theoretical: the best essays address major theoretical issues in order to situate the core arguments, while at the same time drawing upon specific cases or examples to illustrate the theoretical points being made. These cases or examples could come from non-academic reading (e.g., articles written in practitioner publications, blogs, or web sites) or from your own experiences.

Coherence of the Essay's Argument

Successful essays are clearly structured and convey the chosen line of argument persuasively. You should think carefully about how best to structure your essay during the planning stage. While there is no single ‘best’ structure, it might be helpful as a general guide to think about your essay as comprising the following elements:

1. An introduction in which you: outline the issues that you will cover in the essay; explain your specific focus and line of argument; show how your argument links to the essay question; ‘hook’ the reader – i.e. grab his/her attention – by presenting an interesting or counter-intuitive theoretical puzzle or empirical example.

2. A main body in which you: develop a central line of argument or set of related arguments; tightly linked by a clear ‘thread’ that ties them together; with careful links between i) each paragraph and ii) each subsection so that the argument is easy for the reader to follow; supported by evidence from the academic literature; and illustrated by short examples.

3. A conclusion in which you: recap on the main ideas that you presented in the main body, linking them explicitly to the essay question; explain i) how these ideas are similar or different from what others have said, and ii) why they important, significant and interesting; and (if space permits) address some of the limitations of your arguments and/or suggestions for future lines of inquiry related to the topic.

As a rule of thumb, the introduction and conclusion sections should each account for about 10-15% of the essay and the main body should account for the remaining 70-80%.

Styles of writing and argumentation can vary depending on the author and the nature of the assignment. You may prefer to take an analytical approach in which you critique different ways of addressing the question in order to reveal its complexity; an argumentative approach in which you articulate and defend a particular line of reasoning; or some combination of both. Regardless of how you approach the topic, it is critical that you develop an argument that answers the essay question and that you support it with appropriate evidence.

Directly Addressing the Essay Question

Framing the essay question in a broader context and showing familiarity with relevant academic and non-academic debates is certainly a key element of writing a strong essay. However, a common problem in essay writing is a failure to consider carefully enough the meaning of the essay question itself. In order to avoid this pitfall, it can be very useful to invest time in thinking through the core concepts and ideas that the question contains, and more broadly reflecting upon what is being asked of you, before you start writing. If, after doing so, you remain unsure about the meaning of the question, you should approach a member of the course team for guidance.

Creativity and Originality

Essays should demonstrate not only knowledge and understanding of the appropriate literature, but also clear evidence of independent thought and a critical approach to the subject matter. In other words, it is important that you do not simply regurgitate the assigned readings, but rather develop your own ideas about the topic. While these ideas should of course respond to the appropriate academic literature and be supported by evidence, the strongest essays will clearly demonstrate the author’s ability to think critically about the topic and existing literature, as well as originality and flair in how the arguments are presented. In other words, ‘your voice’ should be clear and strong in what you write.

Presentation

It is not possible for the course team to review or comment upon drafts prior to submission, but they can provide informal feedback on your ideas. The teaching team is available to offer guidance and feedback on your ideas at the planning stage of your essay.

  • Successful academic writing uses theoretical insights (concepts, approaches, arguments) to shed light on empirical material (examples extracted from real cases).
  • Established literature is not Gospel: it is possible to criticise scholars in the fields, juxtapose different viewpoints from one another, emphasise positive and negative aspects of several approaches, or come up with alternative arguments.
  • However, relevant theories need to be understood in their complexity. It is generally a good idea to go back to the original sources rather than just use the summaries provided by other books.
  • Applying theories to real life can be an exciting endeavour: it means interpreting facts through the lenses of insightful, sometimes provocative perspectives. Yet our essay questions often specifically ask you to apply one or more theoretical frameworks to very specific cases/areas. Never lose sight of what is required from you: not simply to discuss relevant theory, but to use it for specific purposes.
  • Ideas and intuitions, however promising, need to be fully developed. Ideally, you want to announce your key arguments and points already in the introduction/first part of your essay and carefully unveil them throughout your writing. Also, make also sure you are preventing possible critiques and assessing problems in their multiple aspects.
  • Sometimes, academic writing feels like a solitary enterprise. However, when writing, you are actually engaging with multiple people: the authors you are reading, those you agree and disagree with, and other important voices in the field. Bear this in mind and try to assess how different theorists may look at a question and follow up providing your own critical opinion.
  • In all fields, there are at least a few seminal scholars. Again, this does not force you to agree with all their propositions. However, neglecting to mention them might cost you a couple of points in your final mark! At the same time, do not just deal with the classics: if all your references are relatively outdated you might need to complement them with insights from more contemporary approaches.
  • Markers are looking for original contributions, which build on existing theories. Referencing correctly is essential, but you should also avoid very long quotes as well as simply paraphrasing others’ opinions.
  • Balance between theory and empirical discussion (the examples you use to illustrate your points) is key. Make sure you bring in cases that are relevant, interesting and thoroughly analysed. Be careful, though: examples should be used to prove points and theories to make sense of real life outcomes. Neither makes sense on its own.
  • Organisation and structure are important. A good essay should be as clear, coherent and readable as possible. Make sure you use appropriate language, but do not exceed in complexity. And always, always proofread before submitting.
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Essay and dissertation writing skills

Planning your essay

Writing your introduction

Structuring your essay

  • Writing essays in science subjects
  • Brief video guides to support essay planning and writing
  • Writing extended essays and dissertations
  • Planning your dissertation writing time

Structuring your dissertation

  • Top tips for writing longer pieces of work

Advice on planning and writing essays and dissertations

University essays differ from school essays in that they are less concerned with what you know and more concerned with how you construct an argument to answer the question. This means that the starting point for writing a strong essay is to first unpick the question and to then use this to plan your essay before you start putting pen to paper (or finger to keyboard).

