how to cite a picture in a research paper

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Locating and Using Images for Presentations and Coursework

• How to Cite Images
• Alt Text Image Descriptions
• AI & Images

Copyright, Public Domain, and Fair Use

• Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States from Cornell University Library
• Copyright Overview from Purdue University
• Fair Use Chart from the Visual Communication Guy
• ALA Fair Use Evaluator
• Creative Commons Licenses

Attribution

Attribution : the act of attributing something, giving credit (as of literature or art) to a particular author or artist. When you have given proper attribution, it means you have given the information necessary for people to know who the creator of the work is.

The majority of images you find are under copyright and cannot be used without permission from the creator. There are exceptions with Fair Use, but this Libguide is intended to help you locate images you can use with attribution.

***Please read about public domain . These images aren't under copyright, but it's still good practice to include attribution if the information is available.

Citation General Guidelines

Include as much of the information below when citing images in a paper and formal presentations. Apply the appropriate citation style (see below for APA, MLA examples).

• Image creator's name (artist, photographer, etc.)
• Title of the image
• Date the image (or work represented by the image) was created
• Date the image was posted online
• Date of access (the date you accessed the online image)
• Institution (gallery, museum) where the image is located/owned (if applicable)
• Website and/or Database name

Citing Images in MLA, APA, Chicago, and IEEE

• Directions for citing in MLA, APA, and Chicago MLA: Citing images in-text, incorporating images into the text of your paper, works cited APA 6th ed.: Citing images in-text and reference list Chicago 17th ed.: Citing images footnotes and endnotes and bibliography from Simon Fraser University
• How to Cite Images Using IEEE from the SAIT Reg Erhardt Library
• Image, Photograph, or Related Artwork (IEEE) from the Rochester Institute of Technology Library

Citing Images in Your PPT

Currently, citing images in PPT is a bit of the Wild West. If details aren't provided by an instructor, there are a number of ways to cite. What's most important is that if the image is not a free stock image, you give credit to the author for the work. Here are some options:

1. Some sites, such as Creative Commons and Wikimedia, include the citation information with the image. Use that citation when available. Copy the citation and add under the image. For example, an image of a lake from Creative Commons has this citation next to it:  "lake"  by  barnyz  is licensed under  CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 .

2. Include a marker, such as Image 1. or Figure 1., and in the reference section, include full citation information with the corresponding number

3. Include a complete citation (whatever the required format, such as APA) below the image

4. Below the image, include the link to the online image location

5. Hyperlink the title of the image with the online image location

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Using Images and Non-Textual Materials in Presentations, Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

• Documenting and Citing Images
• Finding Images - Select Sources

Documenting and Citing Images/Photographs and Their Sources

Please note that this is advice on best practices and considerations in documenting and citing images and non-print materials. It does not represent legal advice on obtaining permissions.

Generally, images copied from other sources should not be used without permissions in publications or for commercial purposes. Many American academic institutions require graduate students to archive their finished and approved theses/dissertations in institutional electronic repositories and/or institutional libraries and repositories, and/or to post them on Proquest's theses database. Unpublished theses and dissertations are a form of scholarly dissemination. Someone else's images, like someone else's ideas, words or music, should be used with critical commentary, and need to be identified and cited. If a thesis/dissertation is revised for publication,  waivers or permissions from the copyright holder(s) of the images and non-textual materials must be obtained. Best practices also apply to materials found on the internet and on social media, and, properly speaking, require identification, citation, and clearance of permissions, as relevant.

Use the following elements when identifying and citing an image, depending on the information you have available . It is your responsibility to do due diligence and document as much as possible about the image you are using:

• Artist's/creator's name, if relevant;
• Title of the work/image, if known, or description;
• Ownership information (such as a person, estate, museum, library collection) and source of image;
• Material, if known, particularly for art works;
• Dimensions of the work, if known.

The Chicago Manual of Style online can be searched for norms on appropriate ways to caption illustrations, capitalize titles of visual works, or cite print materials that contain images.

Including images/photographs in a bibliography:

Best practice is to not include images within a bibliography of works cited. It is common, instead, to create a separate list of images (or figures) and their source, such as photographer (even if it's you) or collection. It may be useful to also include location, e.g., museum, geographic reference, address, etc.

