how to cite a website apa in essay

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APA Style (7th Edition) Citation Guide: Websites

• Introduction
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Table of Contents

Entire Website - No Separate Pages or Sections

Page or Section from a Website

Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

This Microsoft support page contains instructions about how to format a hanging indent in a paper.

It can sometimes be difficult to find out who the author of a website is. Remember that an author can be a corporation or group, not only a specific person. Author information can sometimes be found under an "About" section on a website.

If there is no known author, start the citation with the title of the website instead.

The best date to use for a website is the date that the content was last updated. Otherwise look for a copyright or original publication date. Unfortunately this information may not be provided or may be hard to find. Often date information is put on the bottom of the pages of a website.

If you do not know the complete date, put as much information as you can find. For example you may have a year but no month or day.

If an original publication date and a last updated date are provided, use the last updated date. If the more current date is "last reviewed" instead of "last updated," use the original publication date (since the review may not have changed the content).

If there is no date provided, put the letters (n.d.) in round brackets where you'd normally put the date.

Titles should be italicized when the document stands alone (e.g. books, reports, websites, etc.), but not when it is part of a greater whole (e.g. chapters, articles, webpages, etc.).

Website Name

Provide website names in title case without italics after titles of work. Include a period after the website name, followed by the URL. When the author of the work is the same as the website name, omit the site name from the reference.

Retrieval Date

If the content of a website is likely to change over time (e.g. Wikis), you must provide the date you last visited the website.

If a URL is too long to fit onto one line, try to break it at a slash (/).

Entire Website

Note: If you are quoting or paraphrasing part of a website, you should create a reference for a Page or Section. If you mention a website in general, do not create a reference list entry or an in-text citation. Instead, include the name of the website in the text and provide the URL in parentheses.

The Department of Justice has a site called ReportCrime.gov (https://www.reportcrime.gov/) to help people identify and report crimes in their area.

Note : If you cite multiple webpages from a website, create a reference for each. Include the date you retrieved the information if the content is likely to change over time.

Created by a Corporate or Group Author

Corporation/Group/Organization's Name. (Year website was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Title of page: Subtitle (if any). Website Name. URL

Example in which the content is unlikely to change over time:

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims . https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims

Example in which the content is likely to change over time:

Adidas. (2020). Sustainability . Retrieved January 23, 2020, from https://www.adidas.com/us/sustainability

Note: When the author and site name are the same, omit the site name in the reference.

In-Text Paraphrase:

(Corporation/Group's Name, Year)

Example: (Adidas, 2020)

In-Text Quote:

(Corporation/Group's Name, year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section)

Example: (Adidas, 2020, Sustainability section, para. 1)

Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from.

Abbreviating Corporation/Group Author Name in In-Text citations:

Author names for corporations/groups can often be abbreviated. The first time you refer to the author, provide the full name, along with the abbreviation.

If the group name appears in the text of your paper, include the abbreviation in the in-text parenthetical citation:

Example: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA, 2019) assisted in the rescue of 40 dogs.

If the group name first appears within a parenthetical citation, include the full group name as well as the abbreviation in square brackets:

Example: Forty dogs were rescued in Bendena, Kansas (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [ASPCA], 2019).

Provide the full group name (without an abbreviation) in the reference list entry: 

Created by an Individual Author 

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year website was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Title of page: Subtitle (if any). Website Name. URL

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist . Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01

Shillam, S. (2018). Message from the Dean . University of Portland. Retrieved October 1, 2018, from https://nursing.up.edu/about/index.html

(Author Last Name, Year)

Example: (Shillam, 2018)

(Author Last Name, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section)

Example: (Shillam, 2018, Message from the dean section, para. 2)

Created by an Unknown Author 

Title of page: Subtitle (if any). (Year website was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Website Name. URL

Example in which the content is unlikely to change over time (because the restaurant has closed) :

Jarra's Ethiopian Restaurant [Reviews]. (2012, November 9). Yelp. https://www.yelp.com/biz/jarras-ethiopian-restaurant-portland

Powell's City of Books [Reviews]. (2020, February 25). Yelp. Retrieved February 28, 2020, from https://www.yelp.com/biz/powells-city-of-books-portland-4

("Title," Year)

Example: ("Powell's City of Books," 2020)

("Title," Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section)

Example: ("Powell's City of Books," 2020, Review Highlights)

Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from. In this example, there is only one paragraph under the specific heading, so no paragraph number is needed.

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APA Website Citation

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Use the following template to cite a website using the APA citation format. There are also BibMe style guides for the MLA and Chicago styles.

Here’s a table of contents for this guide:

• Cite a website on BibMe citation generator
• Cite a website article with an author
• Cite a website article without an author
• Cite a website article without a date

How to Cite a Website in APA

Cite in websites in apa automatically with bibme.

To have your bibliography or works cited list automatically made for you, check out our free APA citation generator . Once you’re finished with your citations, you can also find help with creating an APA title page .

Citing a general website article in APA with an author

Author, A. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title . Website/Publisher Name. URL

Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two Flaccos . Grantland. http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/

Citing a general website article in APA without an author

Article title . (Year, Month Date of Publication). Website/Publisher Name. URL

Teen posed as doctor at West Palm Beach hospital: police . (2015, January 16). NBC Miami. http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Teen-Posed-as-Doctor-at-West-Palm-Beach-Hospital-Police-288810831.html

Citing a general website article in APA without a date

Author, A. (n.d.). Article title . Website/Publisher Name. URL

University of California Santa Barbara. (n.d.). About UC Santa Barbara . UC Santa Barbara. https://www.ucsb.edu/about

Note that if the webpage contents are likely to change, include a retrieval date, formatted as follows:

University of California Santa Barbara. (n.d.). About UC Santa Barbara . UC Santa Barbara. Retrieved November 3, 2021, from https://www.ucsb.edu/about

How to cite from social media in APA

Apa citation example for facebook.

Author/Page Name. (Year, Month Date). First 20 words of post text [Status update]. Facebook. URL

Gates, B. (2020, December 1). 75 years after its founding, the United Nations’ work is as important as ever. In addition to working towards the [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/BillGates/posts/10157610753046961

APA citation example for Twitter

Author name [@twitterhandle]. (Year, Month Date). First 20 words of tweet text [Tweet]. Twitter. URL

 World Health Organization [@WHO]. (2021, January 27). Nutritious & safe food is 🔑 to achieve #HealthForAll. Together, let’s create food systems that are: 🥗 Healthy ♻️ Sustainable [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1354450281321345029

Note that if emojis are used in a tweet (or any type of social media post that you are citing), they should be included and counted as one word (but should not be italicized). Hashtags also count as one word.

APA citation example for Instagram

Author name [@username]. (Year, Month Date). First 20 words of post text [Photograph or Video]. Instagram. URL

National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2021, January 26). Photo by @paulnicklen / I took this photo while waiting for leopard seals in Antarctica—my favorite assignment from 20 years [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CKg4XeSDHhG/

For more information on how to cite in APA, check out the APA style guide and  Cornell .

Important Note:

For information on how to cite other types of online sources in APA, check out the following guides:

• Online Book
• Online Magazine
• Online Newspaper
• Online Journal
• Online Encyclopedia

←Back to APA Citation Guide

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When there is no date available for a webpage, use “n.d.” signifying “no date” in in-text citations, along with the author’s surname or the name of the institution.

Example in-text citation with author and no date:

(Ramsay, n.d.)

Example in-text citation with institution and no date:

(NIMH, n.d.)

Per section 10 of the APA Publication Manual , the contributor’s name (either the individual or the organization who shared the Instagram post) along with the year should be used when citing an Instagram post in an in-text citation.

Parenthetical: (Poster’s Last Name, year post was published)

Narrative: Poster’s Last Name (year post was published)

Parenthetical: (Vedika, 2022)

Narrative: Vedika (2022)

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Need editing and proofreading services, apa website citation (7th edition) guide | format & examples.