A really good starting point for you are these short, downloadable Tips for Successful Essay Writing and Answering the Question resources. Both resources will help you to plan your essay, as well as giving you guidance on how to distinguish between different sorts of essay questions. 

You may find it helpful to watch this seven-minute video on six tips for essay writing which outlines how to interpret essay questions, as well as giving advice on planning and structuring your writing:

Different disciplines will have different expectations for essay structure and you should always refer to your Faculty or Department student handbook or course Canvas site for more specific guidance.

However, broadly speaking, all essays share the following features:

Essays need an introduction to establish and focus the parameters of the discussion that will follow. You may find it helpful to divide the introduction into areas to demonstrate your breadth and engagement with the essay question. You might define specific terms in the introduction to show your engagement with the essay question; for example, ‘This is a large topic which has been variously discussed by many scientists and commentators. The principal tension is between the views of X and Y who define the main issues as…’ Breadth might be demonstrated by showing the range of viewpoints from which the essay question could be considered; for example, ‘A variety of factors including economic, social and political, influence A and B. This essay will focus on the social and economic aspects, with particular emphasis on…..’

Watch this two-minute video to learn more about how to plan and structure an introduction:

The main body of the essay should elaborate on the issues raised in the introduction and develop an argument(s) that answers the question. It should consist of a number of self-contained paragraphs each of which makes a specific point and provides some form of evidence to support the argument being made. Remember that a clear argument requires that each paragraph explicitly relates back to the essay question or the developing argument.

  • Conclusion: An essay should end with a conclusion that reiterates the argument in light of the evidence you have provided; you shouldn’t use the conclusion to introduce new information.
  • References: You need to include references to the materials you’ve used to write your essay. These might be in the form of footnotes, in-text citations, or a bibliography at the end. Different systems exist for citing references and different disciplines will use various approaches to citation. Ask your tutor which method(s) you should be using for your essay and also consult your Department or Faculty webpages for specific guidance in your discipline. 

Essay writing in science subjects

If you are writing an essay for a science subject you may need to consider additional areas, such as how to present data or diagrams. This five-minute video gives you some advice on how to approach your reading list, planning which information to include in your answer and how to write for your scientific audience – the video is available here:

A PDF providing further guidance on writing science essays for tutorials is available to download.

Short videos to support your essay writing skills

There are many other resources at Oxford that can help support your essay writing skills and if you are short on time, the Oxford Study Skills Centre has produced a number of short (2-minute) videos covering different aspects of essay writing, including:

  • Approaching different types of essay questions  
  • Structuring your essay  
  • Writing an introduction  
  • Making use of evidence in your essay writing  
  • Writing your conclusion

Extended essays and dissertations

Longer pieces of writing like extended essays and dissertations may seem like quite a challenge from your regular essay writing. The important point is to start with a plan and to focus on what the question is asking. A PDF providing further guidance on planning Humanities and Social Science dissertations is available to download.

Planning your time effectively

Try not to leave the writing until close to your deadline, instead start as soon as you have some ideas to put down onto paper. Your early drafts may never end up in the final work, but the work of committing your ideas to paper helps to formulate not only your ideas, but the method of structuring your writing to read well and conclude firmly.

Although many students and tutors will say that the introduction is often written last, it is a good idea to begin to think about what will go into it early on. For example, the first draft of your introduction should set out your argument, the information you have, and your methods, and it should give a structure to the chapters and sections you will write. Your introduction will probably change as time goes on but it will stand as a guide to your entire extended essay or dissertation and it will help you to keep focused.

The structure of  extended essays or dissertations will vary depending on the question and discipline, but may include some or all of the following:

  • The background information to - and context for - your research. This often takes the form of a literature review.
  • Explanation of the focus of your work.
  • Explanation of the value of this work to scholarship on the topic.
  • List of the aims and objectives of the work and also the issues which will not be covered because they are outside its scope.

The main body of your extended essay or dissertation will probably include your methodology, the results of research, and your argument(s) based on your findings.

The conclusion is to summarise the value your research has added to the topic, and any further lines of research you would undertake given more time or resources. 

Tips on writing longer pieces of work

Approaching each chapter of a dissertation as a shorter essay can make the task of writing a dissertation seem less overwhelming. Each chapter will have an introduction, a main body where the argument is developed and substantiated with evidence, and a conclusion to tie things together. Unlike in a regular essay, chapter conclusions may also introduce the chapter that will follow, indicating how the chapters are connected to one another and how the argument will develop through your dissertation.

For further guidance, watch this two-minute video on writing longer pieces of work . 