Examples of Documenting Images

The image below is scanned from a published book. It can be used in a critical context within a one-time presentation, a classroom session, or  paper/thesis, as follows:

Example of image identification: [ Figure 1. This photograph from 1990 shows the Monument Against Fascism designed by Jochen Gerz and Esther Shalev-Gerz, Hamburg, 1986-1993. Image from James Young, ed.,  Art of Memory: Holocaust Memorials in History (New York: Prestel, 1994), 70]

If you need to use this image in a published work, you will have to seek permission. For example, the book from which this image was scanned should have a section on photo credits which would help you identify the person/archive holding this image.

The image below was found through Google Images and downloaded from the internet. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation,  classroom session, or paper/thesis, as follows:

Example of image identification:  [Figure 2. This image shows the interior of Bibliotheca Alexandrina designed by the Norwegian architecture firm Snøhetta in 2001. Image downloaded from https://mgkhs.com/gallery/alexandria in March 2016.]

If you want to use this image in a published work, you will have to do your best to track down its source to request permission to use. The web site or social media site where you found the image may not be an appropriate source, since it is common for people to repost images without attribution. Just because "everyone does it" does not mean that you should be using such materials without attribution or documentation. In this specific example, you may need to write to the photographer or to the architecture firm. If you have done due diligence and were unable to find the source, or have not received a response, you may be able to use an image found on the internet with appropriate documentation in a publication.

The image below was downloaded from a digitized historic collection of photographs held by an institutional archive. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation,  classroom session, or paper/thesis, as follows:

Example of image identification:  [Figure 3. In the 1920s the urban landscape of Los Angeles started to change, as various developers began building multi-family apartment houses in sections previously zoned for single family dwellings. Seen in this photograph by Dick Whittington is the Warrington apartment building, which was completed in 1928, surrounded by older single family structures. Downloaded from the USC Digital Library in February 2016]

I f you plan to use this photograph in a publication, seek permission from the library/institution from whose digital archive you downloaded the image. Contact information is usually found in the record for the image.

The image below was taken by the author. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation, classroom session , paper/thesis, or a publication* as follows:

Example of image identification:  [Figure 4. Genex Tower, also known as West City Gate, is a residential tower located in New Belgrade. This example of late 20th century brutalist-style architecture was designed in 1977 by Mihajlo Mitrović. Photographed by the author in 2013.]

*Please note, if you re-photographed someone else's photograph or a work of art, or if you re-photographed a published image, you may not be able to publish your photograph without first seeking permission or credit for its content.  If you have done due diligence and were unable to find the source or have not received a response, you may be able to use your image with appropriate documentation.

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APA Image Citation: Clear Guidelines and Examples

Need to cite an image in APA style for your academic piece? This guide covers everything you need to know about APA image citation, from digital sources to museum artifacts. Read on to ensure you credit images correctly in your work.

Key Takeaways

• APA image citation requires the inclusion of the creator's name, date, title, and source for accurate credit attribution.
• Different citation formats apply to online images, stock images, museum pieces, and other visual media like infographics and maps.
• Strategies for handling missing information in citations include using descriptive phrases for titles, indicating 'n.d.' for missing dates, and substituting the creator's name with a description when unknown.

Understanding APA Image Citation Basics

APA image citation relies on a straightforward formula: creator, date, title, and source. These components ensure accurate credit attribution and traceability. So, how can you integrate these elements effectively?

Start with the creator's name to credit the original artist or photographer. The creation or publication date adds contextual relevance. The image title or description offers clarity, while the source – whether a website, museum, or publication – anchors the citation properly.

In-text citations integrate visual references with your content seamlessly. When paraphrasing or quoting directly, include the artist's surname and creation year in parentheses, maintaining narrative flow and proper crediting. An in-text citation is essential for proper attribution.

Citing Digital Images

Today, most images are sourced online. The general APA format for citing a digital image is:

Author last name, First initial. (Date). Work's title [Type of media]. Publisher. URL.

This format ensures meticulous recording of each element, providing a clear path to the original source. The digital realm is diverse, requiring consideration of different types of online images, from museum websites to stock images.

Online Images

Online images are abundant, but correct citation is crucial for academic integrity. Use this format to cite an image:

Creator's Last name, First initial. (Year of origin). Title of the image in italics [Type of media]. Website name. URL example.

For example, an artwork from a museum's website should include the museum's name, location, and direct URL. When using Google Images, refer back to the original website for accurate citation, ensuring you credit the rightful source, not the search engine.