• Tags: Academic Writing , APA Citations , APA Style , Citations and References , Research Paper

While citing websites might seem complicated, we’ve made it easier for you! In this article, we’ve explained everything about APA website citations in the 7th edition. From how to cite websites with no author to how to cite social media sites, we’ve covered everything for you! 

We’ve also given specific examples to clarify all your doubts about citing websites. With this, we’ve also provided practical tips to ensure that you cite websites correctly. So without delaying further, let’s begin with the basics. 

How to cite a website in APA 

A simple APA 7 website citation includes the author’s last name, first and middle initials along with the website’s URL. The in-text citation in APA for a website consists of the author’s surname and publication year. Following is the basic APA citation format for a website: 

Author’s surname, first & middle initials, publishing date, article title, website name, and URL. 

Here is an example of how to cite a website in APA: 

Cherry, K. (2023, March 11). What are the big 5 personality traits? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/the-big-five-personality-dimensions-2795422 

       Parenthetical in-text citation: (Cherry, 2023) 

       Narrative in-text citation: Cherry (2023) 

Here is an example of how to cite a magazine article from a website in APA: 

Daughtry, D. (2023, June 3). Overcoming Imposter Syndrome . Personal Growth Magazine.  https://www.personalgrowthmagazine.com/overcoming-imposter-syndrome/ 

     Parenthetical in-text citation: (Daughtry, 2023) 

     Narrative in-text citation: Daughtry (2023) 

Citing newspaper articles on websites 

The APA formatting guidelines to cite a newspaper article from a website is similar to that of a magazine. Only, instead of the magazine’s name, the newspaper’s name must be written. Let’s see an APA website citation example of this type: 

Grabmeier , J. (2023, January 24). How the last 12,000 years have shaped what humans are today. https://news.osu.edu/how-the-last-12000-years-have-shaped-what-humans-are-today/

Parenthetical in-text citation: (Grabmeier, 2023)

Narrative in-text citation: Grabmeier (2023) 

Note: If the newspaper article is only available online and not in print format, put the article’s name in italics.

Citing blogs from websites

Format: Author’s surname, initials, publication date, blog title, blog name, and the URL. 

Here is an example: 

King, C. R., Martinez-Cola, M., Scherer, M. L., Francis, R., & Strong, M. T. (2023, October 2). Creating a Class of Our Own: Reflections on First-Generation and Working-Class  People in Sociology. EVERYDAY SOCIOLOGY BLOG. https://www.everydaysociologyblog.com/2023/10/creating-a-class-of-our-own-reflections-on-first-generation-and-working-class-people-in-sociology.html

Parenthetical in-text citation: (King et al., 2023) 

Narrative intext citation: King et al. (2023) 

Citing a report from a website 

Various details such as the author’s name, the report’s publication date, title, subtitle, report number, publisher, and URL are mentioned to cite a report. The government, organization, or group’s name can be cited as the author of the report. The APA citation format to reference a report from a website is:

Author’s name, publication year, report title & subtitle, report number (if available), publisher’s name, and URL. 

U.S. Department of State. (2022, September 21). Food security action report – united  states department of state . https://www.state.gov/food-security-action-report/

Parenthetical in-text citation: (U.S. Department of State, 2022) 

Narrative in-text citation: (U.S. Department of State) 2022

Note: If the author and publisher’s name are the same, don’t include the publisher’s name in the citation.

Citing websites with no author

Websites that do not have any author are generally associated with some organization or government. Hence, instead of the author’s name, the APA citation for a website includes the relevant organization or government’s name. To create an APA in-text citation for a website with no author, add the organization or government agency’s name along with the year the source was published in parentheses. 

 Following is the format to cite websites with no author: 

Organization/ Government’s name, publication year, Title of the page, Website name, URL 

Here is an APA website citation example to understand better: 

United States Institute of Peace. (2010, January 18). Macroeconomic Stabilization. United States Institute of Peace. https://www.usip.org/guiding-principles-stabilization-and-reconstruction-the-web-version/sustainable-economy/macroeconomi

Parenthetical in-text citation: (United States Institute of Peace, 2010) 

Narrative in-text citation: United States Institute of Peace (2010) 

If the organization/government/author’s name is not given, you can directly begin the citation with the article title. The in-text citations for such sources will consist of the article title and the year of publication in parentheses. 

Note: When the article title is mentioned in plain text in the reference entry, it is written with quotation marks in the in-text citation. However, if the article title is italicized in the reference entry, it’s in italics in the in-text citation.

Now that we’ve understood how to create an APA citation for a website with no author, let’s understand how to reference websites with no date in APA. 

Citing websites with no date in APA 

If the date isn’t mentioned on the website, simply write (n.d) after the author’s name in parentheses. The short form n.d stands for no date. Since websites are updated, it’s suggested to mention the date you accessed the website. The APA in-text citation for a website with no date will only include the author’s last name and the short form n.d.

Format: Author’s name, (n.d.). Title of the Page, Site name, Date when you accessed the website, URL. 

Here is an APA website citation example to clarify further: 

Appleby, D. (n.d.). 10 tips for achieving financial security . Investopedia. Retrieved on October 7, 2023, from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/retirement/06/10secureretirementtips.asp 

        Parenthetical In-text citation: (Appleby, n.d.) 

        Narrative In-text citation: Appleby (n.d) 

The above example clearly demonstrated how to cite a website in APA in the text and on the  APA reference page . Let us now understand the reference sources from Wikipedia. 

Citing Wikipedia as a source 

Instead of beginning the article with the author’s name, the citation directly begins with the title of the article. This is followed by various details such as the publishing date, the website’s name, and the URL. It is recommended to select the URL from the archived page from Wikipedia. To access the archived page from Wikipedia, you can select the option “View History” and choose the page date you wish to cite. 

Format: Article title, publishing date. In Wikipedia. URL of the page’s archived version. 

For example: 

Behavioural Sciences . (2023, September 22).In Wikipedia  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behavioural_sciences&oldid=1176554197

  Parenthetical In-text citation: (“Behavioral Sciences”, 2023) 

  Narrative in-text citation: “Behavioral Sciences” (2023) 

Citing visual graphics from websites in APA 

If you wish to cite infographics, maps, or any images of data statistics, you’ll need to write the website name/ organization name from where you’ve taken the source image. For images with no title, briefly describe the data in the image after citing the date the post was published. 

Format: Website/organization/author name, (published date), title , image type, website name, URL. 

Here is an APA 7th edition website citation to clarify further: 

Statista (2022, October 5). Anthropology museums in Latin America 2022 . [Statistics] Statista  https://www.statista.com/statistics/1062997/latin-america-caribbean-anthropology-museums-by-country/

Parenthetical citation: (Statista, 2022)

Narrative citation: Statista (2022)

Note: If there is no publication date, mention the date you accessed the visual graphic from the website.

Citing interviews from websites 

If the interview cannot be retrieved in audio or print format, only include an in-text citation of that interview. However, if the interview has been published on an online medium such as a magazine or a newspaper website, cite the interview using the following format: 

Format: Author’s surname and initials, interview title, website name , URL 

Jeffries, S. (2015, March 21). David Graeber interview: “so many people spend their  working lives doing jobs they think are unnecessary.” The Guardian.  https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/21/books-interview-david-graeber-the-utopia-of-rules 

Parenthetical in-text citation: (Jeffries, 2015)

Narrative in-text citation: Jeffries (2015) 

Citing online forum websites 

Various details such as the author’s name, publishing date, post title, publisher and URL are mentioned in the citation. 

Format: Author’s surname and initials, [username]. (Publishing date). Post title [Online forum post]. Publisher. URL. 