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Postgraduate Advanced Clinical Education (PACE) study support guide: 6.1 Academic writing

  • 1. University jargon-buster
  • 2. Library resources
  • 3. Literature searching
  • 4. Plagiarism
  • 5.1 Using EndNote
  • 6.1 Academic writing
  • 6.2 Reflective practice & writing
  • 6.3 Understanding feedback
  • 6.4 Presentations
  • 6.5 Preparing for exams and OSCEs

Academic vs professional writing

  • Similarities
  • Differences

academic essay writing cambridge

Things to avoid in academic writing

  • Writing in bullet points
  • Having paragraphs of only one or two lines
  • Forgetting to reference fully
  • Making statements that are not backed by evidence
  • Selecting the first piece of evidence that seems roughly related, thinking ‘that will do’
  • Including irrelevant information or wandering from the point
  • Neglecting to redraft and proof-read carefully

Academic writing shares some commonality with professional writing, they both:

  • follow specific criteria
  • have their own layout and formatting conventions
  • are written in a formal style
  • are need to be well presented and should be thoroughly proof-read
  • must meet stated deadlines

It can be helpful to think of academic writing as a different genre with different conventions, style and expectations. Being aware of these differences can help you adapt your writing for an academic audience:

Writing for an academic audience Writing for a professional audience
Written to demonstrate your learning and meet marking criteria Written with a specific purpose and audience in mind (e.g. patients, healthcare professionals, managers)
Written in continuous prose with complete paragraphs and full sentences Can  be written using bullet points and very short paragraphs of a few lines
Explores ideas
Presents information

Developing your ideas and arguments

  • Generating ideas
  • Writing strategies

Developing a coherent argument and position in academic writing is often done in the stages before   and  after you start writing. Planning helps prevent your ideas from wandering, and redrafting can help identify and sharpen up your argument, so it is good to allow enough time for these stages in longer pieces of work.

If you are finding it difficult to work out what you think in the midst of all the views of other people, try asking yourself questions about the validity of the evidence that others are basing their views upon:  Do you agree or disagree with their standpoint and, importantly,  what is making you agree or disagree?   A questioning attitude is the basis of critical thinking…and critical thinking is not just something we do when writing academically. 

The Critical analysis guide produced by the University's Study Advice Team gives tips on critical thinking, reading and writing:

  • Critical Analysis: Thinking, Reading, and Writing

Good assignment planning starts with ideas generation and identifying what you know and what you want to find out.

Before readin g

This is a really valuable stage which many people miss out, but it makes your reading and planning much easier. Before rushing into your reading, note down your initial thoughts about the question/topic - an essay plan, spider diagram or mind map are all good techniques for this.

Spider diagram

The kinds of things to note briefly are:

  • What you already know about the topic  - from professional experience, lectures, seminars, general knowledge
  • Things you do not know about the topic -  but need to find out in order to answer the question
  • Initial responses or answers to the question  - what you think your conclusion might be at the start

This helps you start formulating your argument and direction for answering the question. It also helps you focus your reading, as you can pinpoint what you need to find out and go straight to the parts of books, chapters, articles that will be most relevant.

After reading

After your reading, it is often good to summarise all your findings on a page – again, a spider diagram or mind map can help with this.

Bringing together the key points from your reading helps clarify what you have found out, and helps you find a pathway through all the ideas and issues you have encountered. If you include brief details of authors and page nos. for key information, it can act as a quick at-a-glance guide for finding the evidence you need to support your points later.

It also helps you see how your initial response to the question might have changed or become more sophisticated in light of the reading you've done. It leads into planning your essay structure which can be done in any way that suits you best: A bullet point list, spider diagram, short summary. It does not matter as long as you have a ‘road map’ to keep you on track when writing.

If you are finding it hard to get started, or there are certain aspects of your academic writing you’d like to develop, try some of these quick writing strategies:

Get over the initial blank page

Stop deleting or over-editing

Overcome perfectionism

Get the ideas in your head down on paper

Set a timer for a short amount of time (say 5 or 10 mins) then start writing. The aim is to write continuously for that time without deleting, searching for references or saying it is rubbish. If you don’t know something write ‘I don’t know’ and carry on.

Identify your own argument

Keep a coherent thread throughout the assignment

Develop your own voice

See the bigger picture

Can you summarise your overall answer to your assignment question in a paragraph? Try writing a short summary of your argument and refer to it to help ensure you are bringing this out clearly throughout your writing

Get started

Identify your key points

Write a lot in one go

Write an assignment from start to finish

If you are used to writing in bullet points, use this to help develop your structuring. Make a bullet point list of your main points for the assignment, then treat these as sub-headings (you can always remove them later if your marker doesn’t like headings). Then start to write the detail and fill in each section more fully under each bullet point.

Ensure your argument is clear

Form well-structured paragraphs

Stop your paragraphs from wandering 

Use a highlighter and go through your first draft highlighting the first and last lines of each paragraph. Do they all link to your main argument? Does the first line act as the introduction to the paragraph and the last line act as the conclusion? Is the paragraph long enough – are there more than just two lines? Does the paragraph deal with one main point or does it wander about? 

Stay relevant to the question

Ensure you are analysing critically

Ensure there is a good balance to each paragraph

Use a highlighter and highlight the pieces of evidence you use in your first draft – check that each piece of evidence is relevant and supports your point (not just loosely based on the same topic). Check that you have enough evidence and that you are analysing it, not just presenting it.

Your argument/position

You can think of the argument running through a piece of academic writing like a river.

Sometimes it is only possible to identify your argument clearly once you have written your first draft, as the act of writing helps clarify your thoughts. We often do not know what our position is on an issue until we have expressed what we think. The redrafting stage is a good time to identify that argument and draw it out fully. You can do this by making sure that there is a consistent message (or river) running from your introduction to your conclusion, and that every paragraph has a role to play in advancing this message

Skip to  45 seconds in  on this short video for an explanation of the idea of an argument as a river, or feel free to watch the whole video for more on Structuring your Essay. 