Stock Images

Stock images are commonly used and must be cited correctly. Use this format:

Last name, First initial. (Year, Month, date). Name of image [Source type]. Site name. URL.

This ensures proper attribution with all necessary details.

Clip art from Microsoft Word or PowerPoint does not require a reference entry, simplifying the citation process. For stock images from other sources, include the creator's details and the URL to ensure transparency and accuracy.

Citing Images from Museums and Galleries

Citing images from museums and galleries adds authenticity and depth to your work. Whether online or in person, use this format:

Author last name, First initial. (Publication or creation date). Title of artwork [Type of media]. Name of the museum, Location of the museum. URL if applicable.

This section will explore the specifics of citing images from museum websites and those seen during in-person visits, ensuring you can handle any scenario with confidence.

Museum Website Images

When citing images accessed through a museum's website, it's essential to include the URL at the end of the reference entry. For example, citing Vincent van Gogh's "Starry Night" from the Museum of Modern Art's website would require:

Van Gogh, V. (1889). Starry Night [Painting]. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79802 .

Including details such as the type of media (e.g., painting, photograph) in brackets after the title enhances the citation's clarity.

In-Person Viewing

For images viewed in person, include the institution's name and location. The format requires the creator's name, year, and image title, along with the museum's details. For example, Claude Monet's "Water Lilies" at the Art Institute of Chicago:

Monet, C. (1916). Water Lilies [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL.

This approach ensures that anyone can trace the image back to its physical location, preserving the integrity of your academic work.

Handling Missing Information

Missing information can challenge image citation, but it doesn't exempt you from citing them. Strategies for handling missing data are crucial to maintain citation integrity.

This section will provide practical solutions for dealing with absent titles, dates, and artists.

If an image lacks an official title, use a descriptive phrase in square brackets. For instance, an untitled photograph of a sunset can be cited as:

Doe, J. (2021). [Photograph of a sunset].

Using a descriptive phrase ensures that the citation remains informative and contextually relevant.

If an image lacks a date, use 'n.d.' to indicate 'no date' and include the access date. For instance:

Smith, A. (n.d.). Beautiful landscape [Photograph]. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://example.com/landscape .

Including the access date provides additional context and ensures the citation is as complete as possible.

When the creator of an image is unknown, use the title or a description of the image in place of the creator's name. For example:

[Photograph of a historic building]. (2020). Retrieved from https://example.com/historic-building .

This method ensures the citation is still informative and traceable despite the missing creator information.

Reproducing Images in APA Style Papers

Reproducing images in APA-style papers requires following specific guidelines. Besides citing the image, additional permissions and attributions required for images might not be in the public domain.

This section will cover essential rules, including figure numbering and figure notes.

Figure Numbering

Number each figure consecutively throughout the paper for clarity and organization. Place the figure number above the figure title and the image.

This method facilitates easy reference and enhances the paper's overall structure, including a well-organized reference list.

Figure Notes

Figure notes offer additional information or clarification about a reproduced image. Place these figure notes immediately after the image to add context and depth.

Using figure notes effectively can significantly enhance the reader's understanding of the image.

Citing Specific Types of Visual Media

Visual media vary in form, each needing specific citation formats. This section covers how to cite different types of visual media, such as infographics, maps, and PowerPoint slides.

Infographics

The APA format for citing an infographic is:

Author last name, First initial. (Date). Title of Infographic [Infographic]. Publisher. URL.

For example:

Lutz, E. (2014). Chart of 42 North American butterflies [Infographic]. Tabletop. URL.

Infographics often include reference information in the bottom corner, which should be part of the citation.

APA format for citing maps includes the author's last name, first initial, publication date, title, type of media, publisher, and URL. For example:

Cambridge University Press. (1912). Religious divisions of Germany, 1800 [Map]. Emerson Kent. URL.

This format ensures all necessary details are included, making the map easily traceable.

PowerPoint Slides

To cite Microsoft PowerPoint slides, include the presenter's last name, first initial, date of presentation, title, type of media, and URL. For example:

Rodriguez, M. (2020). Discussion section [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. URL.

This format captures all essential details, ensuring the citation is complete and accurate.

Tips for Accurate APA Image Citations

Accuracy in APA image citations is crucial. Verify the original source of an image to ensure correctness. Use reverse image search tools to locate the original source if initial information is unclear. Consulting multiple sources can also help verify details and maintain citation integrity.