Machado, A. [r/sociology] (2023, June 11). Peter Berger: Accidental sociologist . [Online forum post] Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/sociology/comments/1g2xdc/peter_berger_accidental_sociologist/              

Parenthetical in-text citation: (Machado, 2023) 

Narrative in-text citation: Machado (2023)

While the above examples explain how to cite websites in APA, you may also have queries about citing sources from popular social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and more. Keep reading to understand the basics of referencing sources from social media platforms! 

How to cite sources from social media in APA 

Since social media posts usually don’t have a title, you can include their first 20 words in italics instead of the title. You’ll also need to add other important information such as the author’s surname, first initial, publication year, website name, and URL. If the author’s name isn’t mentioned, you can cite the page name in the beginning of the citation. 

Format: Author’s last name and initials [username] publication date, post’s first 20 words, post type, site name & URL. 

APA website citation for a Twitter post

Adzema, M. [@sillymickel]. (2023, October 2). We find another rich representation of our prenatal patterns — one marvelously developed and intricately detailed — in “Cinderella,” another [Tweet]. Twitter.  https://twitter.com/sillymickel/status/1708555863651434662

        Parenthetical in-text citation: (Adzema, 2023) 

        Narrative in-text citation: Adzema, 2023)

If you wish to include the Twitter profile, add it after the date when the post was published while referencing the source. For example: 

Koe, D ( [@thedankoe] (2023, October 7). Tweet [Twitter profile] Retrieved on October 10, 2023, from  https://x.com/thedankoe/status/1710673593074401299?s=20

Parenthetical in-text citation: (Koe, 2023)

Narrative in-text citation: Koe (2023)

APA website citation for a Facebook post

Format: Surname and initials or page name. (Publishing date) Post content up to the post’s 20 words [Post type] Website name and URL. 

Notes of an Observant Detective. (2020, April 2). BANDWAGON EFFECT. The  bandwagon effect refers to the tendency people have to adopt a certain  behavior, style, or attitude simply. [Text] Facebook.    https://m.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=514241535982663&story_fbid=704339306972884

Parenthetical in-text citation: (Notes of an Observant Detective, 2020) 

Narrative in-text citation: Notes of an Observant Detective (2020)

APA website citation for an Instagram post 

Format: Surname and initials or page name. [@username]. (Publishing date). Post content up to the post’s first 20 words. [Post type]. Website name. URL

Psychologs [@psychologsmagazine]. (2023, October 4) Psychology is defined as  the study of mind and behavior. The concept of psychology was first introduced by the German.. [Text]. Instagram.  https://www.instagram.com/p/Cx-NSDQsxaY/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link

P arenthetical in-text  citation: (Psychologs, 2023) 

Narrative in-text citation: Psychologs (2023) 

The format to cite an Instagram highlight or Instagram post, the format remains the same. Only, the post type changes. If you’re citing an Instagram highlight, write [Highlight] for the post type. In contrast, if you wish to reference an Instagram photograph, include [Photograph] for the post type. 

Following is the format to cite an Instagram Story: 

Author/page name. [username]. (n.d). Post Title [Post type]. Website name. Date when the post was accessed, URL. 

LePera, N. [the.holistic.psychologist]. (n.d). If you push people away or leave before you’re left,  watch this [Highlight] Instagram. Retrieved on October 9, 2023, from https://instagram.com/stories/the.holistic.psychologist/3209241141912104683?utm_source=ig_story_item_share&igshid=MTc4MmM1YmI2Ng==

Parenthetical in-text citation: (LePera, n.d) 

Narrative in-text citation: LePera (n.d.) 

Other pointers while citing social media posts 

• Include any additional information about any audio, video, or images associated with the post in square brackets. 
• Try to replicate any emoji used in the Twitter post if possible. For example, you can write [smiling face emoji] if an emoji with a smiling face is used. 

Ensure perfectly formatted and correct APA website citations.  Get Started

Citing YouTube videos as sources 

To cite YouTube videos as sources, the following is the format: 

Surname and initials, [username], Video Title [Video]. Streaming medium. URL 

Welsh, M. [Michael Wesch] (2007, February 1). Web 2.0 … The Machine is Us/ing Us  [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gmP4nk0EOE

Parenthetical in-text citation: (Welsh, 2007) 

Narrative in-text citation: Welsh (2007)

Now that you have gained knowledge about APA website citations, you can use this information to create your website citations. Bookmark this article and revisit it in case of any doubts in the future! 

After citing the sources for your paper, you’ll also have to edit your paper. If you find editing a challenging task, you can consider taking our editing and proofreading services . 

To help you submit well-written and structured papers, we’ve created several useful resources on APA and other style guides. Continue reading to enhance your knowledge and write high-quality research papers! 

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Frequently Asked Questions

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November 30, 2016

Writing website in-text citations and references.

Note: For examples and guidelines for in-text citations and references in seventh edition APA Style, see the seventh edition style and grammar guidelines page and the seventh edition reference examples page . 

The examples here are in sixth edition APA Style.

Dear Style Expert,

I found a very useful website and cited a lot of information from it in my paper. But how do I write an in-text citation for content I found on a website ? Do I just put the URL in the sentence where I cite the information?

Dear Wallace,

This is a tricky question, but we can help! The short answer is that in most cases no, you do not put the URL in the text of the paper. In fact, the only time you would put a URL in the text would be to simply mention a website in passing . Because you’re citing specific information, you will need to write a regular APA Style author–date citation. Luckily, writing the in-text citation for a website or webpage is easy: Simply include the author and year of publication. The URL goes in the corresponding reference list entry (and yes, you can leave the links live ).

Website Example 

Note that the title of the website or webpage should be italicized in the reference list if the work on the page stands alone but not italicized if it is part of a greater whole (if this is ambiguous on the source, just choose what you think makes the most sense for the situation). In deciding how to categorize material on a website for a reference, it may be helpful to consider whether what is on the website is similar to an existing category of document type —for example, this reference is a position statement, which is similar to a press release, white paper, or report; hence the italic title. To clarify the document type, you can also specify the format in brackets after the title. 

Determining Website Authors

It can be confusing to determine who the author of a website or webpage is. Often, the author is a group or agency rather than a particular individual. For example, the author of the position statement cited above is the American Nurses Association. If the website or webpage truly does not have an author, substitute the title of the page for the author in the in-text citation and reference list entry (see this post on missing reference pieces for examples of how to do this).

Determining Website Dates

A second source of confusion is that many websites or webpages do not include publication dates. If no date of publication is provided, use the letters n.d. (which stand for “no date”). The copyright date on the website itself should not be used as the publication date for particular content on that site.

If multiple dates are provided, use the most recent date on which the content was changed. For example, if the site says the content was first published in 2010 and last updated on August 6, 2016, then use the date 2016 in the in-text citation and reference list. However, if the site says it was first published in 2010 and last reviewed in July 2016, then use the date 2010 because a review does not imply that any information was changed.

Multiple Website Citations

If you use information from multiple pages on a website, create a separate reference list entry for each page, with in-text citations that correspond to the appropriate reference list entry. It is common for writers to have multiple entries with the same author and year , so to differentiate these entries, use a letter after the year (e.g., 2016a) or after n.d. (e.g., n.d.-a; more examples here ), assigning the letter by putting the references in alphabetical order by title in the reference list. Put references with no date before references with dates, and put in-press references last.

In text, you can cite these references separately as usual (e.g., American Nurses Association, 1991b), or you can combine citations with the same author if desired. Simply state the author once and then provide the years of the applicable references in chronological order, separated by commas.  

Do you have more questions about how to create in-text citations for content from websites or webpages? Leave a comment below.

—Chelsea Lee

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Cite a Website

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, citing a website in apa.

Once you’ve identified a credible website to use, create a citation and begin building your reference list. Citation Machine citing tools can help you create references for online news articles, government websites, blogs, and many other website! Keeping track of sources as you research and write can help you stay organized and ethical. If you end up not using a source, you can easily delete it from your bibliography. Ready to create a citation? Enter the website’s URL into the search box above. You’ll get a list of results, so you can identify and choose the correct source you want to cite. It’s that easy to begin!