If you are unable to view this video on YouTube it is also available on YuJa - view the Structuring your essay video on YuJa (University username and password required)

Try this writing strategy

What's my argument?

Can you summarise your overall answer to your assignment question in a paragraph? Try writing a short summary of your argument and refer to it to help ensure you are bringing this out clearly throughout your writing.

For more writing strategies to help develop your academic writing see the ‘Writing strategies’ page in this guide.

Structuring your work and paragraphing

  • Paragraph model
  • Using evidence
  • Writing concisely
  • Proof reading

Structure is important in academic writing because it helps to make your ideas clear, guides the reader's comprehension and can strengthen your arguments. Some academic writing, such as scientific reports, have a given structure or template. In this case, you should find out what is required under each heading and adhere to this; it is most likely mapped to the marking criteria so you will lose marks for not following a stated structure.

Other writing might require you to select and organise the material you are writing yourself and so develop a structure from scratch.  Usually, in the introduction you should set out the structure so that the reader knows what to expect and the order in which it will be presented. The order in which information is presented should be logical so that the reader can follow your ideas and research, ideally write your structure with just one point/argument/idea per paragraph. In addition, the ideas should flow or be linked so that the reader is drawn through an explanation or argument, rather than stopping and starting at each new point.  The conclusion to the piece should draw together all the points or ideas and come to a conclusion.

Whether you are following a template or devising your own structure, paragraphs in academic writing can be thought of like a ‘mini-essay’ with an introduction, main body and conclusion. The first line introduces the point being made, the main body presents and discusses the evidence to support the point and the final line concludes the point and links it back to the assignment title.

Other useful guides

  • Grammar Supporting information on grammar, including nouns and sentences
  • Punctuation Supporting informaton on punctuation including commas, semi-colons, colons and apostrophes.

When presenting a point of view, such as a line of argument for an essay, decide on the main points that you want to communicate. A paragraph can be planned (like a mini-essay) using the PEEL format:

What is the main topic of your paragraph?

What evidence is there to support this point?

How and why does the evidence support the point?
What contribution does this point make to your overall argument?

Like any model, not all your paragraphs will fit neatly into this framework, but it is a useful guide to check the balance of your paragraphs: Do you have a clear point? Does the end of the paragraph link to the beginning? Have you interpreted your evidence not just left it there to ‘speak for itself’?

Also it is helpful to think of the length of your paragraphs. If they are only a few lines long, it is unlikely you are interpreting your evidence fully. If they are over a page in length, it is likely you have more than one main point and need to separate them out.

Skip to  5 minutes in  on this video tutorial for an explanation and example of the model paragraph or feel free to watch the whole video for more on Targeted Reading and Use of Evidence.

If you are unable to view this video on YouTube it is also available on YuJa - view the Targeted reading and use of evidence video on YuJa (University username and password required)

You do not have to refer to each piece of evidence in the same depth. Sometimes you need to show that you understand the wider context of the issue, and a short summary of the key issues and key researchers is all that is needed. For example:

Many studies have investigated household accidents caused by cheese. These studies disagree about the most significant reasons for cheese-based injury with some arguing that choking on cheese poses the highest risk (1-3). Other studies claim that burns from melted cheese are more hazardous (4,5), whilst a minority of recent studies have identified slipping on cheese as a growing danger (6).

A significant amount of reading and in-depth understanding of the field is demonstrated in those sentences above even though the individual mentions of the evidence are quite short. The summary maps out the state of current research and the positions taken by the key researchers, and despite being short it has taken careful reading, grouping, identification, and understanding of the issues.

Sometimes you need to go into greater depth and refer to some sources in more detail in order to interrogate the methods and standpoints expressed by these researchers. For example:

A recent study introduces a new model for assessing the relative dangers of cheese related-injuries, identifying the overall total damage done as more important than the frequency of injuries (1). However, this model does not adequately take into account the theory of 'Under-reporting' which states that people are less likely to report frequently occurring small accidents until a critical mass of injuries are reached (2).

Even in this more analytical piece of writing, only the relevant points of the study and the theory are mentioned briefly - but you need a confident and thorough understanding to refer to them so concisely.

If you find it challenging to integrate evidence into your paragraphs, have a look at:

  • Academic Phrasebank Use this site for examples of linking phrases and ways to refer to sources.

See also this video from the University's Study Advice Team on effective paraphrasing for postgraduates:

If you are unable to view this video on YouTube it is also available on YuJa - view the Effective paraphrasing for postgraduates video on YuJa (University username and password required)

Do not be tempted to use complex language or expressions that are not your own, just to make your writing appear "academic". Use straightforward language. Your reader needs to understand the information or ideas that you are conveying.

Communicate succinctly without losing vital information or meaning. It is often easier to write fluently and then to edit out unnecessary words and phrases.

Some academic writing, such as scientific informatoin, needs to be especially precise. A reader may need to have all the information required to understand exact conditions of a scientific study and to replicate it. Using simple sentences can be helpful.

Avoid using non-quantifiable descriptions, such as:

The company's production rate was high <--replace with--> The company produced 16,00 units per week. The wind was strong <--replace with--> The wind measured 6 on the Beaufort scale.