In summary, mastering APA image citation involves understanding the fundamental elements, handling digital and physical images, and dealing with missing information. Proper citation enhances the credibility and professionalism of your work. By following these guidelines, you'll ensure your academic papers and projects are accurate and properly referenced.

Frequently Asked Questions

What do i do if an image doesn't have a title.

If an image lacks a title, you should use a descriptive phrase in square brackets to appropriately fulfill the title requirement in your citation.

How do I cite an image without a date?

To cite an image without a date, use 'n.d.' for 'no date' and include the date you accessed the image. This ensures proper attribution and clarity in your reference.

Can I cite images from Google Images?

Yes, you can cite images from Google Images, but it is essential to refer back to the original website for accurate citation details.

How do I cite a stock image?

To cite a stock image, use the format: Last name, First initial. (Year, Month date). Name of image [Source type]. Website name & URL.

What if the creator of an image is unknown?

If the creator of an image is unknown, utilize the title or a description of the image as a substitute for the creator's name. This ensures proper identification and attribution while respecting the work.

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How to include pictures in a research paper

It is often said that a picture can speak more than a thousand words. In all kinds of research papers, pictures are essential in adding to the richness of the literature and analysis because of the valuable insight they can offer. For example, pictures of measured data from statistical applications are very important additions to the “Data presentation and analysis” chapter or section of any research paper.

This is because they help to complement verbal discussions or analysis by offering a visual presentation of the statistical technique used to measure the variables of interest. However, where the researcher is not the originator of such pictures, it is very important to cite the source of the picture according to the prescribed format. In the case of statistical applications mentioned above, for example, be sure to disclose which application generated the picture or printout as well as the version of such an application (e.g., SPSS version 27).   

What is a research paper?

A research paper is a form of academic writing which involves formally investigating a field of knowledge or topic of interest in order to add to the existing stock of knowledge in that field and/or solve a particular problem. Educational research is formal because it is not based on the subjective discretions of the researcher but on an accepted and objective standard such as the scientific method of inquiry. Research papers can be of different types. These include term papers, seminar presentations, undergraduate projects, post-graduate thesis or dissertations, conference/workshop papers, and journal entries, among others.

Though these highlighted papers and others can be structured in diverse ways, conducting research in this context basically requires that the researcher identifies a problem or area of interest; formulates research questions and/or hypothesis; reviews the existing literature in the field; collects, measures and analyzes relevant data; discusses the findings; makes conclusions and recommendations based on the findings and then suggests possible directions for future research.

Some things to consider before including pictures in a research paper

As noted above, pictures can complement words to make a research paper richer in terms of providing more insight. However, the researcher must ensure that such pictures are optimally included to generate the desired effects. To this end, some of the tips below can help.

Ensure the picture adds value to your research paper

Pictures may be a necessary aspect of some research papers but this does not imply that they should not be selected meticulously and meritoriously. The researcher must critically evaluate all pictures he or she intends to include in their paper and select only the most relevant, i.e., those that will help illuminate verbal discussions/analysis and consequently deepen the understanding of readers.   

Proper labeling and citation

Research papers are formal documents with rules on how each of them should be written, structured, or formatted. Therefore, ensure that your pictures are labeled according to the rules provided by whoever the paper is meant for (such as a university department or a print journal). The rules are usually determined by Style Guides like the Modern Language Association (MLA), the American Psychological Association, etc. Properly citing the sources of any picture you have borrowed is necessary to enable you avoid plagiarism.

Pictures should be suitably located

After toiling hard to gather the pictures needed for his or her research, the researcher should ensure that the selected pictures are appropriately inserted into the desired areas of the paper. In some social science projects and theses, for example, a tabular presentation of the data used for the research is located on the first page of the fourth chapter titled “Data presentation and analysis.”

Sometimes the researcher may have several pictures that cannot all be accommodated in the main body of a project or thesis/dissertation. In such instances, it will be appropriate to attach such pictures in the “Appendices” section at the end of the paper.

Carry the images along

The pictures do not serve as mere decorations but have been selected to help provide more insight and thus enrich the research paper. To this end, the researcher should ensure that the pictures are properly integrated into the verbal discussions or analysis in the paper.  For example, “Figure 1.0 is a graphical representation of all the differenced variables in the time series.” etc.

Citing pictures in a research paper

There are many kinds of pictures as well as picture sources and they can also be cited in a variety of ways. For simplicity, the examples in this article will focus entirely on how to cite digital (internet) pictures.