If you’re wondering how to cite a website in APA, use the structure below.

Author Last Name, First initial. (Year, Month Date Published). Title of web page . Name of Website. URL

Example of an APA format website:

Austerlitz, S. (2015, March 3). How long can a spinoff like ‘Better Call Saul’ last? FiveThirtyEight. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-long-can-a-spinoff-like-better-call-saul-last/

Keep in mind that not all information found on a website follows the structure above. Only use the Website format above if your online source does not fit another source category. For example, if you’re looking at a video on YouTube, refer to the ‘YouTube Video’ section. If you’re citing a newspaper article found online, refer to ‘Newspapers Found Online’ section. Again, an APA website citation is strictly for web pages that do not fit better with one of the other categories on this page.

Social media:

When adding the text of a post, keep the original capitalization, spelling, hashtags, emojis (if possible), and links within the text.

Facebook posts:

Structure: Facebook user’s Last name, F. M. (Year, Monday Day of Post). Up to the first 20 words of Facebook post [Source type if attached] [Post type]. Facebook. URL

Source type examples: [Video attached], [Image attached]

Post type examples: [Status update], [Video], [Image], [Infographic]

Gomez, S. (2020, February 4). Guys, I’ve been working on this special project for two years and can officially say Rare Beauty is launching in [Video]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/Selena/videos/1340031502835436/

Life at Chegg. (2020, February 7) It breaks our heart that 50% of college students right here in Silicon Valley are hungry. That’s why Chegg has [Images attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/LifeAtChegg/posts/1076718522691591

Twitter posts:

Structure: Account holder’s Last name, F. M. [Twitter Handle]. (Year, Month Day of Post). Up to the first 20 words of tweet [source type if attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. URL

Source type examples: [Video attached], [Image attached], [Poll attached]

Example: Edelman, J. [Edelman11]. (2018, April 26). Nine years ago today my life changed forever. New England took a chance on a long shot and I’ve worked [Video attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/Edelman11/status/989652345922473985

Instagram posts:

APA citation format: Account holder’s Last name, F. M. [@Instagram handle]. (Year, Month Day). Up to the first 20 words of caption [Photograph(s) and/or Video(s)]. Instagram. URL

Example: Portman, N. [@natalieportman]. (2019, January 5). Many of my best experiences last year were getting to listen to and learn from so many incredible people through [Videos]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BsRD-FBB8HI/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link

If this guide hasn’t helped solve all of your referencing questions, or if you’re still feeling the need to type “how to cite a website APA” into Google, then check out our APA citation generator on CitationMachine.com, which can build your references for you!

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In-Text Citations: Author/Authors

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Though the APA's author-date system for citations is fairly straightforward, author categories can vary significantly from the standard "one author, one source" configuration. There are also additional rules for citing authors of indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers.

A Work by One Author 

The APA manual recommends the use of the author-date citation structure for in-text citation references. This structure requires that any in-text citation (i.e., within the body of the text) be accompanied by a corresponding reference list entry. In the in-text citation provide the surname of the author but do not include suffixes such as "Jr.". 

Citing Non-Standard Author Categories

A work by two authors.

Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses.

A Work by Three or More Authors

List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources.

In  et al. , et  should not be followed by a period. Only "al" should be followed by a period.

If you’re citing multiple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened “et al” citation form of each source would be the same, you’ll need to avoid ambiguity by writing out more names. If you cited works with these authors:

They would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity:

Since et al. is plural, it should always be a substitute for more than one name. In the case that et al. would stand in for just one author, write the author’s name instead.

Unknown Author

If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when they are written in reference lists).

Note : In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

Organization as an Author

If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source, just as you would an individual person.

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, you may include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. However, if you cite work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity).

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses

When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.

If you cite multiple works by the same author in the same parenthetical citation, give the author’s name only once and follow with dates. No date citations go first, then years, then in-press citations.

Authors with the Same Last Name

To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.

Personal Communication

For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

If using a footnote to reference personal communication, handle citations the same way.

Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples

When citing information you learned from a conversation with an Indigenous person who was not your research participant, use a variation of the personal communication citation above. Include the person’s full name, nation or Indigenous group, location, and any other relevant details before the “personal communication, date” part of the citation.

Citing Indirect Sources

Generally, writers should endeavor to read primary sources (original sources) and cite those rather than secondary sources (works that report on original sources). Sometimes, however, this is impossible. If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the original source, include it in the citation.

Electronic Sources

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.

Unknown Author and Unknown Date

If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

Sources Without Page Numbers

When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. Use the heading or section name, an abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number (para. 1), or a combination of these.

Note:  Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out; different computers print webpages with different pagination. Do not use Kindle location numbers; instead, use the page number (available in many Kindle books) or the method above. 

Other Sources

The  APA Publication Manual  describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the manual does not describe, making the best way to proceed unclear.

In these cases, it's typically acceptable to apply the general principles of APA citation to the new kind of source in a way that's consistent and sensible. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard APA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite. For example, a sensible way to cite a virtual reality program would be to mimic the APA's guidelines for computer software.

You may also want to investigate whether a third-party organization has provided directions for how to cite this kind of source.

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources

How to Cite Sources

Here is a complete list for how to cite sources. Most of these guides present citation guidance and examples in MLA, APA, and Chicago.

If you’re looking for general information on MLA or APA citations , the EasyBib Writing Center was designed for you! It has articles on what’s needed in an MLA in-text citation , how to format an APA paper, what an MLA annotated bibliography is, making an MLA works cited page, and much more!

MLA Format Citation Examples

The Modern Language Association created the MLA Style, currently in its 9th edition, to provide researchers with guidelines for writing and documenting scholarly borrowings.  Most often used in the humanities, MLA style (or MLA format ) has been adopted and used by numerous other disciplines, in multiple parts of the world.

MLA provides standard rules to follow so that most research papers are formatted in a similar manner. This makes it easier for readers to comprehend the information. The MLA in-text citation guidelines, MLA works cited standards, and MLA annotated bibliography instructions provide scholars with the information they need to properly cite sources in their research papers, articles, and assignments.

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Documentary
• Encyclopedia
• Google Images
• Kindle Book
• Memorial Inscription
• Museum Exhibit
• Painting or Artwork
• PowerPoint Presentation
• Sheet Music
• Thesis or Dissertation
• YouTube Video

APA Format Citation Examples

The American Psychological Association created the APA citation style in 1929 as a way to help psychologists, anthropologists, and even business managers establish one common way to cite sources and present content.

APA is used when citing sources for academic articles such as journals, and is intended to help readers better comprehend content, and to avoid language bias wherever possible. The APA style (or APA format ) is now in its 7th edition, and provides citation style guides for virtually any type of resource.

Chicago Style Citation Examples

The Chicago/Turabian style of citing sources is generally used when citing sources for humanities papers, and is best known for its requirement that writers place bibliographic citations at the bottom of a page (in Chicago-format footnotes ) or at the end of a paper (endnotes).

The Turabian and Chicago citation styles are almost identical, but the Turabian style is geared towards student published papers such as theses and dissertations, while the Chicago style provides guidelines for all types of publications. This is why you’ll commonly see Chicago style and Turabian style presented together. The Chicago Manual of Style is currently in its 17th edition, and Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is in its 8th edition.

Citing Specific Sources or Events

• Declaration of Independence
• Gettysburg Address
• Martin Luther King Jr. Speech
• President Obama’s Farewell Address
• President Trump’s Inauguration Speech
• White House Press Briefing

Additional FAQs

• Citing Archived Contributors
• Citing a Blog
• Citing a Book Chapter
• Citing a Source in a Foreign Language
• Citing an Image
• Citing a Song
• Citing Special Contributors
• Citing a Translated Article
• Citing a Tweet

6 Interesting Citation Facts

The world of citations may seem cut and dry, but there’s more to them than just specific capitalization rules, MLA in-text citations , and other formatting specifications. Citations have been helping researches document their sources for hundreds of years, and are a great way to learn more about a particular subject area.