Editing tips to reduce word count

  • Cross out unnecessary words Go through a paragraph that you have written and cross out any words, or phrases or even a sentence that may be unnecessary. (Or 'grey it out' – change the text colour of the words you might remove to light grey.) Read it again to see if you have lost anything essential to the information or meaning. If you have not, then delete it permanently.
  • Replace phrases with single words meaning the same The researcher wanted to find out <--replace with--> The researcher enquired
  • Summarise each paragraph in a sentence Try writing one sentence which sums up each paragraph. Then read through and rank in importance to your overall answer to the question. Take out the paragraphs that are least important.

Your written work may be interesting, well structured and informed. Yet it may still make a bad impression because of poor proof reading.

Part of your assessment will usually relate to the standard of your written English. It's important to pay attention to things like tenses, gender, plurals and the structure of your sentences, especially if you have rewritten or moved sections of your work. It's easy to lose marks - but it's also easy to make sure you don't.

Below are ten brief tips to help you to proof read your work as effectively as possible.

  • Use of editorial and proof reading services The University policy on the use of proof reading and editorial services

Top tips for effective proof reading

  • Print it off  - it's much more difficult to read onscreen and there's always the temptation to start doing major rewrites.
  • Leave it a day -  if you can, leave some time between finishing your full draft and proof reading. It's easier to read critically when it's not so fresh in your mind.
  • Read aloud - s mall errors of expression and punctuation are more likely to become obvious if you read aloud.
  • Punctuate your reading  - put pauses in for punctuation when you read, timed differently for different punctuation marks - so take a breath for commas, come to a halt for full stops. This is a good way to see if your sentences are too long or too short.
  • Take it slowly -  if you have time to do a really thorough proofing, first read each sentence in a paragraph one at a time to make sure each makes sense. Then read the whole paragraph. Finally, when you've read all the paragraphs, read the whole essay through.
  • Take care with cut and paste  - if you decide to move things about, don't forget to check the whole sentence again afterwards to make sure all the tenses, genders and plurals agree. Using the grammar check tool in Microsoft Word can help to prevent any errors.
  • Learn punctuation rules  - make sure you know how to use commas, apostrophes, colons and semi-colons. For more on this, see the  page in this guide on Punctuation .
  • Check your referencing  - always check your course handbook for preferred conventions - if you have to reference something that's not covered there, be consistent.
  • Get another view  - ask a friend to read through your work and tell you if it makes sense (NOT correct it for you). Offer to do the same for them. Especially good if you can't leave time between writing and proofing - another pair of eyes will be fresher.
  • Use your feedback  - always read and learn from your academic feedback. Use it to make a list of the things you often get wrong. Look out for these especially. They should start to disappear as you get used to doing them right.

Writing at level 7

  • Tips for writing at level 7
  • Accuracy and complexity

When at studying level 7 (Masters Level), your academic writing must reflect the level of critical analysis, synthesis and application to practice commensurate with this level of study.  

Studying at level 7 means developing your studying practices from those suited to being an independent  learner  to those suited to being an independent  practitioner . You will be working at a more complex and sophisticated level, with a need for broader and more independently sourced resources. You will need not only to evaluate what other people have found but also to put your own knowledge and research into context. You will be expected to be meticulous and professional and show higher standards of scholarship. The advice on this page aims to explain some of the differences between undergraduate and Masters level study.

The full marking criteria for taught postgraduate study can be found at the link below, the information in this section of the guide interprets this information to the context in which you are doing your studies.

  • Assessment handbook

Guidance on the requirements for assessments are included in the individual module handbooks.  Some overarching principles will apply across all the assessments for all practitioners:

  • Consider how you can  analyse  what you are writing to critique your role, the evidence and/or the outcome to show self-awareness of the implications to your practice
  • Avoid simple descriptions and presentation of ideas; try questioning each step in the process, and then use these questions to challenge your practice
  • When analysing situations ensure you consider the opinions of others, either through your workplace-based learning communication and/or the available evidence to produce an outcome i.e. an argument for what you perceive happened/should happen
  • Consider the accuracy, relevance, validity and contribution of evidence i.e. critically appraise the evidence
  • Ensure you bring in reflective elements to your writing, especially in your reflective accounts, remembering these sections should usually be written in the first person
  • When writing reflectively consider how your history/experiences have shaped your career and professional values i.e. how have you been influenced by the circumstances you are describing
  • Think about how you can show critical awareness of current problems and/or new insights in  professional practice

Key concepts of level 7 writing

Achievement of level 7 study includes:

  • ability to deal with complex problems, integrating theory to professional practice
  • make sound judgements and communicating your conclusions clearly
  • demonstrating self-direction in problem-solving
  • acting autonomously, using own initiative and taking personal responsibility for professional practice
  • critical awareness of professional practice, including self-reflection

Accurate and appropriate use of language in your writing is one way of demonstrating academic rigour. You will need to be more thoughtful about the way you use language.  Remember that the best writing style is clear and accurate, not unnecessarily complicated. 

If English is not your first language, there is more specialised support and advice available from the University's International Study and Language Institute website (link below).

At level 7 you cannot get away with writing about something that you only vaguely understand, or squeezing in a theory in the hope it will gain extra marks - your markers will be able to tell, and this does not demonstrate the accuracy or professionalism of a researcher.

Imagine you write the sentence: "Freudian psychoanalysis demonstrates how our personalities are developed from our childhood experiences."