Format: Image Creator’s Last Name, First Name. “Image Title.”  Website Name , Day Month Year Published, URL.  

Example: Jones, Daniel. “The Hope Creek nuclear plant.” LearnersHub ,  9 November 2017, www.learnershub.net/2017/09/11/nuclear-technology-explained.html.

Chicago style

Format: Last Name, First Name. M [initials]. “Title.” Digital image. Website Title. Month Date, Year published. Accessed Month Date, Year. URL.

If the picture has no title, then a description can be used instead.

Date Accessed should only be included if the publication date is unavailable.

Example: Jones, Daniel R. “The Hope Creek nuclear plant.”Digital image. LearnersHub ,  Accessed 9 November 2017. www.learnershub.net.

Format: Author’s last name. First initial. (Publication or creation date). Title of image [Type of image]. Name of publisher. Museum or university. URL.

Example: Jones,  R. 2017.   The Hope Creek nuclear plant .[Photo]. National Science Museum. https//:www.nationalsciencemsuem.org/nuclearscience/2017/11/the-hope-creek-nuclear-plant.jpg.

Pictures of all kinds (including tables, charts, graphs, figures, photographs, etc) are useful components in a research paper. This is because of the insight they can bring by complementing verbal discussions and analysis. However, pictures should not be included in a research paper arbitrarily but follow some guidelines such as those presented above.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples / How to reference an image in Harvard style

How to reference an image in Harvard style

Referencing images can be confusing. Do you reference the photographer or the subject of the image itself? Do you include where you saw or found the image? What if you took the photograph yourself? This guide will help clear up the confusion!  

Below, the guide will cover how to cite images in different scenarios, both as an in-text citation and a reference. For each scenario, you will be given a citation structure, along with examples to illustrate each case.

Online images/photographs  

Today, finding and citing a digital or online image is simple. You’ll need the following information:

• Photographer’s name
• (Year published)  
• Title of the photograph, italizised
• Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)  

In-text citation structure and example:

(Photographer’s name, Year published)

Photographer’s name (Year published)

B.B. King’s beautiful Gibson semi-hollow body ES-355 guitar (Joseph, 2001) ……

Reference list structure and example:

Photographer’s Last Name, Initial. (Year published) Title of the photograph. Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)  

Joseph, J. (2001) Lucille. Available at: http://www.jackjoseph.co.uk/photo_23456.html (Accessed: 22 August 2016)

Online images/photographs from a curated collection  

As we know, the Internet has a vast repository of curated image collections, especially on sites like Tumblr, Pinterest and Instagram, to name just a few. The rules stay pretty much unchanged in this case, as well.  

You will just need to direct the viewer/reader to the source where you viewed or uploaded the image. You may cite relevant information about images sourced from such Internet collections as follows:

• (Year published)
• Title of the photograph/collection, italicized

Photographs by Gustavo Grandissimo (2015) …

Grandissimo, G. (2015) The heights of abstraction. Available at: https://instagram.com/theheightsofabstraction (Accessed: 10 August 2012)

Images without a listed photographer or artist  

You may cite information about images without a listed creator. You’ll need the following information:

• Title of the photograph, italicized

As you can see in the image of the controversial protest rally ( Up in arms , 2019) …

Title of the photograph (Year published) Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)  

Up in arms (2019) Available at: http://www.therevolutionbeat.com/protests/2019/image_34567.html (Accessed: 10 March 2019)

Prints or slides

A print refers to a printed reproduction of a popular work of art or image. A slide, on the other hand, is a transparent photograph that consists of chromogenic dyes mounted inside a plastic frame to be projected onto a large screen.  

Information needed:

• [Photograph]
• Place of publication: Publisher’s name, if available

The expanding mushroom cloud from the resulting blast was captured on that fateful day (Tanaka, 1945)

Tanaka, N. (1945) The day Fat Boy fell to Earth [Photograph]. Hokkaido: Kurosawa Publishers  

Images photographed by you

It is not necessary to provide a reference to a photograph or image if you are the creator. However, check with your tutor about the most appropriate way to present original images or photographs in your work.

If you need to reference an original image, you can use the following citation structure:

• Your name (Year published or taken)

…lays emphasis on the fact that the sun doesn’t need to be the focus of a picture (Koenig, 2019)

Your Last Name, Initial. (Year published) Title of the photograph [Photograph]  

Koenig, K. (2019) The sunset [Photograph]  

Published October 29, 2020.

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