Ever wonder what sets all the different styles apart, or how they came to be in the first place? Read on for some interesting facts about citations!

1. There are Over 7,000 Different Citation Styles

You may be familiar with MLA and APA citation styles, but there are actually thousands of citation styles used for all different academic disciplines all across the world. Deciding which one to use can be difficult, so be sure to ask you instructor which one you should be using for your next paper.

2. Some Citation Styles are Named After People

While a majority of citation styles are named for the specific organizations that publish them (i.e. APA is published by the American Psychological Association, and MLA format is named for the Modern Language Association), some are actually named after individuals. The most well-known example of this is perhaps Turabian style, named for Kate L. Turabian, an American educator and writer. She developed this style as a condensed version of the Chicago Manual of Style in order to present a more concise set of rules to students.

3. There are Some Really Specific and Uniquely Named Citation Styles

How specific can citation styles get? The answer is very. For example, the “Flavour and Fragrance Journal” style is based on a bimonthly, peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1985 by John Wiley & Sons. It publishes original research articles, reviews and special reports on all aspects of flavor and fragrance. Another example is “Nordic Pulp and Paper Research,” a style used by an international scientific magazine covering science and technology for the areas of wood or bio-mass constituents.

4. More citations were created on  EasyBib.com  in the first quarter of 2018 than there are people in California.

The US Census Bureau estimates that approximately 39.5 million people live in the state of California. Meanwhile, about 43 million citations were made on EasyBib from January to March of 2018. That’s a lot of citations.

5. “Citations” is a Word With a Long History

The word “citations” can be traced back literally thousands of years to the Latin word “citare” meaning “to summon, urge, call; put in sudden motion, call forward; rouse, excite.” The word then took on its more modern meaning and relevance to writing papers in the 1600s, where it became known as the “act of citing or quoting a passage from a book, etc.”

6. Citation Styles are Always Changing

The concept of citations always stays the same. It is a means of preventing plagiarism and demonstrating where you relied on outside sources. The specific style rules, however, can and do change regularly. For example, in 2018 alone, 46 new citation styles were introduced , and 106 updates were made to exiting styles. At EasyBib, we are always on the lookout for ways to improve our styles and opportunities to add new ones to our list.

Why Citations Matter

Here are the ways accurate citations can help your students achieve academic success, and how you can answer the dreaded question, “why should I cite my sources?”

They Give Credit to the Right People

Citing their sources makes sure that the reader can differentiate the student’s original thoughts from those of other researchers. Not only does this make sure that the sources they use receive proper credit for their work, it ensures that the student receives deserved recognition for their unique contributions to the topic. Whether the student is citing in MLA format , APA format , or any other style, citations serve as a natural way to place a student’s work in the broader context of the subject area, and serve as an easy way to gauge their commitment to the project.

They Provide Hard Evidence of Ideas

Having many citations from a wide variety of sources related to their idea means that the student is working on a well-researched and respected subject. Citing sources that back up their claim creates room for fact-checking and further research . And, if they can cite a few sources that have the converse opinion or idea, and then demonstrate to the reader why they believe that that viewpoint is wrong by again citing credible sources, the student is well on their way to winning over the reader and cementing their point of view.

They Promote Originality and Prevent Plagiarism

The point of research projects is not to regurgitate information that can already be found elsewhere. We have Google for that! What the student’s project should aim to do is promote an original idea or a spin on an existing idea, and use reliable sources to promote that idea. Copying or directly referencing a source without proper citation can lead to not only a poor grade, but accusations of academic dishonesty. By citing their sources regularly and accurately, students can easily avoid the trap of plagiarism , and promote further research on their topic.

They Create Better Researchers

By researching sources to back up and promote their ideas, students are becoming better researchers without even knowing it! Each time a new source is read or researched, the student is becoming more engaged with the project and is developing a deeper understanding of the subject area. Proper citations demonstrate a breadth of the student’s reading and dedication to the project itself. By creating citations, students are compelled to make connections between their sources and discern research patterns. Each time they complete this process, they are helping themselves become better researchers and writers overall.

When is the Right Time to Start Making Citations?

Make in-text/parenthetical citations as you need them.

As you are writing your paper, be sure to include references within the text that correspond with references in a works cited or bibliography. These are usually called in-text citations or parenthetical citations in MLA and APA formats. The most effective time to complete these is directly after you have made your reference to another source. For instance, after writing the line from Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities : “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times…,” you would include a citation like this (depending on your chosen citation style):

(Dickens 11).

This signals to the reader that you have referenced an outside source. What’s great about this system is that the in-text citations serve as a natural list for all of the citations you have made in your paper, which will make completing the works cited page a whole lot easier. After you are done writing, all that will be left for you to do is scan your paper for these references, and then build a works cited page that includes a citation for each one.

Need help creating an MLA works cited page ? Try the MLA format generator on EasyBib.com! We also have a guide on how to format an APA reference page .

2. Understand the General Formatting Rules of Your Citation Style Before You Start Writing

While reading up on paper formatting may not sound exciting, being aware of how your paper should look early on in the paper writing process is super important. Citation styles can dictate more than just the appearance of the citations themselves, but rather can impact the layout of your paper as a whole, with specific guidelines concerning margin width, title treatment, and even font size and spacing. Knowing how to organize your paper before you start writing will ensure that you do not receive a low grade for something as trivial as forgetting a hanging indent.

Don’t know where to start? Here’s a formatting guide on APA format .

3. Double-check All of Your Outside Sources for Relevance and Trustworthiness First

Collecting outside sources that support your research and specific topic is a critical step in writing an effective paper. But before you run to the library and grab the first 20 books you can lay your hands on, keep in mind that selecting a source to include in your paper should not be taken lightly. Before you proceed with using it to backup your ideas, run a quick Internet search for it and see if other scholars in your field have written about it as well. Check to see if there are book reviews about it or peer accolades. If you spot something that seems off to you, you may want to consider leaving it out of your work. Doing this before your start making citations can save you a ton of time in the long run.

Finished with your paper? It may be time to run it through a grammar and plagiarism checker , like the one offered by EasyBib Plus. If you’re just looking to brush up on the basics, our grammar guides  are ready anytime you are.

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APA Style Guide 7th Edition--Frequently Asked Question and Updates: Introduction and Link to APA 7th

• Introduction and Link to APA 7th
• APA 7th Edition--New Changes--Quick Guide
• Other Citation Styles and APA 6th edition
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• Other APA Libguides

APA Style Guide--7th Edition --Introduction

The APA (American Psychological Association) Style is used by many researchers,   scholars,  students and publishers around the world.  Fields from psychology, social work, communications, education and other disciplines  used the style for dissertations, theses, research papers and articles.     Using a style guide helps writers present their ideas in a clear, concise and organized manner.  When you learn how to format your papers based on a style guide you are better able to credit sources, present tables and figures consistentl y, and use correct grammar and sentence structure.  The 7th edition of  The Publication Manual of the American  Psychological Association is the  recent revision of the style guide.  This guide attempts to answer some of the Frequently Asked Questions regarding this new edition .  

http://mypanther-lib.pvamu.edu/record=b1453375~S1

• APA 7th edition changes-- short Powerpoint presentation

APA 7th edition Powerpoint presentation

Helpful links

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (2020)

https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-edition

APA Style Blog

https://apastyle.apa.org/blog?_ga=2.112121158.331217480.1573758839-970069031.1573758839

APA Style--Paper format guidelines

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/

APA Style—In Text Citation guidelines

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/

APA Style--References guidelines

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/

APA Style--Tables and Figures

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/

APA Style—Punctuation

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/punctuation/

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 7th Edition--Frequently Asked Questions

When will students need to use the 7th edition of APA?