At level 7, the word 'demonstrates' becomes very loaded and potentially inaccurate. This is because you are expected to interrogate the assumptions, boundaries, and way in which knowledge is constructed in your subject. With this in mind, the sentence above raises a lot of contextual questions: To what extent could Freud's theory of psychoanalysis really be said to 'demonstrate' the origins of our personalities? What part of Freud's many theories are you referring to when you write 'psychoanalysis'? What about the developments in psychoanalysis that have happened since Freud, and the many arguments against his theories? Your writing needs to take these questions into account, and at least be aware of them, even if you don't address all of them.

Do not just stop at discussing the pros and cons of a debate; academics rarely agree on interpretations of theories or ideas, so academic knowledge is more like a complex network of views than two clear sides.

  • International Study and Language Institute (ISLI) Courses and resources to support the learning of English as a second language.

Writing at level 6

  • Communicating your ideas
  • Being original

When studying at level 6 (Bachelor's level) you will be aware that you need to develop your academic writing for higher education - but how? Will you need to use a lot of long words and complicated sentences? Will you be expected to include some original idea that no-one else has ever written about to get good marks?

Actually neither of these are what good academic writing is about. Rather you will need to be able to communicate complicated ideas clearly, know how to support the things you say with evidence, and explain your thinking.

Academic rigour means checking and testing information to assess whether it is free of errors and is backed by accurate and appropriate evidence. It needs to be strong so that it can support your arguments - like making sure foundations will hold a building up. 

Whether you are writing about someone else's ideas or your own, you will be expected to support the points you wish to make with evidence, perhaps from your own primary research or observations, or from your reading. When this evidence is taken from someone else's work (a book, journal article or website, for instance), you need to provide a reference or citation to show the source.

The full marking criteria for bachelor's study can be found at the link below, the information in this section of the guide interprets this information to the context in which you are doing your studies.

  • Assessment handbook - marking See Annex 1 and 2 for detailed marking and assessment criteria for undergraduate and postgraduate work. See Annex 1 for detailed marking and assessment criteria for undergraduate work. N.B. for all CIPPET modules offered at level 6, the pass mark is 50% not 40%.

In higher education, you are going to be asked to think about, explain and discuss a complex range of ideas and arguments. You may be bringing together ideas from a number of different scholars that you have read, for instance: or showing what the results of your own primary research mean in the context of a particular problem. In either case, it's important to write clearly so that your reader can be certain that they understand what you're saying, and that you understand what you're writing about.

How is this different from your previous study?

  • The ideas you're expressing will be more complex than those you have been used to working with, so you may need to spend more time thinking about what you want to say before you start writing. 
  • You may need to use specialist terms - if you do, it will be important that you understand what they mean and use them appropriately.
  • You will need to be more careful and rigorous in your writing: to make sure that your words and phrases convey exactly what you mean to say.
  • You will have longer assignments and being accurate will be more important, so you'll need to give yourself plenty of time for proof-reading.

Avoid long, complex sentences...  You are less likely to lose track of what you are trying to say if you write in shorter sentences. If you need to link a number of ideas together in a sentence, make sure you separate them with appropriate punctuation: commas, semi-colons, colons and parentheses. More on how to use punctuation.

Longer words don't make your writing more academic...  A good piece of advice is to 'write to express, not to impress'. You are looking for words that will best communicate your ideas. Sometimes these will be long complicated words and sometimes they will be shorter. What you need is the most appropriate words for the job they have to do.

Give your reader signposts...  If you tell your reader what you are going to say, they will know what to look out for. Include a few sentences in your introduction on how you are going to answer the question: something like, "This essay will discuss the proposition that Brown's thesis is flawed. The proposition will be examined by first considering x, then looking at y, and finally z. Conclusions will then be drawn about the validity of Brown's thesis." Then start each of your sections with a topic sentence (or sub-heading, in a report) that shows what it is you are going to be discussing.

Watch out for informality and vagueness...  You are trying to reduce any possibility of your reader misunderstanding what you are trying to say, so aim to avoid the kind of language that might be interpreted differently by different readers. More on writing formally:

  • Communicating your ideas clearly Try these exercises on writing style to get you thinking about the way you write.
  • Academic writing guide Guide to what you need to know about writing appropriately and correctly for UK higher education, including information on effective proof-reading.

It is confusing when you are told you need to be original in your thinking - but then you are told that you need more references to other people's work too. In higher education, being original is rarely about having a brilliant idea that no-one has ever had before. Rather it means that you will be expected to take different sources of information and think about how they fit (or do not fit) together so that you can work out your own interpretation and understanding of the topic.  

Always start from your own ideas…  so that you are less likely to fall into the trap of uncritically believing the first scholar you read. Before you start doing detailed research, take what you know already about the topic, and use it to make an educated guess about the answer to the question or main message about the topic you are researching. Then test that idea against your reading or research.

Your conclusion is for summing up…  not for adding speculative ideas with no evidence to support them. If you have a brilliant original idea and can show how you worked it out and how it fits into the evidence you have, then include it in the main body of your work.

Do not worry!...  your work will naturally be original if you always think critically and have a bit of confidence in your own interpretations and evaluations. If you and your best friend both read the same books and articles, attended the same lectures, and wrote an answer to the same question, they would still both be different and original, provided you do your own thinking and don't uncritically believe other people's ideas.