The American Psychological Association anticipates that most people will start using the 7th edition in the spring of 2020 or thereafter. It’s best to check with your professor or check the website of the journal you want to get published in to see which APA guidelines you should follow.

What if I already started a paper in 6 th edition?

The publishers realize it make take a while to get everyone accustomed to using the new edition.  If you have started a paper using the 6 th edition, generally speaking, you should finish it with the same style.  However, always ask your professor or publisher if you need to make an adjustment.  

What are some of the changes in the 7 th edition?

• New guidance on research methods, ethical compliance and data sharing.
• The title page, running head and heading formats are changed, as well as font specifications for accessibility.
• Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS) are updated.
• Inclusive and bias-free language is the new standard, and APA’s new publication manual contains a separate chapter on this topic.
• Changes to the mechanics of style, including the placement of periods, quotation marks, abbreviations, more flexibility for lettered, numbered and bulleted lists.
• More than 40 new samples of tables and figures are included.
• The accessible use of color in figures is discussed.
• There is more guidance on plagiarism, self-plagiarism, levels of citation and unethical writing practices.
• There are over 100 examples of APA style references, with detailed explanations.
• Chapter 11 presents expanded legal reference guidelines from The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation.
• Chapter 12 provides guidance on the publication process for new researchers and authors.

Introducing the APA 7th Ed.

What's New with APA 7th Edition

• Next: APA 7th Edition--New Changes--Quick Guide >>
• Last Updated: Aug 31, 2024 8:53 AM
• URL: https://pvamu.libguides.com/APA