  • Practise original thinking Try this exercise to see how two people can come up with different arguments, even when they're using the same material.
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From Criteria to Conclusion: A Step-by-Step Guide to Writing an Evaluation Essay

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How to Write an Evaluation Essay

Have you ever written a movie review on IMBD? Or maybe you have recently left your opinion under a viral TikTok video? If you have done anything from these above, you have practically tried writing an evaluation piece. The only main difference is that in terms of evaluation essay examples, the writing is much longer and more elaborate. It also usually follows a more formal writing style and format. However, as a separate essay type, it has its own structural nuances and thus may be a bit tricky to complete on the first try. No worries though, because in this article you will find all the important details about how to create an outline and write an evaluation essay as well as which aspects you should pay attention to during the work process. 

What is An Evaluation Essay?

An evaluation essay is a form of writing where the author assesses a particular subject, event, or phenomenon based on a set of criteria. The aim is to provide an unbiased and well-reasoned judgment of the topic in question. Unlike a review, which may be more subjective, an evaluation essay requires the writer to provide evidence and reasoning to support their assessments. You’re not just telling your friend, “This movie was awesome!” Instead, you’re breaking down the elements that made it awesome (or not so awesome) and helping them see why your judgment makes sense. The purpose is to inform the reader, helping them understand the value, significance, or quality of the subject matter.

So, what exactly makes an evaluation essay? There are four key components: criteria, judgments, evidence, counterarguments, and credibility. 

colorful image with key evaluation essay components: criteria, jidgement, evidence, credibility

Key Components of the Essay

This is where you set the bar for what you’re evaluating. Let’s say you’re reviewing an app. Your criteria might include things like the user interface, how well it functions, and whether it’s worth the price. These are the specific aspects you’ll focus on to assess the app. The more clearly you define your criteria, the easier it is for your readers to get where you’re coming from.

Once you’ve laid out your criteria, it’s time to make your call. This is your actual evaluation based on the criteria you’ve set. For example, if you’re evaluating a coffee shop, you might judge it based on the quality of the coffee, the vibe of the place, and the service. But don’t just stop at your judgment—explain why you’re making that call (which scoring you gave for each of the aspects, for example).

Here’s where you back up your judgment with some solid proof. It’s not enough to say, “The coffee was amazing.” What made it amazing? Was it the rich flavor, the perfect temperature, or the barista’s skill? Providing specific examples or facts makes your argument stronger and your evaluation more convincing.

  • Counterarguments

A good evaluation essay also takes into account other perspectives. Maybe the coffee was great, but the service was slow. By acknowledging potential counterarguments, you show that you’ve thought critically about your evaluation. It makes your essay more credible and shows that you’re not just being one-sided.

  • Credibility

Speaking of credibility, this comes from using reliable sources, presenting your argument fairly, and being upfront about any limitations in your evaluation. In the example of the coffee shop, it helps if you’ve visited a variety of similar places or have a decent understanding of what makes a good cup of coffee. This shows your readers that you know what you’re talking about and that your evaluation is grounded in real experience, not just a one-time visit.

So, to sum it up, the main point of a good evaluation essay is to give a thoughtful, well-supported opinion. You’re guiding your readers through your thought process, showing them how you arrived at your conclusion, and making sure they understand your perspective. 

Creating an Evaluation Essay Outline: What You Should Know

The outline is important in any type of writing. However, it plays an even a larger role when it comes to presenting a thought-out and precise evaluation that will in the end support your own opinion on the matter. Here’s what your outline should typically include:

  • Hook: Start with a compelling opening sentence to win over the reader’s attention.
  • Background Information: Provide some context about the subject you’re evaluating.
  • Thesis Statement: Clearly state your evaluation, summarizing the main criteria you will use to assess the subject.
  • Criteria: Each paragraph should focus on one criterion you’re using for evaluation.
  • Evidence: Support each criterion with evidence or examples.
  • Judgment: Explain how the evidence supports your evaluation for each criterion.
  • Restate Thesis: Summarize your main points and restate your evaluation.
  • Final Thoughts: Offer any concluding remarks or suggestions for further consideration.

Writing an Evaluation Essay Step-by-Step

Now, we’ve covered the basics: the structure and main characteristics of the evaluation essay as a type of writing. The logical question is, how you should go about writing the essay so as not to lose the train of thought and present all the facts. Below you will see exactly how to do that.

Describe the Evaluation Criteria

First things first, what you need to do is establish the criteria by which you’ll be evaluating your subject. These criteria are the specific angles you’ll use to analyze the different aspects of whatever you’re evaluating. Let’s get back to the example of the essay about a coffee shop. Your criteria, in such a case, might include the quality of the coffee, the atmosphere, the service, and the overall value for money. These will serve as the foundation for your judgments, so take the time to brainstorm and define them clearly before you begin writing.

Write a Plan

With your criteria in hand, the next step is to create the outline that was previously mentioned. This sort of a “map” will keep you on track and help make sure that your essay flows logically from one point to the next. Start by outlining the main ideas you’ll cover in each body paragraph, each corresponding to one of the criteria you’ve established. Think about the order in which you want to present your arguments and how you’ll transition between them. 

Write the Evaluation Essay

Now that you’ve got your plan, it’s time to get writing! Start with a strong introduction that grabs your reader’s attention and clearly states the purpose of your evaluation. Then, move into the body paragraphs. Follow the structure discussed earlier: introduce the subject, make your judgment, apply your criteria, and provide evidence to support your opinion. Be sure to make your reasons clear and compelling, and guide your reader smoothly from one point to the next.

Write the Conclusion

Finally, you can put an end to your writing by summarizing the main points of your essay and restating your overall judgment. Reflect on the significance of your evaluation and its broader implications—what does your assessment say about the subject as a whole? Leave your readers with something to dwell upon. It might be a thought-provoking question, a call to action, or a final insight that ties all the parts of your essay together.

Review the Finished Essay

Before you hit submit, take some time to review and revise your essay. Check for any grammatical errors, typos, or awkward sentences that could distract from your argument. Make sure your essay flows smoothly from start to finish, and that your ideas are well-supported by evidence. Don’t forget to double-check that you’ve covered all the evaluation criteria you set out in the beginning. Once you’re confident that your essay is complete, give yourself a well-deserved pat on the back—you’ve just written a thorough and thoughtful evaluation essay!

What to Pay Attention to to Reach The Higher Grade

Even when you’ve chosen your topic, developed your ideas, and laid out the structure of your evaluation essay, there’s always that lingering question: “Have I covered everything?” Understanding what professors look for when grading your evaluation essay can help you feel more confident about your work and make sure you’re not missing anything important. So, if you want to reach that higher grade, check out the criteria below that is most of the times considered when grading your papers.

  • Clarity and Coherence

Why It’s Important: Clarity and coherence are the foundation of effective communication in writing. If your essay is well-organized and easy to follow, your professor will be able to understand your arguments without getting lost in confusing phrasing or jumbled ideas. 

What to Check: When reviewing your essay, make sure your ideas are laid out in a logical order. Each paragraph should build on the last, and transitions between sections should be smooth and natural.

  • Thesis Statement

Why It’s Important: The thesis statement is the heart of your evaluation essay. It presents your overall judgment or evaluation of the subject and sets the tone for the entire piece. Professors look for a clear and concise thesis because it shows that you have a focused argument and understand the purpose of your essay.

What to Check: Make sure your thesis statement is prominently stated in your introduction and that it clearly conveys your main evaluation. 

  • Use of Evidence

Why It’s Important: Evidence is what makes your evaluation credible. Professors expect you to back up your judgments with relevant examples, facts, and arguments that demonstrate critical thinking skills. Without strong evidence, your essay might come off as opinionated rather than well-reasoned.

What to Check: Review each of your main points to ensure they are supported by concrete evidence. 

  • Depth of Analysis

Why It’s Important: Depth of analysis separates a basic evaluation from an insightful one. Professors want to see that you’ve engaged deeply with the subject, exploring its complexities and nuances rather than just scratching the surface. 

What to Check : Ask yourself if you’ve provided a thorough analysis. Look for areas where you can explore underlying themes, implications, or connections.

  • Critical Thinking Skills

Why It’s Important: Critical thinking is a key skill that professors try to cultivate in students. They want to see that you’ve thought acutely about the subject, considered alternative viewpoints, and addressed potential counterarguments.

What to Check : As you review your essay, look for places where you’ve considered other perspectives or acknowledged possible criticisms of your evaluation. 

  • Use of Language and Style

Why It’s Important: Good writing means you know how to say what you want to say. Most educators look for essays that are well-written, with clear, concise, and engaging language. 

What to Check: Proofread your essay carefully for any errors in grammar, punctuation, or spelling. Beyond technical correctness, try to write in an engaging and appropriate tone of voice and writing style

  • Originality and Insight

Why It’s Important: Originality shows that you’re bringing something new to the table, rather than just repeating what others have said. Professors appreciate essays that offer fresh perspectives or innovative interpretations because they demonstrate creativity and deep engagement with the subject.

What to Check: Reflect on your essay and ask yourself if you’ve added any original insights or perspectives. Are you saying something new or looking at the subject in a way that others might not have considered? 

  • Compliance with Instructions

Why It’s Important: Following the assignment guidelines is non-negotiable. Your lecturer provides specific instructions for a reason, and failing to comply with them can result in a lower grade, no matter how well-written your essay is.

What to Check : Double-check the assignment guidelines to ensure you’ve met all the requirements. This includes word count, formatting, and any specific instructions related to the content or structure of your essay.  

Writing an evaluation essay, aim to construct a well-reasoned, thoughtful analysis that guides your reader through your perspective with clarity and insight. Your main goal is to craft an essay that informs yet at the same tine challenges your reader to see the subject in a new light. With the right approach, you can create a compelling piece that stands out and meets the high standards your professors are looking for.

How should I start an evaluation essay?

Start with a hook to grab the reader’s attention, followed by some background information on the subject, and end with a clear thesis statement that outlines your evaluation.

What are the 5 key features of an evaluation essay?

The five key features include a clear thesis statement, well-defined criteria for evaluation, solid evidence to support the evaluation, balanced analysis, and a strong conclusion.

How to write an evaluation report?

 An evaluation report follows a similar structure to an evaluation essay but is often more detailed and may include additional sections like methodology, findings, and recommendations. Start with an introduction, followed by a detailed evaluation, and end with conclusions and recommendations.

How to end an evaluation essay?

The best way is to end by summarizing your main points and restating your thesis in light of the evidence you’ve provided. You can also offer final thoughts or suggestions for further consideration.

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  19. Step-by-Step Guide: How to Write a Bridge in an Essay

    Writing an Evaluation Essay Step-by-Step. Now, we've covered the basics: the structure and main characteristics of the evaluation essay as a type of writing. The logical question is, how you should go about writing the essay so as not to lose the train of thought and present all the facts. Below you will see exactly how to do that.