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Ask a Librarian Research Guide for Online Communication Students Find Sources Citing & Writing APA Formatting & Style Guide From Purdue's OWL. APA Style Help Overviews, tutorials, and FAQs Online Writing Lab Organizing and Managing Citations Citation management software can help you manage your research and easily organize and format your citations in a wide variety of citation styles. Check out the links below for more information about these useful programs.  Citation Management Basics This guide provides an overview of citation management software options, including basic functions and the differences between the various options available, including EndNote, EndNote Web, and Zotero. Also provided is contact information for Purdue librarians available to provide citation management support for Purdue faculty, students, and staff. EndNote at Purdue This guide provides detailed how-to and FAQ for EndNote citation management software, the desktop version. EndNote Basic EndNote Basic is an online citation management program that is freely available for all Purdue users. This guide highlights how-to, key functions, and FAQ, as well as differences between the desktop and online versions of this product. Zotero Zotero is a free and open, web-based citation management program. This guide provides info on getting started and carrying out key functions, for students and instructors. It also includes video tutorials. Avoid Plagiarism Types of Plagiarism Plagiarism.org presents Plagiarism 101: What is Plagiarism? Citing Sources Plagiarism.org's useful guide to everything about citing sources. Avoiding Plagiarism Tips on how to summarize, paraphrase, and quote sources without plagiarizing from the Purdue OWL. Use the links on the left to navigate. << Previous: Find Sources Next: FAQ >> Last Edited: Aug 26, 2024 4:29 PM URL: https://guides.lib.purdue.edu/onlinecomm Free Tools for Students APA Citation Generator Free APA Citation Generator Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib! 🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator? An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide. Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper. 👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator? College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often. 🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator? Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will: Save a considerable amount of time Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly Be rewarded with a higher grade In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams). ⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator? Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps: Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page. MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself. Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography. Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper. MyBib supports the following for APA style: ⚙️ Styles APA 6 & APA 7 📚 Sources Websites, books, journals, newspapers 🔎 Autocite Yes 📥 Download to Microsoft Word, Google Docs Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018. Journal Article References This page contains reference examples for journal articles, including the following: Journal article Journal article with an article number Journal article with missing information Retracted journal article Retraction notice for a journal article Abstract of a journal article from an abstract indexing database Monograph as part of a journal issue Online-only supplemental material to a journal article 1. Journal article Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture , 8 (3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185 Parenthetical citation : (Grady et al., 2019) Narrative citation : Grady et al. (2019) If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference. Always include the issue number for a journal article. If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information page ). The reference in this case is the same as for a print journal article. Do not include database information in the reference unless the journal article comes from a database that publishes works of limited circulation or original, proprietary content, such as UpToDate . If the journal article does not have a DOI but does have a URL that will resolve for readers (e.g., it is from an online journal that is not part of a database), include the URL of the article at the end of the reference. 2. Journal article with an article number Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of “Dr. House.” PLoS ONE , 13 (3), Article e0193972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193972 Parenthetical citation : (Jerrentrup et al., 2018) Narrative citation : Jerrentrup et al. (2018) If the journal article has an article number instead of a page range, include the word “Article” and then the article number instead of the page range. 3. Journal article with missing information Missing volume number. Lipscomb, A. Y. (2021, Winter). Addressing trauma in the college essay writing process. The Journal of College Admission , (249), 30–33. https://www.catholiccollegesonline.org/pdf/national_ccaa_in_the_news_-_nacac_journal_of_college_admission_winter_2021.pdf Missing issue number Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior , 72 , 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038 Missing page or article number Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy , 21 (1). http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html Parenthetical citations : (Butler, 2017; Lipscomb, 2021; Sanchiz et al., 2017) Narrative citations : Butler (2017), Lipscomb (2021), and Sanchiz et al. (2017) If the journal does not use volume, issue, and/or article or page numbers, omit the missing element(s) from the reference. If the journal is published quarterly and the month or season (Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer) is noted, include that with the date element; see the Lipscomb example. If the volume, issue, and/or article or page numbers have simply not yet been assigned, use the format for an advance online publication (see Example 7 in the Publication Manual ) or an in-press article (see Example 8 in the Publication Manual ). 4. Retracted journal article Joly, J. F., Stapel, D. A., & Lindenberg, S. M. (2008). Silence and table manners: When environments activate norms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 34 (8), 1047–1056. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208318401 (Retraction published 2012, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38 [10], 1378) Parenthetical citation : (Joly et al., 2008) Narrative citation : Joly et al. (2008) Use this format to cite the retracted article itself, for example, to discuss the contents of the retracted article. First provide publication details of the original article. Then provide information about the retraction in parentheses, including its year, journal, volume, issue, and page number(s). 5. Retraction notice for a journal article de la Fuente, R., Bernad, A., Garcia-Castro, J., Martin, M. C., & Cigudosa, J. C. (2010). Retraction: Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Research , 70 (16), 6682. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2451 The Editors of the Lancet. (2010). Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet , 375 (9713), 445. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4 Parenthetical citations : (de la Fuente et al., 2010; The Editors of the Lancet, 2010) Narrative citations : de la Fuente et al. (2010) and The Editors of the Lancet (2010) Use this format to cite a retraction notice rather than a retracted article, for example, to provide information on why an article was retracted. The author of the retraction notice may be an editor, editorial board, or some or all authors of the article. Examine the retraction notice to determine who to credit as the author. Reproduce the title of the retraction notice as shown on the work. Note that the title may include the words “retraction,” “retraction notice,” or “retraction note” as well as the title of the original article. 6. Abstract of a journal article from an abstract indexing database Hare, L. R., & O'Neill, K. (2000). Effectiveness and efficiency in small academic peer groups: A case study (Accession No. 200010185) [Abstract from Sociological Abstracts]. Small Group Research , 31 (1), 24–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640003100102 Parenthetical citation : (Hare & O’Neill, 2000) Narrative citation : Hare and O’Neill (2000) Although it is preferable to cite the whole article, the abstract can be cited if that is your only available source. The foundation of the reference is the same as for a journal article. If the abstract has a database accession number, place it in parentheses after the title. Note that you retrieved only the abstract by putting the words “Abstract from” and then the name of the abstract indexing database in square brackets. Place this bracketed description after the title and any accession number. Accession numbers are sometimes referred to as unique identifiers or as publication numbers (e.g., as PubMed IDs); use the term provided by the database in your reference. 7. Monograph as part of a journal issue Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E., & Mayes, B. T. (1991). The nomological validity of the Type A personality among employed adults [Monograph]. Journal of Applied Psychology , 76 (1), 143–168. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.1.143 Parenthetical citation : (Ganster et al., 1991) Narrative citation : Ganster et al. (1991) For a monograph with an issue (or whole) number, include the issue number in parentheses followed by the serial number, for example, 58 (1, Serial No. 231). For a monograph bound separately as a supplement to a journal, give the issue number and supplement or part number in parentheses after the volume number, for example, 80 (3, Pt. 2). 8. Online-only supplemental material to a journal article Freeberg, T. M. (2019). From simple rules of individual proximity, complex and coordinated collective movement [Supplemental material]. Journal of Comparative Psychology , 133 (2), 141–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000181 Parenthetical citation : (Freeberg, 2019) Narrative citation : Freeberg (2019) Include the description “[Supplemental material]” in square brackets after the article title. If you cite both the main article and the supplemental material, provide only a reference for the article. Journal article references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.1 and the Concise Guide Section 10.1 Website accessibility and inclusive design Disabilities Supercharge Your Presence Slides (PDF, 2MB) Transcript (DOC, 39KB) Related resources (DOC, 49KB) This content is disabled due to your privacy settings. To re-enable, please adjust your cookie preferences. Do you know if your website is accessible to audiences with visual, hearing, motor, and/or cognitive disabilities? Whether you’re just getting started with a website or you already have one, this presentation can help you identify and correct common accessibility issues and improve the usability of your site. This program does not offer CE credit. Amy Pearson A user experience optimization and compliance manager at APA, working to improve the accessibility of APA’s websites and digital touchpoints. In 2017, she earned a master’s certification in user experience from the Nielsen Norman Group. Pearson has been with APA for more than 25 years, working with APA’s websites and digital products and services. More in this series Learn how to foster a culture of compassion, collaboration, and inclusion in your workplace, helping everyone thrive in the face of adversity. August 2023 On Demand Webinar By using inclusive language, you can help create respectful and welcoming communications that impact more people November 2022 On Demand Webinar By using words and phrases that avoid biases, slang, and expressions that discriminate against marginalized communities, you can resonate with more people. September 2022 On Demand Webinar Learn about creating excellent content and web-friendly writing techniques and formatting. December 2018 On Demand Webinar Have a language expert improve your writing Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free. Knowledge Base Citing sources How to Cite Sources | Citation Generator & Quick Guide Citing your sources is essential in  academic writing . Whenever you quote or paraphrase a source (such as a book, article, or webpage), you have to include a  citation crediting the original author. Failing to properly cite your sources counts as plagiarism , since you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own. The most commonly used citation styles are APA and MLA. The free Scribbr Citation Generator is the quickest way to cite sources in these styles. Simply enter the URL, DOI, or title, and we’ll generate an accurate, correctly formatted citation. Generate accurate citations with Scribbr Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text. Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes Table of contents When do you need to cite sources, which citation style should you use, in-text citations, reference lists and bibliographies. Scribbr Citation Generator Other useful citation tools Citation examples and full guides, frequently asked questions about citing sources. Citations are required in all types of academic texts. They are needed for several reasons: To avoid plagiarism by indicating when you’re taking information from another source To give proper credit to the author of that source To allow the reader to consult your sources for themselves A citation is needed whenever you integrate a source into your writing. This usually means quoting or paraphrasing: To quote a source , copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks . To paraphrase a source , put the text into your own words. It’s important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don’t want to do this manually. Citations are needed whether you quote or paraphrase, and whatever type of source you use. As well as citing scholarly sources like books and journal articles, don’t forget to include citations for any other sources you use for ideas, examples, or evidence. That includes websites, YouTube videos , and lectures . Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check. Usually, your institution (or the journal you’re submitting to) will require you to follow a specific citation style, so check your guidelines or ask your instructor. In some cases, you may have to choose a citation style for yourself. Make sure to pick one style and use it consistently: APA Style is widely used in the social sciences and beyond. MLA style is common in the humanities. Chicago notes and bibliography , common in the humanities Chicago author-date , used in the (social) sciences There are many other citation styles for different disciplines. If in doubt, check with your instructor or read other papers from your field of study to see what style they follow. In most styles, your citations consist of: Brief in-text citations at the relevant points in the text A reference list or bibliography containing full information on all the sources you’ve cited In-text citations most commonly take the form of parenthetical citations featuring the last name of the source’s author and its year of publication (aka author-date citations). An alternative to this type of in-text citation is the system used in numerical citation styles , where a number is inserted into the text, corresponding to an entry in a numbered reference list. There are also note citation styles , where you place your citations in either footnotes or endnotes . Since they’re not embedded in the text itself, these citations can provide more detail and sometimes aren’t accompanied by a full reference list or bibliography. (London: John Murray, 1859), 510. A reference list (aka “Bibliography” or “Works Cited,” depending on the style) is where you provide full information on each of the sources you’ve cited in the text. It appears at the end of your paper, usually with a hanging indent applied to each entry. The information included in reference entries is broadly similar, whatever citation style you’re using. For each source, you’ll typically include the: Author name Publication date Container (e.g., the book an essay was published in, the journal an article appeared in) Location (e.g., a URL or DOI , or sometimes a physical location) The exact information included varies depending on the source type and the citation style. The order in which the information appears, and how you format it (e.g., capitalization, use of italics) also varies. Most commonly, the entries in your reference list are alphabetized by author name. This allows the reader to easily find the relevant entry based on the author name in your in-text citation. In numerical citation styles, the entries in your reference list are numbered, usually based on the order in which you cite them. The reader finds the right entry based on the number that appears in the text. Because each style has many small differences regarding things like italicization, capitalization , and punctuation , it can be difficult to get every detail right. Using a citation generator can save you a lot of time and effort. Scribbr offers citation generators for both APA and MLA style. Both are quick, easy to use, and 100% free, with no ads and no registration required. Just input a URL or DOI or add the source details manually, and the generator will automatically produce an in-text citation and reference entry in the correct format. You can save your reference list as you go and download it when you’re done, and even add annotations for an annotated bibliography . Once you’ve prepared your citations, you might still be unsure if they’re correct and if you’ve used them appropriately in your text. This is where Scribbr’s other citation tools and services may come in handy: Plagiarism Checker Citation Checker Citation Editing Plagiarism means passing off someone else’s words or ideas as your own. It’s a serious offense in academia. Universities use plagiarism checking software to scan your paper and identify any similarities to other texts. When you’re dealing with a lot of sources, it’s easy to make mistakes that could constitute accidental plagiarism. For example, you might forget to add a citation after a quote, or paraphrase a source in a way that’s too close to the original text. Using a plagiarism checker yourself before you submit your work can help you spot these mistakes before they get you in trouble. Based on the results, you can add any missing citations and rephrase your text where necessary. Try out the Scribbr Plagiarism Checker for free, or check out our detailed comparison of the best plagiarism checkers available online. Scribbr Plagiarism Checker Scribbr’s Citation Checker is a unique AI-powered tool that automatically detects stylistic errors and inconsistencies in your in-text citations. It also suggests a correction for every mistake. Currently available for APA Style, this is the fastest and easiest way to make sure you’ve formatted your citations correctly. You can try out the tool for free below. If you need extra help with your reference list, we also offer a more in-depth Citation Editing Service. Our experts cross-check your in-text citations and reference entries, make sure you’ve included the correct information for each source, and improve the formatting of your reference page. If you want to handle your citations yourself, Scribbr’s free Knowledge Base provides clear, accurate guidance on every aspect of citation. You can see citation examples for a variety of common source types below: And you can check out our comprehensive guides to the most popular citation styles: At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises). Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text. The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago . The abbreviation “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) is used to shorten citations of sources with multiple authors. “Et al.” is used in APA in-text citations of sources with 3+ authors, e.g. (Smith et al., 2019). It is not used in APA reference entries . Use “et al.” for 3+ authors in MLA in-text citations and Works Cited entries. Use “et al.” for 4+ authors in a Chicago in-text citation , and for 10+ authors in a Chicago bibliography entry. The Scribbr Citation Generator is developed using the open-source Citation Style Language (CSL) project and Frank Bennett’s citeproc-js . It’s the same technology used by dozens of other popular citation tools, including Mendeley and Zotero. You can find all the citation styles and locales used in the Scribbr Citation Generator in our publicly accessible repository on Github . APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business. Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using. MLA Style  is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy. 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Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles APA vs. MLA | The Key Differences in Format & Citation The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples More interesting articles Citation examples for common sources types Et Al. | Meaning & Use in APA, MLA & Chicago Hanging Indent | Word & Google Docs Instructions How to Cite a Book | APA, MLA, & Chicago Examples How to Cite a Journal Article | APA, MLA, & Chicago Examples How to Cite a Lecture | APA, MLA & Chicago Examples How to Cite a Newspaper Article | MLA, APA & Chicago How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples How to Cite a Wikipedia Article | APA, MLA & Chicago How to Cite a YouTube Video | MLA, APA & Chicago How to Cite an Image | Photographs, Figures, Diagrams How to Cite an Interview | APA, MLA & Chicago Style Parenthetical Citation | APA, MLA & Chicago Examples What Are Endnotes? | Guide with Examples What Are Footnotes? | Guide with Word Instructions What Does Ibid. Mean? | Definition & Examples What is a DOI? | Finding and Using Digital Object Identifiers What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format What is your plagiarism score? 193 IMAGES How to Properly Cite a Web Article in APA How to Cite APA Format References (website, book, article, etc.) How to Cite a Website in APA, MLA and Chicago in Any Paper How to Cite a Website in APA [7th Edition With Examples] 10 Examples Of Apa Style Citations Pdf APA Citation Style Overview VIDEO APA style: How to Cite Books Citing and Referencing AI in Academic Work How to cite a secondary source APA format Get help in your assignments #students #university #foryou How to Cite Using APA Style (6th ed.): ebooks How do I cite movies, TV shows, blogs, tweets, Instagram, etc in APA format? How do I cite an article in APA 7 format? COMMENTS How to Cite a Website in APA Style Revised on January 17, 2024. APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, the website name, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a retrieval date. If you are citing an online version of a ... In-Text Citations: The Basics When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. How to Cite a Website in APA Solution #1: Determining the website company, the author, the publisher, or both (APA) A website citation included in an APA-format bibliography doesn't need a publisher, so you do not need to worry whether the website company is the publisher of a page you want to cite! How to Cite a Website Citing a website in MLA Style. An MLA Works Cited entry for a webpage lists the author's name, the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the site (in italics), the date of publication, and the URL. The in-text citation usually just lists the author's name. For a long page, you may specify a (shortened) section heading to ... APA Style (7th Edition) Citation Guide: Websites 1) Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from. Abbreviating Corporation/Group Author Name in In-Text citations: Author names for corporations/groups can often be abbreviated. Webpage on a Website References Provide the name of the news website in the source element of the reference. Link to the comment itself if possible. Otherwise, link to the webpage on which the comment appears. Either a full URL or a short URL is acceptable. 3. Webpage on a website with a government agency group author. How to Cite a Website in APA Format, with Examples To cite a website in APA format, you must include the author's name, the publication date, the page or article title, the website's name, and the URL, in that order.This is the basic information you use whether you're citing a web page, blog post, online article, online video, or even a social media post; however, the format changes slightly for each, which we explain below. APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.). APA Website Citation Use the following template to cite a website using the APA citation format. There are also BibMe style guides for the MLA and Chicago styles. Here's a table of contents for this guide: How to cite a website in APA. Cite a website on BibMe citation generator; Cite a website article with an author; Cite a website article without an author APA Website Citation (7th Edition) Guide The APA in-text citation for a website with no date will only include the author's last name and the short form n.d. Format: Author's name, (n.d.). Title of the Page, Site name, Date when you accessed the website, URL. Here is an APA website citation example to clarify further: Appleby, D. (n.d.). 10 tips for achieving financial security ... APA Style 6th Edition Blog: Writing Website In-Text Citations and In text, you can cite these references separately as usual (e.g., American Nurses Association, 1991b), or you can combine citations with the same author if desired. Simply state the author once and then provide the years of the applicable references in chronological order, separated by commas. Combined in-text citations: How to Cite a Website in APA Full Citation Rules. To cite a website in APA on the References page, follow this formula: Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of web page. Year, Month Day URL. How to cite a website in APA, MLA, or Harvard style Then use this template: Author last name, author first name. " Page title ." website name, published date day, month, year, page URL. Accessed accessed date day, month, year. The final formatted citation should look like this: Ingle, Sean. "Winter Olympics Was Hit by Cyber-Attack, Officials Confirm.". APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.) How to Cite Sources in APA Citation Format In this situation the original author and date should be stated first followed by 'as cited in' followed by the author and date of the secondary source. For example: Lorde (1980) as cited in Mitchell (2017) Or (Lorde, 1980, as cited in Mitchell, 2017) Back to top. 3. How to Cite Different Source Types. Citing a Website in APA Enter the website's URL into the search box above. You'll get a list of results, so you can identify and choose the correct source you want to cite. It's that easy to begin! If you're wondering how to cite a website in APA, use the structure below. Structure: Author Last Name, First initial. How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) On the first line of the page, write the section label "References" (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order. Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page: Double spacing (within and between references) Hanging indent of ½ inch. In-Text Citations: Author/Authors The APA manual recommends the use of the author-date citation structure for in-text citation references. This structure requires that any in-text citation (i.e., within the body of the text) be accompanied by a corresponding reference list entry. In the in-text citation provide the surname of the author but do not include suffixes such as "Jr.". Basic principles of citation The following are guidelines to follow when writing in-text citations: Ensure that the spelling of author names and the publication dates in reference list entries match those in the corresponding in-text citations. Cite only works that you have read and ideas that you have incorporated into your writing. The works you cite may provide key ... How to Cite Sources The Chicago/Turabian style of citing sources is generally used when citing sources for humanities papers, and is best known for its requirement that writers place bibliographic citations at the bottom of a page (in Chicago-format footnotes) or at the end of a paper (endnotes). The Turabian and Chicago citation styles are almost identical, but ... Introduction and Link to APA 7th The APA (American Psychological Association) Style is used by many researchers, scholars, students and publishers around the world. Fields from psychology, social work, communications, education and other disciplines used the style for dissertations, theses, research papers and articles. Using a style guide helps writers present their ideas in a clear, concise and organized manner. Citing & Writing APA Formatting & Style Guide. From Purdue's OWL. APA Style Help. Overviews, tutorials, and FAQs. Online Writing Lab. Organizing and Managing Citations. Citation management software can help you manage your research and easily organize and format your citations in a wide variety of citation styles. Check out the links below for more information ... Citing a Website in APA Style (6th Edition) Revised on January 25, 2024. This article reflects the APA 6th edition guidelines. Click here for APA 7th edition guidelines. APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. Free APA Citation Generator [Updated for 2024] An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official ... Journal article references If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference. Always include the issue number for a journal article. If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information page).The reference in this case is the same as for a print journal article. Website accessibility and inclusive design A user experience optimization and compliance manager at APA, working to improve the accessibility of APA's websites and digital touchpoints. In 2017, she earned a master's certification in user experience from the Nielsen Norman Group. How to Cite Sources To quote a source, copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks. To paraphrase a source, put the text into your own words. It's important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don't want to do this manually. assignment essay homework paper phd report resume review thesis